QUICK REVISION MODULE (UPSC PRELIMS 2024)

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Administration
under British india
LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT POLICY
LAND REVENUE POLICY UNDER BRITISH

BRITISH GOT DIWANI OBJECTIVE WAS LAND REVENUE

RIGHTS FOR BENGAL, TO INCREASE THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
BIHAR AND ORISSA LAND REVENUE WERE OUTPRODUCT
IN 1765. COLLECTION. OF THE SAME.

PERMANENT
MAHALWARI
SETTLEMENT
SYSTEM (1819)
SYSTEM (1793)

RYOTWARI
SYSTEM
(1820)
 MAHALWARI
SYSTEM :
Gengetic valley,
north-west PERMANENT
proviences, SETTLEMENT
India and SYSTEM:
punjab. Bengal, Bihar,
Orissa, etc.

RYOTWARI
SYSTEM:
Malabar,
Colobatore,
Madras and
Madurai.

REVENUE PERMANENT RYOTWARI MAHALWARI

SYSTEM SETTLEMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM
Lord Cornwallis 1792: Alexander Holt Mackenzie in
(In 1793) Reed in Baramahal. 1819.
1801-1807: Sir
Thomas Munro
continued.
Introduced By 1820: Munro
returned to India
and reintroduction.

Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Malabar, Coimbatore, Gangetic valley,

Banaras division of Madras and Madurai. north-west
modern UP, and Later extended to provinces, parts of
Northern Carnatic. Maharashtra, East central India and
Nearly 19% of British Bengal, parts of Punjab. Nearly in
Region territory in India. Assam and Coorg. 30% area of British
India.
 British Government British Government British Government
Zamindar Ryots Village headman/
Peasants Talukdar/Lambardar
Structure Peasants
of Revenue
Collection
(hierarchy)

Fixed and stable Fixed revenue Joint land rights on

incomes. of permanent the village were
End corruption; settlement. common.
minimize expanses Frequent agrarian Traditional structure
in collection of revolts. in a new form.
revenue.
Reasons for Unavailability of
Increase in large middleman
Introduction
investments in in these areas.
agriculture.
Land ownership
Create a loyal with Ryots and will
group of zamindars. work for raising
land fertility.

Fixed revenue Direct settlement Settlement with

sharing model. with Ryots. village community
Land lordship Proprietary right to jointly and separately.
right to Zamindars the landholders. Taxation on village
(transferrable and Temporary and targets among
Features hereditary). settlement for 30 the cultivators.
10/11 revenue for years. Ownership rights with
the Britishers. individual peasants.
Government had
Discretionary right to enhance Mahal as scal unit,
extraction from land revenue. agreement between
peasants. British and village
Land was classied
and surveyed. headman/Talukdar/
Auctioning land Lambardar.
in case of non Revenue relief
-payment (Sunset during natural Collection
law). calamity. responsibility to
village headman
Law provided for Provision of
Talukdar/Lambardar.
the agreement with contraction and
peasants on the relinquishment Field survey, maps, etc.
rate of tax. but later dropped
in 1833. Periodic revision of
taxes.
Sunset clause.
IMPACT OR CONSEQUENCES OF LAND REVENUE SYSTEM

IMPACT ON THE BRITISH REVENUE

PSS: Misappropriation and lack of revision led todepletion
of revenues.

IMPACT ON THE PEASANTS

PSS: On mercy of Zamindars, no ownership rights led
to revolts.
RS: Onatural calamity exemption was seldom applied and
all factors led to debt trap and transfer of land.
MS: Very high revemue rate, fragmentation of land, debt
trap, over assessment based on idiosyncratic estimates.

IMPACT ON THE ZAMINDARS

PS: Reaped huge benets and Absentee Landlordism.
RS: Direct settlement with Ryots.
MS: Rise of village headman/ talukdar/Lamardar.

IMPACT ON THE LAND AND OTHER IMPACTS

PSS: Deterioration of land fertility and lack of investment by

any stakeholders.
RS: Rise in farmland leasing and rise of village elites.
MS: Commodication of land and became prominent
reasons for 1857 revolt.
 BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS INDIAN STATES:

STAGES OF
COLONIALISM
IN INDIA

FIRST
STAGE
Merchant Capitalism or Mercantilism (1757-1813)
Monopoly over trade.
Take over government revenue.

SECOND
STAGE Colonialism of Free Trade(1813-1860s)
Economic integration with England and world.
Free entry in Indian market.
Land revenue systems.

THIRD
STAGE
Era of Foreign Investments(Started from 1860s)
Development of Railway, post, telegraph, banking
system, etc.
 MERCANTILE POLICY OF BRITISH IN INDIA

Period of Monopoly Trade and Direct Appropriation

(1757-1813)

OBJECTIVES:
1. Acquire monopoly of trade with India.
2. Directly appropriate or take over governmental
revenues through control over State power.

CHANGES MADE:
1. Military organisation: As native rulers were introducing
their armed forces.
2. Administrative changes: To ensure smooth and efcient
revenue collection.

RESULTS: Large scale Drain of Wealth.

 STATE'S PEOPLE'S CONFERENCE MOVEMENTS
(PRAJA MANDAL MOVEMENTS IN PRINCELY STATES)

Till NCM(1920),
National Movements
taken place in British
Provinces

NCM led to formation

of Praja Mandals

Praja Mandals brought

representative and
people from Princely
states together

Praja Mandal Movements started.

IMPACT OR CONSEQUENCES OF LAND REVENUE SYSTEM
 BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS INDIAN STATES:

Merchant Capitalism or Mercantilism

First (1757-1813)
Stage Monopoly over trade.
Take over government revenue.

Colonialism of Free Trade(1813-1860s)

Economic integration with England
Second and world.
Stage
STAGES OF Free entry in Indian market.
COLONIALISM Land revenue systems.
IN INDIA
Era of Foreign Investments(Started
Third from 1860s)
Stage Development of Railway, post, telegraph,
banking system, etc.
STATE'S PEOPLE'S CONFERENCE MOVEMENTS (PRAJA MANDAL MOVEMENTS IN PRINCELY STATES)

Till NCM(1920), Praja Mandals brought

NCM led to formation representative and Praja Mandal
National Movements
of Praja Mandals people from Princely Movements
taken place in British
states together started.
Provinces