1.

Thermo-Hygrometer: - is a versatile, compact, handheld instrument for measuring percentage of relative

humidity and temperature. Applications include building commissioning and pulp & paper. Thermo-
Hygrometer Probe is a wired Thermo-Hygrometer Probe for the Model 485B
2. What is principle of thermo-hygrometer?
Hygrometer works on the phenomenon called evaporative cooling. When water evaporates from any
surface, it becomes cool because water molecules take heat energy from the surface during the
evaporation. Due to this cooling effect wet bulb always shows low temperature than the dry bulb.
3. What are the types of hygrometer?

1.Electrical hygrometers. These hygrometers use resistance or capacitance to measure the amount of
humidity in the air. ...
2.Psychrometers. This type of hygrometer comprises two thermometers: one that has a dry bulb, and one
that has a wet bulb. ...
3.Dew point hygrometers.
4. Differential pressure gauges: - measure the difference between two pressures. They are suitable for
the monitoring of filter contamination, for level measurement in closed vessels, for overpressure
measurement in clean rooms, for flow measurement of gaseous and liquid media and for the control of
pumping plants.
5. Why is differential pressure important?
Differential pressure refers to the difference in air pressure from one location to another within a system.
In cleanrooms, maintaining the right amount of differential pressure—either positive or negative—
is essential to preventing contamination.
6. How does a differential gauge work?
Differential pressure gauges are also used to measure the flow of a liquid inside a pipe. ...
The differential pressure gauge measures the flow rate by finding the difference in pressure before and
after the orifice. Differential pressure gauges are an easy way to get a visual indication of process flow.
7. What is WC in pressure?
Inches of water column (“wc) – inches of water column is the traditional method for measuring. natural
gas or propane. There are 28 inches of water in 1 psi, so it is a fairly small amount of. pressure. • Pounds
per square inch (psi) – used for measuring gas pressure in the distribution system and.
8. What is the unit of pressure gauge?
Pressure gauge, instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid or gas) that is specified by the
force that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a unit area, such as pounds per square inch
or newtons per square centimetre. In flow applications, differential pressure gauges often read in SCFM
(standard cubic feet per minute), GPM (gallons per minute), m³/s (cubic meters per second), etc. And in
aviation, using pitot tubes, a differential pressure gauge measures airspeed in knots or miles.
9. temperature sensor
A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment and
converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes.
10. How does temperature sensor work?
How do temperature sensors work? They are devices to measure temperature readings through electrical
signals. The sensor is made up of two metals, which generate electrical voltage or resistance once it
notices a change in temperature. ... Temperature is the most common physical measurement type in
industrial applications.
11. Pt100 sensors: - are the most common type of platinum resistance thermometer. ... 100 refers to that at
0°C sensor has a resistance of 100 ohms (Ω). A resistance thermometer is a type of temperature sensor. It
consists of an element that uses resistance to measure temperature.
12. What is difference between RTD and Pt100?

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 The two types are identical except that the Pt100 offers 100 ohms’ resistance at 0°C and the Pt1000 offers
1000 ohms’ resistance at 0°C. ... The lead resistance in the supply line in an RTD sensor has a negative
impact on the accuracy of temperature measurement.
13. types of sensors List of Sensors?

13.1 Vision and Imaging Sensors.

13.2 Temperature Sensors.
13.3 Radiation Sensors.
13.4 Proximity Sensors.
13.5 Pressure Sensors.
13.6 Position Sensors.
13.7 Photoelectric Sensors.
13.8 Particle Sensors.
14. working principle of pressure transmitter
The functional principle of a resistive pressure transmitter is very simple. ... The diaphragm is deflected
under the influence of pressure. Thus, the strain gauges attached to it are elongated or compressed and
its electrical resistance changes. This change in resistance is directly proportional to the pressure.
15. What is a pressure transmitter and how does it work?
A Pressure Transmitter is an instrument connected to a Pressure Transducer. The output of a Pressure
Transmitter is an analog electrical voltage or a current signal representing 0 to 100% of the pressure range
sensed by the transducer.
16. What are the types of pressure transmitter?
There are four main types of pressure transmitters: absolute, gauge, differential pressure, and
multivariable.
17. What is vacuum pressure sensor?
Vacuum sensors are used to measure vacuum or sub-
atmospheric pressures. Vacuum means pressure below atmospheric. Since true vacuum is never attained,
the measurement is in respect to a near absence of gas pressure.
18. Is vacuum negative pressure?
Vacuum is a negative gauge pressure, usually referenced to the existing standard
barometric pressure where the equipment will operate. This means vacuum is a differential reading
between the surrounding atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the system evacuated.
19. limit sensor working principle: -
Limit switches are a type of sensor that detect presence and absence. ... The term limit switch is derived
from the operation of the device it-self. As an object (or target) makes contact with the operator of the
switch, it eventually moves the actuator to the “limit” where the electrical contacts change state.
20. What is the application of limit switch?
A limit switch is an electromechanical device operated by a physical force applied to it by an object. Limit
switches are used to detect the presence or absence of an object. These switches were originally used to
define the limit of travel of an object, and as a result, they were named Limit Switch.
21. What is safety limit switch?
Answer. The Safety Limit Switches are provided with a direct drive positive opening mechanism (positive
actuation structure) with which welded portions are forcibly torn even if contact welding occurs, thus
stopping a dangerous process (load) without fault and performing safe operation.
22. Timer Switch: - EMbox 1500 W Automatic Power Cut Off Timer Socket with Programmable Countdown
Control Switch (White) 4.1 out of 5.
23. How does a timer switch work?

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 With timer operation, the Time Switch controls the output according to the set ON and OFF times. With
pulse-output operation, the Time Switch outputs a pulse of a specified time width at the set ON time.
Power turned ON by a Time Switch. warmed up before the employees come to work so that work can
begin immediately.
24. What is Timer Relay?
A Timer Relay is a combination of an electromechanical output relay and a control circuit. The contacts
will open or close before or after a pre-selected, timed interval.
25. What is fuse in simple words?
A fuse is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows
through it. ... A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too
much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit.
26. Which wire is used in fuse?
Which material is generally used in a fuse wire? Answer: An alloy of lead and tin as it has a low melting
point and a very high resistance.
27. What is a fuse used for?
The fuse breaks the circuit if a fault in an appliance causes too much current to flow. This protects the
wiring and the appliance if something goes wrong. The fuse contains a piece of wire that melts easily. If
the current going through the fuse is too great, the wire heats up until it melts and breaks the circuit.
28. What is Relay in simple words?
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays control one
electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. ... In addition, relays are also widely
used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot lights and audible alarms.
29. Why relay is used?
Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open and delay close of
contacts. Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals. Similarly,
they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.
30. What is Relay principle?
Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When the electromagnet is applied with some
current it induces a magnetic field around it. ... A switch is used to apply DC current to the load. In
the relay Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
31. A Miniature Circuit Breaker: - is an electromechanical device designed to protect an electric circuit from
over-current - A term to describe an electrical fault caused by either overload or short circuit.
32. What is RCB and MCB?
The circuit breaker is the device of an Automatic circuit breaker or Miniature circuit breaker which trips
the entire system and if any fault occurs, MCB is to protect the wires from the damage. Whereas, on the
other hand, residual current device protects the life-threatening problems.
33. Why is MCB used?
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) are electromechanical devices which are used to protect an electrical
circuit from an overcurrent. The lead reasons for an overcurrent could be a short circuit or overload.
Unlike a Fuse, MCB does not have to be replaced every time after a fault occurs and it can be reused.
34. Where is MCB used?
MCB stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker. It automatically switches OFF electrical circuit during any
abnormal condition in the electrical network such as overload & short circuitconditions. However, fuse
may sense these conditions but it has to be replaced though MCB can be reset.
35. What is a VFD used for?
A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by varying the
frequency and voltage of its power supply. The VFD also has the capacity to control ramp-up and ramp-
down of the motor during start or stop, respectively.

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36. How does a VFD work?
A variable frequency drive controls the speed of an AC motor by varying the frequency supplied to the
motor. ... The first step in this process is to convert the AC supply voltage into DC by the use of a rectifier.
DC power contains voltage ripples which are smoothed using filter capacitors.
37. Why VFD is used in pumps?
Variable frequency drives are used for adjusting flow or pressure to the actual demand. They control the
frequency of the electrical power supplied to pumps or fans. Significant power savings can be achieved
when using a VFD pump. ... It controls the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor.
38. AC is used to refer to an electric current that continually changes direction as it flows. AC is an
abbreviation for 'alternating current'. In Europe, AC is usually generated at 50 Hz.
39. uncountable noun. DC is used to refer to an electric current that always flows in the same direction. DC is
an abbreviation for 'direct current'.
40. What is the difference between input and output of a function?
In mathematics, a function is any expression that produces exactly one answer for any given number that
you give it. The input is the number you feed into the expression, and the output is what you get after the
look-up work or calculations are finished.
41. Encoder definition
In general, an encoder is a device or process that converts data from one format to another. In position
sensing, an encoder is a device which can detect and convert mechanical motion to an analog or digital
coded output signal.2
42. What does the encoder do?
Simply put, an encoder is a sensing device that provides feedback. Encoders convert motion to an
electrical signal that can be read by some type of control device in a motion control system, such as a
counter or PLC. The encoder sends a feedback signal that can be used to determine position, count,
speed, or direction.
43. A humidity sensor: - is an electronic device that measures the humidity in its environment and converts
its findings into a corresponding electrical signal. ... Relative humidity is calculated by comparing the live
humidity reading at a given temperature to the maximum amount of humidity for air at the same
temperature.
44. How many types of humidity sensors are there?
There are three common types of humidity sensors: capacitive, resistive, and thermal.
45. How does moisture sensor work?
A small charge is placed on the electrodes and electrical resistance through the sensor is measured. As
water is used by plants or as the soil moisture decreases, water is drawn from the sensor and resistance
increases. Conversely, as soil moisture increases, resistance decreases.
46. What is Temperature & Humidity Sensor?
Relative humidity is calculated by comparing the live humidity reading at a given temperature to the
maximum amount of humidity for air at the same temperature. RH sensors must therefore
measure temperature in order to determine relative humidity. ... Thermal humidity sensors are used to
measure absolute humidity.
47. How is CFM air flow measured?
To calculate Air Flow in Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM), determine the Flow Velocity in feet per minute,
then multiply this figure by the Duct Cross Sectional Area.
48. What is the CFM formula?
CFM = FPM x Duct Cross Sectional Area
49. working principle of explosion

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 When there is no flow of air, the closing device is in the open position. Air flows around the open closing
device. The pressure wave pushes the closing device against a seal, locking the valve and effectively
preventing the spread of flames and pressure.
50. What is the function of explosion vent?
An explosion vent is a non-reusable safety device designed to burst at a set pressure along a specific
rupture line, relieving pressure and providing a pathway for deflagration hazards to safely escape.
51. uses of micrometre
A micrometer is a tool used for the precise measurement of very small objects. A micrometer can
measure the depth, length and thickness of whatever object fits between its anvil and spindle. It is
commonly used in mechanical engineering and machining applications.
52. uses of Vernier calliper
The Vernier calipers are used to measure the inner and outer breadth of rods and domains and thickness
of any sort of object accurately. The Vernier calipers can also be utilized to measure deepness of holes
and objects which can be too hard to do with any other scale.
53. What are the types of vernier caliper?
There are three types of vernier caliper based on the Indian standards.The First Type- This caliper
contains jaws on both sides for internal and external measurements, and has a needle to measure depth.
These vernier calipers are normally made up of steel having hardness of about 650±50 HV (Vickers
Pyramid Number). The below given image is the first type of vernier caliper.[Image will be uploaded
soon]The Second Type- The second type of vernier caliper doesn't have separate jaws for external and
internal measurements. It contains one set of jaws to measure both external and internal measurements.
The measuring faces of the jaws of the second type of vernier caliper are suitable to take both external
and internal measurements.The Third Type- The third type of vernier caliper is similar to that of the
second. The only difference is that it has a knife edge useful for marking purposes.
54. uses of dial gauge
Dial gauges are measuring instruments that can accurately measure minute lengths and displacements.
Unlike other measuring instruments that directly measure numerical values, they are used for measuring
the difference compared to a reference or correcting parallelism.
55. What is the principle of dial gauge?
Dial gauge bases its operation principle on the displacement reading of a mobile cylindrical rod that slides
inside a tubular guide. The end of the rod, called probe, is in contact with the surface of the measured
object.
56. uses of linear scale
A linear scale, also called a bar scale, scale bar, graphic scale, or graphical scale, is a means of visually
showing the scale of a map, nautical chart, engineering drawing, or architectural drawing. A scale bar is
common element of map layouts.
57. What is a linear scale used for?
Linear scale is used to obtain accurate measurement of distance, mass, volume, etc.
58. What are the advantages of linear scale?
Advantages: i Distances can easily be measured with the help of linear scale. ii If the map is
photographically enlarged or reduced the linear scale is also enlarged or reduced in the same ratio and
remains true to the map.
59. How does a linear scale work?
A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor
reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal, which can then be
decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller.
60. uses of load cell

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 A load cell is a type of transducer which is used to convert mechanical force into a measurable electrical
output, anything which needs to be weighed probably uses a load cell to do so. Load cells come in many
different shapes and sizes so that they can be added to different machinery and weighing equipment.
61. What is the working principle of load cell?
Load cell is a sensor or a transducer that converts a load or force acting on it into an electronic signal. ...
Resistive load cells work on the principle of piezo-resistivity. When a load/force/stress is applied to
the sensor, it changes its resistance.
62. How many types of load cells are there?
When classified by the direction of load detection, load cells can be divided into the following types:
tension, compression, alternating, and bending. Based on precision, load cells can be classified as ultra-
precision, precision, standard, and general-purpose.
63. Why do load cells need to be calibrated?
The Need to Calibrate Load Cells
Load cells generally provide a superior accuracy and precise measurement results. In reality, load
cells may deteriorate over continuous usage and provide less reliable data. ... This implies that
routine calibration is necessary to get accurate measurement readings.
64. What is load cell calibration?
The load cells calibration procedure involves incremental loading and the evaluation at each step of the
output signals of both the calibrated weighbridge and of the master load cell (Figure 8-4). The number of
divisions used and the method of applying the force (hydraulic or servomotor) is up to the user.
65. How does a magnetic sensor work?
Magnetic sensors detect moving ferrous metal. Magnetic sensors detect moving ferrous metal. The
simplest magnetic sensor consists of a wire coiled around a permanent magnet. A ferrous object
approaching the sensor changes magnetic flux through the coil, generating a voltage at the coil terminals.
66. proximity sensor
A proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that detects the presence of an object (often referred to as the
“target”) when the target enters the sensor's field. Depending on the type of proximity sensor, sound,
light, infrared radiation (IR), or electromagnetic fields may be utilized by the sensor to detect a target.
67. What is the working principle of proximity sensor?
Inductive Proximity Sensors detect magnetic loss due to eddy currents that are generated on a conductive
surface by an external magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is generated on the detection coil, and
changes in the impedance due to eddy currents generated on a metallic object are detected.
68. How does a sensor work?
How do sensors work? ... Put simply, a sensor converts stimuli such as heat, light, sound and motion into
electrical signals. These signals are passed through an interface that converts them into a binary code and
passes this on to a computer to be processed.
69. How many types of proximity sensors are there?
Proximity Sensors Compared: Inductive, Capacitive, Photoelectric, and Ultrasonic. Proximity
sensors detect the presence or absence of objects using electromagnetic fields, light, and sound. There
are many types, each suited to specific applications and environments.
70. different types of weighing balance?
Common laboratory balances and scales types are ultra-micro, micro, semi-micro, analytical, and
precision balances. The readability of a balance is the smallest difference between two measured values
that can be read on the display.
71. What is D in weighing balance?
“d” for digit; digitus – lat. for finger (counting and calculating with the fingers is therefore a digital
process) If you have a readability interval of d=0.0001g, it means that the smallest step you can read on it
is 0.0001g (or 0.1mg) and increasing or decreasing the weight applied will change.

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72. What is mean by least count of balance?
Answer: To weigh 10 mg sample you have to use 10X0. 1% = 0.01 mg least count balance. It shows that if
you have a balance with least count 0.01 mg, you can weigh minimum 10 mg sample on it.
73. What is balance tolerance?
Tolerance for weigh balances = Acceptable limits or range in measurement (in grams) that the laboratory
can tolerate.
74. friability test apparatus
Digital Friability Test Apparatus is a precision instrument for measuring obression strength of the tablets.
The Friability Test Apparatus is designed as per IP/USP standards. The unit is equipped with two
transparent acrylic drums which rotate at a speed of 25.
75. What is friability of a tablet?
Friability testing is used to test the durability of tablets during packing processes and transit. This involves
repeatedly dropping a sample of tablets over a fixed time, using a rotating drum with a baffle. The result
is inspected for broken tablets, and the percentage of tablet mass lost through chipping.
76. The Moisture Analyzer works according to the thermo-gravimetric principle, also often referred
to as the 'Loss on Drying' (LOD) principle. ... When the sample no longer loses weight the
instrument shuts off and the moisture content is calculated. The total loss in weight is used to
calculate the moisture content.
A moisture analyzer is often also called a moisture balance or moisture meter. It consists of a
weighing unit and a heating unit (infrared technology) and is used to determine the moisture
content of a sample with the loss on drying principle.
77. How does a moisture analyzer work?
Moisture analyzers utilize Loss On Drying (LOD) method to measure moisture. In this method,
the moisture analyzer weighs a sample, heats it up to dry it, and weighs it again once it's dry. The
weight after drying is subtracted from the weight before, so the loss of moisture is determined
using the loss of mass.
78. Why is moisture analysis important?
Moisture determination is one of the most important and most widely used measurements in the
processing and testing of foods. Since the amount of dry matter in a food is inversely related to
the amount of moisture it contains, moisture content is of direct economic importance to the
processor and the consumer.
79. Moisture analyzer temperature
A halogen lamp heats up the chamber to 199 °C / 390 °F. The multifunction moisture analyzer
dries the substance to be weighed within the heating chamber and determines the moisture
content from the difference in weight.
80. Why is disodium tartrate dihydrate used for KF?
Sodium tartrate dihydrate is the volumetric standard for Karl Fischer titration. Under normal
conditions, it is stable and non-hygroscopic. Sodium tartrate dihydrate has a stoichiometric water
content of 15.66% and is primarily used for titer determination in volumetry.
The chemical starts as sodium tartrate to which two molecules of water are bonded making it a
dihydrate. The chemical is stable at temperatures up to 150° C, and when heated at higher
temperatures the water molecules are driven off. The chemical can be used as a primary
standard for testing moisture analyzer.
81. disintegration test apparatus
Disintegration is defined as that state in which no residue of the unit under test remains on the screen of
the apparatus or, if a residue remains, it consists of fragments of disintegrated parts of tablets component
parts such as insoluble coating of the tablets or of capsule shells, or of any melted fatty substance
82. What is the purpose of disintegration test?

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 The disintegration test is used to show how quickly the tablet breaks down into smaller particles, allowing
for a greater surface area and availability of the drug when taken by a patient.
83. What is difference between disintegration and dissolution?
Disintegration is a process of breaking down a substance into tiny fragments to improve its solubility in
a solvent. ... Dissolution, on the other hand, is a process through which solutes dissolve in
a solvent. Dissolution is also used predominantly in pharmaceutical industries to check how soluble a drug
is in the body.
84. How do you increase disintegration?
The particle size of crospovidone strongly affects the disintegration process, and larger particles provide a
faster disintegration. As size increases, the intra-particular porosity increases, leading to larger water
uptake and faster disintegration.
85. What are the types of dissolution?
Defined dissolution apparatus and development of new tools
Currently, there are seven different types of dissolution apparatus defined in the United States
Pharmacopeia (USP)-basket type, paddle type, reciprocating cylinder, flow through cell, paddle over disc,
rotating cylinder, and reciprocating disc.
86. How do you calculate dissolution?

Formula for determination of percentage of release of drug from in vitro dissolution testing
Concentration of drug (µg/ml) = (slope × absorbance) ± intercept.
Amount of drug = Concentration × Dissolution bath volume × dilution factor.
87. Why is 900mL dissolution media?
Most likely, the volume was lowered to 900mL to account for volume displacement from the product and
stirring shaft. This gives some wiggle room in the test, so that the vessel doesn't spill over during
the dissolution.
88. What is disintegration time?
Disintegration time is the time required for a dosage form to break up in to granules of specified size (or
smaller) under carefully specified conditions. ... In other words, DT (disintegration time) is measuring the
breakdown of a dosage form and dissolution is measuring the drug being solubilized in the media.
89. tap density test apparatus
Microprocessor Tap Density Tester, Model 1951 is a density measurement equipment used to
measure tapped density of powders, as well as granulated or flaked materials by standardized and
repeatable procedures.

 Designed to meet current USP and ASTM specifications for tap density testing.
 Two Tapping Positions for 14mm and 3mm respectively with cylinder holders to hold 100ml and 250 ml
cylinders.
 The unique simultaneous tapping and rotating motion assures that the material is evenly packed.
 Calculates results - Tapped Density, Compressibility Index, Hausner Ratio and Bulk Density.
 Balance Interface for sample weight transfer.

90. Empty capsule sorter Elevator

It sorts out the diametrically defective capsules through a sorting plate and ensures that the correct
sized capsules are conveyed to the capsule filling machine hopper for uninterrupted running of the
machine
91. Automatic capsule filling machine

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 Encapsulators, also called capsule fillers, capsule filling machines or encapsulation machines are
mechanical devices commonly used for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. ... This process
of filling empty capsules with substances is termed encapsulation.
92. Metal Detector
A metal detector is an instrument that detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful
for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground.
Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and analyzing a return signal from
the target and environment. ... The magnetic transmitter is in the form of a transmit coil with a varying
electric current flowing through it produced by transmit electronics.
93. Dedusting and Polishing machine
Pharmaceutical manufacturers originally filled capsules manually and then wiped the capsules with
a polishing cloth to physically remove any dust from the capsule's exterior. This was effective as long as
the quantity of filled capsules was small.
94. Mini capsule sorter
The Mini Capsule Sorter sorts out the separated capsule cap and body shells and other loose product
material through a linear sorting plate and vibratory mechanism and ensures that good quality capsules
are passed into the Filled capsule sorter drum.
95. Empty capsule sorter
The Empty Capsule Sorter is a high output sorting unit suitable for sorting of capsules. The unit separates
out empty capsules, loose cap and loose bodies from the output of the capsule filling machines. For good
performance of the unit, a continous orderly input of capsules is necessary.
96. Filled capsule elevator
The Filled Capsule Elevator is used to convey filled capsules through the elevator pipe and outlet chute
into the hopper of the metal detector.
97. Online capsule Checkweigher

Separate weigh cell to compensate for ambient influences such as vibration.

Zero taring of weigh cells at pre-set intervals.
Analysis and statistical evaluation of the weighing cell, directly at the machine.
Interfaces for transfer of weighing results and production data acquisition.
Optional empty capsule weighing.
98. Dust collector
Dust collectors may be of single unit construction, or a collection of devices used to separate particulate
matter from the process air. They are often used as an air pollution control device to maintain or improve
air quality. Mist collectors remove particulate matter in the form of fine liquid droplets from the air.
99. Vacuum pump
A vacuum loader may connect capsule loading part to the capsule hopper and powder loading port to
powder hopper. The vacuum system separates empty capsules (vacuum separator). This ensures
the capsules don't get damaged during the process.
100. mechanical stirrer working principle
A magnetic stirrer consists of a magnetic bar placed within the liquid which provides the stirring
action. The stir bar's motion is driven by another rotating magnet or assembly of
electromagnets in the stirrer device, beneath the vessel containing the liquid.
101. What is the use of stirrer?
The main function of a stirrer is to agitate the liquid for speeding up the reactions or improving
mixtures. A magnetic stirrer is often used with hot plates. The stir bar is the magnetic bar which
is immersed in the liquid to provide the stirring action
102. pneumatic stirrer working principle

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 Pneumatic lifting mixer drives cylinder working by point rotation of pneumatic valve and
electromagnetic valve to achieve the motor and working head up and down.
103. Uses and working principle of mechanical sifter
Mechanical sifter is useful for gradation and separation of dry powders or granules based on the
gyratory vibration principle. For obtaining the required size, the machine utilizes a screen of
different sizes to sift and separate the materials. ... Springs to amplify vibrations resulting in low
power consumption.
104. Vibratory sifter working principle
Vibro Sifter works on gyro principle. The required gyratory motion is obtained from specially
designed gyro motor, which is fitted underneath the vibrating assembly. The complete vibrating
assembly is isolated from the base by means of specially designed rugged springs.
105. What is the use of sifter in pharma?
Asieve or screener is an essential part of every pharmaceutical production process,
particularly as product quality and integrity are so important. The use of a sieve gets rid of
oversized contamination to ensure that ingredients and finished products are quality assured
during production and before use or despatch.
106. uses and working principle of HSMG
In rapid mixer granulator, the formation of granules occurs by rising, whirling and tumbling
motion of the material. Dry mixing is done by adding all ingredients into the RMG by rotation of
impeller and chopper at high speed.
107. What is the principle of granulation?
Granulation is a process in which powder particles are made to adhere to each other, resulting
in larger, multi-particle entities, so called granules. If such a process is performed without
adding liquids, this is called dry granulation.
108. What is the use of vent filter in RMG?
The filter is placed with aid of a vent air filter to remove purging air and retained granules
inside. Purging air is supplied below from the impeller to prevent stick the granules to the
impeller and also helps prevents contamination.
109. How does a high shear granulator work?
High shear granulation is a shaping process for granulation that has been enhanced for
application in the pharmaceutical industry. A binder liquid is fed to the powder particles in a
closed container with blending tools and a chopper. Dense granules are formed through the
liquid and solid bridges that result.
110. What is ampere load in RMG?
Ampere load on Impeller and Chopper i.e the current which is used by Impeller and chopper
motor to rotate when granules are formed. Ampere load is high in beginning when granulation
starts as motors need more power and decreases as end point is reached.
111. What is the end point of RMG?
End Point in a wet granulation process is characterized by rheological properties of the wet
mass such as density, viscosity etc which are in turn a function of particle size, shape and
other physical properties.
112. What is kneading in RMG?
the chopper does not have any advantage on size of granules when the impeller speed is high
(about 200 rpm). The process of convert wet mass into granules is called Kneading.
113. What is purging air in RMG?
What is Purging Air in RMG? Generally, purging air is used to flush the industrial process
equipment with clean air. Purging Air helps to keep the surfaces of RMG (Granulation
Machine) clean and help in maintaining its effective performance.
114. Uses And Working Principle Of Fbd

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 Fluid bed dryer works on a principle of fluidization of the materials. In fluidization process,
hot air or gas flow is introduced through the bed of solid particulates. This gas or air will move
upwards through the spaces between the particles.
115. What is the use of FBD?
Fluid bed dryers, as their name suggests, are used for drying materials such as granules,
tablets, powders, fertilizers, and plastics. They are particularly popular in production industries
like: Chemical. Pharmaceutical.
116. What is the use of fluid bed dryer?
Fluidized bed dryer (also called fluid bed dryer) is a kind of equipment used extensively in the
pharmaceutical industries to reduce the moisture content of pharmaceutical powder and
granules. The equipment works on a principle of fluidization of the feed materials.
117. What is FBP in pharma?
Fluid bed processor (fbp) is a popular material processing technique in different field
industries. ... As process pharmaceutical equipment, fluid bed top spray, bottom spray and
tangent spray base on process laboratory test, senieer customize for your detail process and
machinery requirements.
118. What is Wurster coating?
Wurster coating, synonymous with fluid bed microencapsulation, is the encapsulation of
discrete particles in a fluidized bed using differential air flow to create a cyclic movement of
material. ... The Wurster coating process can be applied to a range of core materials in
numerous particle sizes and shapes.
119. What is pellet coating?
Pellet Coating (Bottom Spray)
This process uses a typical fluid bed system, but with a modified system to allow the pellets to
be fluidized & coated using spray nozzles, installed at the bottom part of the product container.
... This creates a uniform process allows for a very homogeneous coating on the pellets.
120. Uses and Working Principle of Quadro Co Mill
The infeed product falls into the conical screen chamber. A rotating impeller imparts a
vortex flow pattern to the incoming material. The material is then forced to the screen surface
by centrifugal acceleration ensuring continuous delivery into the "action zone" between the
screen and impeller.
121. What is Quadro Co Mill?
countries, the Quadro® Comil® is the world's leading technology for achieving uniform size
reduction, sieving, DE agglomeration dispersion and mixing. ... Quadro invented the original
conical mill in 1976.
122. What is the use of co mill?
Co-Mill is designed for size reduction application. Co-Mill is designed for low heat, Low sound,
low energy consumption operation and speed variation. Particles fall from the hopper into the
blades of the mill which are moving at a very high RPM. The impact of the blades on the
particles is the cause of the sizing.
123. What is multi mill?
Multi Mill is a self-contained portable unit useful for high speed granulating, pulverising, mixing,
shredding and chopping of wide range of wet and dry materials without special attachments.
124. How many blades are in a multi mill?
12 No, of blades with knife & impact edges and 2 no. of scraper blades. Output depending
upon the feed product and output required.
125. What is the principle of blender?
Bin blenders or Industrial Blenders are the most used equipment for mixing granular
medicine and solid powder in the pharmaceutical industry. Thanks to its high mixing

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 uniformity and mobile hopper, it effectively facilitates excellent mixing, discharging, and
cleaning.
The first blending action is produced by a wave as the material is tumbled. Tumble blending is
a dual action blending principle. The first blending action is produced by a wave as the
material is tumbled. This wave (or shear plane) occurs in the top ¼ of the product load.
126. Why blender is used in pharmaceutical industry?
These machines are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry to granulate and blend
medicated powders. ... Blender features multi shear deflector plates for the improved blending
efficiency of free flowing powders and granules. Salient Features. The conical shape at both
ends enables uniform mixing and easy discharge ...
127. What is Blender in pharma industry?
A blender is a very important equipment in the pharmaceutical industry, as a medicine is
manufactured by mixing a number of drugs and chemicals. This mixing is required to be
undertaken in either dry or wet state depending upon the chemical composition and the
reactions allowed.
128. What is the principle of octagonal blender?
Octagonal Blender, due to its octagonal shape is designed to process larger volume of
material. It occupies less space compared to other similar blenders like 'V' and Double Cone.
Power consumption is also less. The blending takes place at low speed during operation.
129. What is double cone blender?
Double Cone Blender is an efficient and versatile machine for mixing of dry powders and
granules homogeneously. All the contact parts are made of stainless steel. The effective
volume for optimum homogeneity is between 35-70% of gross volume. The SLANT double
cone design eliminates dead spots.
130. What is a ribbon blender?
Ribbon Blender is a light duty blender mainly used for easy to mix powder components which
are pre-processed like dried granules, pre-sieved powders etc. It is a LOW SHEAR mixer and
mostly used for SOLID / SOLID Mixing.
131. Uses and Working Principal of Compression Machine
The basic principle behind the tablet compression machine is hydraulic pressure. This
pressure is transmitted unreduced through the static fluid. Any externally applied pressure is
transmitted via static fluid to all the directions in the same proportion. It also makes it possible
to multiply the force as needed.
132. What is the work of main compression rollers in compression machine?
MAIN COMPRESSION ROLLERS  Main compression rollers exert a predetermined amount
of force (final compression force) for the formation of tablets. The compression force at this
stage is higher than the pre-compression force.  It is important that the rollers remain stable
with no vibration during the entire process.
133. What is CAM in compression machine?
Cam tracks are other critical tablet compression machine parts that play an integral role in
ensuring seamless tableting process. The main work of the cam tracks is to guide the upper
and lower punches in different stages in the tablet compression process.
134. How do you select a fill cam on a compression machine?
Method of determining fill cam.
Theoretical Formula for fill cam selection is. Tablet weight in mg/Punch surface area mm² *
Bulk density. Fill cam selected shall be above the size we get using above formula example if
using above formula we get value 9.2 mm fill cam used should be of 10 mm.
135. What is dual time compression?

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 It is defined as the amount of time that the compression force applied when forming the
tablet is above 90% of its peak value. ... Sticking is the build-up of granule on the punch tip
face, this leads to tablet press downtime and reduced tablet output.
136. What is a fill CAM?
Fill cam selection: The fill cam is a lower cam located under the feeder and deliberately
overfills the die cavity. Following the fill cam is the dosing cam, which will push out the excess
material to achieve the target weight
137. What is the principle of metal detector?
Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and analyzing a return
signal from the target and environment. The transmitted magnetic field varies in time, usually
at rates of fairly high-pitched audio signals.
138. How does a Deduster work?
In the long run, the tablet deduster machine cleans and extracts dust from the surface of the
tablets. Apart from the above working principles, the tablet deduster machine has an air
powered dedusting device. It will ensure a clean and smooth cleaning process of the tablets.
139. What are metal detectors used for?
A metal detector is an instrument that detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal
detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried
underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept
over the ground or other objects.
140. What metals Cannot be detected by a metal detector?
What metals are not detected by metal detectors? Gold, silver, iron, copper, brass
aluminium tin lead bronze. On the other hand, the metals that are not highly conductivity of
electricity considered as non-metal or non-detectable object
141. What is a Deduster?
Noun. deduster (plural dedusters) A piece of cleaning equipment used to separate dust or
other fine particles from another material.
142. Working principle of tablet coating machine is relatively simple where the application of
coating material is done on a moving bed of tablets and removing rapidly the solvent using a
current of hot air. ... Angled baffles are also fitted into the drum and also air flow is provided
which acts as a means to mix the tablets.
Coating process: - The basic principle of tablet coating is simple. Tablet coating is an
application of coating composition to a moving bed of tablets with the concurrent use of heated
air to facilitate evaporation of the solvent.
143. What are the uses of coating machine?
Tablet coating machines are used to coat the surface of tablets with a thin coating of film. The
film is employed mostly to: mask the colour, taste and smell of the drug. protect the drug from
physical or chemical harm.
144. What is tablet coating type?
Tablet coating is the outer covering of a tablet with a layer/substance. The coats used range
from the traditional sugar coating to the present polymer and polysaccharides based coats.
The types of coats depending on the specific functionality of the tablet as well as the target
consumer of the tablet.
145. What are the two basic components of a coating?
Two primary components of a liquid applied coating. Pigment and Vehicle (Resin or Binder
and Solvent). Three methods by which a coating provides corrosion control.
146. How do you calculate pan coating capacity?
It is simply determined that how much tablets are required to fill the pan up to the brim. The
minimum capacity of the coating pan is simply 60% of the maximum capacity
calculated above.

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147. How do you calculate brim volume?
Capacity Calculation of Coating Machine
Coating pan capacity calculation formula.
Maximum capacity of coating pan (Kg) = Brim volume of pan (ltrs) x Bulk density of
tablets (g/ml)
Minimum capacity of coating pan = Brim volume of pan (ltrs) x Bulk density of tablets
(g/ml) x 60/100.
148. What is the formula for viscosity of a liquid?
Thus, a fluid with a large viscosity has a low fluidity. Two types of viscosity are commonly
used: dynamic viscosity μ and kinematic viscosity ν. Dynamic viscosity is related to kinematic
viscosity by the equation μ = ρν, where ρ is the density of the fluid. The unit of dynamic
viscosity μ is centipoise.
149. What is viscous solution?
Lidocaine viscous solution is a local anesthetic that is applied topically to treat painful mucous
membranes or throat pain associated with oral diseases and for procedures involving the
mouth or throat.
150. What is the principle of viscosity?
The principle of viscosity is stated here: When a layer of liquid is subjected to move upon a
surface or another layer of the same liquid, the fluid particles tend to oppose such movement;
this resisting force developed by a liquid is called viscosity.
151. What is Capsule printing?
The commonly employed process in capsule printing is an “offset” technique utilizing
pharmaceutical grade ink on an automatic capsule printing machine.
152. why 70 IPA is used
It is used to disinfect hands and equipment surface in pharmaceuticals. 70 % isopropyl alcohol
solution kills microorganisms by dissolving plasma membrane of the cell wall. The plasma
membrane of gram-negative bacteria consists of thin layer of peptidoglycan that easily
destroyed by the alcohol.
Isopropyl alcohol, particularly in solutions between 60% and 90% alcohol with 10 – 40%
purified water, is rapidly antimicrobial against bacteria, fungi, and
viruses. ... 70% IPA solutions penetrate the cell wall more completely which permeates the
entire cell, coagulates all proteins, and therefore the microorganism dies.
70 % isopropyl alcohol is by far better at killing bacteria and viruses than 90 %
isopropyl alcohol. As a disinfectant, the higher the concentration of alcohol, the less effective it
is at killing pathogens. ... Coagulation of surface proteins proceeds at a slower pace, thereby
allowing the alcohol to enter the cell.
Most manufacturers sell rubbing alcohol in different formulation strengths, namely 70 or 90
percent rubbing alcohol. As a general rule, 70 percent rubbing alcohol is more friendly for use
on your skin.
153. What is sanitization in pharmaceutical industry?
Sanitization comprises cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning is necessary prior to the
application of disinfectant to enable sufficient contact time of the disinfecting agent with the
surface. Disinfectants vary in their spectrum of activity, modes of action, sites of action in
microorganisms, and efficacy. .
154. What are the types of disinfection?

Chemical Disinfectants
 Alcohol.

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  Chlorine and chlorine compounds.
 Formaldehyde.
 Glutaraldehyde.
 Hydrogen peroxide.
 Iodophors.
 Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA)
 Peracetic acid.
155. Sanitizing agent
Sanitizing agents (often called disinfectants) are used to reduce the number of
microorganisms to acceptable levels in brewing. Sanitizing may be accomplished by physical
methods or through the use chemical sanitizers. Physical methods include the use of either
hot water or steam to kill bacteria.
156. Which chemical is used as sanitizer?
Chlorine is the most commonly used chemical sanitizer agent, since it is highly effective and
relatively inexpensive. Some typical chlorine compounds are liquid chlorine, hypochlorites,
inorganic chloramines and organic chloramines.
157. What are the four methods to purify water?

The 5 Different Types of Water Purification Methods

 Boiling.
 Chlorination.
 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
 Distillation.
 Filtration.
158. What is air filtration system?
What does an air filtration system do? An air filtration system will prevent air contaminants
from entering your property by capturing particles through air filters before they make their way
out of the air ducts and into the rooms of your home or business.
Air filtration is a mechanical process by which air filters remove particulate matter (dust, mites,
pollens, toxin etc.) from the air by trapping, arresting or intercepting particles as the air passes
through the filter.
159. What is class ABCD in pharma?
The guidance given for the maximum permitted number of particles in the “at rest” condition
corresponds approximately to the US Federal Standard 209E and the ISO classifications as
follows: grades A and B correspond with class 100, M 3.5, ISO 5; grade C with class 10000,
M 5.5, ISO 7 and grade D with class 100000, ...
160. What is cleanroom in pharma?
Typically used in manufacturing or scientific research, a cleanroom is a controlled
environment that has a low level of pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol
particles, and chemical vapors.
161. What is area qualification?
Sterile area validation has different tests like air supply, air velocity, air changes, flow pattern,
filter integrity, pressure test, particle count, temperature, recovery test, microbial count, relative
humidity, noise level and vibration test.
162. What is design qualification?
Design Qualification provides documented verification that the design of new equipment will
result in a system that is suitable for the intended purpose. Design Qualification provides

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 documented QA approved evidence: 1. Procured system or equipment meets User
Requirements Specification,
163. WHO guideline GMP?
Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is that part of quality assurance which ensures that
products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their
intended use and as required by the marketing authorization.
164. What is the difference between validation and qualification?
Qualification is part of validation, but the individual qualification steps alone do not constitute
process validation. ... Validation – A documented objective evidence that provides a high
degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its
predetermined specifications
165. What is aseptic area?
Aseptic technique means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from
pathogens. It involves applying the strictest rules to minimize the risk of infection. Healthcare
workers use aseptic technique in surgery rooms, clinics, outpatient care centers, and other
health care settings.
166. What is sterile area?
The “Sterile Area” refers to portions of an airport defined in the airport security program that
provides passengers access to boarding aircraft and to which the access generally is
controlled by TSA, an aircraft operator, or a foreign air carrier.
167. What is OOS and OOT?
Out of Trend (OOT): The test results that may be within specification but show significant.
variation from the historical results. OOS (out of specification) is the comparison of one result
versus predetermined specification. criteria while OOT (Out of Trend) is the comparison of
many historical data values versus time
168. What is commissioning in pharma?
That means the equipment used to produce pharmaceuticals needs to adhere to standards
and tests. Commissioning is a documented process that ensures facilities, systems and
equipment are designed and installed as specified and function correctly. ... It ensures
equipment and systems function to produce products correctly.
169. What is difference between qualification and calibration?
Calibration, meanwhile, is vital in proving and maintaining the legitimacy of qualification and
validation. It is designed to show that any instrument or device gives results that fall within
specified limits, in contrast to results produced using a traceable standard over a suitable
range of measurements.
170. what is difference between equipment and instrument in pharma
What is the difference between Equipment and Instrument. Equipment is the machine that's
processing the work and the instrument is to measure the data that comes out of the machine
to get feed back of the machine and the process.
171. What is instrument example?
The definition of instruments are tools or devices used for measurement, scientific or artistic
purposes. An example of instruments are scalpels. An example of instruments are drums
and guitars.
172. What is Molybdenum test?
How do you test for molybdenum?
Put one drop of chemical on the test metal. Pass 9 Volt Current (-)ve pole on the
chemical drop. Remove 9 Volt Current after the drop becomes Red. If it Turns Red
and remains Red for a long time, it is SS 316.
173. What is Molybdenum test?

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 Molybdenum Test. Overview. The main use of the molybdenum test is for boiler and cooling
water analysis. The purpose is to determine the concentration of molybdenum or molybdate
which is used as a corrosion inhibitor.
174. How do I check SS304 and SS316?
Compare this kit to the new Spotter 316
In addition to the “Moly Test,” the 1542C also contains a low carbon test that can detect
SS316L from ordinary SS316 or SS304L from ordinary SS304. This unique chemical
spot test requires the steel samples to be heated before applying the Electro-Spot Method.
175. flow of angle of repose
The relationship between flow properties and angle of repose has been established. When the
angle of repose is less than 25 degrees, the flow is said to be excellent; on the other hand, if
the angle of repose is more than 40 degrees, the flow is considered to be poor.
176. What is the formula for angle of repose?
The equation for calculating the angle of repose is: tan-1(2h/d). Using your scientific calculator,
multiply height by 2 and divide this value by the distance. Then, hit the inverse tan key (or tan-
1) and the answer just calculated.

177.

178. What is formula for Hausner Ratio?

The ratio of tapped density W/V50 to fluffy density (W/V0 g/ml) is known as the Hausner ratio.
A good flow is indicated by a Hausner ratio greater than 1.25, and a poor flow may have a
value of 1.5.
179. How is Carr's index calculated?
The Carr index (also: Carr's index or Carr's Compressibility Index) is an indication of the
compressibility of a powder. It is named after the scientist Ralph J. In a free-flowing powder,
the bulk density and tapped density would be close in value, therefore, the Carr index would
be small. .
180. What is a compressibility index?
The Compressibility Index is measure of the propensity of a powder to be compressed as
described above. As such it is measure of the powder's ability to settle, and it permit an
assessment of the relative importance of interparticulate interactions.

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181. What does tapped density mean?
The tapped density is an increased bulk density attained after mechanically tapping a
container containing the powder sample. The tapped density is obtained by
mechanically tapping a graduated measuring cylinder or vessel containing the powder sample.
182. What is the formula for bulk density?
The formula for bulk density is (mass of dry soil) / (total volume of soil), 1 - (bulk
density/particle density) for porosity, and (volume of pores) / (volume of solids) for void ratio.
183. Why do we check bulk density?
Bulk density is the weight of soil in a given volume. Soils with a bulk density higher than 1.6
g/cm3 tend to restrict root growth. Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to
increase with depth. ... Bulk density can be used to calculate soil properties per unit area (e.g.
kg/ha).
184. hausner ratio formula
The Hausner ratio6 expressed as the tap density divided by the bulk density, Hr = ρtap/ρb, and
related Carr index,7 CI = 1 − 1/Hr, are used to indicate the flowability of granular powders in a
wide variety of industries
185. What is a dosing disc?
A typical dosing disc contains five sets of cavities for compressing the powder and one set for
ejecting the compressed plug into the capsule body. The disc rotates underneath the powder
bed chamber and the powder is progressively tamped at the five stations to form the plug. 0
186. How do you calculate capsule fill weight?
The capsule fill weight of individual filled capsule was calculated by subtracting the
average weight of empty shells from the actual weight of filled capsules.
187. What is the prime parameter to be considered during capsule filling?
The critical control parameters in hard gelatin capsules are mainly preparation of input material
(Content uniformity), Average weight, uniformity of weight, disintegration test, locking length
of capsules. During the filling of capsules all the physical parameters are documented at
regular intervals.
188. How do I calculate capsule size?
"000" holds about 1000 mg., "00" holds about 735 mg., "0" size holds about 500 mg., #1 holds
about 400 mg., #3 about 200 mg. One teaspoon will fill about 7 "0" capsules and about 5
"00" capsules. The weight depends on the density of the powder you are using.

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189. If defects occur, try resolving the problem using one or more of these troubleshooting
tips.

Lumpy or misshapen capsules. If the capsules form lumps or are otherwise.

Improper rectification. ...
Failure to separate. ...
Dented capsules. ...
Telescoping. ...
Popping. ...
Brittleness.
Lumpy or misshapen capsules. If the capsules form lumps or are otherwise misshapen,
check the conditions under which they were transported or stored. You should maintain empty
capsules at a temperature between 15° and 30°C and a relative humidity between 40 and 65
percent. Avoid exposing empty capsules to a direct source of light or to heat. Don't transfer
capsules suddenly from a high-temperature environment to a low-temperature one.
Improper rectification. If the capsules are not being oriented properly (cap up), first make
sure no one is using a plastic container to transport the capsules or a plastic scoop to load the
capsule filler. Plastic can cause an electrostatic charge to develop, hindering rectification. Use
stainless steel containers and scoops instead. Also check the gate knee and adjust it as
necessary. Verify that the stroke of the pushers, or fingers, is set properly according to the
joined length of the shells. Also check that the raceway is in good condition.
Failure to separate. If the caps and bodies fail to separate, check the vacuum. On most
capsule fillers, the gauge should read somewhere between 15 and 18 inches’ mercury. You
may also need to adjust the gap between the machine's cap segments and body segments.
Check the timing of the solenoid valve and how well the segments' holes align with the
raceway fingers. Check the filter bag and clean it periodically.
Dented capsules. Dents can form on the dome of the cap and/or body for a variety of
reasons. One cause is improper setup that leads to the machine applying excessive pressure.
To determine the correct setting, manually lock 20 capsules together and measure their

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 lengths. Next, find the mean value and adjust the machine to that value with the help of a tie
rod.
Another reason for dented capsules is overfilling. To correct this, weigh 20 filled capsules. The
average weight should not exceed the specified volume of the capsules you're using. If it does,
consider using larger capsules.
Telescoping. This defect occurs when the cap and body misalign and the capsule body splits
and a portion of it covers the cap. To eliminate this defect, make sure all the capsules are
perfectly round. Also check the alignment of the cap and body bushings, or segments, using a
gauge designed for that purpose. The environmental conditions in the filling room can also
contribute to this problem. If you must stop the machine for more than 30 minutes, protect the
capsule shells from direct exposure to the environment.
Popping. If the capsules open or elongate after filling, it's likely due to excessive locking
pressure or overfilling. It's also possible that the locking mechanism is weak, but that's a defect
rarely seen in capsules supplied by reputable manufacturers.
Brittleness. Check your storage conditions. When capsules lose moisture, often due to poor
storage practices, they become brittle. The threshold is approximately 12.5 percent moisture.
Anything less will likely lead to brittleness. Filled capsules that include a hygroscopic active or
excipient can also cause brittleness. Capsules made from HPMC are less likely to become
brittle.
190. What are hard capsules made of?
Components of hard gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsule shell is composed largely of gelatin. Other than gelatin, it may contain
materials such as plasticizer, colourants, opacifying agents, and preservatives which either
enable capsule formation or improve their performance.
191. What is the difference between hard and soft capsule?
Hard capsules, such as hard gelatin or HPMC capsules, are typically used for powder or solid
fills, whereas soft gelatin capsules are used for semisolid or liquid fills. Lately, hard
capsules have also been used for liquid or semisolid fills. Most soft and hard capsules are
intended to be swallowed as a whole.
192. What are the different types of capsules?

Selecting a capsule type

 Hard gelatin capsules. ...
 HPMC capsules. ...
 Fish gelatin capsules. ...
 Starch capsules. ...
 Pullulan capsules. ...
 Polyvinl acetate (PVA) capsules. ...
 Liquid-filled hard capsules (LFHC). ...
 Soft gelatin capsules (SGC).
193. Denting problem in capsule`
This defect occurs when the cap and body misalign and the capsule body splits and a portion
of it covers the cap. To eliminate this defect, make sure all the capsules are perfectly round.
Also check the alignment of the cap and body bushings, or segments, using a gauge designed
for that purpose.
194. telescopic problem in capsule
Telescoping. This defect occurs when the cap and body misalign and the capsule body splits
and a portion of it covers the cap. To eliminate this defect, make sure all the capsules are

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 perfectly round. Also check the alignment of the cap and body bushings, or segments, using a
gauge designed for that purpose.
195. V notch defect in capsule
This defect occurs when the cap and body misalign and the capsule body splits and a portion
of it covers the cap. To eliminate this defect, make sure all the capsules are perfectly round.
Also check the alignment of the cap and body bush- ings, or segments, using a gauge
designed for that purpose.
196. capsule filling critical process parameters
Process parameters that are critical for the tamping pin process were reviewed based on the
literature and via experiment. Dosing disc height, powder bed height, machine speed,
pressure on the tamping pin, and immersion depth were reviewed.
197. What is the prime parameter to be considered during capsule filling?
The critical control parameters in hard gelatin capsules are mainly preparation of input material
(Content uniformity), Average weight, uniformity of weight, disintegration test, locking length
of capsules. During the filling of capsules all the physical parameters are documented at
regular intervals.
198. What are the critical process parameters you should check during granulation process?
Agitator speed, chopper speed, agitator shape, chopper shape, liquid to solid ratio, liquid
addition rate, massing time, drying temperature, and drying time could be considered process
parameters of high-shear wet granulation.
199. How do you identify critical process parameters?
One method of defining CPPs is to look at the effect of certain
production processes on critical quality attributes. Those production parameters which have a
measurable effect on those quality attributes that have been identified as critical can be
considered CPPs and must always be in a state of control.
200. What are the critical parameters of RMG?
Critical process parameter for roller compaction process is Roller force, roller gap, roller speed
and mill screen size. The parameters under evaluation are Roller force, roller gap and roller
speed.
201. What are critical quality parameters?
Critical quality attribute (CQA).
A physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological property or characteristic that should be
within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired product quality. ...
These test results may show little variation and present little to no risk to product quality.
202. What are problems of granulation?
Nevertheless, granulation poses numerous challenges due to high quality requirement of the
formed granules in terms of content uniformity and physicochemical properties such
as granule size, bulk density, porosity, hardness, moisture, compressibility, etc. together with
physical and chemical stability of the drug.
203. What are key process parameters?
Key process parameters (KPP) are factors that need to be monitored, but are not critical for
target molecule quality (CQAs), yet they influence process performance. ... During a process,
the membrane will be fouled to a lower or greater extent.
204. What do you mean by Process validation?
For purposes of this guidance, process validation is defined as the collection and evaluation
of data, from the process design stage through commercial production, which establishes
scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering quality product.
205. scada full form
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA generally refers
to an industrial computer system that monitors and controls a process. In the case of the

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 transmission and distribution elements of electrical utilities, SCADA will monitor substations,
transformers and other electrical assets.
206. six sigma
Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was introduced by
American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986. A six sigma process is one in
which 99.99966% of all opportunities to produce some feature of a part are statistically
expected to be free of defects.
207. What is the concept of Six Sigma?
Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their
business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation helps
lead to defect reduction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products
or services.
208. The Six Sigma steps for process improvement, also referred to as DMAIC, are fairly
direct and straightforward.

Define the problem. Craft a problem statement, goal statement, project charter,
customer requirement, and process map.
Measure the current process. ...
Analyze the cause of issues. ...
Improve the process. ...
Control.
209. Why it is called Six Sigma?
"Six Sigma" comes from the bell curve used in statistics, where one Sigma symbolizes a single
standard deviation from the mean. If the process has six Sigmas, three above and three below
the mean, the defect rate is classified as "extremely low."
210. What are the 6 Sigma tools?

Six Sigma Topics

 Continuous Improvement.
 Culture of Quality.
 Lean.
 Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
 Value Stream Mapping (VSM)
211. Who is the father of Six Sigma?
Bill Smith
Bill Smith (1929 – 1993) is the “Father of Six Sigma” and “Co-founder of Six Sigma”
along with Mikel Harry. In 1987, after working for nearly 35 years in engineering and
quality assurance, he joined Motorola.
212. Where is Six Sigma used?
Though Six Sigma is developed and designed especially for Quality Control, it is also used in
many different ways. These include: – Improving communications with customers, employees
and shareholders and; – Improving the total process of interaction, communication and
product design.
213. What is the goal of Six Sigma?
As for goals, Six Sigma seeks to: Find and eliminate causes of defects and errors. Reduce
cycle times and cost of operations. Improve productivity
214. How does Six Sigma reduce costs?

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 Decreased Costs – Production costs drop when Lean Six Sigma is applied to inefficient
processes. Six Sigma practices help reduce defects and errors in the production process and
decrease rework that consumes time and company resources without adding value.
215.

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