S5 - Planning Studies - Steady-State

Planning Studies – Steady-state/Contingency Day 2
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC
Transmission Network Planning

Steady-state and Contingency Analysis
© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com
§ Steady-state and contingency

analysis
§ Introduction
§ Required information
§ Methodology
§ Standard equipment
§ Reactive power compensation
§ Variants
§ Results
§ Example
© Siemens AG 2016
Seite 2 2016 Atallah / EM DG PTI NC TRS
Transmission Network Planning Training Page 1

Introduction
Expectation
§ Minimal costs
§ High availability
§ Minimum space requirements
§ Environmental friendly
§ Flexibility
§ Quality of supply
© Siemens AG 2016
Introduction
Drive for planning
§ Analysis of existing system

§ Restructuring
§ Reinforcement
§ Change of voltage level
§ Switchgear concept
§ Comparison of alternatives
§ Determination of investment costs
§ Network calculation
§ Reduction of losses
§ Solve operational problems
© Siemens AG 2016

Introduction
Where to start with planning?
Generation
110 kV
10 kV
Town 1
Transformer 8
MV breaker 88
0,4 kV
Ring main units 400
LV pillars 2400
LV branches 19200
Customers 80000 Consumption
© Siemens AG 2016
Required information
Load data
§ Historical data of yearly load increase

(10 years’ latest successive historical data)
06 38
18 56 55 § Demographic trends
05
17 § Economic growth
01 54
04 16 37 § New developments with large
02 15 72
03 36 demand
14 § Loads and load growth are
35 53 52
73 categorized in
12 13 34 51
50 • Types:
• Industrial loads
30 31 33 49 • Commercial loads
28 29 • Residential loads
32
• Regions
§ Load profiles for each category
© Siemens AG 2016

Load behavior
§ Aggregated load profile for 8760hrs

Demand
Demand
for complete country
Demand
Demand(prognosis)
(prognosis)
à input to generation expansion
demand
Peak demand
§ Maximum and minimum demand

Peak
scenarios for transmission masterplan
Time
Time // years
years
Power
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time / hours
© Siemens AG 2016
Load distribution
Load density
Load density
Load development
Power flow Load
Years
© Siemens AG 2016

Diversity factor
Disco
Disco
2,5
Load in MW
1,5
0,5
0
night morning afternoon evening
S hop
2,5
Load in MW
1,5
Shop
0,5
Houses Storage
night morning af ternoon evening
Storage
Houses 2,5
Load in M W
1,5
2,5 1
0,5
2 0
night mo rning af terno on evening
Load in MW
1,5
Factory
1
2,5
2
0,5
Load in M W
1,5
0
1
0,5
Factory
night morning af ternoon evening 0
night mo rning af terno on evening
© Siemens AG 2016
Diversity factor
Feeder
6
Load in MW
0
night morning af ternoon evening sum of max
Diversity factor 4 / 5.1 => d = 0.78
© Siemens AG 2016

Generation expansion plan
§ Power plant data (installed capacities, efficiencies, fuel

type, CAPEX, O&M costs etc…)
§ Technical, operational, and regulatory constraints of power

plant operation
§ Demand time series (hourly system demand)
§ Meteorological data (solar irradiation, wind speed)
© Siemens AG 2016
© Siemens AG 2016

© Siemens AG 2016
© Siemens AG 2016

Transmission network expansion
§ Transmission network in databank format
§ Steady-state data
§ Dynamic data
§ Planned extensions of the transmission network
§ Power plant locations, ratings, technology (if available)
§ Renewable energy sources, location and ratings (if available)
§ Economic data for network components
© Siemens AG 2016
Methodology
Planning cycle
© Siemens AG 2016

Methodology
Recommended studies
§ steady-state calculations
§ Load-flow
§ Short-circuit calculations
§ Contingency analysis
§ Reactive power analysis
§ Stability calculations:
§ Calculation of transient stability margins
§ Assessment oscillatory stability margins
§ Voltage stability resp. reactive power margins
§ Frequency stability
§ Bill of quantities and economic analysis
© Siemens AG 2016
Methodology
Load flow analysis
Load flow
Snap shot of a network
giving all voltages, currents, infeeds and loads
Results
• Loading of network elements
• Voltage profile
• Losses
• Reactive power flow
• Tap changer position
Targets
• No overload in normal operation and outages
• Voltage within limits for low and for peak load
• Optimise or minimise losses
• Selection of tap changer range
• Pick up condition for protection
© Siemens AG 2016

Methodology
Short circuit analysis
Short Circuit
Calculation of fault current for a single location
Results
• Fault current level at each bus
• Short circuit power at each bus
• Contribution of each feeder
• Distribution of fault current in the whole network
Targets
• No violation of existing equipment limits
• Selection of new equipment
considering thermal and mechanical stresses
• Pick up conditions for protection
© Siemens AG 2016
Methodology
Further subjects
§ Switchgear concept
outdoor/HIS/GIS
number of busbars and coupler
§ Selection of lines
cable / overhead line
§ Transformer details
two winding, three winding, auto transformer
short circuit power, voltage range, tap changer
§ Protection concept
§ Remote control
§ Insulation level
§ Reactive power compensation concept
§ Load development
§ etc
© Siemens AG 2016

Methodology
Criteria for planning
© Siemens AG 2016
Methodology
© Siemens AG 2016

Methodology
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Main concept
A - B Transmission
Radial system
Meshed network
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Short-circuit power
As high as necessary
Sk
Advantage:
Start up of large motors
As low as possible
Load changes
Advantage: with minimum reaction
Cost optimal equipment Strong system
Minimum damage
in case of short circuit Measures :
§ Split in network groups
Weak system
§ Peak current limiter
§ Short circuit limiting reactor
§ Start up procedures
§ Soft starter
§ Decoupling
§ Higher voltage level
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Busbar configurations for high voltage
Single bus Double bus 1½ breaker
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Substation configurations for high voltage
T-off Simplified Single bus Double bus
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Substation configurations for high voltage
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Principle network structures
Characteristics:
+ cheap
+ simple
- not (n-1)-reliable
- high losses
Radial
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Characteristics:
+ simple
+ (n-1)-reliable
+ lower losses
- cable loading normally < 50%

- no simple extension possible
- no immediate reserve power
Open ring Open ring
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Characteristics:
+ simple
+ (n-1)-reliable
+ easy extendable
+ cable load < 100%
- costs for distribution cable

- costs for distribution station
Remote switching station Express feeder
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Characteristics:
+ (n-1)-reliable
+ very flexible, easy extendable
+ load transfer possible
+ lower losses
- difficult operation
During switching actions:

- unknown loadflow (power transfer)
Lines between feeding Lines between feeding - high short-circuit currents
substations substations
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Reliability of
Network Simplicity of
Operability supply of the Flexibility Losses
structure protection
loads
Radial
++ ++ -- -- --
structure
Ring
++ ++ + + +
structure
Switching
substation
+ + + ++ +
(express
feeder)
Switching
substation (no
-- + + - +
express
feeder)
Rings between
+ + ++ ++ ++
substations
Meshed
-- -- ++ ++ ++
network
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Shape of supply area
Main
Substation
Main
Substation
Loop-Network Remote switching station
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Reserve strategies
Without reserve Switching reserve Instantaneous reserve
Outage Outage Voltage dip

Fault detection Fault detection
Repair Switching
© Siemens AG 2016
Network structure
Economic efficiency of network extension
© Siemens AG 2016

Network structure
Accepted non availability
Lost power / kW
Instantaneous reserve
106
Trans- Automatic
mission,
105 Distribution switching Manuel remote switching
network
UPS
104
High- Manual on site
Tech-
Industry
Large industry switching
Industry,
e.g. Semi-
103 conductor, Shopping centre,
Textile Urban houses
Houses,
Farming,
102
permanent Small enterprise
Voltage optimisation
101
1ms 10ms 100ms 1 Second 1 Minute 1 Hour 1 Day
© Siemens AG 2016
Standard equipment
Definition
§ Voltage levels
§ Short-circuit rating
§ Substation structure
§ Transformer rating
§ Overhead lines and cable ratings
Standard equipment in a network provides an economic advantages in keeping

spare inventory, decrease outage time and facilitates operation personnel
training.
© Siemens AG 2016

Standard equipment
Substation structure – Bulk supply point
© Siemens AG 2016
Standard equipment
Substation structure – Transformer substation
© Siemens AG 2016

Standard equipment
System structure
© Siemens AG 2016
Reactive power compensation

Reactive power demand
Target of utility
Generator Customer
kWh kWh
Losses
Capacitor Reactor
kVAhr kVAhr
Compensation of
reactive power
close to reactive load
© Siemens AG 2016


The line as a network element
IR·XL I ·XL
IA · XL I ·RL IA · RL
ΔU = I·ZL = (IA+jIR) ·(RL- jXL) U1
IR · RL
ΔU = IA·RL + jIR·RL - jIA·XL + IR·XL U2
100 %
ΔU = IA·RL + IR·XL + j(IR·RL - IA·XL) J
jE I
IA
IR – reactive current
IA – active current CL neglected IR
© Siemens AG 2016

Transmission of surge impedance load
Surge impedance ZS
L
ZS =
C U1 U2
Surge impedance load PSurge
I
U2
PSurge =
ZS
© Siemens AG 2016


Reactive power demand of transmission lines
Q
250
765 kV
200
inductive
525 kV
100
420 kV
Reactive power demand 245 kV

0,5
per 100 km in MVAr 0
220 kV 1,0 1,5
400 kV P
Psurge
- 100 500 kV
capacitive
700 kV
- 220
© Siemens AG 2016

110 kV
in MVAr / 100 km overhead line
1x265/35 Al/St
cable
XLPE 800 Al
cable
oil paper 800 Al
Transmitted power in MW
© Siemens AG 2016


Typical transmission line ratings
UN ZS PSurge Sthermal
kV W MW MVA
110 375 32 90
220 365 135 340
380 240 600 1700
750 260 2170 5400
© Siemens AG 2016

Voltage change
Load
Voltage at
send end
Voltage at
recieve
end
Load current
jXL
Load
© Siemens AG 2016


Long distance transmission
160+j77.5 MVA
220 kV 150 MVA

35 kV
SVC
HOA 220 HOA BINH PHU LAM PHU 220
2*450 MVA HA TINH DA NANG PLAY CU 2*450 MVA
220 kV 220 kV
343 km 389 km 259 km 496 km

500 kV
714+j104 MVA
500+j110 MVA
2*100 MVAr
SVC
35 kV
distance of the transmission line: 1487 km

PG = 1859 MW PG = 590 MW
degree of series capacitor compensation: 60%
PL = 1145 MW degree of shunt reactor compensation: 70% PL = 1090 MW
North 220 kV Network South 220 kV Network
© Siemens AG 2016
Variants
Definition
∃ Task definition: P (Power) - L (Distance) - U (Voltage),

Links and Routing, Planning criteria's
∃ Development of principle transmission solutions

Technical and economical comparison of alternatives
∃ Determination of main line, substation and equipment costs

for different routes and transmission systems
∃ Allocation of total investment and loss costs

for each step of expansion and technical details for equipment
∃ Technical and economical assessment of selected solutions
© Siemens AG 2016

Variants
Different solutions
Alternative A: 161 kV
power station substation

161 kV 161 kV 345 kV
2 x 500 MW 2 x 500 MVA

30 km
G
load
Alternative B: 345 kV
power station substation

345 kV 345 kV
2 x 500 MW
30 km
G
2 x 500 MVA
load
161 kV
© Siemens AG 2016
Variants
Different solutions – Greenfield
Option 1 Option 2
220/33/11 kV Rings 220/22 kV Rings
© Siemens AG 2016

Variants
Different solutions – Brownfield
Expansion
Percentage of line length for expansion which can be taken from

existing system:
Load 1.05 24%
Load 1.25 23%
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Load flow – A non-linear task
DU = f(I)
U ¹ UN PN, QN
UN
I = f(U) I = f(U)
SN
Iteration-process: ILoad =
Current iteration 3 UN
Newton - Raphson
2
UN
Z Load =
SN
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Short-circuit calculation
UN
Ik
U
Ohms Law: I =
R
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Typical equipment data – Network
2
U
ZSystem
S = 3 ×U × I
"
k N K Z = N
S
System "
k
UN SK’’ IK’’ ZSystem
380 kV 26 GVA 40 kA 5.5 W
110 kV 1 GVA 5 kA 12.1 W

5 GVA 26 kA 2.4 W
20 kV 350 MVA 10 kA 1.1 W

500 MVA 14 kA 0.8 W
10 kV 500 MVA 28 kA 0.2 W
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Typical equipment data – Transformer
2
UN
ZTransf.= × uK
SN
Ztransf.
UN1/UN2 SN uK ZTransf.
380 kV 110 kV 20 kV
380/110 kV 300 MVA 15 % 72 W 6W 0.2 W

110/20 kV 40 MVA 15 % 45W 1.5 W
20/0.4 kV 630 kVA 6% 37.0 W
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Typical equipment data – Line
ZLine = l × (R’1 + j X’1)
ZLine
R’1 X’1 Z’1 C’1

380 kV
Overhead line 0.03 + j 0.25 W/km 0.25 W/km 14 nF/km
110 kV
Cable 0.04 + j 0.11 W/km 0.12 W/km 400 nF/km
20 kV
Cable 0.20 + j 0.13 W/km 0.24 W/km 300 nF/km
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Sample calculation – Short-circuit
System Transformer Line A Line B
F1 F2 F3
3 GVA 110/20 kV 5 km 5 km
110 kV 40 MVA 0.2 W/km 0.2 W/km Cable
15 % (0.5 W/km) (0.5 W/km) (Overhead line)
Z = 1.1
(110 × 10 ) (20 × 10 ) = 0.15 W
3 2
×
3 2
System
3 × 10 (110 × 10 )
9 3 2
Z =
(20 × 10 ) × 15 = 1.5 W 3 2
40 × 10 100
Transforme r 6
Z = 5 × 0.2 = 1.0 W (2.5 W)

Line A
Z Line B
= 5 × 0.2 = 1.0 W (2.5 W)
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Sample calculation – Short-circuit
F1 1.1 × 20 × 10 3 (7.7 kA)

I K3 = = 7.7 kA
3 × [0.15 + 1.5 ]
F2 1.1 × 20 × 10 3 (3.1 kA)

I K3 = = 4.8 kA
3 × [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 ]
F3 1.1 × 20 × 10 3 (1.9 kA)

I K3 = = 3.5 kA
3 × [0.15 + 1.5 + 1.0 + 1.0 ]
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Short-circuit study
65
60
55
50
45
40
Current in kA
35
30 I"k3 (kA)
I"k1 (kA)
25 Rating (kA)
20
15
10
Substatoin Name
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Load flow study – Voltage profile
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Load flow study – Tap positions
2
Tap position
Transformer 1
0
Transformer 2
Transformer 3
Var 1 Var 2 Var 3 Var 4
-2
-4
-6
Variants
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Contingency analysis – Concept
§ How many concurrent failures to

investigate N-1, N-2,…
§ Transformers, lines, generators
§ Investigate maintenance and failure
superposition N-1-1
§ Investigate lines failure or tower
failures!
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Contingency analysis – Loading and voltage profile
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
Contingency analysis – Loading and voltage profile
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Analysis
§ Load flow and contingency analysis

ü all voltages within allowed band
ü all equipment within thermal rating
Ø Operation mitigation measures:
Ø Generatoin set point
Ø Transformer tap position
§ Short-circuit analysis
ü Are all busbars within rating
Ø Operation mitigation measures:
Ø Change switching configuration
Ø Check load flow
§ Discard all variants that do not comply with criteria
© Siemens AG 2016

Results
© Siemens AG 2016
Results
Economical Investment for valid variants
MDM
Alternative A: 161 kV 10
Loss Costs
9
power station substation 8
161 kV 161 kV 345 kV 7 Investment
2 x 500 MW 2 x 500 MVA
6 Costs
30 km 5
G
4
3
G
2
1
load
0
282 403 604 902 Conductor Cross Section in mm 2
A1 A2 A3 A4
Alternative B: 345 kV Proposed solution

MDM
power station substation 10
345 kV 345 kV 9
8
2 x 500 MW
30 km 7
G
6
5
G
4
2 x 500 MVA 3
2
1
0
load 171 282 403 604
161 kV
B1 B1 B3 B4 Conductor Cross Section in mm
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
The Supply Systems of West and East Berlin
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Data of supply area (Status: 1996)
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
Peak Load Pmax and Current Output A of Bewag
2 000 10 000
MW GWh
1 800 9 000
Pmax A Pmax West
1 600 8 000 A
1 400 7 000
1 200 6 000
1 000 5 000
East
Pmax
800 4 000
A
600 3 000
400 2 000
200 1 000
0 0
70/71 72/73 74/75 76/77 78/79 80/81 82/83 84/85 86/87 88/89 90/91 92/93 94/95
Fiscal Year
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Long Term Planning of 380/110 kV Network
Load development
Extension planning for power plants and/or interconnections
Analysis and development of different 380 kV system alternatives
Definition of extension stages: 1996 - 2000 - 2010
Technical and economic evaluation of different solutions
Recommendation for extension
Equipment design and operating constraints

for suggested alternatives
ü 380 kV cable types (XLPE, oil filled)
ü 380/110 kV substation configuration schemes
ü 380/110 kV transformer size selection
ü 380/110/30 kV shunt compensation sizing
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
SLD of the 380 (220) / 110 kV Western Network
380 kV 380 kV 380 kV

SrK = 1120 MVA
110 kV
SrT = 200 MVA
110 kV 110 kV
Wolmirstedt
Network
SrK = 1120 MVA Network ~
~
Reuter I Mitte I
~
SrT = SrT =
200 MVA Pr = 300 MW 200 MVA
~
110 kV 110 kV
Wolmirstedt
~ Network Network ~
Reuter II Mitte II
380/110 kV Substation 380/110 kV Substation 380/110 kV Substation

Teufelsbruch Reuter Mitte
Start of operation 1995
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Average load density of the supply area
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
Basic alternatives of supply systems
12,5 km
15 km
380 kV 380 kV
110 kV 2,5 km 110 kV
2,5 km
110 kV
B B 380 kV B
A A A
380 kV
110 kV
110 kV 110 kV
380 kV 380 kV
10 km 5 10 km 5 10 km 5 10 km
a) Supply from the 380 kV interconnected grid, b) Supply from the 380 kV interconnected grid, c) Supply from the 380 kV Diagonal,
substations outside the city substations in the city substations in the city
380 kV overhead line 380/110 kV substation A central area, 20 MW / km2

380 kV cable 380 kV interconnected grid B suburb area, 2,5 MW / km2
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Typical structure for metropolitan area
City Population Max. Voltage Type and structure Notes on the number of
load levels of the networks Transformer substations and
Million MW kV Extra high voltage High voltage network interconnections
Berlin 3.4 2 750 380/110 380 kV OH/C spur 110 kV meshes 3 x 380/110 kV + 2 x 220/110 kV
Diagonal planned with 4 links
Hamburg 1.6 1 800 380/110 380 kV OH 110 kV OH + C 3 x 380/110 kV
Ring feeder Spurs with 2 links
or meshes
Vienna 1.6 1 640 380/110 380 kV OH/C spur 110 kV C 4 x 380/110 kV and
Diagonal planned meshes 2 x 220/110 kV with phase shift
control
with 3 links
Paris 2.3 (12) 3 300 380/220 380 kV OH 220 kV OH + C 8 x 380/220 kV

ring feeder spurs
London 2.1 (8) 4 100 380/275 380 kV OH 275 kV OH + C 8 x 380/275 kV

ring feeder spurs partly with phase shift control
380 kV C spurs
Diagonal planned
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
Short-circuit power in the 110 kV network
380 kV 6 000
Network MVA
5 000
4 000
S"k3p
Parameters 3 000
:
2 000
S, u k , n
1 000
S"k3p Power Plant's Contribution
0 S"k3p = 960 MVA
0 1 2 3 4 5
110 kV
Number of Transformers
Network
300 MVA, 20%
2 x 155 MVA 300 MVA, 22%
250 MVA, 20%
~ Power Plant 250 MVA, 22%
200 MVA, 20%
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Basic possibilities of charging current compensation
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
380/110 kV transformer substation
Expansion Basic configuration Expansion
AIV AI A II
A
I II
BIV BI B II
B
I II
Equivalent circuit diagram of a

380 kV switchgear installation
Example Friedrichshain
© Siemens AG 2016
Example
Comparison of transmission medium
Type Overhead line Oil-filled cable XLPE-cable GIL

4x240/40 Al/St NOEKLDE2Y 1 x 1200 RM 2XKLD2Y 1 x 1600 RMS 520/500 Æ (sheath)
180/160 Æ (conductor)
solid bonding cross bonding solid bonding cross bonding
1) 3) 4) 5) 4)
Therm. capacity Sth [MVA] 1 790 1 120 [531] 1 150 [836] 2 182
Therm.current Ith [A] 2 580 1 617 1 660 3 150
6) 6)
Resistance R’ [mW/km] 30.4 40.8 19.0 35.7 23.0 9.42
6) 6)
Reactance X’ [mW/km] 254.5 62.2 214 72.6 231 67.5
6) 6)
Inductance L’ [mH/km] 0.810 0.198 0.681 0.231 0.735 0.215
6)
Capacitance C’ [nF/km] 14.2 269 183.2 54.5
1)
Charging power Q’c [Mvar/km] 0.715 13.5 9.2 2.74
Surge impedance Zw [W] 238.7 29.7 50.4 37.5 63.5 63.1
1)
Surge impedance load Snat [MVA] 670 5 393 3 173 4 268 2 519 2 536
Therm.losseswith therm.current [W/m] 607 149 190 280
Therm.losseswith I = 1600 A [W/m] 233.5 313.3 145.9 274.2 176.6 72.3
Dielectriclosses [W/m] — 31 5.3 —
-3
tan d [10 ] — 2.6 0.55 —
2)
Widthof right of way [m] 60-70 1.5 1.5 1.5
1) 2) 3)
with Ur = 400 kV double overhead line 1 system with direct sheath cooling
4) 5) 6)
1 system with natural cooling 1 system with lateral cooling measured value
© Siemens AG 2016

Example
Development of Bewag 380 kV diagonal grid
Oilfilled cable
© Siemens AG 2016
Thank you for your attention!
© Siemens AG 2016 © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved.

Seite 84 2016 A. Ettinger Atallah / EM DG PTI NC TRS

Contact
Adham Atallah
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC TRS
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Telefon: +49 (9131) 7 28265
E-Mail:
adham.atallah@siemens.com
siemens.com/power-technologies
© Siemens AG 2016

S5 - Planning Studies - Steady-State

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Planning Studies – Steady-state/Contingency Day 2

Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC

Transmission Network Planning

© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com

§ Steady-state and contingency

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 1

§ Analysis of existing system

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 2

§ Historical data of yearly load increase

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 3

§ Aggregated load profile for 8760hrs

§ Maximum and minimum demand

scenarios for transmission masterplan

Power flow Load

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 4

Diversity factor 4 / 5.1 => d = 0.78

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 5

§ Power plant data (installed capacities, efficiencies, fuel

§ Technical, operational, and regulatory constraints of power

§ Demand time series (hourly system demand)

§ Meteorological data (solar irradiation, wind speed)

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 6

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 7

§ Transmission network in databank format

§ Planned extensions of the transmission network

§ Power plant locations, ratings, technology (if available)

§ Renewable energy sources, location and ratings (if available)

§ Economic data for network components

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 8

§ Bill of quantities and economic analysis

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 9

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 10

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 11

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 12

Single bus Double bus 1½ breaker

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 13

T-off Simplified Single bus Double bus

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 14

- cable loading normally < 50%

Open ring Open ring

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 15

- costs for distribution cable

Remote switching station Express feeder

During switching actions:

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 16

Loop-Network Remote switching station

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 17

Without reserve Switching reserve Instantaneous reserve

Outage Outage Voltage dip

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 18

§ Overhead lines and cable ratings

Standard equipment in a network provides an economic advantages in keeping

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 19

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 20

Reactive power compensation

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 21

Reactive power compensation

Reactive power compensation

Surge impedance load PSurge

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 22

Reactive power compensation

Reactive power demand 245 kV

Reactive power compensation