Reading passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13. Which are based on Reading passage on pages 2 and 3 Using video diaries to collect research data from children Gaining knowledge for children’s experiences in relationship to various life situation is an essential task for researchers. However, using children as information places large demands on Knowledge of how children coped with illness involving other family members, we supplied children with a video camera and gave them instruction in its use. We then gave the children the task of carrying out daily video diary recording at home over one month in which they recorded their feeling relating to situation and their experiences over the day. It was hoped that the information gathered would help us to achieve the best possible care for the affected families We feel that the video diary method is particularly well suited for child research. In the traditional research interview, where the child is face- to- face with an adult interviewer, the uneven balance of power between the adult researcher and the child informant may affect the nature of what the child says in the interview, Much of children’s livers are regulated by adults, as illustrated for example by the requirement for them to follow school rules or do their homework before playing computer games, and children may feel the need to provide only the information they think the interviewer wants to hear. In addition, children may feel under pressure in interviews because their language skills are limited, and the amount of information gained during the interview may be relatively small, as their capacity for concentration if often less than that of adults Compares with more traditional research methods, video diaries have several advantages. They offer the opportunity to collect information on informants’ thoughts, feelings and actions over a much longer period than other methods of collecting research data, In addition, because the children and adolescents in our project had grown up with realty television shows, they were more likely to feel confident about sharing their personal narratives in this medium. We found the children immediately felt on home ground when the camcorders were handed out to them and many of them GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023proved skilled in their use. For example, one evening twelve- year- old Michael was sitting is front of the camera saying the he had a good day because the decoration of his new room had been completed. It had been painted in a super- cool color, he told the camera, supporting his observation with a shot in which the camera some informants the camera might gradually become a sympathetic, sensitive and loyal friend that they can turn to for a talk about their thoughts and feelings. This personification of the video recorder was evident in our project. Especially in the case of sixteen- year- old. Peter he would start the daily recording by saying. Today I've got something to tell you’ of it is probably going to be a bit boring today, because | have no news to tell you. In our project, we also benefited greatly from the opportunity to examine nonverbal expressions among the children, testimonies that were sometimes at odds with what they GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023Questions 7-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading passage 1 In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 7 In the project, children were asked to record themselves talking on video every day fora month true 8 Some of the children thought they might appear on a reality television show. 9 The way peter spoke to the video recorder suggests he thought of it as just a Machine 10 Michael's body language supported his spoken account of his visit to his grandmother. 44 Many children avoided making recordings about upsetting experiences. 12 The main purpose of the follow- up interview was to check and practical problems with the equipment. 13. Michael and Christian both said they had found making the video diary a helpful process GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023KEY 7- TRUE 8- NOT GIVEN 9- FALSE 10-FALSE 11-NOTGIVEN 12- NOTGIVEN 13- TRUE GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7. THE BEGINNING OF THE CONSUMER AGE How the public became mass consumers in the late 19” and early 20” centuries ‘A. By 1900 all major industrialised countries had become aware of the importance not only of production, but also of the consumption of goods by their citizens. As a result, a culture of consumption emerged, and this played an important role in the shaping of a country's social and economic identity. One feature of this new culture was a heightened awareness of social status and a strong desire at all levels to show off newly acquired wealth. New social aspirations were expressed most visibly through the acquisition of consumer goods, and the concept of style became increasingly significant as a measure of social status. B. One of the ways in which manufacturers tried to encourage consumption was by identifying a particular market and deliberately making their goods look attractive to potential customers. However, the dissemination of goods to a mass market depended on more than the efforts of manufacturers and designers to inject style into products. It also required a whole network of activities and institutions. These included changes in production methods so that_more goods could be manufactured; the development of new kinds of retail outlets; and the expansion of advertising to promote sales. The introduction of a credit system of buying, initiated by the Singer Sewing Machine Company in the US in the 1860s and later adopted elsewhere by furniture and electrical appliance manufacturers. also went a long way towards making more goods available to more people. C. There were also changes to the selling environment. The department stores established in the second half of the 19th century-Bon Marche in Paris, Macy's in New York. Harvey Nichols in London-were joined, about the tum of the century, by multi-branch retailers appealing to the lower end of the market, such as John Jacobs’ furniture stores in England. In US department stores, interior areas expanded and large shop windows were introduced to show off new products to their best advantage. Electric lighting increased their visual appeal. This idea was pioneered in 1877 by the US store-owner John Wanamaker, who persuaded inventor Thomas Edison to install electricity in his Philadelphia department store. D. In the United States. where there were large distances between urban centres, mail order became a vital means whereby the rural population could acquire goods that they would not otherwise have been able to buy. Chicago Group: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DY DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023entrepreneur Montgomery Ward launched the concept. producing a single-sheet mail-order catalogue in 1872. Three years later, his catalogue had nearly four thousand items listed on it Businessman Richard Sears followed suit in 1891, and together with partner Alvah C. Roebuck, moved on to develop the largest mail-order company of the 20th century. E. By the end of the 19th century, consumer culture had taken root in industrialized countries and was changing the way people lived and perceived their own status. People were becoming increasingly conscious of their own social status, which was expressed through the acquisition of consumer goods and the concept of style. In response, manufacturers began to create goods that were more appealing to the public and retailers expanded their advertising and sales efforts. F. Retail stores adapted to meet the demands of consumers, with large department stores opening in major cities and multi-branch retailers appealing to the lower end of the market. The selling environment was changed with large shop windows, electric lighting, and the expansion of interior areas to showcase goods. Additionally, mail-order catalogs became popular in the United States as a way for rural populations to access goods they wouldn't otherwise have access to. These developments helped to drive the growth of consumer culture and the associated economy. Group: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DY DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023Question 14-19: jeading-Matching vii vil The emergence of consumer culture and its impact on social and economic identity The strategies adopted by manufacturers to promote consumption ‘The expansion of retail networks to meet market demands The innovations in the selling environment to enhance product presentation ‘The significance of mail order in bridging the rural-urban divide The interplay of social aspirations, consumer goods, and style in shaping consumer culture The proliferation of credit systems and its impact on widespread availability of goods The development of large department stores and multi-branch retailers to cater to a wider market The underlying drivers behind the growth of consumer culture and its ‘economy. 14, Paragraph A 15. Paragraph B 16. Paragraph C 17. Paragraph D 18. Paragraph E 19. Paragraph F Question 20 — omplete the sentences below: Choose one word only from the passage for each answer 20.By 1900, all industrialized countries were aware of the importance of both and consumption. 21. The culture of consumption played a crucial role in shaping a country's, and economic identity. 22.People expressed their newly acquired wealth through the acquisition of goods. 23. The dissemination of goods to a mass market required a network of activities and 24.John Wanamaker was the first to use in his department store to increase the visual appeal of goods. Group: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DY DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023Question 25 and 26: Choose TWO letters A-E Which of the following played a role in the development of consumer culture in industrialized countries? ‘A) The Singer Sewing Machine Company B) The department stores established in the second half of the 19th century C) The large distances between urban centers D) The expansion of interior areas in retail stores E) The four thousand items listed in a mail-order catalog Group: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DY DOAN DE THI IELTS 2023READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading passage 3 on pages 10 and 11. The role of accidents in business In 1894 Dr John Kellogg and his brother. Will, were supervising a hospital and health spa in Michigan. The patients were on a restricted diet, One day, the brothers left cooked wheat untended for more than 24 hours. When they retuned, they saw what they had done. It was no good to eat, but they decided to run the stale wheat through rollers, just to see how it would tum out. Normally, the process produced long sheets, but they were surprised to discover that this time the rollers created flat flakes. They baked them, and then tried the same thing with corn. From this accidental discovery came the cornflakes that generations have now been eating for breakfast. Accidents happen; there is nothing predictable and orderly about innovation. Nobel laureate Sir Alan Hodgkin, who discovered how nerve cells transmit electrical impulses between the skin and the brain, commented: '! believe that the record of my published Papers conveys an impression of directedness and planning which does not at all coincide with the actual sequence of events.’ The same rule applies in business. The mistake that gave us comflakes keeps repeating itself in the history of disruptive innovation, the kind that transforms markets. Louis Daguerre, for, instance, discovered the technique that gave us photography in the 1830s, when drops of mercury from a shattered thermometer produced a photographic image. The microwave was discovered when Peroy Spender, a scientist with Raytheon, was testing a new vacuum tube and discovered that the sweet in his pocket had melted. The artificial sweetener, saccharin, was the unintentional result of a medical scientist's, work on a chemical treatment for gastric ulcers. While working for the firm 3M, researcher Art Fry had no idea he was taking the first steps towards Post-It Notes when he used bits of adhesive office paper that could be easily lifted off the page to replace the scrap paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymn book. Breakthrough and disruptive innovation are rarely driven by orderly process. Usually they come out of a chaotic, haphazard mess, which is why big companies, full of managers schooled in business programmes designed to eliminate random variation and mistakes, struggle with them. In these sorts of environments, accidents are called failures and are discouraged. It is no surprise then that research from the late British economist Paul Geroski and London Business School's Constantinos Markides found that companies that were skilled at innovation were usually not that skilled when it came to commercialisation, and vice versa. Their book, Fast Second, divides businesses into ‘colonists’ and GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOC‘consolidators’. Small and nimble, colonists are adept at creating market niches but are terrible institution builders. Consolidators, with their strong cultures of discipline and cost control, know how to take clever ideas from other firms and turn them into mass-market items. Microsoft is a prime instance of this. With companies spending hundreds of billions of dollars on research and development, US academics Robert Austin and Lee Devin examined how managers can encourage productive slip-ups. In their article Accident, Intention and Expectation in the Innovation Process, they argue that business processes actually prevent helpful mis-steps from occurring. According to their catalogue of accidents, not all false steps and mishaps are equal. Accidents, they say, come from unlikely mental associations such as memories and vague connections, looking for something and finding it in an unexpected way, looking for one thing and finding something else, and not looking for anything but finding something valuable. Accident-prone innovation, they say, requires companies to get outside the ‘cone of expectation’. It means throwing together groups from diverse backgrounds, and combining ideas in unpredictable ways. Other strategies also include having systems that watch out for accidents and examine them for value, generating them when they do not happen often enough, seizing oil the useful ones, capturing their valuable features, and building on them to add value and give potential for useful accidents. All this, however, requires thinking that is often counter-intuitive to the way businesses operate. In other words, it is the kind of thinking that goes against the beliefs of most business managers. It runs counter to the notion frequently pushes by consultants that, you can ‘hamess’ creativity and direct it to line up with intention. “The cost of accidents business, people tend to call such efforts failure.’ There are tentative signs that more companies are starting to realise that failure can lead to commercial gain, and that this is part or the risk-talking that underpins innovation. Australia's largest brewing company, for example, made a bad error when it launched a new beer called Empire Lager, pitched at younger consumers. Having spent a fortune creating a beer with a sweeter taste, designing a great-looking bottle and a television campaign, Foster's was left with a drink that no-one wanted to buy. The target market was more interested in brands built up by word of mouth. Instead of wiping the unsuccessfull product launch, Fosters used this lesson learned to go on and develop other brands instead. One of them, Pure Blonde, is now ranked as Australia’s fifth-largest beer brand. Unlike Empire Lager, there has been almost no promotion and its sales are generated more by word of mouth Other companies are taking similar steps to study their own slip-ups. Intuit, the company behind financial tools such as Quicken, holds regular ‘When Learning Hurts’ sessions. But this sort of transformation is never easy. In a market that focuses on the short-term, convincing employees and shareholders to tolerate failure and not play it safe is a big thing to ask GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCQuestions 27-31 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 27 The delay in the process used by the Kellogg brothers affected the final product. 28 Sir Alan Hodgkin is an example of someone whose work proceeded in a logical and systematic way. 29 Daguerre is an exception to the general rule of innovation. 30 The discovery of saccharin occurred by accident during drug research 31 The company 3M should have supported Art Fry by funding his idea of Post-It Notes. Questions 32 - 35 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet. 32 The usual business environment 33 Geroki and Markides's book 34 Microsoft is an example of a company which 35 The origin of useful accidents can be found in unusual thoughts and chance events. can be taught in business schools. has made a success from someone else’s invention, is designed to nurture differences. is unlikely to lead to creative innovation says that all mistakes are the same. ‘shows that businesses are good at either inventing of selling, suggests ways of increasing the number of mistakes A B c D E F G H GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCQuestions 36 - 40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write the correct letter in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. 36 How do Austin and Devin advise companies to get out of the ‘cone of expectation’? A by decreasing the number of company systems B __ by forming teams of different types of people _ byhiring new and creative people D __byholding regular brainstorming meetings 37 In recommending ‘counter- tuitive’ thinking, what do Austin and Devin imply? A that failing at business is bad for staff morale B that innovation cannot be planned for that most businesses should be devoted to avoiding mistakes D___ that the cost of mistakes is an important consideration 38 The writer describes the Empire Lager disaster in order to show that A success can come out of a business failure B the majority of companies now value risk-talking. © TV advertising works better on older people D young beer drinkers do not like a sweet taste 39 Pure Blonde has been more successful than Empire Lager because ‘A digital media other than TV were used. B _itwas advertised under a different brand name. _itwas launched with very little advertising, D the advertising budget was larger 40 The writer concludes that creating a culture that learns from mistakes A brings short-term financial gains. B can be very difficult for some companies, © holds no risk for workers. D is a popular move with shareholders. GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCEXPLANATION- Passage he role of accidents in business 1. Yes In 1894 Dr. John Kellogg and his brother, Will, were supervising a hospital and health spa in Michigan. The patients were on a restricted diet. One day, the brothers left cooked wheat untended for more than 24 hours. When they retumed, they saw what they had done. It was no good to eat, but they decided to run the stale wheat through rollers, just to see how it would turn out. Normally, the process produced long sheets, but they were surprised to discover that this time the rollers created flat flakes. The; ‘Accidents happen; there is nothing predictable and orderly about innovation. Nobel laureate Sir Alan Hodgkin, who discovered how nerve cells transmit electrical impulses between the skin and the brain, commented: ' believe that the record of my published papers conveys an impression of directedness and planning which does not at all coincide with the actual sequence of events. 4. Yes 5. Not given | The same rule applies in business. The mistake that gave us cornflakes keeps repes elf in the history of disruptive innovation, the kind that transforms markets. Louis Daguerre, for instance, discovered the technique that gave us photography in the 1830s, when drops of mercury from a shattered thermometer produced a photographic image. The artificial sweetener, saccharin, was the unintentional result of a medical scientist's work on a chemical treatment for gastric ulcers. While working for the firm 3M, researcher Art Fry had no idea he was taking the first steps towards Post It Notes when he used bits of adhesive office Paper that could be easily lifted off the page to replace the scrap paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymn book. While working for the firm 3M, researcher Art Fry had no idea he was taking the first steps towards Post It Notes when he used bits of adhesive office paper that could be easily lifted off the page to replace the scrap paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymn book. Breakthrough and disruptive innovation are rarely driven by orderly process. Usually they come out of a chaotic, haphazard mess, which is why big companies, full of managers schooled in business programmes designed to eliminate random variation and mistakes, struggle with them. In these sorts of environments, accidents are called failures and are discouraged GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCIt is no surprise then that research from the late British economist Paul Geroski and London Business School's Constantinos Markides found that companies that were skilled at innovation were usually not that skilled when it came to commercialisation, and vice versa. Their book, Fast Second, divides businesses into ‘colonists’ and 'consolidators’ Small and nimble Itis no surprise then that research from the late British economist Paul Geroski and London Business School's Constantinos Markides found that companies that were skilled at innovation were usually not that skilled when it came to commercialisation, and vice versa. Their book, Fast Second, divides businesses into ‘colonists’ and 'consolidators’. Small and nimble, colonists are adept at creating market niches but are terrible institution builders. Consolidators, with their strong cultures of discipline and cost control, know how to take clever ideas from other firms and turn them into mass-market items. icrosoft is a prime instance of this. ‘Accident-prone innovation, they say, requires companies to get outside the ‘cone of expectation’. It means throwing together groups from diverse backgrounds, and combining ideas in unpredictable ways. Other strategies also include having systems that watch out for accidents and examine them for value, generating them when they do not happen often enough, seizing on the useful ones, capturing their valuable features, and building on them to add value and give potential for useful accidents. 10.8 Accident-prone innovation, they say, requires companies to get outside the ‘cone of expectation’. It means throwing together groups from diverse backgrounds, 11.0 All this, however, requires thinking that is often counter- intuitive to the way businesses operate. In other words, it is the kind of thinking that goes against the beliefs of most business managers. It runs counter to the notion frequently pushes by consultants that you can ‘harness' creativity and direct it to line up with intention. The cost of accidents business, people tend to call such efforts failure.’ 12.A for example, made a bad error when it launched a new beer called Empire Lager, pitched at younger consumers. Having spent a fortune creating a beer with a sweeter taste, designing a great-looking bottle and a television campaign, Foster's was GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCleft with a drink that no one wanted to buy. The target market was more interested in brands built up by word of mouth. Instead of wiping the unsuccessful product launch, Fosters used this lesson learned to go on and develop other brands instead. One of them, Pure Blonde, is now ranked as Australia's fifth-largest beer brand. Unlike Empire Lager, there has been almost no promotion and its, sales are generated more by word of mouth. 13.C 14.8 Instead of wiping the unsuccessful product launch, Fosters used this lesson learned to go on and develop other brands instead. One of them, Pure Blonde, is now ranked as Australia's fifth-largest beer brand. Unlike Empire Lager, there has been almost no promotion and its sales are generated more by word of mouth. Other companies are taking similar steps to study their own slip-ups. Intuit, the company behind financial tools such as Quicken, holds regular When Learning Hurts sessions. But this sort of transformation is never easy. In a market that focuses on the short-term, convincing employees and shareholders to tolerate failure and not play it safe is a big thing to ask. GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- DU’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCREADING PASSAGE 2 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. The Motor Car The start of the automobile’s history went all the way back to 1769 when automobiles running on the steam engine were invented as carriers for human transport. In 1806, the first batch of cars powered by an intemal combustion engine came into being, which pioneered the introduction of the widespread modem petrol-fueled internal combustion engine in 1885, Itis generally acknowledged that the first practical automobiles equipped with petrol/gaso-line-powered internal combustion engines were invented almost at the same time by different German inventors who were Working on their own. Karl Benz first built the automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz attained a patent for his invention on 29 January 1886, and in 1888, he started to produce automobiles in a company that later became the renowned Mercedes-Benz As this century began, the automobile industry marched into the transportation market for the wealth. Drivers at that time were an adventurous bunch; they would go out regardless of the weather condition even if they weren't even protected by an enclosed body or a convertible top. Everybody in the community knew who owned what car, and cars immediately became a symbol of identity and status. Later, cars became more popular among the public since it allowed people to travel whenever and wherever they wanted. Thus, the price of automobiles in Europe and North America kept dropping, and more people from the middle class could afford them. This was especially attributed to Henry Ford who did two crucial things. First, he set the price as reasonable as possible for his cars; second, he paid his employees enough salaries so that they could afford the cars made by their very own hands. The trend of interchangeable parts and mass production in an assembly line style had been led by America, and from 1914, this concept was significantly reinforced by Henry Ford. This large-scale, production-line manufacture of affordable automobiles was debuted. A Ford car would come off all assembled from the line every 15 minutes, an interval shorter than any of the former methods. Not only did it raise productivity, but also cut down on the requirement for manpower. Ford significantly lowered the chance of injury by carrying out complicated safety procedures in production—particularly assigning workers to specific locations rather than giving them the freedom to wander around. This mixture of high wages and high efficiency was known as Fordism, which provided a valuable lesson for most major industries. GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- Dl’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCThe first Jeep automobile that came out as the prototype Bantam BRC was the primary light 4-wheel-drive automobile of the U.S. Army and Allies, and during World War Il and the postwar period, its sale skyrocketed. Since then, plenty of Jeep derivatives with similar military and civilian functions have been created and kept upgraded in terms of overall performance in other nations. Through all the 1950s, engine power and automobile rates grew higher, designs evolved into a more integrated and artful form, and cars were spreading globally. In the 1960s, the landscape changed as Detroit was confronted with foreign competition. The European manufacturers, used the latest technology, and Japan came into the picture as a dedicated car-making country. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford dabbled with radical tiny cars such as the GM A-bodies with little success. As joint ventures such as the British Motor Corporation unified the market, captive imports and badge imports swept all over the US and the UK. BMC first launched a revolutionary space-friendly Mini in 1959, which turned out to harvest large global sales. Previously remaining under the Austin and Morris names, Mini later became an individual marque in 1969. The trend of corporate consolidation landed in Italy when niche makers such as Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were bought by larger enterprises. By the end of the 20th century, there had been a sharp fall in the number of automobile marques. In the US, car performance dominated marketing, justified by the typical cases of pony cars and muscle cars. However, in the 1970s, everything changed as the American automobile industry suffered from the 1973 oil crisis, competition with Japanese and European imports, automobile emission-control regulations* and moribund innovation. The irony in all this was that full-size sedans such as Cadillac and Lincoln scored a huge comeback between the years of economic crisis. In terms of technology, the most mentionable developments that postwar era had seen were the widespread use of independent suspensions, broader application of fuel injection, and a growing emphasis on safety in automobile design. Mazda achieved many triumphs with its engine firstly installed in the fore-wheel, though it gained itself a reputation as a gas-guzzler. The modem era also has witnessed a sharp elevation of fuel power in the modem. engine management system with the. help of the computer. Nowadays, most automobiles in use are powered by an internal combustion engine, fueled by gasoline or diesel. Toxic gas from both fuels is known to pollute the air and is responsible for climate change as well as global warming. Questions 14-19 GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- Dl’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOCLook at the following descriptions (Questions 14-19) and the list of automobile brands below. Match each description with the correct automobile brand, A-G. Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Automobile Brands A Ford B the BMC Mini c Cadillac and Lincoln D Mercedes Benz E Mazda F Jeep G Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia 14 began producing the first automobiles 18 produced the industrialised cars that common consumers could afford 16 improved the utilisation rate of automobile space 17 upgraded the overall performance of the car continuously 18 maintained leading growth even during an economic recession 19 installed its engine on the front wheel for the first time Questions 20-26 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. ‘Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet. 20 What is the important feature owned by the modem engine since the 19th century? 21. What did a car symbolise to the rich at the very beginning of this century? 22 How long did Ford assembly line take to produce a car? 23. What is the major historical event that led American cars to suffer when competing with Japanese imported cars? 24 What do people call the Mazda car which was designed under the front-wheel engine? GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- Dl’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOC25 What has greatly increased with the computerised engine management systems in modem society? 26 What factor is blamed for contributing to pollution, climate change and global warming? Question 27 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in box 27 on your answer sheet 27 What is the main idea of the passage? A The influence of the cars on the environment B The historical development and innovation in car designs C The beginning of the modem designed gasoline engines D The history of human and the Auto industry GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- Dl’ DOAN DE THI IELTS GOC