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Swra 479 A
Swra 479 A
Richard Wallace
ABSTRACT
This application report addresses the parameters that affect the radio range. For identical radio settings,
the range is highly dependent on the surroundings and environment. The link budget and the positioning
of the antennas and their distance to the ground surface are major contributors to long range. A general
specific range can never be specified or guaranteed for any type of radio communication unless the
environment is well defined. Predicting a range is difficult and the excel sheet calculation [1] helps to
calculate a realistic range that can be achieved for a known environment.
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
2 Theory ......................................................................................................................... 2
3 Range Model in Excel ....................................................................................................... 8
4 Radio Configuration for Long Range .................................................................................... 13
5 Range Tests ................................................................................................................ 14
6 Summary .................................................................................................................... 20
7 References .................................................................................................................. 20
Appendix A Friis Equation With Ground Reflection ......................................................................... 21
List of Figures
1 Transmission With Ground ................................................................................................. 5
2 Range Estimation With Vertical Polarization ............................................................................. 6
3 Range Estimation With Horizontal Polarization .......................................................................... 6
4 Selectivity and Blocking ..................................................................................................... 7
5 Weak RF Interferer Level of – 90 dBm ................................................................................... 7
6 Strong RF Interferer Level of – 50 dBm .................................................................................. 8
7 Screen Print of the Excel Sheet for Range Expectation ................................................................ 8
8 Outdoor LOS, 500 kbps With CC1200 at 868 MHz; Expected Range 292 m ...................................... 11
9 Outdoor LOS, 500 kbps With CC2541 at 2440 MHz; Expected Range 233 m .................................... 11
10 Indoor, 500 kbps With CC1200 at 868 MHz; Expected Range 31 m ............................................... 12
11 Indoor, 500 kbps With CC2541 at 2440 MHz; Expected Range 5 m ............................................... 12
12 Excel Range Expectation for Test Distances 71 km and 98 km; H2 ............................................... 15
13 Excel Range Expectation for Test Distances 114 km; H2 = 92 m .................................................. 15
14 Road Sign Showing the Same Distance Covered with the Range Test ............................................ 16
15 RSSI Level at Different Floors Through the High Rise Building ..................................................... 17
16 Radio Link Through the High Rise Building ............................................................................ 17
17 Testing Outside the Building .............................................................................................. 18
18 CC1120, 470 MHz - 2 km Range ........................................................................................ 19
19 CC1120, 868 MHz - 1.3 km Range ...................................................................................... 19
List of Tables
1 Line-of-Sight With the Receiver at Ground Level........................................................................ 3
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1 Introduction
When designing a system based upon a radio link, the maximum range between the transmitter and
receiver is one of the most important parameters that will dominate the system configuration and
installation. Most radio systems optimize the range since this avoids the use of repeater units or
amplifiers. Maximum range should always be targeted and if the range distance is too great, then the
output power can always be reduced and current consumption reduced.
Sending a radio signal through concrete re-enforced brick walls in an urban RF noisy environment a few
100 meters can be as just challenging as achieving a long range line-of-sight (LOS) distance with several
km of distance
Choosing the optimum frequency for your system is not always a clear choice with ISM bands ranging
from 169 MHz band to 2.4 GHz band. Antenna performance and location, output power regulations,
unwanted RF jammers, operating frequency, radio configuration and material between the Tx and Rx units
all determine the maximum radio range distance; all these parameters and the effects they have on the
total range are covered in this application report.
Examples of realistic range expectations are shown and are based on a 2-ray Friis model, which can also
take into account typical construction building materials. This application report also illustrates the range
tests that have been performed with various user scenarios: high rise building apartment test, dense urban
environment test and long range tests at high altitudes.
2 Theory
2.1 Propagation
There are basically three propagation modes for radio signals: ground waves that follow the earth’s
circumference but are at just a few MHz; sky waves reflecting from the atmosphere and earth but are in
the approximate range of 3 MHz to 30 MHz, and LOS propagation.
The most common ISM bands for radio communication are at 169 MHz, 315 MHz, 433 MHz, 490 MHz,
780 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. Propagation for all of these bands are with LOS. The
maximum LOS distance is dependent on the earth’s curvature (earth’s radius = 6365 km) and the height
of the transmitter antenna (H1) and height of the receiver antenna (H2).
LOSMAX =
( 2 * H1* 6365000 + 2 * H 2 * 6365000 ) = X kilometers
1000 (1)
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Therefore, to test a radio link with a receiver placed at ground level that has a link budget capable of
communicating greater than 112 km, then the transmitter must be positioned at a greater height than
1000 m.
The actual link budget takes into account the transmitter and receiver antenna gain as shown in
Equation 3:
Link Budget = TX output power (dBm) + TX antenna gain (dBi ) - RX sensitivity ( -dBm) + RX antenna gain (dBi ) (3)
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2.4 Friis-Equation
This section addresses the theory used to determine the range for radio systems in open and free space
environments. Range in radio communication is generally described by Friis (see Equation 5).
G G l2
PR = PT T R
(4p )2 d 2 (5)
2
æ 3 × 108 ö
1× 1× ç ÷
G G l2 ç 2445 × 106 ÷
è ø = 9.532 × 10-12 = - 80.2 dBm
PR = PT T R
2 n
= 1mW × [ ]
(4p ) d (4p )2 × 1002 (6)
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Figure 1 illustrates the situation with an infinite, perfectly flat ground plane and no other objects obstructing
the signal. The total received energy can then be modeled as the vector sum of the direct transmitted
wave and one ground reflected wave.
Transmit antenna GT
Direct transmission
Receive antenna GR
H1
Reflected transmission
H2
Θi Θi
Er
d
Reflection law Θi =Θi
The two waves are added constructively or destructively depending on their phase difference at the
receiver. The magnitude and phase of the direct transmitted wave varies with distance traveled. The
magnitude of the reflected wave depends on total traveled distance and the reflection coefficient (Γ)
relating the wave before and after reflection.
Equation 7 and Equation 8 require some electrical data for the ground surface in the test environment. For
typical ground conditions, εr =18 (soil) is normally used. For water, εr of 88 is typically used and εr of 2.5 for
sand.
In systems where H1 and H2 are low compared to the distance (d), Equation 7 and Equation 8 can be
simplified to Γv = Γh = −1, (for example, for systems with a low incident angle, all of the energy is
reflected). The phase change of the reflected wave is significant to the transmission budget as illustrated
in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the influence of polarization and ground in open field measurements. The
values are calculated using the Excel sheet that is based upon the calculations shown in Appendix A. The
figures also indicate that horizontal polarization (H) is more susceptible to multi-path fading than the
vertical polarized signal (V).
For the majority of applications, there are strong cross-polarized components (mixture of vertical
polarization and horizontal polarization), making it difficult to separate between the polarizations. The
actual signal level is often between the vertical and horizontal levels calculated above.
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Figure 2 shows the estimated values for a 2440 MHz vertically polarized signal and Figure 3 shows the
horizontally polarized signal. The range estimations for free space and the 2 Mbps sensitivity level (-86
dBm) of CC2541 is included in Figure 2 and Figure 3. When measuring the effective open field range for
the CC2541 at this data rate, the PER test is typically started and the RSSI level recorded; then the
distance is increased between the two radio units. Figure 3 indicates that communication could be poor at
about 22 m but clearly the range potential is far greater with an expected total distance of should be
around 100 m.
The location of a blind spot varies with frequency, ground surface and antenna elevation. It is important to
be aware of this during range testing to identify any blind spots or if the maximum range is reached.
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When selectivity or blocking is mentioned in dB figures it is not always apparent what this actually means
in terms of range. Examining two radio solutions with the same sensitivity level but with different selectivity
and blocking requirements demonstrates the importance of a robust RF link.
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The power received from the interferer is -90 dBm, as shown in Figure 5. The sensitivity level is –123 dBm
for both Radio “A” and Radio “B”. The delta between the interferer level and the desired signal level is 33
dB and this is lower than the selectivity limit of both Radio “A” (54 dB) and Radio “B” (42 dB). The
sensitivity limit of -123 dBm will not be affected by the interferer so the “actual sensitivity limit” will be the
sensitivity level specified in the data sheet. Therefore, both radios will not see any degradation in
performance during this weak interferer.
The power received from the strong interferer is now -50 dBm, as shown in Figure 6. The “actual
sensitivity limit” of the radio is now dependent on the ability to block the strong interferer; Radio “A” will be
limited to -104 dBm and Radio “B” limited to -92 dBm due to the selectivity specification, so the sensitivity
level will never be reached.
If the range of Radio “A” and Radio “B” was previously 2600 m with a weak or no RF interference, then a
strong interferer of -50 dBm could reduce the range of Radio "A" to 620 m and Radio "B" to 250 m. If the
system application was designed to have distance of 500 m, then the Radio “B” solution would fail during
a strong interference of -50 dBm.
It is important to understand the levels of the unwanted RF signals in the environment to specify a certain
range. Strong selectivity and blocking specifications become more important when the number of
unwanted RF interferers increase in the future.
The fields that are shown in grey are the input fields. The heights of the Tx antenna (H1) and Rx antenna
(H2) are entered at the top; for hand-held devices, this is typically in the region of 1.2 m. Note that there is
a large difference between the Friis equation for free space and the expected range when ground model is
included. This difference is reduced when the height of the antennas from the ground surface are
increased (H1 = H2 >> 1 m). The realistic range expectation is based upon the ground model variant.
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The scaling of the graph is just for the figure scale shown on the right hand side and this is shown in red if
the scale is less than the calculated range for Friis and the ground model (2-ray). The frequency field is
the operating frequency of the radio. For the signal polarity, “V” for vertical polarization and “H” for
horizontal polarization can be entered. The conducted transmitted output power should then be entered
and this is normally between -20 dBm to +30 dBm pending the radio solution. The gain for the Tx antenna
(GT) and Rx antenna (GR) must be entered; for a perfect matched dipole, this is 2.1 dB, if this is unknown
keep this value between 0 dB and 2.1 dB. There is a list of antennas which can be chosen with a
recommended value for the gain; the gain in the list varies from -6 dB to +2.1 dB. The surface (εr) shown
in Figure 7 can be set between ground (εr = 18), water (εr = 88) and sand (εr = 2.5); if this is unknown then
keep this at a typical value of 18.
For the sensitivity level of the radio, a list is available of the various radios and the data rate settings. The
data rate setting is important since this determines the actual sensitivity level of the radio for a particular
date rate. A larger data rate will always have a lower sensitivity level.
Table 2 shows a list of radios with data rates supported in the excel version 1.07 release. If a specific
radio and data rate cannot be found, choose a setting that gives the same sensitivity level that can be
found in the device-specific data sheet.
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Table 2. Sensitivity Levels for Various Devices and Data Rates (continued)
Sensitivity Level
Sub-1 GHz Devices Sensitivity Level (dBm) 2.4 GHz Devices (dBm)
CC120x - 500 kbps (MSK) -97 CC2500 - 500 kbps -83
CC120x - 1000 kbps (4-GFSK) -97 CC251x - 2.4 kbps -103
CC13xx - 2.4 kbps -121 CC251x - 10 kbps -98
CC13xx - 4.8 kbps -118 CC251x - 250 kbps -90
CC13xx - 38.4 kbps -112 CC251x - 500 kbps -82
CC13xx - 50 kbps -111 CC26xx - 250 kbps -99
CC13xx - 100 kbps -107 CC26xx - 1 Mbps -97
CC13xx - 1 Mbps -97
CC13xx - 4 Mbps -84
The input field selection for “Select Effective Attenuation between Rx and Tx” contains a number of
options that take into account the size of the guard band (link margin); and several input fields to select
various construction materials normally used for indoor range prediction. The level of the guard band
depends on the level of margin that is required. Theoretically, this can be 0 dB and the radio link will still
work. However, a certain guard band should be taken and this is normally in the range of 10 dB to 20 dB.
For a system that requires a strong and reliable “fail safe” RF link then the margin could be increased
furthermore. Similarly, for a system that can accept re-transmissions and temporary link losses then this
can be reduced. With multi-path propagation effects, the signal level can vary up to 15 dB so having a
guard band >15 dB will take this into account. When not using antenna diversity, the recommended guard
band is 20 dB and with antenna diversity this can be reduced to 10 dB guard band. For further information
regarding the benefits with antenna diversity, see [4].
When calculating the outdoor LOS can be selected for the three input field options as shown in Figure 7.
For improved indoor range estimation, various construction materials can be chosen for the three input
field options. The choice of material is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 shows that the material penetration is highly frequency dependent and the advantages of
operating at a lower frequency is clearly seen in the link budget and range expectation. A rule-of-thumb is
every 6 dB increase in a link budget doubles the range distance. To send a signal through an 8” concrete
wall at 1 GHz will have approximately twice the range compared to a similar system operating at 2.4 GHz.
When all the parameters with the height of the antennas, frequency, polarization, output power, antenna
gain, ground surface, sensitivity level, guard band, and material between Rx and Tx; then a more realistic
range can be calculated compared to the standard Friis formula.
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Figure 8. Outdoor LOS, 500 kbps With CC1200 at 868 MHz; Expected Range 292 m
Figure 9. Outdoor LOS, 500 kbps With CC2541 at 2440 MHz; Expected Range 233 m
The radio performance is very similar in Figure 10 and Figure 11; the only difference is the operating
frequency and the lower attenuation of the construction material at 1 GHz compared to 2 GHz. As can be
seen, the range expectation is increased from a distance of 5 m at 2440 MHz to 31 m at 868 MHz for
similar radio performance.
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Figure 10. Indoor, 500 kbps With CC1200 at 868 MHz; Expected Range 31 m
Figure 11. Indoor, 500 kbps With CC2541 at 2440 MHz; Expected Range 5 m
Table 4. Increased Range Distance by Reducing the Data Rate of CC1200 at 868 MHz
Estimated Range [m]
CC1200 Data Rate (0 dBm, H1 = H2 = 1.2 m)
CC120x - 1.2 kbps (4 kHz fdev) 1902
CC120x - 4.8 kbps (OOK) 962
CC120x - 38.4 kbps (20 kHz fdev) 768
CC120x - 50 kbps (25 kHz fdev) 712
CC120x - 100 kbps (50 kHz fdev) 613
CC120x - 500 kbps (MSK) 292 (see Figure 8)
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5 Range Tests
The excel sheet [1], is a good tool to predict a realistic range for a specific application environment and
radio setting. To confirm the calculations the range tests have to be performed as well. Since the range is
highly dependent on the surroundings, three different range tests that have been performed and will be
covered in this application report.
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Figure 12. Excel Range Expectation for Test Distances 71 km and 98 km; H2
Figure 13. Excel Range Expectation for Test Distances 114 km; H2 = 92 m
NOTE: LOS is limited to 146.9 km with H1 = 1000 m, H2 = 91 m for the 114 km test.
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5.1.1 Results
Figure 14. Road Sign Showing the Same Distance Covered with the Range Test
Over 600 data packets were sent with just 2 packets lost at 71 km; 1000 data packets were sent with just
2 packets lost at 98 km; and 1000 data packets were sent with no lost data packets at 114 km. Impressive
range distances achieved. These results illustrate that the environment has a huge factor when targeting
long distance. For the exact same radio setting but with an antenna height of 1 m instead for the Tx and
Rx units, the calculated expected distance would be reduced from 136.6 km to 9.2 km.
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5.2.1 Results
RSSI vs Floor Level
0
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
–20
–40
–60
–80
–100
–120
Figure 15. RSSI Level at Different Floors Through the High Rise Building
NOTE: The maximum number of floors that the radio signal can pass through is highly dependent
on the construction material of the building. For the various levels of attenuation for different
types of construction material, see Table 3.
8” concrete at 500 MHz has an attenuation of 21 dB so with a link budget of 143 dB, a result would be
expected around 6 floors if the RF signal was solely traveling through the concrete floors. Since the Tx
unit was placed in the stairway, the attenuation between each floor would be a mixture of free space and
concrete attenuation. To ease the calculation assume 10 dB per floor (average of 21 and 1 dB). This
correlates to the measured results that the signal was recorded at 12 to 16 floors lower in the building.
For example, link budget = 143/10 approximately 14 floors expected.
The radio link could easily be established outside the high rise building, as shown in Figure 17. The signal
strength was -78 dBm and this still leaves an additional 40 dB for the link budget.
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5.3.1 Results
The range distance measured at 433 MHz was 2 km (see Figure 18) and at 868 MHz the range was 1.3
km (see Figure 19). The range was greater at the lower frequency due to the attenuation difference of the
construction materials typically used in an urban environment.
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6 Summary
The excel sheet calculation [1] uses both the Friis formula and a 2-ray model to the ground surface to
calculate a realistic range estimation. The 2-ray model is preferred since this takes into account the
ground surface effects, which will always reduce the practical range. In the calculation model, there are
various construction materials that can be included in the range estimation for a more accurate estimate
for indoor range.
Several examples of field tests have been documented in this application report that demonstrate the
importance of antenna height and line-of-sight limitations; advantage of operating at a lower frequency to
achieve greater range for both line-of-sight scenarios and indoor applications.
7 References
1. Excel Sheet for Range Calculation
2. CC-Antenna-DK Documentation and Antenna Measurements Summary (SWRA328)
3. CC-Antenna-DK Reference Design (http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/swrr070)
4. Antenna Selection Quick Guide (SWRA351)
5. Antenna Diversity (SWRA469)
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Appendix A
SWRA479A – March 2015 – Revised September 2017
function retvar=friis_equation_with_ground_presence(h1,h2,d,freq,er,pol)
lambda=c/freq; % m
length_diff=refl_wave-direct_wave;
cos_phase_diff=cos(length_diff.*2*pi/lambda).*sign(gamma);
Direct_energy=Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2./((4*pi*direct_wave).^2);
reflected_energy=Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2./((4*pi*refl_wave).^2).*abs(gamma);
Total_received_energy=Direct_energy+cos_phase_diff.*reflected_energy;
Total_received_energy_dBm=10*log10(Total_received_energy*1e3);
retvar=Total_received_energy_dBm;
%end function
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Revision History www.ti.com
Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
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