Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4

Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC

Transmission Network Planning

Harmonics and Filter Circuits

© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com

§ Harmonics and filter circuits

§ Power quality
§ Harmonics
§ Standards
§ Mitigation measures
§ Passive harmonics filters
§ Active harmonics filters
§ High-pulse configurations
§ UPS
§ Voltage dips

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Power quality
Definition

Power quality is often defined as the electrical network's or the grid's

ability to supply a clean and stable power supply. In other words, power
quality ideally creates a perfect power supply that is always available,
has a pure noise-free sinusoidal wave shape, and is always within
voltage and frequency tolerances.

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Power quality
Parameters

§ Frequency e.g. 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 16 2/3 Hz

§ Magnitude – RMS = Root Mean Square value

§ Waveshape (harmonics, transients etc. )

§ Availability

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Power quality
Problems

Voltage sag Overvoltage Interruption

Transient Harmonic distortion Electrical noise

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Power quality
Problems

Type of Disturbance Possible Causes Consequences

Voltage sags or dips · System faults (shorts) · Shutdown of equipment, particularly
· Start-up of large motors electronic devices
·
Overvoltages · Sudden loss of load · May harm equipment with inadequate
· Power factor correction design margin
equipment
Harmonics, · Non-linear loads · Equipment failure
harmonic distortions · Resonance conditions · Overheating
· Insulation degradation
· Maloperation of electronic devices
Flicker, · Rolling Mills · Fluctuating light intensity of incandescent
voltage fluctuations · Electric arc furnaces lamps

Transient overvoltages · Lightning strikes · Maloperation of electronic devices

· Switching events · Reduced lifetime of equipment
· Insulation failure
Supply interruptions · Switching events · Shutdown of equipment
· Protection trips · Maloperation of electronic devices

Phase unbalances · Unbalanced loads · Mechanical stresses to motors due to neg.

sequence system
· Motor overheating

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Harmonics
Sources

Caused by non-linear loads / devices with non-sinusoidal current

Rectifiers § DC-motors
§ Converter-fed AC-motors
§ Electrolysis plants
§ Power supply of electronic devices (computers, TV-sets, etc.)
§ Lighting (compact fluorescent lamps, led lamps etc.)

Inverters § alternative power generation (wind power, photo voltaic, fuel cells etc.)

AC Controllers – cycloconverter drives for large motors

Arc furnaces, welding machines

FACTS (HVDC, SVC, etc.)

Transformers, Generators, Motors etc. (due to non-linear magnetizing

characteristics)

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Harmonics
Sources – Rectifier

-
Voltage: Sinus
L ¥
Current: Square iT
t
T

iS
t
S
-
M M
-

iR
t
R

Netzinduktivität

id
t
Id

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Harmonics
Fourier transformation
1,5 1,5
1,0 1,0
0,5 0,5
0 0
-0,5 -0,5
-1,0 -1,0
-1,5 -1,5
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400

1,5 1,5 1,5

1,0 1,0 1,0
0,5 0,5 0,5
0 0 0
-0,5 -0,5 -0,5
-1,0 -1,0 -1,0
-1,5 -1,5 -1,5
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400

1,5 1,5
1,0 1,0
0,5 0,5
0 0
-0,5 -0,5
-1,0 -1,0
-1,5 -1,5
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
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Harmonics
Spectra of different waveshapes

Waveshape Spectrum Example

I

b
A
~
p 2p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 single phase
I

p-a
A
a ~

p p 2p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3 - phase
2

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Harmonics
Expected levels

Source Typical Harmonics*

6 Pulse Drive/Rectifier 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19…
12 Pulse Drive/Rectifier 11, 13, 23, 25…
18 Pulse Drive 17, 19, 35, 37…
Switch-Mode Power Supply 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
Fluorescent Lights 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
Arcing Devices 2, 3, 4, 5, 7...
Transformer Energization 2, 3, 4

* Generally, magnitude decreases as harmonic order increases

H = NP+/-1
i.e. 6 Pulse Drive - 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,…

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Harmonics
Expected levels from 3-phase rectifiers

30
In / I1 %
25

20

15

10

0
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n

theoretical value for 6-pulse bridges

practical value for 6-pulse bridges
practical value for 12-pulse bridges
scatter range
In / I1 % harmonic current as % of the fundamental
n order number of harmonic
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Harmonics
Voltage distortion

ZNh

Ih

Ih

Uh = Ih · ZNh
~

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Harmonics
Effects

Circuit breakers Capacitor banks Protection Lines and Lighting

systems cables equipment

deteriorated arc overheating, false tripping, overheating loss of lifetime,

extinguishing ability, flashovers, non-tripping flicker
increased inclination puncturing of
to re-strike electrolyte,
operation of internal
fuses

Transformers and Motors Measuring Telephone Electronic devices

reactors devices equipment

overheating overheating, erroneous noise at harmonic equipment failure,

vibratory torques, measurements frequency false impulses on
increased noise data lines,
level flickering TV/PC
tubes, clocks – time
wrong

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Standards
System perturbations

System Conditions

Occurrence of
disturbances

disturbing sensitive
loads devices

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Standards
Mediation between disturbance level and immunity level

IEC 61800–3 : 2004 – Coordination between disturbance and immunity

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Standards
Major standards for harmonic compatibility levels

IEC 61000-2-2: Compatibility Levels for Line-Conducted

Disturbances in Public LV Networks

IEC 61000-2-4: Compatibility Levels for Line-Conducted

Disturbances in Industrial LV and MV Networks

IEC 61000-2-12: Compatibility Levels for Line-Conducted

Disturbances in Public MV Networks

IEC 61000-3-6: Limits for the connection of distorting

installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems

EN 50160: European Standard; Voltage Characteristics of Electricity

Supplied by Public Distribution Systems

IEEE 519: US Power Quality Standard

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Standards
Limits for harmonic voltages in MV and LV

Compatibility Levels as % of Nominal Voltage

(odd numbers, non-multiples of 3)
order no. n class 1 class 2 class 3
class 1 especially sensitive loads and
processes, such as hospitals
5 3.0 6.0 8.0

7 3.0 5.0 7.0

class 2 public network (identical to
11 3.0 3.5 5.0
levels in IEC 61000-
61000-2-2 and
13 3.0 3.0 4.5 IEC 61000-
61000-2-12)
17 2.0 2.0 4.0

19 1.76 1.76 3.5 class 3 dedicated systems with large

23 1.41 1.41 2.8 amount of converter load or
25 1.27 1.27 2.6
other disturbing loads
29 1.06 1.06 2.1

31 0.97 0.97 2.0

35 0.83 0.83 1.69

37 0.77 0.77 1.57

41 0.67 0.67 1.36

43 0.63 0.63 1.28

47 0.55 0.55 1.13

49 0.52 0.52 1.06 IEC 61000-2-4

THD 5.0 8.0 10.0

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Standards
Planning levels for harmonic voltages in HV

IEC 61000-3-6

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Standards
IEEE 519 – Limits for harmonic voltages

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Standards
Definitions

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Mitigation measures
Measures to reduce harmonic voltage levels

Changing the network structures

§ Increase fault level
§ Changing of resonant frequencies

Measures at the harmonic sources

§ „active front end“ (AFE, i.e. self-commutated pulse-rectifier)
§ Higher pulse number
§ Increasing commutation reactance
§ Increasing D.C. link reactor

Additional device for the reduction of harmonics

§ passive filters
§ active filters
§ UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Mitigation measures
Comparison of different solutions

passive filters active filters UPS

Power factor correction static dynamic possible no

dynamic,
static,
Reduction of harmonics with frequency limited
with level restrictions
restrictions

Compensation of voltage
no Up to about 50 % yes
sags

Load balancing no yes yes

Supply during power

no no yes
outages

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Mitigation measures
Comparison of different solutions

passive filters active filters UPS

Power range unlimited Up to several 10MVA Up to several 10MVA

Voltage range all voltage levels LV and MV LV and MV

Costs 15 .. 50 €/kVAr 100 .. 200 €/kVAr 100 .. 200 €/kVAr

Space requirements large medium medium .. large

Maintenance/ operating costs very low low high

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Operating principle

ZN
Uh = Ih · ZN
Ih

Ih
~
IN
ZF
IN = Ih ·
ZF + ZN
IF
ZF
~
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Passive harmonic filters

Operating principle

2 2

1 1,5
Iq
in 0 1
pu Iq [%]

-1 0,5

-2 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49
electrical degrees

2 1,5
Iq
1
Up 1
Up in 0 Up [%]
pu
Ip -1
0,5

-2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0
electrical degrees 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49

2 10
5. 7. 11.
8
1
Ip 6
in 0
pu
M 4
Ip [%]

~ -1
2

-2 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49
electrical degrees

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Basic equations

Impedance 1
Z = R + jw L +
jw C
1
Z = R + j (wL - )
wC
L =0

1
fr =
RL 2p L ·C
Fundamental reactive
n2
power Q1 = U 2 · wC ·
n2 -1
C
fr
Order number of the n=
tuning frequency f1
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Passive harmonic filters

Basic equations

2
n
U UC - UL Tuning factor: F = 2
n -1
UC = U · F
Order no. F
n in %
L
U 3 112.50
L
=U 4 106.67
R
L
5 104.17
7 102.08
UC
11 100.83
C
13 100.60

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Single tuned filter – Example

§ 20 MVAr filter tuned to the 3rd harmonic

§ Fundamental frequency 50 Hz

§ Voltage level 132 kV

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Passive harmonic filters

Single tuned filter – Example

R = 1 Ohm
4
10
1
2p × 3 × 50 = Û LC = 1.1258E - 6 10
3

LC
|Z| [Ohm]

2
10

32
20E6 = (132E3) × 2p × 50 × C ×
1
2 10

2
3 -1 10 2
0
3 4
10 10 10
f [Hz]

100

C = 3.248 mF 50
Angle(Z) [Deg]

L = 346.6 mH 0

-50

-100 2 3 4
10 10 10
f [Hz]

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Design process

f f f

Harmonic System Limits

generation impedance

In Zn Un ,I n

final
first Calculation of the resulting voltage distortion Limits
design yes filter
and rating of the components met? design
no
changes

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Passive harmonic filters

Factors to be considered

space costs
requirements

Filter Design

low harmonic Power Factor operational

voltage distortion target requirements
(limits of norm) (voltage dips, ripple
(e.g. cos f = 0,96)
control systems, etc.)

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Number of filter circuits required

Number of filters required increases in case of:

§ low reactive power available for compensation

but low distortion limits
§ small reactive power band
§ small voltage changes allowed during filter switching at low fault level:

DQ
DU » Sk

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Passive harmonic filters

Frequently used types

Double-tuned high-
Single-tuned filter High-pass filter
pass filter

Z Z Z

f f f
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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Possible connecting points

group filtering
individual filters individual filters on
dedicated winding

M
M
M

M M
M M
M M
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Passive harmonic filters

LV Power Factor Correction

Z Z

1 MVA ~
f
f

~ M
~ f

NEVER use PFC units without tuning reactors

in LV networks !
300 kVA
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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

LV Power Factor Correction – Shift of resonances

5.

7.

9.
Harmonic
11.
voltage
13.
distortion
15.

17.

19.

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Passive harmonic filters

Example

138 kV

13.8 kV
variable speed drive
28 MW

Aux.
load
order number 5. 7. 11. 13. 17 19. 23. 25.

reactive power/MVAr 0.9 0.88 3.5 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.0

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Passive harmonic filters

Example – 20 kV filter plant for a Variable Speed Drive

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Active harmonic filters

Comparison of active and passive filters

passive filter active filter

system impedance

Igrid = 0
Igrid = I n- I f

If In If = -I n
In

Zf

~~ ~~ ~
M M

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Active harmonic filters

Parallel connection

grid load

Functions
Dynamic p.f. correction

Reduction of flicker level

Harmonic filtering

Load balancing

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Active harmonic filters

Serial connection

grid load

Functions
Compensation of voltage dips

Load balancing

Harmonic filtering

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Active harmonic filters

Measurement results

system current

load current

~
filter current

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Active harmonic filters

Harmonic filtering

load current without filtering

+
filtering of 5th harmonic

+
filtering of 7th

+
filtering of 11th
+
filtering of 13th harmonic

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Active harmonic filters

Serial connection for load balancing

22 A Phase current L1

Phase current L2

22 A Phase current L3

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Active harmonic filters

Serial connection for load balancing

14 A Phase current L1

14 A Phase current L2

14 A Phase current L3

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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High-pulse configurations
Reduction of harmonics

Cancellation of individual harmonics is possible with:

proper phase shift of converter transformers

identical currents
identical firing angles of the rectifiers
identical impedances

Examples
§ elektrolysis: up to 96-pulse
§ one single variable
speed drive: up to 24-pulse
§ 2 identical variable speed
drives with coupling on the
§ process side: 12-pulse

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High-pulse configurations
Reduction of harmonics

24-pulse 48-pulse

12-pulse 12-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse

~ ~ d.c. busbar
~ ~ ~ ~ d.c. busbar
~ ~
+7.5 -22.5 +22.5 -7.5 +3.75 -11.25 +11.25 -3.75
transformer phase shift
phase shift
15 deg. between groups 7.5 deg.

72 - pulse 96 - pulse

24-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse 24-pulse

~ ~ ~ ~ d.c. busbar
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d.c. busbar

+12.5 -2.5 +7.5 -7.5 +2.5 -12.5 +13.125 -1.875 +9.375 -5.625 +5.625 -9.3275 +1.875 -13.125
transformer phase shift

phase shift
5 deg. 5 deg. between groups 3.75 deg. 3.75 deg. 3.75 deg

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply

Operating principle

Decoupling of load and grid via d.c. link

~ d.c. link
~
sensitive
loads
rectifier inverter

Grid with low

power quality Energy storage
(e.g. battery)

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UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply

Typical usage

§ Individual or all loads sensitive against short-term degradation of power quality

(voltage dips, harmonics, transients)

§ Few small loads (electronics) much more sensitive in respect to power quality
as the majority of the process load

§ Frequent Failures due to low power quality or rare disturbances with high
follow-up costs

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Voltage dips
Causes

§ Short circuits in the distribution network

§ Start of large motors
§ Energization of transformers
§ Energization of capacitor / filter banks

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Voltage dips
Voltage at the PCC of an Industrial Plant

13.20
AC_06
13.00
kV 12.80
12.60
12.40
12.20
12.00
13.20
AC_07
13.00
kV 12.80
12.60
12.40
12.20
12.00
13.20
AC_08
13.00
kV 12.80
12.60
12.40
12.20
12.00
14:06:10 14:06:15 14:06:20 14:06:25 14:06:30 14:06:35
11.03.99 [h:m:s]

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Voltage dips
Start of a heatwater pump of a CCPP

257.0
AC_06
251.0
V 245.0
239.0
233.0
227.0
221.0
215.0
257.0
AC_07
251.0
V 245.0
239.0
233.0
227.0
221.0
215.0
257.0
AC_08
251.0
V 245.0
239.0
233.0
227.0
221.0
215.0
15:30:4015:30:50 15:31:00 15:31:10 15:31:20 15:31:30 15:31:4015:31:50
18.03.00 [h:m:s]

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Voltage dips
Immunity limits of electronic devices

250
CBEMAPower Acceptability Curve
200
OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS ITIC Power Acceptability Curve
PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

150
0,5 CYCLE

100

50

±10%
ACCEPTABLE RATED
0 POWER VOLTAGE

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

-100
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000

TIME IN SECONDS

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Voltage dips
Typical distribution in public networks

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Voltage dips
Mitigation measures

§ at the source
(e.g. use of cables instead of overhead lines, inrush-limiting resistors for
transformers, tuning reactors for capacitor banks, soft starter for motors)

§ at the loads
(e.g. increased d.c. link energy storage capability of converters)

§ mitigation equipment in the grid

(e.g. Active filters, SVC)

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Voltage dips
Mitigation at the source

M M

inrush limiting inrush limiting soft starter

resistor or tuning reactor

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Thank you for your attention!

© Siemens AG 2016 © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved.

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Harmonics and Filter Circuits Day 4
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Contact

Adham Atallah
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC TRS
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Telefon: +49 (9131) 7 28265

E-Mail:
adham.atallah@siemens.com

siemens.com/power-technologies

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