TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS – TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES STUDENT UNIT

FME11

FLUID MECHANICS
(Activity 1)

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. John Israel Gatdula

SUBMITTED BY:
Aumentado, Anjocyl S.

March 17, 2022

1. Density - is a property of matter and can be defined as the ratio of mass
to a unit volume of matter. It's typically expressed in units of grams per
cubic centimeter, kilograms per cubic meter, or pounds per cubic inch.

Density is expressed by the formula:

ρ = m/V where

ρ is the density
m is the mass
V is the volume

2. Specific gravity - is a measure of density relative to the density of a

reference substance. The reference material could be anything, but the
most common reference is pure water. If a material has a specific gravity
less than 1, it will float on water.

Specific gravity is also called relative density and is expressed by the

formula:
Specific Gravitysubstance = ρsubstance/ρreference

3. Explain the difference between density and specific weight.

Both density and specific gravity describe mass and may be used to
compare different substances. They are not, however, identical measures.
Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to the density of a
standard or reference (usually water). Also, density is expressed in units
(weight relative to size) while specific gravity is a pure number or
dimensionless.

Reference for item 1-3

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 26). What Is the Difference
Between Density and Specific Gravity? Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/density-and-specific-gravity-differences-606114

4. 2 major areas of Fluid Mechanics

- Fluid Statics
- Fluid Dynamics
Fluid statics, also called hydrostatics, is a branch of fluid mechanics that
focuses on the study of pressure and forces exerted by fluids at rest, both
gases and liquids, either on the fluid container or on immersed bodies.
On the other hand, Fluid dynamics is another branch of fluid mechanics
 that studies the motion of fluids, both liquids and gases. It is commonly
divided into hydrodynamics and aerodynamics.

Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engg. 2005

University of Sydney Aerodynamics for Students Retrieved from
http://www.mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/ae
ro/fprops/statics/node2.html

5. An Ideal fluid is a fluid that is incompressible and no internal resistance to

flow (zero viscosity). In addition, ideal fluid particles undergo no rotation
about their center of mass (irrotational). An ideal fluid can flow in a
circular pattern, but the individual fluid particles are irrotational. Real fluids
exhibit all of these properties to some degree, but we shall often model
fluids as ideal in order to approximate the behavior of real fluids. All fluid
comes under real fluid because all the fluid having viscosity, compression
and surface tension in its properties with a little amount of force.

Ideal Fluids. (2020, December 31). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Retrieved from https://phys.libretexts.org/@go/page/25563

6. Viscosity - is another type of bulk property defined as a liquid’s resistance

to flow. When the intermolecular forces of attraction are strong within a
liquid, there is a larger viscosity. An example of this phenomenon is
imagining a race between two liquids down a windshield.

Natarajan, G, and Viswanath, D. Data Book on The Viscosity of Liquids. United

Sates of America: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1989.
Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1512

7. Kinematic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow

under gravitational forces. It is determined by measuring the time in
seconds, required for a fixed volume of fluid to flow a known distance by
gravity through a capillary within a calibrated viscometer at a closely
controlled temperature.

Troyer,D. (2022, March) Practicing Machinery Lubrication, Oil Analysis. Retrieved

from https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/294/absolute-kinematic-
viscosity
8. Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface
area of a liquid due to intermolecular forces. Since these intermolecular
forces vary depending on the nature of the liquid (e.g., water vs. gasoline)
or solutes in the liquid (e.g., surfactants like detergent), each solution
exhibits differing surface tension properties. Whether you know it or not,
you already have seen surface tension at work. Whenever you fill a glass
of water too far, you may notice afterward that the level of the water in
the glass is higher than the height of the glass. You may have also noticed
that the water that you spilled has formed into pools that rise up off the
counter. Both phenomena are due to surface tension.

Petrucci, Ralph H., et al. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern

Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1502