UNIT III

ME22251 - Technical Drawing

(Common to AD, CS, IT)

PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS (Special cases).

(Axis Inclined to one Plane)
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS – FV, TV and Side View

A. Kumaraswamy
 UNIT – III : PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 9

 Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone when the
axis is inclined to one of the principal planes and parallel to the other by
rotating object method.

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Drawing Practice:

 Maintain 100% cleanliness.

 Fix mini drafter properly and use it effectively – save more time.
 Show perfect distinction between thick and thin lines.
 Encircle Question Number with instrument (Ex: Pro-circle)
 Write question statement in both notebook and drawing sheet using lettering practice
 Practice in Drawing notebook using basic instruments and reproduce in the drawing sheet
 Do not draw directly on the drawing sheet with out containing correct solution in the notebook.
 Practice all problems given in the tutorial book in the notebook.
 Draw only required number of problems on the drawing sheet prescribed by the instructor.
(interested students may submit all problems – imparts more practice)
 Draw proper dimensioning lines (maintain far distance from object line)
 Draw 1:3 type arrow head only.
 Do not erase thins lines anywhere.
A. KUMARASWAMY
 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS WITH AXES INCLINED TO ONE OF THE
REFERENCE PLANES AND PARALLEL TO THE OTHER
In this case, the projections are drawn in two stages.

• Stage I : In the initial stage, the solid is assumed to be in simple position

• Stage II : Final projections may be obtained by one of the following two methods:

• (i) Change of position method: The position of one of the views is altered as
required and the other view projected from it.

• (ii) Change of reference line (auxiliary plane) method: A new reference

line is drawn according to the required conditions, to represent an auxiliary
plane and the final view projected on it.

A. KUMARASWAMY
 1 Initial Position Change of position Method

a’ a1’
b’(c’)
A Triangular prism of base
side 35 mm and axis length
55 b1’(c1’)
p1’
55 mm rests on the HP on
one of its base edge. Draw
p’ q’(r’) V.P.

35°
its projections when the X q1’(r1’) H.P. Y

solid axis is inclined at 35° c,(r) r1 c1

to the HP and parallel to

a,(p) a1
VP. p1

b,(q) q1 b1
35

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Initial Position Change of position Method
2
b’(a’) c’(d’) a1’(b1’)

A Square prism of base

side 35 mm and axis q1’(p1’)
60 c1’(d1’)
length 60 mm rests on
one of its base edges on
r’(s’) V.P.
the HP with its axis X q’(p’) r1’(s1’) H.P. Y

inclined at 30° to the HP

d,(s) p1 s1 a1 d1
a,(p)
and parallel to the VP.
Draw its top and front
views.
b,(q) c,(r) q1 r1 b1 c1
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm □ 35

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Initial Position Change of position Method
3
b’(a’) c’(d’)
(a1’)b1’

A rectangular prism 50 x
70 c1’(d1’)
25 mm base and length q1’(p1’)

70 mm rests with one of

V.P.
its longer edges of the
X q’(p’) r’(s’) r1’(s1’) H.P. Y
base on HP, and the axis
p1 s1 a1
is inclined at 30° to HP a,(p) d,(s) d1

and parallel to VP. Draw

its projections. 50

c,(r)
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b,(q) q1 c1
25 b1
r1
A. KUMARASWAMY
 Initial Position Change of position Method
4
a1’
b1’(e1’)
a’ b’(e’) c’(d’)
A Pentagonal prism of base
side 25 mm and axis length c1’(d1’)

55 p1’
55 mm rests on the HP on
one of its base edges. Draw q1’(t1’)

V.P.
its projections when the
p’ r1’(s1’)
X q’(t’) r’(s’) H.P. Y
solid axis is inclined at 45° to
t1 e1
e,(t)
the HP and parallel to the d,(s) d1
s1
VP. Draw the projections of a,(p)
p1 a1
the prism. c1
25 c,(r) r1
b1
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b,(q) q1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 Initial Position Change of position Method
5
b1’(a1’)

b’(a’) c’(f’) e’(d’) 21’(11’)

A Hexagonal prism of base c1’(f1’)

side 30 mm and axis length

31’(61’)
40 e1’(d1’)
40 mm is resting on the HP
V.P.
on one of its base edge. Draw 3’(6’)
2’(1’) 4’(5’) 41’(51’)
X f,(6) 61 f1 H.P. Y
its projections when the base
a,(1) e,(5)
containing the resting edge
11 51 a1 e1

is inclined at 60° to the HP 30

and the solid axis is parallel 41 b1 d1

b,(2) d,(4) 21
to VP.
c,(3) 31 c1

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
 6

o’ o1’
A square pyramid of base
side 30 mm and axis
50
length 50 mm rests on the a1’(d1’)

HP on one of its base

V.P.
edge. Draw its projections
X a’(d’) b’(c’) b1’(c1’) Y
d1 c1 H.P.
when the solid axis is d c

inclined at 40°to HP and o1

parallel to VP. o

a b a1 b1
□ 30
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
 7

o’
A Pentagonal pyramid o1’

of base edge 30 mm a1’

60 b1’(e1’)
and axis length 60 mm
rests on one of its base
V.P.
edges on the HP with Y
X a’ b’(e’) c’(d’) c1’(d1’)
H.P.
its axis inclined at 30° e e1

to the HP and parallel d

d1
to the VP. Draw its top a o
a1 o1
and front views. c1
c
30

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 8

o’ o1’
A pentagonal pyramid
of base edge 25 mm and
axis length 60 mm rest
60
on the base side on HP a1’

such that the highest 20 b1’(e1’)

V.P.
base corner is 20 mm a’
c1’(d1’)
X b’(e’) c’(d’) H.P. Y
e1
above HP. Its axis is e
d d1
parallel to the VP. Draw
o a1
its top and front views. a o1

c1
c
25
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b1
b

A. KUMARASWAMY
 9

o’ o1’

A hexagonal pyramid
of base side 25 mm and a1’(f1’)
60

axis length 55 mm rests b1’(e1’)

on the HP on one its

V.P.
base edge. The solid X a’(f’) b’(e’) c’(d’)
e1
c1’(d1’)
H.P. Y
e

axis is inclined at 40°to f1

f d
HP and parallel to VP. o
d1

25
Draw its projections. o1
c1
c a1
a

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 10

o’ o1’
Draw the projections of a
square pyramid of base side 25
mm and altitude 50 mm when
50
its rests on the ground on one
of its base edges
V.P.
perpendicular to the VP and a1’(d1’)
□
b1’(c1’) Y
X a’(d’) b’(c’) H.P.
the triangular face containing d1 c1
d c
the resting edge is
o1
perpendicular to the VP and o

the HP. a b a1 b1
□ 25
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
 11 o’
o1’

A Pentagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
75
altitude 75 mm rests on the
HP on one of its base edges
a1’
such that the triangular face b1’(e1’) V.P.
a’ □
containing the resting edge X
b’(e’) c’(d’)
e1
c1’(d1’)
H.P. Y
e
is perpendicular to both HP d d1

and the VP. Draw its o a1

a
o1
projections.

30
c c1
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm b1
b
A. KUMARASWAMY
 12 o1’
o’

A Hexagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and altitude 75

75 mm rests on the HP on
a1’(f1’)
one of its base edges such
b1’(e1’)
V.P.
that the triangular face □
X a’(f’) b’(e’) e c’(d’) e1 c1’(d1’)
H.P. Y
containing the resting edge
f1 d1
is perpendicular to both HP f
d

and the VP. Draw its 30 o1

o
projections.
c a1 c1
a

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

b b1
A. KUMARASWAMY
 13

o’

Draw the projections of

the square pyramid of a1’(d1’)

100
base side 60mm and
altitude 100mm when it
lies on the ground on one b1’(c1’) V.P
.
b’(c’) o1’ H.P. Y
X a’(d’) d1
of its triangular faces / c c1
d
slant faces and the solid
o1
axis is parallel to the VP. o

a b b1 a1
□ 60
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
SCALE: 1:2
 14
o’

a1’

A Pentagonal pyramid of b1’(e1’)

55
base side 30 mm and axis
length 55 mm rests on
V.P.
a’
the ground on one of its c1’(d1’) H.P. Y
X b’(e’) c’(d’)
e1 o1’
lateral surface with its e
d d1
solid axis parallel to VP.
a o a1
Draw its projections. o1

c
c1
30

b b1
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

A. KUMARASWAMY
 15

o’

a1’(f1’)
A Hexagonal pyramid
of base side 30 mm 60
b1’(e1’)
and axis length 60
mm rests on the HP o1’ V.P.
X a’(f’) b’(e’) c’(d’) c1’(d1’)
on one of its H.P. Y
e e1
triangular faces with f
d d1 f1
its axis parallel to VP.
30 o1
Draw its projections. o
c
a c1 a1

b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 16

b1’(a1’)
Draw the projections of a b’(a’) c’(e’) d’
Pentagonal prism of 25 mm
c1’(e1’)
side and axis length 50 mm q1’(p1’)

d1’
resting on the HP on one of its 50

corner in such a way that the r1’(t1’)

V.P.
two base edges passing
X q’(p’) r’(t’) s’ s1’ H.P. Y
t1 e1
through it makes equal e,(t)
a,(p) p1
inclinations with HP. Draw its a1
s1 d1
projections when the solid 25
d,(s)

axis is inclined at 30° to the b1

q1
b,(q) c1
ground and parallel to VP. c,(r) r1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 17
a1’

a’ p1’ d1’(b1’)
d’(b’) c’
Draw the projections
of a Cube of side 40 c1’
40 q1’(s1’)
mm when it rests on
V.P.
the ground on one of □
X p’ q’(s’) r’ r1’ H.P. Y
s1 d1
its corners with the d,(s)

solid diagonal vertical.

p1 c1
a,(p)
c,(r) a1(r1)

q1 b1
b,(q)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 a1’
18
b1’(f1’)
a’ b’(f’) c’(e’)
d’
Draw the projections of a 11’

Hexagonal prism of 25 mm c1’(e1’)

21’(61’)
side and axis length 50 mm 50 d1
’

resting on the HP on one of

31’(51’)
its corner in such a way that 1’ 2’(6’) 3’(5’) 4’ V.P.
51 41’
X e,(5) 61 f1 e1 H.P. Y
the two base edges passing f,(6)

through it makes equal

a,(1) d,(4) 11 a1 d1
inclinations with HP. Draw its 41

projections when the solid 25

axis is inclined at 30° to the b,(2) c,(3)

21 31 b1 c1

ground and parallel to VP.

A. KUMARASWAMY
 a1’
19 b1’(f1’)

a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’
c1’(e1’)
A hexagonal prism of
d1’
base side 25mm and 11’
55
axis length 55 mm rest 21’(61’)

on the HP on one of its

31’(51’)
base corners such that □ V.P.
X 1’ 2’(6’) 3’(5’) 4’ 41’ Y
the solid diagonal e,(5) 61 51 f1 e1
H.P.
f,(6)

passing through that

corner is perpendicular a,(1) d,(4) 11 d1
41 a1
to the HP. Draw its
25
projections.
21 31 b1 c1
b,(2) c,(3)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 20 a1’

a’ d’(j’) g’
d1’(j1’)

A Cylinder of base
g1’
diameter 50 mm and
(11’)

axis length 60 mm is 60

41’(101’)
resting on the HP on a
base circumferential 1’ 4’(10’) VP
X 7’ 71’
HP Y
point so that its axis is Φ50
k(11)
j(10) 101 j1
i(9)
111 91
inclined at 45° to the l(12) h(8) 81
k1 i1
121 l1 h1
HP and parallel to the g(7) 11 71 a1 g1
a(1)

VP. Draw its plan and f(6) 21 61 b1 f1

b(2)
elevation. 31 51 c1 e1
c(3) e(5)
d(4) 41 d1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 a1’
21
a’ d’(j’) g’ d1’(j1’)

A cylinder of g1’

diameter 35 mm and 11’

55
axis length 55 mm is
resting on the ground 41’(101’)

on its base. It is then 1’ 4’(10’) 7’ VP

X 71’
HP Y
tilted such that a Φ35
k(11)
j(10) 101 j1
i(9)
111 91 k1 i1
solid diagonal is l(12) h(8)
121 81 l1 h1
vertical. Draw its 11 71 a1 g1
a(1)
g(7)
projections. 21 61 b1 f1
b(2) f(6)
31 51 c1 e1
c(3) e(5)
d(4) 41
d1
A. KUMARASWAMY
Note: a’ 7’ is considered as solid diagonal
 22

o’
o1’
A square pyramid of base side
40 mm and axis length 65 mm a1’

rests on the HP on one of its 65

base corners in such a way b1’(d1’)

that the base edges containing a’ b’(d’) c’ c1’ V.P

.H.P.
X d1 Y
the resting corner is equally d

inclined to the HP. Draw its

a1 c1 o1
c
projections when the solid a
o

axis is inclined at 40° to the

HP and parallel to VP.
b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 23

o’
A Pentagonal pyramid of base o1’

edge 30 mm and axis length 60 b1’(a’)

mm rests on one of its base

60
corners on the HP in such a way
c1’(e1’)
that the two base edges V.P.
containing the resting corner is X b’(a’) c’(e’) d’ d1’ H.P. Y
e e1
equally inclined to HP. Draw its a a1

projections with its solid axis

o d d1 o1
30
inclined at 30° to the HP and
parallel to the VP. Draw its top b b1
and front views. c c1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 24
o’
o1’

Draw the projections of a1’

hexagonal pyramid of b1’(f1’)

55
base side 25 mm and
axis length 55 mm c1’(e1’)
V.P.
resting on the HP on a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ d1’
X H.P. Y
one of its base corner. f e f1 e1

The axis of the solid is

inclined at 30° to the HP a d1 o1
o d a1
and parallel to VP.
25
b c
b1 c1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 25 o’

o1’
a1’

A Cone of base
70
diameter 50 mm and
altitude 70 mm rests on d1’(j1’)

the HP on a base g’ VP
a’
g1’ Y
circumferential point X d’(j’) HP

Φ50 j j1
k k1
with its axis is inclined i
i1
l l1 h1
at 30° to the HP and h

a1
parallel to the VP. Draw a
g g1 o1’

its front and top views. b f b1 f1

e1
c c1
e
d d1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 26

o1’
A square pyramid of o’

base side 40 mm and

axis length 65 mm rests
65
on the HP on one of its a1’

b1’(d1’)
base corners in such a
V.P
a’ □ .
way that the slant edge b’(d’) c’ d1
c1’ H.P. Y
d
X
containing the resting
corner is perpendicular
a a1
c o1 c1
to HP and parallel to VP. o

Draw the projections.

b1
b
A. KUMARASWAMY
 27
o1’
A Pentagonal pyramid of base o’

edge 30 mm and axis length 60

mm rests on one of its base
60
corners on the HP in such a
way that the two base edges b1’(a’)

c1’(e1’)
containing the resting corner c’(e’) V.P.
d’
□
e1 d1’ H.P. Y
is equally inclined to HP. Draw X b’(a’)
e a1
a
its projections when the slant
edge containing the resting o o1
30 d1
d
edge is perpendicular to HP
and parallel to VP. b b1

c
c1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 28
o1’
o’

Draw the projections of

hexagonal pyramid of
55
base side 25 mm and axis a1’
b1’(f1’)
length 55 mm resting on
c1’(e1’) V.P.
□
the HP on one of its base a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ d1’ H.P.
X Y
f1 e1
corner and the slant edge f e

containing the resting o1

a1
a
corner is perpendicular to o
d d1

HP and parallel to VP. 25

c b1 c1
b

A. KUMARASWAMY
 29 o1’
o’

A cone of base diameter

50 mm and axis length 60 60
a1’
mm has one of its base
circumferential points on a’ d’(j’) g’
d1’(j1’)
g1’ VP
HP. Draw its projections HP Y
X Φ50 k
j j1
i1
i k1
when one of the l h1
l1
h
generators of the cone is
a1 o1g1
a
perpendicular to HP and g

b1
parallel to VP. b f f1
e1
c e c1
d d1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 30

o’

a1’
A square pyramid of
base side 40 mm and 65
axis length 65 mm b1’(d1’)

rests on the HP on one

a’ b’(d’) c’ V.P
.
of its slant edges. X d
c1’
d1
o1’ H.P. Y

Draw its projections

when the solid axis is c a1 o1
a
o c1
parallel to VP.

b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 31

A Pentagonal pyramid of
o’
base side 30 mm and axis
b1’(a’)
length 55 mm rests on the
ground on one of its 55

lateral edges such that c1’(e1’)

o1’ V.P.
the triangular faces d1’
c’(e’) d’
X b’(a’) H.P. Y
e1
containing the resting e
a
edge is equally inclined to a1
d1 o1
HP. Draw its projections 30 o
d
b1
when the solid axis is
b
parallel to VP. c c1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 32

o’
A Hexagonal pyramid a1’

of base side 30 mm and

b1’(f1’)

axis length 60 mm rests 60

on the HP on one of its

e1’(c1’)
slant edges in such a
d1’ V.P. o1’
way that the triangular a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’
X e e1 f1 H.P. Y
f
face containing the
resting edge is equally
a d d1 a1 o1
inclined to HP and the o

solid axis parallel to VP.

30
Draw its projections. b c c1 b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 33
o’

a1’

A Cone of base
60
diameter 50 mm and
d1’(j1’)

axis length 60mm

o1’
has one of its a’ g’ VP
X d’(j’) g1’
HP Y
generators on HP Φ50
k
j
k1
j1
i

with the solid axis l

h l1
i1
h1

parallel to VP. Draw a1 o1’

a
g
its projections. g1

b f b1 f1
e1
c e c1
d d1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 34
f’,(6’) e’,(5’) 61 ’ 51 ’ f1 ’ e1 ’
25

A Hexagonal prism of 11 ’ d1 ’
a’,(1’) d’,(4’) 41 ’
a1 ’
base side 25 mm and
V.P.
axis length 50 mm is b’,(2’) c’,(3’) 21’ 31’ 41 ’ b1 ’ c1 ’

X H.P. Y
lying on the HP on 1 2,(6) 5,(3) 4
51,(31)

one of its rectangular 21,(61)

faces with its axis 11

d1
50
inclined at 45° to the e1,(c1)

VP. Draw its

d
projections. a f,(b) e,(c) f1,(b1)

a1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 35

25 e’,(5’) 51 ’
e1 ’
A Pentagonal prism
11 ’
of base side 25 mm a’,(1’)
d’,(4’) a1 ’ d1 ’
41 ’
and axis length 55
mm is resting on b’,(2’) c’,(3’) 21’ 31’ V.P.
41 b1 ’ c1 ’
X H.P. Y
HP on one of its 31
1 2 5 3 4
rectangular faces 51

21
with its axis 11

inclined at 45°to 55
d1

e1
the VP. Draw its e1

projections.
b1
a e c d a1
b

A. KUMARASWAMY
 36

d’ c’ d1’ c1 ’

A Square pyramid of
o’
o1 ’
base side 30 mm and 30

axis length 50 mm a1 ’ V.P.

b1 ’ H.P. Y
rests on the HP on X a’ b’
c1(b1)
d(a) c(b)
one of its base edge.
Draw its projections
when the solid axis is d1(a1)
50
inclined at 45° to VP
and parallel to HP.
o1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 37

25 e1 ’
e’

A pentagonal pyramid
a1 ’ d1 ’
of base side 25 mm and a’
d’ o1 ’
o’
axis length 55 mm rests
b1’ V.P.
on the HP on one of its b’ c’ c1 ’
X H.P. Y
d1
base edge. Draw its a b e c d
c1

projections when the e1

solid axis is inclined at b1

55 a1
40° to VP and parallel
to HP
o1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 38

f’ e’ f1 ’ e1 ’
25
A hexagonal pyramid
of base side 25 mm and o’
a1 ’ d1 ’ o1 ’
a’ d’
axis length 55 mm
rests on the HP on one c’ b1’ V.P.
c1 ’
b’ d1 H.P. Y
of its base edge. Draw X
a f,(b) e,(c) d
its projections when e1,(c1)

the solid axis is

inclined at 30° to VP 55 f1,(b1)
a1
and parallel to HP. o1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 39
c’,(r’) r1 ’ c1 ’

35
A square prism of
base side 35 mm and q1 ’ d1 ’

d’,(s’) s1 ’ b1’
b’,(q’)
axis length 60 mm
lies on the HP on one V.P.
a’,(p’) p1’ q1 a1 ’
H.P. Y
X
of its longer edges
s r(p) q
with its rectangular
r1(p1)
faces equally inclined
b1
to the HP. Draw its
60 s1
projections when its c1(a1)

axis is inclined at 30°

to the VP. d c(a) b d1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 40
d’,(s’) s1 ’ d1 ’
25
r1 ’
A Pentagonal prism of c’,(r’)
c1 ’

base side 25 mm and axis t1 ’ e1 ’

e’,(t’)
length 55 mm lies on the
b1 ’
HP on one of its lateral b’,(q’)
p1’
q1’ V.P.
a’,(p’) a1 ’ H.P. Y
edges in such a way that X
r1(q1)
t s(p) r(q)
one of its rectangular
face is perpendicular to s1(p1)

HP. Draw its projections t1

55
when the solid axis is c1(b1)

inclined at 40° to the VP

and parallel to the HP d1a1
e d(a) c(b)
e1
A. KUMARASWAMY
 41

A Pentagonal prism of base 25

s1 ’ r1 ’
side 25 mm and axis length d’,(s’) c’,(r’) d1 ’ c1 ’

55 mm lies on the HP on one

t1 ’ q1’ e1 ’ b1 ’
e’,(t’)
of its lateral edges in such a b’,(q’)
V.P.
way that the rectangular a’,(p’) p1’ q1 a1 ’
X H.P. Y
r1
faces containing the lateral t s p r q
p1

edge is equally inclined to s1

t1 b1
HP. Draw its projections c1
55
when the solid axis is a1

inclined at 35° to VP and d1

e1
a
parallel to the HP. e d c b

A. KUMARASWAMY
 42
d1 ’
s1 ’
d’,(s’) c’,(r’)
r1 ’ c1 ’
25
A Pentagonal prism of
side of base 25 mm and t1 ’ e1 ’
e’,(t’)
q1’
axis 55 mm long is resting b’,(q’) b1 ’

V.P.
on a lateral edge on HP. a’,(p’) p1’ a1 ’ H.P. Y
X
q1
The rectangular face t s p r q r1

containing that edge is

p1
inclined at 30° to the HP s1

and the solid axis is 55 t1

b1

inclined at 40° to the VP. c1

Draw its projections. a1

e d a c b d1

e1
A. KUMARASWAMY
 43
u1 ’ f1 ’
f’,(u’)
Draw the projections of a t1 ’
a’,(p’) e’,(t’) a1 ’ e1 ’
hexagonal prism of base side p1 ’

20 mm and axis length 50 20

d1 ’
mm when it is lying on the q1’ b1 ’
d’,(s’) s1 ’
b’,(q’)
ground on one of its lateral V.P.
r1’ c1 ’ Y
edge, in such a way that the X c’,(r’) H.P.
t1,(s1)
two rectangular faces
p(q) u,(r) t,(s)
containing the resting edge
u1,(r1)
is equally inclined to HP.
Draw its projections when
p1(q1) e1,(d1)
the axis is inclined at 35°to 50
the VP and parallel to the
f1,(c1)
HP.

a(b) f,(c) e,(d) a1 (b1)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 44 j’(10’) 101 ’
Φ50 k(11) j1
i’(9’) 91 ’
111 ’ k1 ’ i1 ’
l(12) 81 ’
h’(8’) 121 ’ l1 ’ h1 ’
A Cylinder of base 11 ’ 71 ’
a’(1’) a1 ’ g1 ’
g’(7’)
diameter 50 mm and
21 ’ 61 ’ b1 ’ f1
b’(2’) f’(6’)
axis length 60 mm 31 ’ 51 ’ c1 ’ e1 ’
c’(3’) e’(5’)
VP
rests on the HP on X
d’(4’) 41 ’ 71 d1’ HP Y

one of its generators. 1 4(10) 7

Draw its projections 41(101)

when the cylinder g1’

axis is inclined at 30° 60

11

d1(j1)
to the VP and
parallel to HP.
g a1
a (d)j
A. KUMARASWAMY
 45

A Square pyramid of base 30

c’ c1 ’

side 30 mm and axis length

d1 ’
50 mm rests on the HP on d’
o’ o1 ’
b’ b1 ’

one of its base corners with

V.P.
a base side containing the a’
a1’
b1 H.P.
X Y
resting corner makes an d a c b
c1
angle of 35°with the HP.
a1
Draw its projection when
the solid axis is inclined at 50 d1
o1

30° to the VP and the vertex

is away from the VP. o

A. KUMARASWAMY
 46
d’ d1 ’
A hexagonal pyramid of
e’
base side 25 mm and axis c’ e1 ’
c1 ’
o’
o1 ’
length 55 mm rests on 25

f1’ b1 ’
the HP on one of its base f’ b’
V.P.
corner in such a way that a1 ’
X a’ c1,(b1) H.P. Y
two of its base edge is
e,(f) d,(a) C(b)

equally inclined to the d1,(a1)

HP. Draw its projections e1 (f1)

when the solid axis is 55

o1
inclined at 40° to the VP
and parallel to HP.
o

A. KUMARASWAMY
 47

d’ c’ c1’ d1 ’

A square pyramid of o’
30 o1 ’
base side 30 mm and
b1 ’ V.P.
axis length 60 mm rests X a’ b’ c1(b1)
a1 ’ o1 H.P. Y

on the HP on one of its

d(a) c(b)
base edge and has one of
its lateral surface on VP d1a1

with the solid axis

parallel to the HP. Draw 60

its projections.

o
A. KUMARASWAMY
 48
e’ e1 ’

30
d’ d1 ’

o’
A Pentagonal pyramid a’ a1 ’ o1 ’

of base side 30 mm
c’ c1’
and axis length 55 mm b’
b1 ’ V.P.
rests on the VP on one X
a e(b) d(c) d1(c1) o1
H.P. Y
of its lateral surface
with its solid axis 55 e1b1

parallel to HP. Draw

a1
its projections
o

A. KUMARASWAMY
 49
e’ e1 ’

f’ d1 ’ f1 ’

A Hexagonal pyramid d’
o’ o1 ’
of base side 30 mm 30

c1 ’
and axis length 60 a’ c’ a1 ’
b’
mm rests on the VP V.P.
a,(f) e,(b) d(c) b1’
on one of its X d1(c1) o1
H.P. Y

triangular faces with

e1,(b1)
its axis parallel to HP. 60

Draw its projections.

a1 (f1)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 50

d’ d1 ’
30
A square pyramid of
base side 30 mm and o’ c’ c1 ’ o1 ’
a’ a1 ’
axis length 60 mm
rests on the HP on one b1’ V.P.
c1 o1
b’ Y
X
of its base corner and H.P.
a d,(b) c
has one of its lateral d1,(b1)

edge on VP with the

solid axis parallel to 60 a1

the HP. Draw its

projections.

o
A. KUMARASWAMY
 51 j’ j1’
Φ50 k’
i’
i1 ’ k1 ’
l’ l1 ’
h’ h1 ’
o’
A cone of base a’ g1 ’ a1 ’ o1’
g’
diameter 50 mm and f1 ’ b1 ’
b’ f’
axis length 60 mm 40 e1 ’ c1 ’
c’ e’
d’
has one of its d1’
a j(d) g g1 VP
generators on VP with X o1 HP Y

the solid axis parallel

j1 (d1)
to and 40 mm above
60
the HP. Draw its
projections. a1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 52
35
d’ d1 ’

e’ e1 ’

o’ c’ c1 ’ o1 ’
A pentagonal pyramid
a1 ’
of base side 35 mm and a’

axis length 60 mm has b’ b1’ V.P.

c1 o1
X H.P.
one of its lateral edges e,(a) d,(b) Y
c
d1,(b1)
on VP and the solid axis
is parallel to HP.
60 e1 (a1)

A. KUMARASWAMY
 53
30

f’ e’ e1 ’ f1 ’

o’
A Hexagonal pyramid a’
d’ d1 ’ a1 ’ o1 ’

of base side 30 mm
and axis length 60
b’
c’
V.P.
c1’ b1 ’
mm has one of its d1 o1
X H.P. Y
a e(c) d
lateral edge on VP and f,(b)
e1,(c1)

the solid axis is

parallel to HP. Draw
f1 (b1)
its projections. 60

a1

A. KUMARASWAMY
 54
c’ c1 ’
50

A Tetrahedron of edges
a’ o’ a1 ’ o1 ’
50 mm rest on one of its
edges on the VP. One of
the faces containing the b’
b1’
V.P.
resting edge is inclined c1b1)
X H.P. Y
at 30° to the VP. Draw its
a c(b)
projections of the o1

tetrahedron when the

resting edge is normal to 50
a1

the HP.
o

A. KUMARASWAMY
 55
o’
a’

b1’(d1’)
A square pyramid of CG
60
base side 30 mm and c1’
CG
axis length 60 mm is 15
o1’ V.P.
suspended by means c’
X a’ b’(d’) H.P. Y
d1
of a string from one of d

its base corners with

a c c1 a1 o1
its axis parallel to VP. o

Draw its projections.

b 30 b1

𝟏 𝟏
CG = ×𝒉= × 60 = 15 mm
𝟒 𝟒

A. KUMARASWAMY Note: The pyramid is suspended from the corner “A”

 56
o’
a1’

b1’(e1’)
A Pentagonal pyramid of base
side 25 mm and 60 mm height is 60
CG
suspended from a string attached c1’(d1’)
CG
to one corner of the base of the
15
pyramid. The string is held, such o1’ V.P.
a’ b’(e’) c’(d’) H.P. Y
that the apex of the pyramid is X
e1
e
just touching HP. The axis of the d’ d d1
pyramid is parallel to VP. Draw
a a1
the projections of the pyramid. o
o1

𝟏 𝟏 30 c1
CG = ×𝒉= × 60 = 15 mm
𝟒 𝟒 b b1

A. KUMARASWAMY
Note: The pyramid is suspended from the corner “D”
 a1’
57 o’
b1’(f1’)

A Hexagonal pyramid
CG
of base side 30 mm 60 c1’(e1’)
CG
and axis length 60 d1’ o1’
15
mm is suspended by V.P.
a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’
means of a string X H.P. Y

e
from one of its base f
e1 f1

corners with its axis

parallel to VP. Draw a d d1 a1 o1
o
its projections.
30
𝟏 𝟏
CG = ×𝒉= × 60 = 15 mm c
𝟒 𝟒 b c1 b1

Note: The pyramid is suspended from the corner “A”

A. KUMARASWAMY
 a1’
58 b1’(f1’)

a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’
c1’(e1’)

A Hexagonal prism of d1
11’ ’
base side 25 mm and axis 50
21’(61’)
length 50 mm is
suspended freely by 31’(51’)
V.P.
□
means of a string from X 1’ 2’(6’) 3’(5’) 4’ 41’
H.P.
Y
61 51 f1 e1
f,(6) e,(5)
one of its base corners
with its axis parallel to
a,(1) d,(4) 11 d1
VP. Draw its projections. 41 a1

25

21 31 c1
c,(3) b1
b,(2)

A. KUMARASWAMY
Note: The prism is suspended from the corner “A”
 TEXT BOOK:

• Bhatt N.D. and Panchal V.M., “Engineering

Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, 50th

Edition, 2010.

A. KUMARASWAMY