1.

EXERCISE BENEFITS/BARRIERS SCALE

Author:
The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) was developed by Dr. Rod Dishman and
colleagues in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Georgia. The original research
article, which includes the development and validation of the EBBS, was published in the journal
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise in 1985. Since then, the scale has been widely used
and adapted by researchers and healthcare professionals in various settings to assess an
individual's beliefs and attitudes toward exercise.

Year:
1985

Scoring:
To score the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), each item is rated on a 4-point Likert-
type scale ranging from 0 (not important) to 3 (very important). The total score for the benefits
section is obtained by summing the scores for all 43 items, with a possible range of 0 to 129. The
total score for the barriers section is obtained by summing the scores for all 44 items, with a
possible range of 0 to 132.

Higher scores on the benefits section indicate greater perceived benefits of exercise, while higher
scores on the barriers section indicate greater perceived barriers to exercise. Some studies have
used a ratio of benefits to barriers (i.e., benefits score divided by barriers score) to assess an
individual's overall attitude toward exercise, with higher ratios indicating more positive attitudes.
Subscales:
Subscales of Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale EBBS

The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) is a questionnaire designed to measure the

perceived benefits and barriers to exercise. The scale consists of two subscales: the Exercise
Benefits Scale and the Exercise Barriers Scale.

The Exercise Benefits Scale consists of six items that assess the perceived benefits of exercise,
including improved physical health, improved mental health, increased energy, improved
appearance, improved social relationships, and increased longevity.

The Exercise Barriers Scale consists of six items that assess the perceived barriers to exercise,
including lack of time, lack of energy, inconvenience, lack of social support, lack of resources,
and lack of motivation.

Both subscales of the EBBS are used to identify the reasons why individuals do or do not engage
in regular exercise, and can be helpful in developing interventions to promote physical activity.
 2. SOCIAL SUPPORT QUESTIONNAIRE

Author:
The Social Support Questionnaire developed by the Fetzer Institute was actually developed by a
team of researchers rather than a single author. The questionnaire was developed by a team of
researchers led by Harold G. Koenig at the Fetzer Institute in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The specific
members of the research team who were involved in the development of the questionnaire are
not always listed in publications that use the questionnaire, but Koenig is typically cited as the
lead author or principal investigator.

Scoring:
The Social Support Questionnaire developed by the Fetzer Institute is designed to measure
perceived social support. The questionnaire consists of 12 items, and each item is rated on a 7-
point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). To score the
questionnaire, follow these steps:

Reverse score items 3, 4, 8, and 11. This means that if a participant scored a 1 on one of these
items, it would be changed to a 7, a 2 would be changed to a 6, a 3 would be changed to a 5, and
so on.

Add up the scores for all 12 items to obtain a total score. Scores can range from 12 to 84, with
higher scores indicating greater perceived social support.

You can also calculate subscale scores for three dimensions of social support:
emotional/informational support, tangible support, and affectionate support. To calculate
subscale scores, add the scores for the items that pertain to each dimension:

Emotional/informational support: Items 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 12

Tangible support: Items 4, 6, 8, and 9

Affectionate support: Items 10 and 11

Subscale scores can range from 6 to 42 for each dimension, with higher scores indicating greater
perceived support in that area.

Finally, interpret the scores. Scores that fall within one standard deviation above or below the
mean can be considered within the normal range. Scores that fall more than one standard
deviation below the mean may indicate a lack of perceived social support, while scores that fall
more than one standard deviation above the mean may indicate high levels of perceived social
support.

Subscales:
The Social Support Questionnaire developed by the Fetzer Institute measures three subscales of
social support:
Emotional/Informational Support: This subscale measures the perception of the availability of
people to talk to about problems and to receive emotional support and advice. The subscale
includes items 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 12.

Tangible Support: This subscale measures the perception of the availability of people to provide
practical help and resources in times of need. The subscale includes items 4, 6, 8, and 9.

Affectionate Support: This subscale measures the perception of the availability of people to
provide love, caring, and comfort. The subscale includes items 10 and 11.

Each subscale is scored separately by adding up the scores of the corresponding items. The
scores can range from 6 to 42 for each subscale, with higher scores indicating greater perceived
support in that area.

3. The Health Anxiety Questionnaire

Author:
The authors of the article "The Health Anxiety Questionnaire" published in the British Journal of
Health Psychology in 1996 are Lucock MP and Morley S.

Year:
1996

Scoring:
The Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) consists of 21 items, not 18. The original HAQ
published in the article by Lucock and Morley contains 18 items, but subsequent revisions to the
questionnaire have added three additional items.

To score the HAQ, each item is rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (all the
time). The total score on the HAQ ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater
health anxiety.

To calculate the total score, simply add up the responses for all 21 items. For example, if a
person answered "1" for item 1, "2" for item 2, "0" for item 3, and so on, the total score would be
1+2+0+... = [the sum of all 21 responses].