NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MANILA

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

THIRD TERM SY. 2023-2024

APLANN01: SITE
PLANNING AND
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH NO. 2

CABUHAT, CHRISTAL A.
ARC216

Ar. Russel N. Bulao, UAP, MsCM

Professor

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 Table Of Contents

I. TREES, SHRUBS, AND TURFS………………………………………...……..………..3

THAT ARE ABUNDANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

I.I TREES………………………………………………..........………….…..3

I.II SHRUBS……………………………………………..........……………..9

I.III TURFS………………………………...……………..........……………13

II. PERTINENT LAWS, CODES, AND

ORDINANCES PERTINENT TO SITE

LOCATION………………………………………………….…………..........……………15

III. DIFFERENT LAND USE AND ZONING

IN THE PHILIPPINES…………………...……………………………..........……………18

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I. TREES, SHRUBS, AND TURFS THAT ARE ABUNDANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Landscaping in the Philippines is the process of designing, planning, installing,

and maintaining outdoor spaces to improve their aesthetic appeal, functionality, and

environmental sustainability. It includes a wide range of activities, such as selecting

and arranging trees, shrubs, turfs, and other landscape elements. Landscape projects

in the Philippines can range from small residential gardens to large-scale commercial

developments, parks, and public areas.

A Philippine landscape combines native plants, vibrant colors, and Asian

accents to create a visually appealing and culturally significant environment. Whether

you're an experienced gardener or a new plant enthusiast, the Philippines' diverse

flora has something for everyone. From breathtaking ornamental plants to fruit-bearing

trees, the country offers a diverse range of landscaping options to meet any need.

I.I TREES

Trees are perennial woody plants with a tall stature, a single main stem or trunk,

branching structures, and leaves. They play important ecological roles such as

maintaining biodiversity, regulating climate, providing habitat, conserving soil and

water, and promoting oxygen production through photosynthesis. Trees have

extensive root systems to support their canopy of leaves or needles, as well as sturdy

trunks and branching systems. Reproduction is typically accomplished through the

production of flowers, followed by seed formation. Trees vary greatly in size, shape,

and characteristics and can be found in a wide range of ecosystems around the world.

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 The Philippines is abundant in different types of trees and some of them are as

follows:

a) Narra Tree (Pterocarpus indicus)

Figure 1: Narra Tree http://philippinetrees.com/narra-tree/

Type: It is a species of tree belonging to the pea family or Fabaceae. It is native

to Southeast Asia, including the Philippines.

Properties: The Narra tree, being deciduous, undergoes annual leaf shedding.

It has the potential to reach heights of 30-40 meters (98-131 feet) and is characterized

by its sturdy, reddish-colored wood. The trunk of the Narra tree is fluted, while its

branches extend outward, showcasing stems and leaves.

Description: The Narra tree is the national tree of the Philippines. It serves as

a symbol for a variety of ideals and qualities deeply ingrained in Filipino culture. The

Narra, with its towering height, represents the Filipino people's lofty aspirations and

principles. The Narra, known for its resilience, exemplifies the Filipino people's

enduring spirit, unwavering in their pursuit of freedom. While other trees may be

swayed by storms, the Narra is often unaffected. Although it may shed leaves or lose

smaller branches during storms, the Narra stands firm, demonstrating its unwavering

strength and resilience. Narra trees are best allocated in various on-site development

locations, including public parks and plazas, roadsides, educational campuses,

residential areas, commercial districts, recreational areas, and historic sites.

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 b) Mangrove Tree

Figure 2: Mangrove Tree https://www.wordforest.org/2020/10/19/mangrove-

planting-explained/

Type: Mangroves are a group of shrubs and trees mainly belonging to the

families Rhizophoraceae, Acanthaceae, Lythraceae, Combretaceae, and Arecaceae..

Properties: It's a single-stemmed tree with short buttresses and distinctive

knee-shaped above-ground breathing roots. The bark is pale grey or brown, thick,

hard, and rough. The leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, leathery, dark green in

color, 8 to 22 cm long and 5 to 8 cm wide, with a 2 to 5 cm long leaf stalk. They typically

grow in dense thickets or forests along tidal estuaries, salt marshes, and muddy

coastlines.

Description: A mangrove is a shrub or tree that lives primarily in coastal saline

or brackish water. Mangroves grow in equatorial climates, primarily along coastlines

and tidal rivers. They have special adaptations to absorb extra oxygen and remove

salt, allowing them to survive in conditions that would kill most plants. The optimal

allocation of mangrove trees for on-site development entails positioning them along

coastal areas, riverbanks, or estuaries to maximize their benefits. By strategically

placing mangrove trees in these locations, ecological functions can be enhanced,

while also considering the needs of local communities and the surrounding

environment.

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 c) Mahogany Tree

Figure 3: Mahogany Tree

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/mahogany/information-

on-mahogany-trees.htm

Type: Mahogany trees belong to the Meliaceae family and are primarily of the

Swietenia genus.

Properties: The tall evergreen tree possesses dense hardwood, which

gradually adopts a reddish-brown color as it matures. Its large leaves are

characterized by leaflets arranged in a feather-like pattern, devoid of a terminal leaflet.

Clusters of small white flowers grace the tree, while its fruit consists of a five-parted

woody capsule containing square-shaped, winged seeds.

Description: Mahogany belongs to the Meliaceae family, comprising

approximately 500 species of trees and shrubs found in tropical forests across the

Americas, Africa, and Asia. Also known as Spanish or West Indies mahogany, it stands

as the genuine representation of this esteemed species. Renowned for its exceptional

qualities, mahogany ranks among the most prized tropical hardwoods, favored for

exquisite crafting furniture pieces. Ideal allocations for mahogany tree include parks,

playgrounds, walkways, residential areas, urban green spaces, and educational

institutions. These trees offer shade, improve the microclimate, create visual

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landmarks, and promote biodiversity, enhancing the overall appeal and functionality of

the developed environment.

d) Manila Palm (Adonidia Merrillii)

Figure 4: Manila Palm

https://www.flickr.com/photos/72793939@N00/3664439661

Type: It belongs to the family Arecaceae, which is commonly referred to as the

palm family.

Properties: These individual palm trees bear rigid, gracefully arched green

leaves measuring 4-5 feet in length. During mid-summer, inconspicuous clusters of

cream-colored flowers emerge at the canopy's base, succeeded by 1-inch (2.54 cm)

green fruit. By winter, these fruits mature into vibrant red hues.

Description: The Manila palm is valued not only for its aesthetic appeal but

also for its moderate size and hardy nature. It is relatively resilient and adaptable to

various soil types and environmental conditions, making it suitable for a wide range of

landscaping applications. Additionally, this palm species is known for its evergreen

foliage, which remains lush and vibrant throughout the year, ensuring its visual impact

is maintained regardless of the season. The ideal allocation for Manila Palm includes

roadsides, coastal areas and even in indoor environments.

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 e) Mango Tree (Mangifera indica)

Figure 5: Mango Tree https://www.hep6.com/mango-tree-symbolism-facts-

meaning-zodiac-superstitions-dreams-myths/

Type: The mango tree belongs to the species Mangifera indica and is part of

the Anacardiaceae family.

Properties: Mango trees are deep-rooted, symmetrical evergreens that attain

heights of 90 feet and widths of 80 feet. Mango trees have simple alternate lanceolate

leaves that are 12 to 16 inches in length and yellow-green, purple, or copper in color

when young. Mature leaves are leathery, glossy, and deep green in color.

Description: It produces the mango fruit and is cultivated in warm, tropical

climates worldwide. Mango trees contribute to shade, aesthetics, fruit availability,

environmental education, healing environments, customer experience, urban

greening, and biodiversity. Careful consideration of site conditions and consultation

with experts ensure optimal placement for the trees to thrive and fulfill desired

objectives in the development plan.

f) Acacia

Figure 6: Acacia Tree https://upd.edu.ph/statement-regarding-the-acacia-

trees-on-jacinto-street/

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 Type: Acacia tree is part of the larger family Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Properties: They range in size from small shrubs to tall trees, and their foliage

can be bright green or gray-green. Some species have thorns or spines, whereas

others have smooth bark. Their flowers are usually small and clustered, with hues

ranging from white and yellow to pink and orange. It grows to be 15-30 metres (49-98

feet) tall, with a trunk up to 12 metres (39 feet) and 50 centimetres (1 foot 8 inches) in

diameter.

Description: Acacia trees have distinctive feathery leaves and produce

clusters of yellow flowers. They are not only attractive to the eye, but they also serve

practical purposes, such as providing shade for understory plants and animals and

timber for construction.

I.II SHRUBS

In the Philippines, "shrubs" are also known as "low trees" or "bushes." They are

plants with strong branches and leaves that are taller than herbaceous plants but not

as tall as trees. Shrubs typically have several branches and can produce flowers, fruits,

or decorative leaves. They are widely used in landscaping and gardening to add

structure, colour, and texture to the garden. In Filipino, they may also be known as

"mga mababang puno" or "mga matamis na halaman."

The Philippines is abundant in different types of shrubs and some of them are

as follows:

a.) Santan (Ixora)

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 Figure 1: Santan https://image-galaxy.blogspot.com/2013/12/picture-

flowering-santan-plant.html

Type: Ixora or santan is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family

Properties: It is made up of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs, with

approximately 500 species. It is a small, dense, multi-branched evergreen shrub that

grows to be around 4 to 6 feet tall. Their leaves are green, leathery, glossy, and oblong,

measuring about 2 to 4 inches. Santan flowers are stunning and vibrant. Depending

on the cultivar, the colors can be white, red, orange, pink, or yellow.

Description: These plants are evergreen shrubs native to tropical and

subtropical regions, valued for their ornamental beauty and ability to attract

pollinators. Santan plants are widely cultivated for landscaping purposes and are

prized for their vibrant blooms, which come in various shades and add visual interest

to outdoor spaces. Children collect tiny santan flowers and make necklaces out of

them. However, adults obtain and use them to treat dysentery and other diseases.

b,) Bougainvillea

Figure 2: Bougainvillea https://gardenerspath.com/plants/vines/grow-

bougainvillea/

Type: Bougainvillea is a genus of flowering plants in the Nyctaginaceae family.

Properties: The bougainvillea plant is a thorny vine that can reach anywhere from

3 to 39 feet in height. In areas that lie closer to the equator, bougainvilleas bloom all

year long, but in non-tropical locations, their bloom cycles last only four to six weeks.

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 Description: Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical

regions all over the world due to its stunning and long-lasting display of color. It is

commonly used in landscaping, gardens, and as a container plant to bring color to

outdoor spaces. Bougainvillea is distinguished by its climbing or trailing growth habit

and ability to thrive in hot, sunny conditions with well-drained soil.

c.) Gumamela (Hibiscus)

Figure 3: Gumamela https://renz15.wordpress.com/tag/gumamela/

Type: It belongs to the genus Hibiscus, particularly Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

Properties: Gumamela is a tall, upright shrub with multiple branches and smooth,

hairless stems, reaching heights between 1 to 4 meters. Its leaves are shiny green,

oval-shaped, pointed at the tip, and roughly toothed along the edges, measuring 7 to

12 centimeters in length. They grow alternately on the stem and have distinct stipules.

The flowers of gumamela are sizable, appearing individually in the leaf axils, with

dimensions of approximately 10 centimeters in length and 12 centimeters in diameter.

Description: Hibiscus, also known as Gumamela, is one of the top ten all-time

favorite flowering shrubs in the country. Growers may face difficulties during the

Philippines' rainy or wet season.

d.) Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac)

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 Figure 4: Sampaguita https://stock.adobe.com/ph/search?k=sampaguita

Type: It belongs to the family Oleaceae, commonly known as the olive family.

Properties: Their flowers are pure white, small, dainty, star-shaped blossoms with

a strong fragrance. The buds bloom at night and close in the morning. The Sampaguita

flower has approximately 8-10 slender calyx teeth (5 to 8 mm long) and a corolla tube

1 to 1.5 cm long. The limb is usually double, measuring 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter.

Description: It is the national flower of the Philippines. It holds significant cultural

and symbolic importance in Filipino society, representing purity, simplicity, and

devotion.

e.) Yellow Golden Trumpet (Allamanda Cathartica)

Figure 5: Yellow Golden Trumpet https://www.gardenia.net/plant/allamanda-

cathartica

Type: It belongs to the family Apocynaceae, commonly known as the dogbane

family.

Properties: The large (up to 5 inches across) trumpet-shaped blossoms are made

up of five large overlapping petals that flare out widely. There are single and double

forms. Clusters of flowers appear at the tips of new shoots. Each cluster can contain

a single flower or several.

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 Description: Yellow Golden Trumpet is prized for its attractive flowers and is

commonly used in landscaping, gardens, and as a container plant to add a splash of

color to outdoor spaces.

I.III TURFS

In the Philippines, "turfs" usually refers to grassy areas or lawns. These are

areas of land covered in cultivated grass that are commonly used for recreation,

landscaping, or as part of gardens. Turfs can be found in a variety of settings, including

parks, sports fields, residential neighborhoods, and commercial spaces. They create

a green and visually appealing environment ideal for activities such as picnics, sports,

and leisurely strolls. Turfs also benefit the environment by controlling soil erosion,

purifying the air, and regulating temperature.

The Philippines is abundant in different types of turfs and some of them are as

follows:

a) Carabao Grass (Paspalum Conjugatum)

Figure 1: Carabao Grass https://aheu.blog/carabao-grass-scientific-name-b-

29156198

Type: It belongs to the family Poaceae, which is commonly referred to as the grass

family.

Properties: A vigorous, creeping perennial with long stolons that root at nodes and

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culms that grow to be erect, branching, solid, and slightly compressed. Leaf blades

range from glabrous (smooth) to sparsely pubescent (hairy). Inflorescence containing

two or three diverging racemes.

Description: Carabao grass is commonly used for turfgrass in lawns, pastures,

and erosion control due to its ability to withstand heavy foot traffic and grazing

pressure. It is valued for its rapid establishment, tolerance to various soil types, and

adaptability to a range of environmental conditions.

b) Bermuda Grass

Figure 2: Bermuda Grass https://agriculture.com.ph/2018/12/08/bermuda-grass-

needs-proper-fertilization-too/

Type: It belongs to the family Poaceae, commonly known as the grass family.

Properties: Bermuda grass is typically 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 inches) tall, with short

flat leaves. The spikelets form four or five slender spikes at the tips of the upright

stems. The plant's extensive creeping stolons and rhizomes (aboveground and

underground horizontal stems) allow it to form a dense turf.

Description: It is a perennial warm-season grass highly sought after for its lush

and compact turf. Although originating from North Africa, Asia, and Australia, it has

naturalized across the globe, particularly in warmer regions. Its resilience to heat,

drought, and heavy foot traffic has made it a preferred choice for landscapes such as

lawns, sports fields, golf courses, and recreational parks. This grass variety creates a

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thick, carpet-like coverage and spreads swiftly through above-ground stolons and

below-ground rhizomes. Its notable durability, swift recovery from damage, and

minimal maintenance needs have cemented Bermuda grass's status as one of the

most popular turfgrass species worldwide.

II. PERTINENT LAWS, CODES, AND ORDINANCES PERTINENT TO SITE

LOCATION

Laws, codes, and ordinances pertinent to site location encompass the legal

guidelines, standards, and regulations that are directly applicable to the area

earmarked for construction or development projects. These regulations are tailored to

the physical characteristics of the site and outline permissible activities concerning

land usage, construction practices, and developmental endeavors.

In essence, laws, codes, and ordinances are the legal framework that governs

what you can do with a piece of land in a given area, ensuring that any development

is safe, environmentally responsible, and in line with community standards and

regulations.

Here are some of the laws, codes, and ordinances pertinent to site location in

the Philippines:

II.I NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 1096)

The National Building Code of the Philippines regulate the construction,

design, and maintenance of buildings in the country to ensure safety and

structural integrity.

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II.II ACCESSIBILITY LAW (BP 344)

An Act to Enhance the Mobility of Disabled Persons by Requiring Certain

Buildings, Institutions, Establishments and Public Utilities to install Facilities and

Other Devices.

II.III FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (RA 9514)

The Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 9514, also known

as the Fire Code of the Philippines, provides the framework for the Bureau of

Fire Protection to uphold the law, ensuring public safety and fostering economic

development by preventing and extinguishing various types of destructive fires.

II.IV STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

The 2015 edition of the National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP) serves as the definitive guide for structural and civil engineers in the

design and evaluation of buildings and similar structures.

II.V SANITARY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

The aim of this Sanitation Code is to enhance the well-being of Filipinos

by directing public health efforts towards safeguarding and enhancing the

population's health.

II.VI INDEGENIOUS PEOPLE RIGHTS ACT (RA 8371)

An Act to recognize, protect, and promote the rights of Indigenous

Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples, creating a National Commission on

Indigenous Peoples, establishing implementing mechanisms, appropriating

funds therefor, and for other purposes.

II.VII CLEAN AIR ACT (RA 8749)

This act establishes a thorough policy for controlling air pollution

nationwide and aims to safeguard and maintain air quality, institute a

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management system for air quality, prohibit specific methods of waste disposal,

and oversee emissions regulation.

II.VIII PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE (PD 1152)

This legislation aims to attain and sustain air quality levels that safeguard

public health and minimize harm to plant and animal life, property, and promote

the country's social and economic development to the highest extent possible.

II.IX ZONING ORDINANCE

A zoning ordinance defines land use in specific zones, including whether

they're for residential or commercial purposes, regulating factors like lot size,

placement, density, architectural style, building height, and outlines procedures

for handling violations and penalties.

II.X PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ACT

OF 2010 (RA 10121)

It provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency,

and community-based approach to disaster risk management through the

formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management Framework.

II.XI ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE ACT (RA 9003)

This establishes a comprehensive program for ecological solid waste

management through the creation of institutional mechanisms, incentives, fund

allocation, prohibition of certain activities, and imposition of penalties.

II.XII AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT (RA 8435)

An Act prescribing urgent related measures to modernize the agriculture

and fisheries sectors of the country to enhance their profitability and prepare

said sectors for the challenges of globalization through an adequate, focused,

and rational delivery of necessary support services, appropriating funds

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 therefor and for other purposes.

III. DIFFERENT LAND USE AND ZONING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Land use and zoning in the Philippines are the regulatory frameworks and

practices that govern how land is used and developed in the country. Land use entails

determining how land is used, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural,

or conservation purposes. Zoning, on the other hand, entails dividing geographic areas

into zones or districts and establishing the permitted land uses, building densities,

heights, and other regulations within each zone.

Local governments (LGUs) typically enact these regulations in the form of

zoning ordinances and comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) to manage

development, promote orderly growth, and protect public health, safety, and welfare.

National organizations, such as the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)

and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Here is the color coding for zoning and land use planning in the Philippines:

Figure 1.0 Land Use Map Color Coding

https://www.facebook.com/arkinotes0425/posts/pfbid0Wob4BAc3KST3QbzeaEFPW

xcJveyAKhCF2hT5WMDzFg8MkUMY8bYU8uxTkj94kz4dl

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The Importance of Trees - Learn Value and Benefit of Trees. (2021, October 28).

SavATree. https://www.savatree.com/whytrees.html

Top 20 Most Common Trees in Philippines. (n.d.). PictureThis.

https://www.picturethisai.com/region/tree/Philippines.html

What are some examples of shrubs in the Philippines? - Answers. (2023, October 9)

https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_examples_of_shrubs_in_the_Philippin

es

The Magnificence of Philippine Plants for Landscaping - Expat.com.ph. (2020,

August 19). Expat.com.ph. https://expat.com.ph/the-magnificence-of-philippine-

plants-will-make-your-landscape-look-stunning/

Matt, H. (2021, June 17). Paspalum conjugatum (POACEAE) Buffalo Grass,

Carabao Grass, Sour Paspalum - Save Our Waterways Now. Save Our Waterways

Now. https://sown.com.au/paspalum-conjugatum-poaceae-buffalo-grass-carabao-

grass-sour-

paspalum/#:~:text=conjugatum%20is%20naturalized%20throughout%20South,branc

hing%2C%20solid%2C%20slightly%20compressed.

My Philippine Garden - Bulacan - Frog Grass Lawn. (n.d.).

https://sites.google.com/view/philippinegarden/frog-grass-lawn

Etheridge, C. (2023, November 3). 15 common forage grasses and legumes in the

Philippines. InsightWeeds. https://insightweeds.com/forage-grasses-and-legumes-in-

philippines/

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Mangrove | Definition, Types, Importance, Uses, & Facts. (2024, February 25).

Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/mangrove

Mahogany - Philippine - GL Veneer. (2022, April 25). GL Veneer.

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philippine/#:~:text=Even%20though%20it’s%20beautiful%20enough,%E2%80%9D%

20and%20%E2%80%9CKhaya%E2%80%9D%20genuses.

Presidential Decree No. 1096 - Philippine Building Code. (n.d.). Jur.ph.

https://jur.ph/laws/summary/national-building-code-of-the-philippines

An Act to Enhance the Mobility of Disabled Persons by Requiring Certain Buildings,

Institutions, Establishments and Public Utilities to install Facilities and Other Devices

– Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 | National Council on Disability Affairs. (n.d.).

https://ncda.gov.ph/disability-laws/batas-pambansa/batas-pambansa-blg-344/

L. (2023, March 20). Fire Code of the Philippines: Everything You Need to Know.

Lamudi. https://www.lamudi.com.ph/journal/fire-code-

philippines/#:~:text=The%20Implementing%20Rules%20and%20Regulations,all%20

types%20of%20damaging%20fires.

NSCP 2015. (n.d.). https://help.idecad.com/ideCAD/nscp-

2015#:~:text=The%20National%20Structural%20Code%20of%20the%20Philippines

%20(NSCP)%202015%20is,design%2C%20construction%2C%20and%20upkeep.

Presidential Decree No. 856 Promulgating the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines.

(n.d.). Ecolex. https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/presidential-decree-no-856-

promulgating-the-code-on-sanitation-of-the-philippines-lex-faoc201040/?

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Indegenous People Rights Act (RA 8371). (n.d.). Official Gazette. Retrieved April 11,

2024, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/10/29/republic-act-no-8371/

FAO.org : (n.d.). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-

FAOC045271/#:~:text=Philippines-

,Philippine%20Clean%20Air%20Act%20of%201999%2C%20Republic%20Act%20N

o.,policy%20and%20for%20other%20purposes.

Philippine Environmental Code. (n.d.). Official Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2024,

from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/06/06/presidential-decree-no-1152-s-

1977/

Kenton, W. (2022, March 9). Zoning Ordinance: Definition, Types of Regulations,

Pros and Cons. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/zoning-

ordinance.asp

Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121) - Climate Change

Laws of the World. (n.d.). https://climate-laws.org/document/philippine-disaster-

reduction-and-management-act-ra-10121_eda4

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). (n.d.). One Planet

Network. https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge-centre/policies/ecological-

solid-waste-management-act-2000-ra-9003

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act. (n.d.). Official Gazette. Retrieved April

11, 2024, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/12/22/republic-act-no-8435-s-

1997/

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Facebook. (n.d.).

https://www.facebook.com/arkinotes0425/posts/pfbid0Wob4BAc3KST3QbzeaEFPW

xcJveyAKhCF2hT5WMDzFg8MkUMY8bYU8uxTkj94kz4dl

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