ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group
Level
Laboratory Title DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) & BIOCHEMICAL 1. Group Leader 2020893266 MUHAMMAD HARITH ISKANDAR BIN NOOR AZMAN EC1105F
OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
Date 11/1/2023 2. Member 2020458112 FATIN
IZZI
NUR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZUL-
EC1105F
Lecturer’s
Name MR. NOOR SAFWAN BIN MUHAMAD 3. Member 2020848734 NUR AFRINA BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD RAZWAN EC1105F
4. Member 2020892502 NURIN SOFEA BINTI NOR AZRISHAHRIL EC1105F
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

NO DOMAIN
A2 (Responding)
The student actively
participates and reacts in
some way. Emphasis is on
active participation on the
part of the learners such as
1 compliance in responding,
willingness to respond, or
satisfaction in responding
A3 (Valuing)
The worth a student
attaches to a particular
object, phenomenon, or
behavior. Ranges from
2 acceptance to
commitment, carry
responsibility for the
functioning of a group,
attitudes and
appreciation.
A4 (Organization)
At this level, the student
has held a value system
for a sufficiently long
time to control his/her
3 behavior, has developed
a characteristic
"lifestyle." Behavior is
pervasive, consistent,
predictable, and most
importantly,
ELEMENT
2 4
Demonstrate capability on the
following:
 < 100% compliance on
lab safety rules and not
practice them
 Not participate in group
discussion,
Participation &
 No interest in subject,
Knowledge on the open-
 Not enjoy helping
ended laboratory
others.
 Not able to explain,
design and prepare the
experimental work in the
report
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach:
 No acceptance of
commitment
 Uncommitted to carry
responsibility
 Uncommitted to provide
Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea
Commitment &  Uncommitted to follow
Responsibility group decision
 Unable to control, lead,
fail to deliver the task to
the group and does not
compromise to achieve
the objectives of
experiments (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach
 <100% maintain good
health habits,
compliance on lab
Character & safety rules and practice
Organization
them
 Not display self-reliance
in working
independently, and
cooperate in group
activities,
RUBRICS/Marks
6 8
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 < 50% participate in  50% participate in group
group discussion, discussion,
 < 50% interest in  50% interest in subject,
subject,  50% enjoy helping
 < 50% enjoy helping others.
others.  Able to design, prepare
 Not able to explain the and explain the
experiment and the work experiments and the
assigned in the report work assigned in the
report but not based on
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 25% acceptance of any  50% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 25% committed to carry  50% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 25% committed to  50% committed to
provide suggestion provide suggestion
and/or idea and/or idea
 25% committed to follow  50% committed to follow
group decision. group decision
 Able to control, lead the  Able to control, lead and
group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the
the task and does not group members and
compromise towards the occasionally helps the
achievement objectives group to achieve the
of the experiments objectives of the
(Reports) experiments (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach approach
 100% maintain good  100% maintain good
health habits, health habits,
compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety
rules and practice them rules and practice them
 85% display self-  90% display self-
reliance in working reliance in working
independently, and independently, and
cooperate in group cooperate in group
activities, activities,
 85% display a  90% display a
Marks
10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 75% participate in group  100% participate in group
discussion, discussion
 75% interest in subject,  100% interest in subject,
 75% enjoy helping others.  100% fully enjoy helping
 Able to design, prepare, others.
testing and explain the  Able to design, prepare,
experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
assigned in the report the experiments and the
based on OEL work assigned in the report
components based on OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 75% acceptance of any  100% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 75% committed to carry  100% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 75% committed to provide  100% committed to provide
suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
 75% committed to follow  100% committed to follow
group decision. group decision.
 Able to control, lead and  Able to control, lead and
delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
usually does what is the as a leader in managing
best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
towards the achievement achievement of the
of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach approach
 100% maintain good  100% maintain good health
health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
practice them them
 95% display self-reliance  100% display self-reliance in
in working independently, working independently, and
and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
activities,  100% display a professional
 95% display a commitment to ethical
professional commitment practice daily.
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory
Universiti Teknologi MARA
characteristic of the  Not display a
learner. professional
commitment to ethical
practice daily.
 Not able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 Not able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team showed poor
cohesion, poor
interaction and poor
respect. Only one
person does all the
reports. Reports were
not completed
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab
Brings together different report
values, resolving conflicts  The team is unable to
among them, and starting to collect any data,
build an internally consistent insufficient to analyze
4 value system. Organizes Result and analysis and interpret
values into priorities by  Unable in comparing,
contrasting different relating and
systems. The emphasis is on synthesizing data based
comparing, relating, and on relevant standard
synthesizing values.
professional
commitment to ethical
practice daily.
 85% able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 85% able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team demonstrated
some cohesion,
interaction respect. Most
work was done by only 1
member team. Reports
were completed on time
but with unsatisfactory
compilations.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 The team is able to
collect some data but
unable to analyze and
interpret
 25% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
professional to ethical practice daily.  100% able to objectively
commitment to ethical  95% able to objectively interpret case study/problem
practice daily. interpret case  100% able to revise
 90% able to objectively study/problem judgments and changes
interpret case  95% able to revise approach considering new
study/problem judgments and changes idea or issue arise.
 90% able to revise approach considering  Team showed great
judgments and changes new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction
approach considering  Team showed great respect. Team shared the
new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction tasks equally and utilizes
 Team showed good respect. Team member abilities of each team
cohesion, interaction did not share the tasks members. Reports were
respect. Team member equally and did not utilize completed on time with
did not share the tasks abilities of each team satisfactory compilations.
equally and did not members. Reports were
utilize abilities of each completed on time but
team members. Reports with satisfactory
were completed on time compilations.
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report
 The team is able to  The team is able to collect  The team is able to collect
collect some relevant relevant data, related to relevant data, related to the
data, related to the the objectives, with good objectives, with excellent
objectives, with fair analysis and analysis and interpretation.
analysis and interpretation.  100% comparing, relating
interpretation.  50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data based
 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data on relevant standard
and synthesizing data based on relevant
based on relevant standard
standard

A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
5 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 Not organize,
unformatted and
unsystematic laboratory
Discussion report
 Not providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is unable to
discuss the findings
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 25% organize, formatted
and systematic
laboratory report
 25% providing solution
to the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is able to
discuss some of the
findings
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report  75% organize, formatted  100% fully organize,
 50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
and systematic report laboratory report
laboratory report  75% providing solution to  100% providing solution to
 50% providing solution the environmental the environmental
to the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems.
engineering problems.  The team is able to relate  The team is able to relate all
 The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
INTRODUCTION

The term "biochemical oxygen demand" (BOD) refers to a chemical process used to estimate
the amount of dissolved oxygen that aerobic biological organisms in a body of water will
require to decompose organic material present in a given water sample at a particular
temperature over a certain time period. Despite being frequently employed as a measure of
the organic quality of water, it is not a precise quantitative test. It is frequently used as a
reliable surrogate for the level of organic pollution in water and is most frequently
represented in milligrammes of oxygen used per litre of sample during 5 days (BOD5) of
incubation at 20°C.

The amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams is directly impacted by BOD.
Temperature, pH, the type of microorganisms present, as well as the type of organic and
inorganic substances in the water, all have an impact on how quickly oxygen is consumed.
The rate at which oxygen in the stream is reduced increases with BOD. Higher types of
aquatic life can therefore breathe less oxygen. High BOD has the same effects on aquatic
creatures as low dissolved oxygen does: they become stressed, suffocate, and die.

The same variables that impact dissolved oxygen also affect BOD. Two measurements must
be taken for BOD measurement. One is initially measured for dissolved oxygen, and the other
is incubated in the lab for five days before being checked for the amount of dissolved oxygen
still present (final). This is an indicator of how much oxygen was used by microbes to
decompose the organic material in the sample during the incubation period.

OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) in the water sample.
2. To compare the results obtained from the experiments with the standard from
Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia

APPARATUS
1. Winkler bottle (300 mL)
2. Conical flask (250 mL)
3. Pipette (1 mL)
 4. Burrete
5. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
6. Magnesium sulphate (MnSO4)
7. Alkaline iodine-azide solution
8. N/80 sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
9. Starch indicator solution

PROCEDURE (Winkler Method/Titration)

1. Prepare 4 Winkler bottles2 bottles for water sample and 2 bottles for blank sample
2. Fill 2 Winkler bottle with water sample and 2 bottles with dilution water (Blank
Sample).
3. For each Winkler bottle, add 1 mL of MnSO4 followed by 1 mL of alkaline
iodine-azide solution. Brown flocs will be formed.
4. Place the stopper and invert the bottle a few times
5. Allow the flocs to settle ¾ of the bottle
6. Invert the bottle twice and let the flocs settle to the lower half of the bottle
7. Add 1 mL of H2SO4 into the bottle and place the stopper.
8. Wash the bottle to remove any excessive acid at the outer wall of the bottle. Carefully
stopper and invert/shake several times to dissolve the floc.
9. The acid solubilizes the precipitate, giving a clear, yellow-gold solution.
10. Remove air bubbles in the bottle
11. If the volume of solution in bottle is reduced, fill in the bottle with distilled water
12. Transfer 200 mL of solution from Winkler bottle to 250 mL conical place
13. Fill the burrette with N/80 sodium thiosulphate and take initial reading
14. Titrate N/80 sodium thiosulphate into the solution to a pale straw colour (light
yellow)
15. Add 1 drops of starch indicator solution, blue colour will appear and mix well.
16. Take the initial reading of N/80 sodium thiosulphate in burette and continue the
titration until blue colour disappears. Record the final reading. (1mL of N/80 sodium
thiosulphate = 1mg/L DO)
17. Repeat the titration for blank sample The same procedure shall be repeated for DO
analysis at 5 days
RESULT
The total volume of the BOD bottle = 300 ml

Table 1.0 : Ratio for influent and effluent

Sample Influent Effluent

1 1 : 10 Undiluted

2 1 : 30 1:5

3 1: 50 1 : 10

4 1: 100 1 : 15

5 1 : 200 1 : 20

Table 2.0 : Ratio for influent and effluent

LOCATION SEED SAMPLE DO Initial DO after 5 DO₀-DO₅ BOD5

SAMPLE (mg/L) days (mg/L)
(ml) Incubated
(mg/L)

Influent 10 1 6.55 0.99<1.0 - -

30 2 6.27 2.55 3.72 37.2

50 3 6.38 2.24 4.14 24.84

100 4 6.43 4.38 2.05 6.15

200 5 6.70 5.56 1.01<2.0 -

Effluent 10 1 1.88 0.42<1.0 - -

30 2 5.95 4.00 1.95<2.0 -

50 3 5.90 3.40 2.5 102

 100 4 6.39 3.99 2.4 48

200 5 6.32 4.22 2.1 31.5

DOi-DOf ≤ 2 mg/L
DOf ≥ 1mg/L

Undiluted BOD₅ (mg/L) = DO₀ - DO₅

Diluted BOD₅ (mg/L) = (DO₀ - DO₅) / P

where,
DO₀ = initial DO of sample, mg/L
DO₅ = final DO of incubated sample after 5 days, mg/L
P = volume of seed sample / volume of BOD bottle

Calculation

Influent Effluent

Sample 2 : Sample 3 :
BOD = (6.27 - 2.55) / (30/300) BOD = (5.95 - 2.5) / (10/300)
= 37.2 mg/L = 102 mg/L

Sample 3 : Sample 4 :
BOD = (6.38 - 2.24) / (50/300) BOD = (6.39 - 3.99) / (15/300)
= 24.84 mg/L = 48 mg/L

Sample 4 : Sample 5 :
BOD = (6.43 - 4.38) / (100/300) BOD = (6.32 - 4.22) / (20/300)
= 6.15 mg/L = 31.5 mg/L
DISCUSSION
The entire oxygen amount that is being taken up by bacteria from water when they
oxidise organic materials, expressed in mg/L, must be obtained based on the experiment
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Organic substances that enter the waste water can
either completely disintegrate or be suspended as particle debris. According to the facts,
when there is oxygen for oxidation, bacteria live and continually proliferate in the sample of
waste water.
Five groups conducted this experiment for the influent and effluent water sample
types based on the results. The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the samples was evaluated
before and after five days of incubation. The samples were divided into 10 bottles in the
ratios of 1/10,1/30,1/50,1/100, and 1/200 ml from 300 ml of samples, which are influent 5
bottles and effluent 5 bottles. According to the data, the BOD was computed using the
difference between the initial and final DO. Since the waste water sample was stored too
long, the concentration of dissolved oxygen, DO, changed as sample dilution increased. The
maximum sample that initially contains soluble oxygen is 6.70 mg/L, and after being stored
in the incubator for 5 days, the value decreases to 5.56 mg/L. This demonstrates that the
sample where the oxygen was taken up by microorganisms saw a decrease in dissolved
oxygen. Low DO values indicate high oxygen demand from microbes, which might
demonstrate this and, depending on the process, point to potential sources of contamination.
Based on the observation, effluent water has the highest BOD measurement of 237
mg/L. This demonstrates that wastewater contains numerous microbes that require oxygen to
survive, proving that river water is tainted. As a result, a high BOD is a sign of poor water
quality.
CONCLUSION

Bacteria, for example, are responsible for breaking down organic waste. Bacteria start
the process of decomposing organic waste when it is present in a water source, including
dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste. When this occurs,
aerobic bacteria consume a large portion of the available dissolved oxygen, depriving other
aquatic creatures of the oxygen they require to survive.
The results of COD and BOD tests are crucial for figuring out how much garbage is
present in wastewater. This is crucial because before wastewater is discharged, the organic
content needs to be decreased. Rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water may become eutrophic
if the organic content is not reduced. Due of the temporal differences between the BOD and
COD tests, they are frequently utilised jointly. COD is utilised on a daily basis because it just
takes a few hours, whereas BOD is only performed sometimes because the test takes five
days to complete.
REFERENCES
StackPath. (n.d.). Www.wwdmag.com.
https://www.wwdmag.com/instrumentation/instrumentation-bod/article/10938701/wh
at-is-biological-oxygen-demand-bod
Water Science School. (2018, June 5). Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Water |
U.S. Geological Survey. Www.usgs.gov.
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/biological-oxygen-
demand-bod-and-water
5.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand | Monitoring & Assessment |
US EPA. (n.d.). Archive.epa.gov.
https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms52.html#:~:text=BOD%20directly
%20affects%20the%20amount
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - How it Affects Wastewater Treatment Plants -
Sensorex. (2021, September 6). Sensorex.
https://sensorex.com/2021/09/06/biological-oxygen-demand-bod-how-it-affects-waste
water-treatment-plants/