Aim :To findoutthe EXPERIMENT NO. 2.

1
sodium effectofthe
between
Theory :
thiosulphate
and concentration
hydrochloricacid.
ofthe reactants on the rate ofa chemicalreaction

isdirectly
According
tothelawof
totheproductof
proportional
Fora simplereaction
mass
action At a
the molar
:
giventemperature the rate of a chemicalreaction
concentrationof thereactants.
A+B 2AB
Which means Rate
the rateof
The effect of reaction increases with the
concentration
of increaseinthe concentrationof thereactants.
sodium thiosulphate reactantson rate of
and a
reactioncan be studiedby the reactionbetween
hydrochloric acid
Na,S,o,+ 2HCI
2NaCl(aq)+ S0,g)+ H,0)+ Scatoidaty
or
S,0 + 2H s+ so,f+ H,0
The insoluble (Colloid)
sulphurformedgivesa milky
by measuringthetimetaken appearance and therefore
rateof rection
heconicalflask to produce
in which the enough sulphurto make X mark invisible
can be sder
on thepaper kept under
reactionis carriedout.
Apparatusand Solutions
Required :
Measuringcylinder, glass rod,stopwatch,beakers,200
by dissolving ml of sodium thiosulphate
solution
40 g of sodium thiosulphatecrystals
prepared
solution. per litre
of the solution,
40 ml of2 M hydrochlorncacid
:
Procedure A crossX ismarked on a pieceofpaper.
Transfer 50 ml ofsodium thiosulphate
intoa conical
flask.
Add 5 ml of 2 M HCItothissolution solution
and startthe stopwatch.
Swir the flask
and place
overa pieceofpaper witha crossmarked and look down
it
verticallyand notethe time takenforthe crOSs
tobecome invisible.
Repeat the experimentusing40, 30, 20 and 10 ml of sodium
thiosulphate
solution
made up in each
case to 50 ml withdistilled
water.
Plota graph of volume of undiluted
sodium thiosulphate
solution
againsttime.Take volume of
sodium thiosulphate
alongy-axisand time(inseconds)alongx-axis).
Observations
:

S. Volume of Volume of Distilled Volume of Time in

No. Na,S,O,in ml Water in ml HCIin ml second
1. 50.0 0.0 5

2. 40.0 10.0 5
3. 30.0 20.0 5
4. 20.0 30.0 5
5. 10.0 40.0

Conclusion: Rate ofchemicalreactionis directly

proportional
to the concentration
of reactants
 Aim :To studythe effect EXPERIMENT NO.2.2
and hydrochloric
Rcid. of
temperature
on the
Theory:Temperature rate of reactionbetween
sodium thiosulphate
solution
increaseskinetic has a very
energy of significant
seonds, It has been molecules which effecton the rate of a reaction.
is
reaction nearly
found that for a inthe iinncreasein number Increaseintemperature
results
of effective
doubled.The rateof chemical collisions per
increasesin reaction
reaction,the rise in temperatureby 10 the rate
temperature. between Sodium of the
thiosulphateand HCI alsoinereases with
Apparatus and solutions
Measuring required
cylinder,
glass rod,
by dissolving35 g of stop watch,
sodium beakers, 300 ml of sodiumthiosulphate
solution. thiosulphate
crystals solutionprepared
per litre
of the solution,

Procedure :
cross X is
in each of the
A

marked on a
40 ml of 1 M
hydrochloricacid

solution five piece of paper. Take 50

Add 5 ml of0.1M beakers.Place first ml of given sodiumthiosulphate
cross. beaker in athermostatat
hydrochloric 30°C over thepaper marked with
taken forthe cross to acid. Start the stop
become invisible. watch.Look down vertically
and note the time
respectively. Repeat the
experimentat temperatures
40°, 50°, 60° and 70°C
Tabulate yourreadings
as below:
S.No. Temperature
oftheThermostat
Time inseconds 1 30,6oDi29)501EO,
1.
2.

3.
30°C

40°C
S0°C
600 eD time

1? S.
210,24D, 2 0

4.
60°C
5.
70°C
Plota graph of
time againsttemperature.

X
Observations:
1,The concentration
of Na,S,O, =
solution M.
2.The concentrationof HCIsolution= 1 M.
Result:From the shape of the curve of graph we concludethatrateofchemicalreactionbetween
Na,S,O,and HCIincreaseswithincreaseintemperature.
 Erperiment Ne. 2.2 Seale: OX 10 div, . OY 10 div.

(Raledin 2 mm sqares)

Date : :
Teacher's Signature
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5.1
Aim :To determinethe pH of indicator
the providedsamples using plH paper and universal
solution.
(a) Apple Juice (b) Lemon Juice (c) Milk
(d) Vinegar (e) Orange
(h) Tomato
() Guava
(g) Pineapple

Apparatus
and chemicalrequired : indicator
solution.
Dest rubes, glassrod,vegetableand fruit pH paper, universal
juices,

Procedure
: lernon and guava withthe help of electrical
1. Procurefreshjuices ofapple,orange, pineapple,
or any othersource.
juicer
2. Collectthe freshjuicesin beakers and labelthem.

[A] UsingpH paper : juices

of vegetable and fruit
and placevarioussamples
) Take some cleanand dry test tubes
ineach of them. of pH papers.
strips
or two drops of each sample on different
(ü)Now put one chart.
stripand compare the shade withthose on colour
formed on each
(iüü)Note the colour
shade.
(iv) Record the pH of the compared

Using universal
indicator : of measuring cylinder.
[B) indifferent testtubes withthe help
mL of juices
different
(i)Take 0.5
in each of them.
of universalindicator
(iü)Put a few drops indicator bottle.
a
solution nd compare with those on
of each
(iüü)Note the colour
pH of each.
(iv)Record theapproximate

ObservationTable
: indicator Inference
Universal
pH paper
S. No. Sample Colour pH
Colour pH

1. Applejuice
2. Lemon juice
3. Milk
4. Vinegar
5. Orange juice
6 Guava

7. Pineapplejuice
8. Tomato juice
isas
observations
valueson the basis of
above
ofpH
: order
Result Increasing

39
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6.1
Aim :To set up simplevoltaic
celland measurement ofe.m.f. Copper wire

Take sulphuricacid(dilute)
in a glass container,
dip two rods in it Cu (Cathode)
one ofzincand otherofcopper.The cellobtainediscalledsimplevoltaic
cell. Za (Anode)

Inthiscell,
zincreactswithdilute
sulphuric
acidto form bubbles of
hydrogen gas whilecopperremainsunaffected. Simple VotaicCell

Zn + H,S0, ZnSO, + H,
Zn + 2H Zn2* + H,

Zincloseselectronsto form Zn²*ionswhilethe hydrogenions(H)from the acidgain electronsto

formH, gas.
(aq) + 2e (Oxidation)
2H0)+
(aq)
+ 2e Zn2+ + H, (Reduction)
givesthe e.m.f.
reading
The voltmeter ofthe cellwhich isaround1.08 V and falls
withtime.
Apparatus A : ml.capacity,
glass beaker of 500 a porouspot,a copper strip,
an amalgamated zinc
strip,
a voltmeter
connecting
wiresetc.dil.
sulphuric
acid.
Procedure:Takea glassbeakerof500 ml.andtoit add 200 ml.ofdilute
sulphuric acid.Dip a coppem
strip indilutesulphuric acidand connect ittothe positive
terminal ofthevoltmeter.Add 100 ml. of dilu
sulphuric acidto the porouspot and immersetheamalgamatedzincstrip init.
Connectthe zinc platewit
the negativeterminal ofthe voltmeter.Placetheporous pot inbeaker and note the voltmeterreading

43
 cleanedwithsand pap
(i) Zincand copper stripshould
be

NO. 6.2 itse.m.f.

EXPERIMENT and determine
saltbridge
using
(Zn/Zn/Cu2Cu)
cell glasstube,cotton
Am :
Tb setup simpleDaniel
a copperstrip,
strip,
aU-shaped
voltmeter,

Apparatus:
a zinc
Two glassbeakers,
etc.
wires,
orglasswool,connecting KNO,,agar-agar.
IM,
solution
1M,ZnSO,
Chemicalsrequired
CuSO, : solution
givenbelow :
infigure
: up the apparatusas shown Ammeter
or
Procedure Set Voltmeter

copper wire
Insulated
Copper Strip
Salt bridge(KNO,)
ZincStrip (Cathode)
(anode)

1M CuSO,
Cotton or glass
IM ZnS0 wool (at25°C)
(at 25°C)

Zn > Zn+ + 2e
halfcell)
(Oxidation
Cu2+ + 2e>Cu
(Reductionhalfcell)

Note thepositionofthe pointer and recordthereadinginyour recordbook.

inthe voltmeter
The e.m.f.
ofthe Danielcell
= Volt.