Junior Problems

J637. Find all positive integers n such that

p
3 · n! − 1 = (2n − 1)! + 1.

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, USA

J638. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

√
a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a
3 6
p +p +p ≥ .
c(a + 2b + 3c) a(b + 2c + 3a) b(c + 2a + 3b) 2

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

J639. Solve the equation

176x − 4bxc2 − 88{x}2 = 2023,
where bxc and {x} are the integer part and the fractional part of x, respectively.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

1 1 1
J640. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers such that x + y + z = + + . Prove that
x y z
p p √ 3(x + y + z + 1)
xy + 3 + yz + 3 + zx + 3 ≤ .
2

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

J641. Find all positive integers a and b such that

a2 b2
− = 2023.
b a

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada

1 1 1
J642. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
+ + = 3. Prove that
a b c
√ √
r r r
6 b c a
3 8abc ≤ a + + b + + c + ≤ 3 2abc.
c a b

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

Mathematical Reflections 5 (2023) 1

 Senior Problems

S637. Let a, b > 0 and c < 0 such that

1 1 1
2a2 + = 7, 2b2 + 2 = 17, 2c2 + 2 = 31.
8a2 8b 8c
Prove that
(4ab + 1)(4bc + 1)(4ca + 1) = (8abc + 1)2 .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S638. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

6a2 6b2 6c2 a2 + b2 + c2

+ + ≥1+ .
(2b + c)(2c + b) (2c + a)(2a + c) (2a + b)(2b + a) ab + bc + ca

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

 2 
n −1
S639. Let f (n) = , n = 2, 3, 4, .... Find all positive integers k ≥ 2 such that f (k + 3) = f (k) + 2023.
3

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, USA

S640. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with incenter I and inradius r. A line passing through I intersects
segments BC, CA, AD at points K, L, M , respectively. Let r1 be the radius of a circle tangent to
segments AB, AM , M K and let r2 be the radius of a circle tangent to segmnets CD, CK, KM . Set
a = AL/LC. Prove that  
1 1 1 1
a − = − .
r1 r r2 r

Proposed by Waldemar Pompe, Warsaw, Poland

S641. Solve in integers the equation

2x3 − 3x2 y 2 + 2y 3 = 1.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S642. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 3. Prove that

 
1 1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ 68 + .
a2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 + 3 92 abc

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

Mathematical Reflections 5 (2023) 2

 Undergraduate Problems

n
X
1
U637. Let Hn = k . Evaluate
k=1  n
n − Hn
lim n .
n→∞ n

Proposed by Ángel Plaza, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

U638. Evaluate
1 − sin x
Z
dx
3 sin x + 5(1 + cos x)ex
where 0 < x < π/2.

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

U639. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a = min{a, b, c} and a4 bc ≥ 1, and let
r
a+b+c ab + bc + ca
F (a, b, c) = − .
3 3
Prove that  
1 1 1
F (a, b, c) ≥ F , , .
a b c

Proposed by Vasile Cârtoaje, Ploeşti and Vasile Mircea Popa, Sibiu, România

U640. Let (xn )n≥2 be the sequence defined by

√n
e−1
xn = n√2 − n.
e−1

Prove that lim xn = 21 .

n→∞

Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Cluj-Napoca and Dan-Ştefan Marinescu, Hunedoara, România

U641. Let P (x, y, z) be a polynomial with rational coefficients. Prove that there is a polynomial Q(x, y, z)
with rational coefficents such that

P (x, y, z)Q(x, y, z) = R x2 y, y 2 z, z 2 x ,

for some polynomial R(x, y, z) with rational coefficients.

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

U642. Evaluate

1
lim n sin (2πn)p + 2p π p np−1 p p
n→∞

Proposed by Paolo Perfetti, Universitá degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy

Mathematical Reflections 5 (2023) 3

 Olympiad Problems

O637. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = ab + bc + ca. Prove that
p
3
p
3
p3
a3 + 7 + b3 + 7 + c3 + 7 ≤ 2(a + b + c).

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

O638. Let 1 ≤ a1 < a2 < · · · be an infinite sequence of positive integers. Prove that there is a sequence
b1 , b2 , . . . of positive integers with bi > ai such that the only multiplicative function f : N −→ Z − {0}
satisfying the condition f (bi + bj ) = f (bi ) + f (bj ) is f (n) = n for all n.

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

O639. Let a, b, c, λ be positive real numbers such that

1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ .
a+λ b+λ c+λ λ
Prove that
3abc
abc ≥ 8λ3 and a + b + c + ≥ 8λ.
ab + bc + ca

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

1+a2n
O640. Let (an )n≥0 be the sequence defined by a0 > 1 and an+1 = 2 , for all n ≥ 0. Prove that
n
(1 + a0 )(n + 1) n+1
 
Y 1 + ak
≥ .
ak (1 + a0 )n + a0
k=0

Proposed by Paolo Perfetti, Universitá degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy

O641. Let (Fn )n≥0 , F0 = 0, F1 = 1 be the Fibonacci sequence and p, q be distinct primes of the form 4k + 3.
Find all triples (n, a, b) of nonnegative integers for which Fn = pa q b .

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

O642. Point P lies inside triangle ABC. Let D = AP ∩ BC, E = BP ∩ CA, F = CP ∩ AB. The circumcircle
of triangle DEF intersects sides BC, CA, AB for the second time at points D0 , E 0 , F 0 , respectively.
Set X = DF 0 ∩ D0 F , Y = EF 0 ∩ E 0 F . Prove that points X, P , Y are collinear.

Proposed by Waldemar Pompe, Warsaw, Poland

Mathematical Reflections 5 (2023) 4