Ideal Transformer

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Chapter 4. Ideal Two-winding Power Transformer
Presentation · December 2019
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Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt
Dr. F Gonzalez-Longatt
Transformer
Ideal Two-winding Power
1/24
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steady-state.
Objective
winding transformers working in AC

This chapter presents a general summary
about the fundamentals of ideal two
2/24
Transformers
3/24
Transformers
• Transformers make it possible for electrical power to be
delivered from power stations to our homes with very low
losses in the transmission lines.
• They do this by stepping-up and stepping-down AC

voltages, for example from the hundreds of kV used in high
voltage overhead power lines to the 230 volts found in
homes; they convert electrical power at one voltage to a
different voltage.
• Transformers can also be used for matching impedances

and for DC isolating one circuit from another.
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 4/24

Transformers
• In very basic terms, a transformer is nothing more than two
inductors placed side by side close together.
• A changing current in one inductor (called the primary coil)

causes a magnetic flux that cuts through the other inductor
(called the secondary coil).
•
• This, in turn, induces a varying voltage across the terminals of
the secondary inductor.
• The primary and secondary voltages have the same phase and
frequency.
• In practice, the construction of a transformer is more complex,

but the same principles of operation always apply.
conditions
Transformer in un-loaded
6/24
Transformer in un-loaded conditions
• Each of the two coils making up a simple transformer has a
self-inductance (L).
• The coupling between the two coils is called the mutual
inductance (M).
• Both are measured in henrys (H).
i1 (t ) M
+ +
v1 (t ) L1 L2 v2 (t )
− −
Fig. 4.1. Circuit diagram of an unloaded
transformer.
Transformer in un-loaded conditions
• A changing current flowing into the transformer on the
primary side (i1(t)) induces a voltage on the secondary side
(v2(t)).
• The two voltages v1(t) and v2(t) are in phase.
i1 (t ) M
di1 ( t )
v1 ( t ) = L1 + +
dt
v1 (t ) L1 L2 v2 (t )
di1 ( t )
v2 ( t ) = M − −
dt
Fig. 4.1. Circuit diagram of an unloaded
transformer.
Mutual-Inductance
• An example of all possible polarities of induced voltages
using the dot marking convention are shown on Fig.
If the voltage is positive at the dotted end of the primary winding
at some moment of time, the voltage at the dotted end of the
secondary winding will also be positive at the same time instance.
i1 M i2 = 0 i1 M i2 = 0
+ +
di1 di
v2 = M v2 = − M 1
dt dt
− −
i1 = 0 M i2 M i2
i1 = 0
+ +
di di
v1 = M 2 v1 = − M 2
dt dt
− −
Fig. Induced voltage polarities based on dot marking convention
Dot convention
10/24
Dot convention
• The polarity of the secondary voltage depends on the
terminal through which the primary current enters the
transformer and the direction of the windings of the coils.
•
• Once packaged, it is not always possible to know how the
coils are wound, so we make use of the dot convention to
identify voltage polarities.
• During production, the manufacturer draws a dot next to

one of the terminals on the primary and secondary sides
ensuring the dot convention is followed.

Dot convention
• If the current flows into the dot on the primary side, the
induced secondary voltage will have its positive voltage
reference at the dot terminal on the secondary side.
• Similarly, if the current flows into the not-dot on the
primary side, the induced secondary voltage will have
its positive voltage reference at the not-dot terminal on
the secondary side.
• The same principle also applies if the current flows in
the secondary circuit and induces a voltage in the
primary side. i1
+
di1
v2 = M
dt
_
Transformer under load
13/24
• When a load is connected to the secondary circuit, the
voltage induced in the secondary will drive a current i2(t)
around the secondary circuit.
• This current flowing through the secondary coil will induce

a new voltage in the primary circuit because the mutual
coupling (M) applies both ways.
• To solve such circuits excited with sinusoidal signals, it is

easiest to work in the frequency domain and apply
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

• In Fig. 4.2, the transformer circuit is given earlier has a
resistor connected as a load.
• All the voltages have been labelled with their polarities

indicated.
• Recall the impedance of an inductor is given as 𝑍ҧ = 𝑗𝜔𝐿

and the voltage across an impedance (by Ohm’s Law) 𝑉ത =
𝑍ҧ 𝐼.ҧ I M 2
I1 3
+ − + + + +
Vs (t ) j M I2 j M
L1 I12 L1 L2 j M I21 j L
M2 I2 R Vj MI
load =2 R I2
− 6 + 1 − 2 − 5 − 4 −
Fig. 4.2. Transformer under load with a resistor.

M I2
I1 3
+ − + + + +
Vs (t ) j M I2 j M
L1 I12 L1 L2 j M I21 j L
M2 I2 R Vj MI
load =2 R I2
− 6 + 1 − 2 − 5 − 4 −
Fig. 4.2. Transformer under load with a resistor.
• The circuit can be solved using Kirchhoff’s Voltage law.

• There are two unknowns and two equations.
Vs − j L1 I1 + j M I2 = 0
j M I1 − R I2 + j L2 I2 = 0

Ideal transformer
17/24
Ideal transformer
• In order to ensure all the magnetic flux created by one coil
cuts through the other, the cables are wound around an iron
core loop. A typical example is shown in Fig. 4.3.
Magnetic core
I1 I2
+ +
V1 N1 N2 V2
i1 M
− −
+
Primary Secundary
winding winding
Fig. 4.3. Illustrative example of the structure of a typical two winding power transformer.
Ideal transformer
• In reality, the coupling is never 100% efficient, but modern
techniques and materials can get it very close!
• The circuit symbol for an ideal transformer is given in Fig.
4.4.
I1 N1 : N 2 I2
+ +
V1 V2
− −
Fig. 4.4. Circuit symbol for an ideal transformer.
• Circuit calculations with ideal transformers are much
simpler because separate voltages due to the self-
inductance and mutual inductance terms do not need to be
calculated.
Ideal transformer
• By knowing the number of turns on the primary coil (N1)
and the number of turns on the secondary coil (N2),
voltages and currents on both sides can be easily
determined.
• The ratio of N1 to N2 is called the turns ratio (a):
N1 V1 I 2
a= = =
N 2 V2 I1
• a>1, Step-down transformer
• a<1, Step-up transformer
Note: Some books quote the turns ratio as a=N2/N1

Ideal transformer
• If there are more turns on the secondary side compared to
the primary side, the voltage at the secondary circuit will be
higher than the primary (V2 >V1).
• This is called a step-up transformer.
• Since the current in the secondary will be smaller than the

primary by the same factor, the total power will be
conserved,
P=I1V1 = I2V2

Transformer for
impedance matching
22/24
Transformer for impedance matching
• The maximum power is transferred to the load when:
Rsource = Rload
• In Fig. 4.5, the source looking into the transformer and
load combined sees just an equivalent resistance Rin, i.e. the
transformer and load resistor RL can be simplified down to
just one resistor. 2
 N1 
Rin = RL  
 N2 
Rs I1 I2 I1
N1 : N 2 Rs
+ +
Vs RL Vs Rin
− −
Source Trasformer and load combined Source Equivalent load

(a) Full representation (b) Equivalent circuit
Fig. 4.5. Equivalent impedance of a transformer and load
Transformer for impedance matching
• Looking at the equivalent circuit in Fig. 4.5, maximum
power is transferred from the source to the load when:
2
 N1  Rs = Rin
Rin = RL  
 N2 
• Therefore, for maximum power transfer:
2
 N1 
RS =   RL
 N2 
Rs I1 I2 I1
N1 : N 2 Rs
+ +
Vs RL Vs Rin
− −
Source Trasformer and load combined Source Equivalent load

(a) Full representation (b) Equivalent circuit
Fig. 4.5. Equivalent impedance of a transformer and load
Dr. FranciscoViewM.
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Chapter 4. Ideal Two-winding Power Transformer

Presentation · December 2019

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

winding transformers working in AC

• They do this by stepping-up and stepping-down AC

• Transformers can also be used for matching impedances

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 4/24

• A changing current in one inductor (called the primary coil)

• In practice, the construction of a transformer is more complex,

• The two voltages v1(t) and v2(t) are in phase.

• During production, the manufacturer draws a dot next to

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 11/24

• This current flowing through the secondary coil will induce

• To solve such circuits excited with sinusoidal signals, it is

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 14/24

• All the voltages have been labelled with their polarities

• Recall the impedance of an inductor is given as 𝑍ҧ = 𝑗𝜔𝐿

Fig. 4.2. Transformer under load with a resistor.

Fig. 4.2. Transformer under load with a resistor.

• The circuit can be solved using Kirchhoff’s Voltage law.

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 16/24

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 20/24

• This is called a step-up transformer.

• Since the current in the secondary will be smaller than the

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 21/24

Source Trasformer and load combined Source Equivalent load

Source Trasformer and load combined Source Equivalent load

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