ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
LEVEL 2 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group
Level
Laboratory Title ENUMERATION BACTERIA E-COLI 1. Group Leader 2020458112 FATIN NUR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD EC1105F
ZUL-IZZI
Date 19/12/2022 2. Member 2020893266 MUHAMMAD HARITH ISKANDAR BIN NOOR EC1105F
AZMAN
Lecturer’s MR. NOOR SAFWAN BIN MUHAMAD 2020848734 NUR AFRINA BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD EC1105F
Name 3. Member
RAZWAN
4. Member 2020892502 NURIN SOFEA BINTI NOR AZRISHAHRIL EC1105F
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and
solutions to well-definedengineering problems.
A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS/Mar Marks
NO DOMAI ELEMENT ks
N 2 4 6 8 10
Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability
on the following in a on the following in a on the following in a on the following in a on the following in a
problem-solving problem-solving problem-solving problem-solving problem-solving
approach: approach: approach: approach: approach:
A3 (Valuing)  No acceptance  25% acceptance of  50% acceptance of  75% acceptance of  100% acceptance of
The worth a student ofcommitment anycommitment anycommitment anycommitment anycommitment
attaches to a  Uncommitted to  25% committed to  50% committed to  75% committed to  100% committed to
particular object, carryresponsibility carryresponsibility carryresponsibility carryresponsibility carryresponsibility
phenomenon, or Leadership  Uncommitted to  25% committed  50% committed  75% committed to  100% committed to
behavior. Ranges skill, providesuggestion to provide to provide providesuggestion providesuggestion
from acceptance to Commitment and/or idea suggestion suggestion and/or idea and/or idea
&  Uncommitted to and/or idea and/or idea  75% committed to  100% committed to
1 commitment, carry Responsibilit followgroup  25% committed to  50% committed to followgroup followgroup decision.
responsibility for the decision followgroup followgroup decision decision. Able to control, lead and
y 
functioning of a  Unable to control, decision.  Able to control, lead  Able to control, lead delivering the task to
group, attitudes and lead,fail to deliver  Able to control, lead anddelivering the and delivering the the group efficiently and
appreciation. the task tothe group the group but fail to task to thegroup task to the group serves as a leader in
and does not deliver the task and members and efficiently and usually managing individual
compromise to does not occasionally helps does what is the best ideas towards the
achievethe compromise towards the group to achieve interest of the group achievement of the
objectives of theachievement the towards the objectives (Reports)
experiments objectives objectives of the achievementof the
(Reports) of the experiments objectives
experiments (Reports) (Reports)
(Reports)
 Demonstrate capability
on the following in a
problem-solvingapproach
 <100% maintain
good health habits,
compliance on lab
safety rules and
practicethem
A4 (Organization)  Not display self-
At this level, the reliancein working
studenthas held a independently, and
value system for a cooperate in group
2 sufficiently long time activities,
to control his/her  Not display a
Character professional
behavior, has
& commitment to
developeda
Organizati ethicalpractice
characteristic on
"lifestyle." Behavior daily.
is pervasive,  Not able to
consistent, objectivelyinterpret
case
predictable, and
study/problem
most importantly,
 Not able to revise
characteristic of the
judgments and
learner. changesapproach
considering new
idea or issue arise.
 Team showed
poor cohesion,
poor interaction
and poor
respect. Only
one person
does all the
Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability Demonstrate capability
on the following in a on the following in a on the following in a on the following in a
problem-solvingapproach problem-solvingapproach problem-solvingapproach problem-solvingapproach
 100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good
health habits, health habits, health habits, healthhabits,
compliance on lab compliance on lab complianceon lab compliance on lab
safetyrules and safetyrules and safety rules and safety rules and
practice them practice them practice them practice them
 85% display  90% display  95% display self-  100% display self-
self- reliance in self- reliance in reliancein working reliance inworking
working working independently, and independently, and
independently, independently, cooperate in group cooperate in group
andcooperate in andcooperate in activities, activities,
groupactivities, groupactivities,  95% display a  100% display a
85% display a 90% display a professional professional
 
professional professional commitmentto ethical commitment to ethical
commitment to commitment to practice daily. practice daily.
ethicalpractice ethicalpractice  95% able to  100% able to objectively
daily. daily. objectivelyinterpret interpret case
 85% able to  90% able to case study/problem study/problem
objectivelyinterpret objectivelyinterpret  95% able to revise  100% able to revise
case study/problem case study/problem judgments and judgments and
 85% able to revise  90% able to revise changesapproach changes approach
considering newidea
judgments and judgments and considering new
changesapproach changesapproach idea or issue arise. or issue arise.
considering new considering new  Team showed great  Team showed great
idea or issue arise. idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction cohesion, interaction
 Team demonstrated  Team showed good respect. Team respect. Team shared
some cohesion, cohesion, member did not thetasks equally and
interaction respect. interaction respect. share the tasks utilizes abilities of
Mostwork was done Team memberdid equally and did not each team members.
by only 1 not share the tasks utilizeabilities of each Reports were
member team. equally and did team completed on time
Reports were not utilize abilities members. Reports with satisfactory
completed on time of each werecompleted on compilations.
time but
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory
Universiti Teknologi MARA
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
3 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
4 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
5 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
6 A5 (Characterization)
reports. Reports were
not completed
In the state of 0% readiness
and no preparation of the
following:
 Unable to design the
experiment and provide
Summary of explanations on the
procedures/methods procedures of
conducting experimental
work
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 The team is unable to
collect any data,
insufficient to analyze
Result and analysis and interpret
 Unable in comparing,
relating and
synthesizing data based
on relevant standard
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 Not organize,
unformatted and
unsystematic laboratory
Discussion report
 Not providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is unable to
discuss the findings
Conclusion The team is unable to conclude
but with unsatisfactory team members. Reports
compilations. were completed on time
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
In the state of 25% readiness In the state of 50% readiness
and loose preparation of the and moderate preparation of
following: the following:
 able to design the  able to design, find
experiment but provide relevant standard
poor explanations on the procedure and clearly
procedures of stated with average
conducting experimental explanations on
work conducting experimental
work
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab
report report
 The team is able to  The team is able to
collect some data but collect some relevant
unable to analyze and data, related to the
interpret objectives, with fair
 25% comparing, relating analysis and
and synthesizing data interpretation.
based on relevant  50% comparing, relating
standard and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab
report report
 25% organize, formatted  50% organize, formatted
and systematic and systematic
laboratory report laboratory report
 25% providing solution  50% providing solution
to the environmental to the environmental
engineering problems. engineering problems.
 The team is able to  The team is able to
discuss some of the relate some of the
findings findings with the
problem with fair
discussion
The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair
conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective
TOTAL
Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
with satisfactory
compilations.
In the state of 75% readiness
and good preparation of the
following:
 able to design, find
relevant standard
procedure and clearly
stated with good
explanations on
conducting experimental
work
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 The team is able to collect
relevant data, related to
the objectives, with good
analysis and
interpretation.
 50% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 75% organize, formatted
and systematic laboratory
report
 75% providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is able to relate
all findings with the
problem with good
discussion
The team is able to derive good
conclusion based on findings to
answer the objective
In the state of 100% readiness and
well preparation of the following:
 able to design, find relevant
standard procedure and
clearly stated with excellent
explanations on conducting
experimental work
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 The team is able to collect
relevant data, related to the
objectives, with excellent
analysis and interpretation.
 100% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data based
on relevant standard
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 100% fully organize,
formatted and systematic
laboratory report
 100% providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is able to relate all
findings with the problem
with excellent discussion
The team is able to derive accurate
conclusion based on findings to
answer the objective
60
INTRODUCTION
Coliforms are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals,
including humans, and are found in their wastes. They are also found in plant and soil
material. Water pollution caused by fecal contamination is a serious problem due to
the potential for contracting diseases from pathogens. The presence of pathogens is
determined with indirect evidence by testing for an "indicator" of organisms such as
coliform bacteria. The most basic test for bacterial contamination of a water supply is
the test for total coliform bacteria. Total coliforms include bacteria that are found in the
soil and in water. Fecal coliforms are the group of the total coliforms that are considered
to be present specifically in the feces of warm-blooded animals and humans.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the major species in the fecal coliform group and is
considered to be the species of coliform bacteria that is the best indicator of fecal
pollution and the possible presence of pathogens.

OBJECTIVES
1. To quantify the presence of E-Coli in water samples.
2. To compare the results obtained from the experiments with the National Drinking
Water Standard.

APPARATUS

1. Colilert
2. Sterile vessel
3. Quanti-Tray
4. Plate

PROCEDURE
1. Aseptically weigh 10.0g or pipette 10.0ml sample to appropriate sterile container
2. Add 90.0 ml diluent to achieve 1:10 dilution and homogenize. Suggested diluents
for routine parameters are Butterfield’s Phosphate Buffer. Maximum Recovery
Diluent and other appropriate diluents depending on BAM.
3. If needed, dilute the sample further
 4. Open the cap, Dispense 1.0 ml of diluted sample in the middle of the
𝑇𝑀
CompactDry plate. Recap the plate.
5. Invert and incubate the plates at specific incubation conditions. AOAC
International : 35 ±2 ℃ for 24 hours ± 2 hours.
6. Read results and take the readings.

DATA / ANALYSIS

INFLUENT EFFLUENT

Blue (E-Coli) : E-Coli (blue) :

55 × 10 ×100 = 55000 colonies/100ml 29 × 10 × 100 = 29000 colonies/100ml

Total Coliform (purple) Total Coliform (purple)

( 55 + (12×20) ×10×100 =295000 cfu/100 ( 29 + (10×20) ×10×100 = 229000 cfu/100ml
ml

DISCUSSION
This experiment is to investigate the presence of E-Coli In the water samples gathered
from around the sewage plant in Kolej Tok Gajah UiTM to be tested in the lab. From the
data obtained there are 2 types of water samples which are effluent (clean water) and
influent ( polluted water). A sterile container provided by the testing laboratory is
required for a bacteria test. Sterility testing is only capable of detecting relatively high
levels of contamination in water samples. The number of colonies counted on the
surface of the sterile container is to evaluate the cleanliness of the tested water.
There are types of bacteria based on the color. For the blue color indicates E-Coli and
for the total coliform can be detected by their colors which are purple, red, and blue.

From the data obtained, for the influent water sample shows that the purple color ( total
coliform) have 295000 cfu/100ml compared with effluent water sample have 229000
cfu/100ml. This shows that the influent water sample is higher than the effluent sample.
So it is really polluted. The effluent sample still has little because it is not purely clean
water.
Next, E-coli in the influent sample has 55000 colonies/100ml and E-coli in effluent has
29000 colonies/100 ml. This indicates that E-coli in the influent sample is higher than
the effluent. This really shows that the influent sample is really polluted and not safe to
be used as a daily use.

The total number of colony forming units (CFUs) in 100 millilitres of water. The total
coliform test is the current recommended test for determining the presence or absence
of coliform organisms in water and, as a result, determining whether disinfection
methods are adequate. Total coliform bacteria may not be pathogenic (disease-
causing), but they do indicate the presence of pathogenic organisms. The total coliform
test will reveal the concentrations of environmental and faecal coliforms in a water
sample. If total coliforms are detected, a coliform bacteria test is required to determine
whether the bacteria originated from human or animal waste.

The bacteria contamination into raw water systems can be reduced by using chlorine,
UV disinfection, and ozonation. Municipalities commonly use chlorination to remove
bacteria from city water supplies. Many well owners use chlorine to "shock" their wells
and kill any bacteria that may be present. UV disinfection systems are also widely used
by homeowners who rely on well water, as well as many businesses and commercial
applications that use well water or draw water from a potentially microbiologically unsafe
source. Ozone water treatment is also used in residential settings and commercial
settings such as kitchens, where fruits and vegetables are washed in high-purity
ozonated water.
CONCLUSION

Bacteria are everywhere in our environment, including Minnesota’s surface waters and
groundwater. Some of these bacteria can be harmful to human health. Drinking water
with disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites (collectively called pathogens) can
make people sick. It is not practical to test drinking water for every type of pathogen, but
it is simple to test drinking water for coliform bacteria. The presence of coliform bacteria
can indicate there may be harmful pathogens in the water. The presence of coliform
bacteria, specifically E. coli (a type of coliform bacteria), in drinking water suggests the
water may contain pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, nausea,
headaches, fever, fatigue, and even death sometimes. Infants, children, elderly people,
and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to get sick or even die from
pathogens in drinking water. Regarding the primary drinking water standards or health
based standards, the concentration of total coliform bacteria and E. coli should be
Absent, Negative, or < 1 colony-forming unit per 100 mls ( cfu/100 ml).
To conclude this experiment Safe drinking water does not have E. coli or other
pathogens in it.
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html

https://www.sas.upenn.edu/LabManuals/biol275/Table_of_Contents_files/14-Enum
eration.pdf

https://samcotech.com/common-raw-water-problems-how-to-treat-them/

https://www.sas.upenn.edu/LabManuals/biol275/Table_of_Contents_files/14-Enum
eration.pdf

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/bacteria-and-e
-coli-water

https://ohiowatersheds.osu.edu/node/1528