PRECEDENTS OF

DEVELOPED
RECLAIMED SITES
IN THE WORLD
 FIRST
WORLD
FIRST WORLD COUNTRY
KATWIJK’S COASTAL DEFENCE
NETHERLANDS

In Katwijk recreational use plays an important

role. Tourism, tourist destinations and resorts are
a major economic engine for the area and
needs to be considered when discussing the
implication of the proposed coastal defence
development.

The design for the coast of Katwijk has come

about in an extensive interactive process with
local residents and stakeholders. One of the
cornerstones of the plan was defined during the
discussions, namely the connection between the
village and the beach.
DIKE-DUNE SECTION

A portion of the village is unprotected because it is not inside the current flood
defense system. In addition, the building is too low to withstand a strong storm. It
could be raised, however doing so would result in the loss of numerous structures
and alter Katwijk's unique character. There was no deep dredging required during
construction, and the resulting dune included a 663-space parking lot.

Coastal management works to lessen the likelihood of floods by reducing erosion,

absorbing wave energy, and building wave-restraining barriers. The dunes will
absorb the first impact of severe storms or high water so that the dyke does not
have to be very high.
FIRST WORLD COUNTRY
THE PALM JUMEIRAH
DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
The Palm Jumeirah, which occupies 560
hectares, expands the nation's shoreline by 78.6
kilometers and occupies 5 square kilometers.

The idea for its development was conceived

during Dubai's economic collapse, which was
brought on by financial difficulties and cooling
real estate markets. So the reclamation
happens to expand their lands to build more
residential, and commercial spaces for the
growing country.

Sand and rock, two natural materials, were to be

used to build the island. A massive 94 million
cubic meters of sand and 5.5 million cubic
meters of rock were used, and they had to be
positioned exactly where they needed to be.
CHALLENGES
The lack of permanent land points to survey
from presented a challenge, necessitating the
adoption of an alternative method to pinpoint
the exact locations of the sand placement sites.

Preventing the sand from washing away was the

most concerning issue. This was a very difficult
problem to solve because so many variables
needed to be considered, such as the intensity
of the storms, the height of the waves, the tides,
etc. As a result, a crescent-shaped breakwater
construction was created to shield the fronds
from strong storms and waves.
DGPS (DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL
VIBRO-COMPACTION
POSITIONING SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENTS
Tourism for the country increased, which
added to its economy
The engineers were able to build a structure
that was free from concrete construction.
This is beneficial to the environment because
it is ecofriendly and attracts various new
marine life.
The structure can provide extra land for the
construction of villas, flats, parks, shopping
malls, and other facilities.
The invention of land reclamation solved the
problem of where to build near sea shore
areas.
It improves the visual appeal of the shoreline.
FIRST WORLD COUNTRY
THE MARINA BAY
SINGAPORE

The expansion of the current city center,

Singapore initiated a massive land reclamation
project in 1971. The last 38 hectares of land at
Bayfront were reclaimed in 1994, giving Marina
Bay its current coastal profile. A total of 360
hectares of prime land were available for
development in the Marina Bay area by the late
1990s.

The main causes of land reclamation in

Singapore were the country's desire for more
public amenities, like roads and railroads, as
well as military coastal defense.
UEB CONCEPT
The transformation of the city of Singapore and
its regional development policy relate to the
urban energy balance. For a nation with a large
coastline, like Indonesia, the sustainable
application of the UEB idea is important to
ensure that the areas satisfy the standards for
pleasant, healthy, and livable communities.
One of Singapore's essential policies for the
achievement of its sustainable growth is the
maintenance of energy balance. Enhancing
energy efficiency helps the country achieve its
three main energy policy goals: environmental
sustainability, economic competitiveness, and
security.
APPLICATION OF UEB
THIRD
WORLD
3RD WORLD COUNTRY
EKO ATLANTIC CITY
Lagos, Nigeria,
UCHE EMORDI (SEPTEMBER 3, 2023)

Eko Atlantic City is a visionary project in Lagos,

Nigeria located adjacent to Victoria Island and
Lekki. It has a measure total of 10 million square
meters of reclaimed land when fully completed
and currently at 6,520,000 m² of land. It rapidly
transformed the coastline into a world-class
destination that showcases the true potential of
urban development.

The project includes residential, commercial

and financial properties combining coastal
protection and city expansion. That Eventually
will be providing housing for 250,000 people, it
has an 8.5km-long sea wall known as the Great
Wall of Lagos, functions to protect Nigeria’s
capital from coastal erosion and rising sea
levels.
ISSUES THAT CAUSE WHY THE
RECLAMATION ISLAND BUILT
It is known that the Lagos bar beach. was facing
different environmental hazards arising from
perennial flooding. For many years, the issue
had developed a reputation for overflowing its
banks and claiming lives and property.

In 2003, the idea of a modern city on the Atlantic

coast was publicly discussed. It would be sited
on what used to be Bar Beach, out of the
reclaimed land. Which now named as the Eko
Atlantic City, a residential and business district

In the present, 6,520,000 m² of land (out of the

estimated 10,000,000 m²) has been reclaimed, with
the Great Wall of Lagos having reached 6.8 km in
length (total length of the Wall will be 8.6 km).
 ISSUES
Cultural and Governmental
Lagos State Governor, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, in a
letter addressed to President Olusegun
Obasanjo titled ‘Permanent Solution to the Bar
Beach’ sought the latter’s approval for the
reclamation of the coastal land on behalf of a
private investor that would convert the liability to
an asset that would benefit Lagos State and the
Nigerian people at large.

At the same year, President Olusegun Obasanjo

gave an approval for the commencement of the
project. However, the approval was on the
condition that the development project be
strictly supervised to ensure that it did not
stray beyond the confines of the law, as well as
the gambit of the approval given to the
company. In 2008, the construction of the new
city began.
NEGATIVE IMPACT
Land reclamation has created a change
in the water flows, leading to greater
erosion in some surrounding areas, says
Emeka Eleh FRICS, a partner in Ubosi Eleh
& Co, an estate surveyor and valuer in
Nigeria. And environmental groups say
dredging from the nearby ocean floor has
left local residents more vulnerable to
storm surges (Lagos City) based on
report of Mimi Onuoha, a Brooklyn based
artist and researcher
 CHALLENGES
COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

Historical records confirm that

coastal retreat had been
continuing over the past century
regardless of Eko Atlantic. Eko
Atlantic will not further contribute to
the overall erosion. noted that the
alignment of the Eko Atlantic sea
defence was engineered in such a
way to allow the flow of sand to
minimize the possibility of any
erosion down the coast.
CHALLENGES
LAND ENVIRONMENT
Majority of construction activity for the Project is restricted to the marine environment. As a result the
potential for impact upon the terrestrial environment is limited

WATER AND PHYSICAL

It cause disturbance to the local water quality, such as through increased suspended sediments in the
water column or pollution through accidental spillages. However, it is predicted that following the best
practice measures on site, effects would only be of a minor nature.
FUTURE IMPACTS ON COMMUNITY
AND GOVERNMENT ECONOMY
Arise of employment and via the supply
chain and community
Sharing of international knowledge and
expertise with local workers and other
international government
Majority of communities and businesses
located near the coastline
Attracts future stakeholders
fishermen and shell collectors flourishes
Possible community will be accommodate in
future
Flourishing of communities and make-shift
businesses
real estate value increases in the country
improve landscape and seas
Attract tourism
EKO ATLANTIC CITY
MASTERPLAN
ABOUT BUSINESS
SPACES DISTRICT
MARINA
Business District serves as the vibrant DISTRICT
commercial hub of Eko Atlantic.

Marina District is a delightful blend of residential

living, socializing, and leisure. It offers a serene
environment where residents can enjoy a
waterfront lifestyle.

Eko Drive serves as a vital point of access

between Lagos and Eko Atlantic. A perfect EKO
balance between residential and commercial
DRIVE
spaces.
AVENUES AND
HABOUR LIGHTS

It showcases beautifully landscaped streets and serves as a refreshing and tranquil

area within the city. A cohesive blend of commercial and residential developments
overlooking the entrance to Lagos Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean.
 DEVELOPMENTS
Eko Atlantic City
THE GREAT WALL OF LAGOS

Notably both Eko Atlantic with Victoria Island, is

shielded from the potential perils of flooding
caused by ocean surges thru an imposing
structure. The design of this sea revetment was
entrusted to Royal Haskoning Marine Engineers.

Royal Haskoning with the help of Danish

Hydraulic Institute to construct a full-scale
model of the sea wall. This model underwent
rigorous testing includes subjecting it to the
most extreme waves anticipated within a 1,000-
year cycle.

As a result, the completed sea wall model

successfully withstood these demanding trials
without exhibiting any signs of distress or
compromise.
DEVELOPMENTS
Eko Atlantic City
ONGOING/BUILT INFRASTRACTURES
(MARINA DISTRICT)

EKO PEARL
TOWERS

ALPHA 1 EKO ENERGY AZURI ARKLAND A&A

TOWER ESTATE PENINSULA TOWERS
 DEVELOPMENTS
Eko Atlantic City
ASIDE FROM INFRASTRACTURES

Independent 24/7 power supply.

Water and wastewater treatment.
Fibre optic communication
connections to every plot of land.
Plots of land are delivered with
connection to utility services.
Elevated street levels to accommodate
basement parking above groundwater.
Seamless deed of assignment and
construction approval process.
Building in a city specifically planned
for medium to high-density
development.
10.2km long waterfront promenade.
2 large marinas connected by an
internal waterway.
3RD WORLD COUNTRY
PENANG SOUTH RECLAMATION (PSR) PROJECT
Penang, Malaysia
ASIA PACIFIC FOUNDATION OF CANADA (MAY 10, 2023)

Penang, on the north-west coast of Malaysia, plans to

create three new islands. Danish architect firm
Bjarke Ingels Group envisioned a futuristic design
focused on biodiversity and dubbed it BiodiverCity.

The PSI project will create three artificial islands

(islands ‘A,’ ‘B,’ and ‘C’) covering a total reclaimed
landmass of 1,620 hectares which is an area five
times the size of the Toronto Islands in Lake Ontario,
along the southern coastline of Penang Island,
between Permatang Damar Laut to Gertak Sanggul. It
is strategically located close to the Bayan Lepas Free
Industrial Zone.

Construction of Island A, also called ‘Silicon Island’

(the biggest among the three with an area of 930
hectares), is expected to begin in fall 2023. Island A
will be developed as a digital tech hub, while Island B
will be a business enclave, and Island C will act as a
world-class tourism hub.
ISSUES THAT CAUSE WHY THE
RECLAMATION ISLAND PLAN TO BE BUILT

The state government has promoted

PSI as a future engine of Penang’s
economic growth and estimates that
PSI will contribute around (2.2 trillion
Malaysian ringgit) to the country’s
GDP over 30 years, in addition to
attracting foreign direct investment
of up to (70 billion Malaysian ringgit)
and creating over 460,000 jobs. The
PSI, is part of Penang’s 2030 vision to
transform the state into a smart,
green “Silicon Valley of the East.”
PENANG SOUTH RECLAMATION
PROJECT
MASTERPLAN
 Environment and Governmental
ISSUES
Opposition groups including Penang Forum, the Consumer
Association of Penang, and the Sahabat Alam Malaysia have
asked the federal government to cancel the project. They said
that there is no need to create new land when land is available
on the Malay peninsula.

The groups have also criticized the DOE for approving the
project despite advice from the DOE’s director-general that the
project could adversely impact fisheries.

However, the Democratic Action Party (DAP) governing Penang

is pushing ahead regardless and capitalizing on its alliance with
Pakatan Harapan (PH), which leads the current federal unity
government, to see the project through.
NEGATIVE IMPACT
Irreversible environmental damage to marine
life and nearby mangrove ecosystems.
Loss of fishing grounds
Increase chances of endangering lives of
over 6,000 fishers’ livelihoods
Possible deplete nearly 51,184 tonnes of
marine catch
Negatively impact 511 aquaculture farms
Experts warned that the proposed project
could increase chances of the flooding
problem in Penang if the project will continue
on eliminating coastal buffers such as
mangroves and mudflats.
ABOUT
FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
SHAREN KAUR (JUNE 23, 2023)

1.Possible scaling down or postponement of 2. Impact on support for

the project upcoming election and
partnership
Land sales from the PSI project were initially intended
to help fund the development and construction of According to Gamuda,(a multi-
Penang's Bayan Lepas LRT line award winning engineering and
construction company in
However, Chief Minister of Penang Chow Kon Yeow
Malaysia) construction started
stated that due to this unexpected funding, his
again on July 1, 2023, and last
government is discussing the possibility of scaling
until June 30, 2030.
down or postponing the project as there is no longer a
need to raise funds for the LRT line.
3RD WORLD COUNTRY
THE GREAT GARUDA
Jakarta, Indonesia
WILMAR SALIM, KEITH BETTINGER, AND MICAH FISHER
(JUNE 21, 2019)

Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the

world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising
sea levels and subsidence. It was called
The Great Garuda (named after the
shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia’s
coat of arms) and meant creating 17
artificial islands off the island’s north
coast.

Project cost: $40bn (£28bn) | Land to be

reclaimed: 12.5km²
ISSUES THAT CAUSE WHY THE
RECLAMATION ISLAND WAS
TO BE BUILT
A population of more than 30 million, greater
Jakarta is the largest metropolitan area in
Southeast Asia and one of the most densely
populated urban regions in the world.

In addition, Jakarta is one of the world’s most

vulnerable cities to experience climate change.
Jakarta has faced chronic flooding for years,
primarily because the land is sinking due to
unsustainable ground-water
extraction and excessive building and
construction loads. Increased rainfall and sea-
level rise exacerbate the frequency and extent
of flooding. Today, 40 percent of the city is
below sea level, and that proportion is growing.
 ISSUES
Environment and Governmental

Coastal flooding that struck Jakarta in 2007

signaled the beginning of a process for
flood control. Despite this branding, the
project has been controversial and has
elicited a significant outcry from academics
and nongovernmental organizations.

The Minister of Maritime Affairs and

Fisheries has asserted that the Great
Garuda project would alter ocean currents,
increase erosion on existing islands, and
exacerbate flooding.
NEGATIVE IMPACT

.Represents a serious misallocation of

resources (due to budget issues)
.creating exclusive residents on reclaimed
land. (Inequality)
.Project will also increase the gap between
the haves and have-nots in the city.
.Tens of thousands of poor households
that rely on small-scale fishing and
aquaculture in Jakarta Bay and will
disrupt their livelihoods.
 CHALLENGES
CLIMATE CHANGE
Massive dredging and land
reclamation will have a tremendous
greenhouse-gas footprint, given the
immense scale of the planned
construction. There is a strong
possibility that continued land
subsidence, coupled with the sea
wall and sedimentation in the
enclosed bay, will gradually reduce
the capacity of the drainage
lagoons, turning them into gigantic
cesspools of urban refuse and dirty
water and flooding
CAUSE MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
ON COMMUNITY AND
GOVERNMENT ECONOMY

It is projected to cost approximately

US$40 billion over 30 years,
equivalent to nearly 5 percent of
Indonesia’s current gross domestic
product.
Project greatly decreases the
flexibility required to build resilience
against uncertain environmental
threats.
Privatization affects the participatory
processes that are essential to
effective adaptation and resilience of
the project.
 ABOUT

INDONESIA GOVERNMENT
DECISION

The massive sea wall and other structures will be present In the project, it is called as a go-
for-broke gamble which may greatly increase the city’s vulnerability and Indonesia’s
government to fall. Which resulted for the project to be halt and dismiss.
 SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Site Location
- Land use & boundaries
. Currently there is no building built on Dolomite Beach itself
. 2 floor Buildings located beside the fences and a Public restroom
- Neighborhood Character
. Commercial ( Starbucks, Land of the Philippine Bank, BPI, Sunny Bay Suites)
. Government owned Buildings (US Embassy)
- Vehicular Circulation
. Main Road - Arrival time 4:45 PM (Traffic Congestion was fast and smooth drive)
- Exit time 6:30 PM ( Traffic Congestion was heavy, rush hour time)
. Notes: No jeepney to be seen in main road, service roads only
Taxis present but no waiting areas for it
Ebikes and kalesa was present for tour & public transportation(200 pesos
fee from Dolomite beach to Sm Manila)
 SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
-Existing Structures
. Public Restroom (under renovation, not yet open for public use)
. First Aid Station Tent

. Mandamus Agency Office

. Police & Emergency Outpost

. Guard Outpost (Entrance and Exit)

. Police Assistance Desk
 SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Drainage

Materials on-site
- Dolomite sand and stones

- Concrete cement wall

- Moss on edge of Dolomite beach and water

SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Ramps

Stairs
 SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Utilities
-All solar powered lights with cctv and infrastructures

Plants
- Coconut Trees

- Bougainvillea

- Ballete trees

- Red binahong plant

SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Birds
- Egretta garzetta (Migratory Birds)

Policies
SITE INVENTORY LIST (ON-SITE NOTES)
Views

Fences
DOLOMITE BEACH, MANILA
SITE INVENTORY
DOLOMITE BEACH, MANILA
ROADWAYS
DOLOMITE BEACH, MANILA
WALKWAYS
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
DOLOMITE BEACH
REFERENCES
. Out of the deep: 10 massive land reclamation projects. (2024, February 6). Modus | RICS.
https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/modus/natural-environment/land/out-of-the-deep--7-massive-land-reclamation-
projects--.html
. Eko Atlantic: All you need to know - price, location, owner, delivery. (2023, September 3). Feeling at Home.
https://ownahome.ng/blog/eko-atlantic-city-lagos-all-you-need-to-know/
.Eko Atlantic City takes blame for Lagos flooding - Politics - Nigeria. (n.d.). https://www.nairaland.com/3910093/eko-
atlantic-city-takes-blame
. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. (2023, May 10). Malaysian State of Penang Pushes Forward with Controversial Land-
Reclamation Project. https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/malaysian-state-penang-pushes-forward-controversial-
land
. Kaur, S. (n.d.). News written by Sharen Kaur | New Straits Times. NST Online. https://www.nst.com.my/authors/sharen-
kaur
.Jakarta’s “Great Garuda” project: Profits for re-emerging elites in the name of climate change. (2019, June 21). East-West
Center | www.eastwestcenter.org. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news/east-west-wire/jakartas-great-garuda-
project-profits-re-emerging-elites-in-the-name
.Guest, P. (2019, October 15). The impossible fight to save Jakarta, the sinking megacity. WIRED.
https://www.wired.com/story/jakarta-sinking/
Lewis, R. (2024, March 25). Palm Jumeirah | History, Description, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palm-Jumeirah
Vedere, & Thati. (n.d.). A Case Study on the Construction of Dubai’s Palm Jumeirah. International Journal of Research
Publication and Reviews. Retrieved April 10, 2020, from https://www.ijrpr.com/uploads/V2ISSUE7/IJRPR848.pdf
Katwijk Coastal Defence (NL) | OKRA | Archello. (n.d.). Archello. https://archello.com/project/katwijk-coastal-defence-nl