‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﻓﻴﻖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎط ‪٢٠١٧‬‬ ‫ھــ ط ذ س‪ -‬خ ع‪ /‬ت ن ب ع ‪٦٧٧‬‬

 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻗﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﻓﻴﻖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎط ‪٢٠١٧‬‬ ‫ھـ ط ذ س‪ -‬خ ع ‪ /‬ت ن ب ع ‪٦٧٧‬‬

‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺇﻻ ﲟﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬

‫‪Detection capability of defects in steel plates welded joints by industrial‬‬

‫‪phased array techniques. radiography and ultrasonic‬‬

‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫)‪ Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT‬ﺒﺩﻻﹰً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ X-ray radiography testing (RT‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ ،AWS D1.5 Bridge welding code‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﺭﹴ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹴ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺜﺨﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ]‪ (6 -35) [mm‬ﺃﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻭﺏ ﺒﺈﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ )‪ .(SMAW‬ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ Kodak AA400‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺴﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ )‪ (A‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻜﺒﺩﻴلٍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺭﻭﺴﻴﺠﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻴﻨﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺂﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﺍﺤﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺴﺢ ﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮاج ﻓﻮق اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺢ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻲ‪ ،‬وﺻﻼت ﻟﺤﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
Abstract

This study was carried out to demonstrate if the phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) can be
adopted as a suitable substitute of the radiography testing (RT) of steel plate’s welded joints
required by codes and standards related to some projects such as bridges construction and
inspection according to AWS D1.5 Bridge welding code. Such adoption, if approved, can realize
considerable cost saving without taking any additional risk.
The two cited inspection techniques had been applied to test four butt welded joints performed
on steel plates having thicknesses up to 35mm. These welded joints had been performed by
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and containing selected artificial flaws.
The comparison between the detection capabilities and characterization of flaws in the welded
joints by the two inspection techniques reveals that; PAUT improves the detection capability and
sizing of flaws in the welded joints and it can replace RT reliably in case of applying a suitable
PAUT procedure that includes simultaneous application of sectorial scan from both sides of the
welded joints axes by using encoder with wide active aperture phased array probes and applying
supplemental manual scanning for edge testing.

3
 ‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮس‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﻻﺫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2016‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ) ‪ (133.6‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1.4 %‬ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎﹰ]‪.[1-2‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺼل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (50%‬ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ]‪ [3‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﻜﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺨﻔﺽ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺒﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺒﺎﺌﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﻘﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻ‬
‫ﺇﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻐﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ]‪.[4-5‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺤﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ . (1‬ﻴﺘﺤﺴ‪‬ﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺸﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(1‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺒﺈﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﺼل ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻼﻡ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺴل )‪ (Pixel‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺒﻜﺴل ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ )‪.(Quantization‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻤل ﻜلﱟ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (Point by point digitization‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺴﻁﺭﺍﹰ ﺴﻁﺭﺍﹰ )‪.(Line by line digitization‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )‪.(Array digitization‬‬
‫ﺘﺼل ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ )‪ (Spatial resolution‬ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ ،10(µm‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ 5‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﻼﻡ ﻭﺒﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻀل‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ]‪.[6-9‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺜﺨﺎﻨﺔ )‪ 25 (mm‬ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ) ‪.(B‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(2‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺜﺨﺎﻨﺔ )‪ 25 (mm‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ) ‪.(B‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻭﺏ ﺒﺴﻠﻙ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ )‪ .(SMAW‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪.[10‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ )‪ ( strength‬ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ]‪10-12‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ : 3‬ﺻﻮرة ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮھﺎ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول‪ : 1‬اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﯿﻮب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻌﯿﻮب اﻟﺼﻨﻌﯿﺔ إﺑﺘﺪاءً ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ )‪(0‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬ ‫)‪(mm2‬‬

‫‪-lack of root fusion‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪300×300‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪-root crack‬‬
‫‪-toe crack‬‬
‫‪-slag inclusion‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪300×300‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-toe crack‬‬
‫‪-toe crack‬‬
‫‪-slag inclusion‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪400×300‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪-root crack‬‬
‫‪-slag inclusion‬‬
‫‪-two slag inclusions‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪460×300‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ )‪.(PAUT‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﻨﹸﻔﺫ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ ,Yxlon-smart 225X,‬ﺫﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺒﻘﻌﻪ ﻤﺤﺭﻗﻴﺔ ]‪ (1.5) [mm‬ﻭﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺠﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]‪(25-225)[Kv‬‬

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‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ‪ASME Code, Section V article2‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪.Kodak AA400‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ :2‬ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺜﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪mA.min‬‬ ‫‪FFD‬‬ ‫‪KV‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪Wire No.(mm‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫)‪W16, (0.1‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪W15, (0.125‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪W12, (0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪W11, (0.32‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ Olympus‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ) ‪ 8 (M Pixel‬ﻭﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫‪ Cofar-Semat‬ﺫﻭ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ) ‪ 53000 (Cd/m2‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ج‪ -‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬

‫ﺃُﻋﻴﺩ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ )‪(PAUT‬‬
‫‪ASTM E2904-12‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ASTM E2491-13‬‬
‫‪ASTM E2700-14‬‬
‫‪ASME CC2235-9‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﺍﺯ ‪ ،SIUI Supor 32:128‬ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫)‪ (5.0L64-0.6-10‬ﻭﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (40N55S‬ﻭﻤﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪ PA encoder (Crawler‬ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫(‬
‫‪.Software Super UPPC‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (4‬ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻤﻤﺎﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :4‬ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﻤﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜل ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ )‪( Sectorial scan‬‬
‫ﺒﺂﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﺍﺤﻑ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ )‪ (PA crawler‬ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ]‪ .[13-14] [HAZ‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺃﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ‪،‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ )‪ (L‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ )‪ ،( R‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(3‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‪ :3‬ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﺍﺤﻑ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدات‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺛﺨﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن اﻷﺳﺎس )‪(mm‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮض اﻟﻠﺤﺎم )‪(mm‬‬
‫‪38° 41° 40°‬‬ ‫‪55°‬‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺪء )‪(L+R‬‬
‫‪63°‬‬ ‫‪65°‬‬ ‫‪65°‬‬ ‫‪74°‬‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﮭﺎء )‪(L+R‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ اﻷول)‪(L+R‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ )‪(L+R‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫‪8.5‬‬ ‫‪16.5‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪(L+R) (mm) E‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ )‪(L+R) (mm‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.5°‬‬ ‫‪0.5°‬‬ ‫‪0.5°‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮة اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ )‪(L+R‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺢ )‪(dB‬‬
‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ )‪(mm‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (5‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻘﺹ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ )‪ (Lack of root fusion‬ﻭﻜﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ )‪ (Root crack‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺇﺒﺘﺩﺀﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :5‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ وﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ‪ B,C&D‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 6‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫‪ PAUT‬ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (7‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( toe crack‬ﻭﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ ) ‪( slag inclusion‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺴﺭ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺒﺩﺀﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Toe crack‬‬ ‫‪Slag‬‬ ‫‪Toe crack‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :7‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (8‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ‪ B,C&D‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 8‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫‪ PAUT‬ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ) ‪ (toe crack‬ﻭﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ )‪(slag inclusion‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺴﺭ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ )‪ (Root crack‬ﻭﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﺒﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺒﺩﺀﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Toe crack‬‬ ‫‪Slag‬‬ ‫‪Root crack‬‬ ‫‪Slag‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :9‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (10‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ‪ B,C&D‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭ{ﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 10‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫‪ PAUT‬ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (11‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ )‪.( slag inclusion‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :11‬ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (12‬ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ‪ B,C&D‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻅﻬﺭﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 12‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫‪ PAUT‬ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :4‬ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪PAUT‬‬ ‫أﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﯿﺐ‬ ‫‪Weld‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪No.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Lack of root‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪fusion‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Root crack‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Toe crack‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Slag inclusion‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Toe crack‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Toe crack‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Slag inclusion‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Root crack‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Slag inclusion‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Slag inclusion‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫‪Slag inclusion‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول أن ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﺎﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﺠﻬﺩ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﻁﻴل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻔﻀﻼﹰ ﻭﺒﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ‪AWS D1.5‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺈﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩ ‪ ASMEVIII Div I‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ‬
‫)‪ (sectorial scan‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺂﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﺍﺤﻑ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺒﺭ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺤﺯﻡ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻺﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﻴﻨﺔ ﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺏ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )‪ (C&D‬ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺯﺒﺎﺌﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬- 7

[1] Mark O’Hara, world steel association releases its short range outlook for steel, Market
Realist, April 2015.
[2] Edwin Basson, world steel in figures 2014, world steel association, 2014.
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16-19th Feb.2005.
[4] Inspection /Non-destructive testing, Health and safety Executive, UK, July 2014.
[5] Baldev Raj, C.V. Subramanian, T. Javakumar, Nondestructive testing of weld, handbook,
Narosa publishing house, January.2015.
[6] Michael D.C Moles, Colin R.B, Pamela Harzog, Tim Armitt, and Petro Cioran, Introduction
to phassed array ultrasonic technology application, R/D Tech Canada, 1st edition, August 2004.
[7] Schnerrdr, Lester w, Fundamentals of ultrasonic phased arrays, Springer international
publishing, Switzerland, 2015.
[8]Olymbus NDT, Introduction to phased array ultrasonic: technology applications, R/D Tech
guideline, Aug.2014.
[9] Olymbus NDT advances in phased array ultrasonic technology applications, Dec.2014.
[10] International Atomic Energy Agency, Guide book for the fabrication of nondestructive
testing test specimens, IAEA,Vienna-2001.
[11] Sindo Kou, welding metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons Inc. /New Jersey, 2003.
[12] Leigh Baughhurst, welding defects-Causes & Correction, ASPEC Engineering, October,
2011.
[13] Mauzeroll, L., “Structural Welds Inspection Using Encoded Phased-Array Ultrasonic
Testing on Butt Welds from 0.5'' to 2.5'' thick”, Tampa Tank Inc., Florida Structural Steel.
Inspection Procedure # PR-PAE - Structural Welds, AWS D1.5, Version 1, March 25th, 2012.
[14] Mauzeroll, L.,“Structural Welds Inspection Using Encoded Phased-Array Ultrasonic
Testing on Butt Welds from 0.5'' to 2.5'' thick”, Tampa Tank Inc., Florida Structural Steel.
Inspection Procedure # PR-PAE - Structural Welds, AWS D1.5, Version 2, November 28th,
2013.

22
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AECS)
DAMASCUS, P.O.BOX 6091

Final Report on Scientific Research

Department of Scientific Services

Detection capability of defects in steel plates welded joints by

industrial phased array techniques. radiography and Ultrasonic

Dr. W. Harara
Eng. A. Altahan

AECS – SS \ FRSR 677 February 2017