Smart Grid: Basics to Advanced Technologies

Battery Management System (BMS)

Prof. Narayana Prasad Padhy

Electrical Engineering Department

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 Table of Contents

Energy storage technologies

Battery management system

Monitoring and Estimation techniques

Cell balancing

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 Evolution of Secondary(rechargeable) cells

Lot of recent advancements in lithium-ion

batteries (solid state electrolyte, silicon
based anode) unwraps the opportunity to
use particular technology for specific
application
Source: 11

3
Applications of Li-ion Batteries

Source: [16]

4
 Li-ion battery
Advantages Disadvantages
Lightest metal with high potential difference
Requires monitoring and protection
(max. 4V nominal)

Commercially available with gradual reduction

Cost of lithium-ion battery is not cheap yet
of their cost day by day

Developing technology
Provides high energy density and power
density every now and then a derivate of lithium-ion
is popping in the news

Negligible self-discharge rate Ageing or Degradation effect

Flexibility in cell types Sensitive

right technology is used for specific application Prone to overcharge/discharge

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 Need of BMS

Reduces the risk of prematurity of the battery

Optimal usage of energy inside the battery

Heart of all types of energy storage especially for sensitive batteries like
Li-ion

Enhances system run-time reliability

Increase the battery pack efficiency

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 Battery Management System
Monitoring the values of current, voltages and temperature
of each cell

Estimation of key states (SOC,SOH) using online estimation

techniques

Cell/Module balancing (active or passive balancing

techniques)

Computing energy and power limits of the pack using SOC

and SOH values

Source:[11]

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 Monitoring circuit
• The BMS requires a sensing ICs for monitoring
• The parameters that can be sensed directly from a battery cell are Current through the circuit, terminal
voltage and ambient temperature

12-cell battery monitor (LTC 6803) Schematic of LTC 6803 Battery monitor with 3 cells connected

Source: Linear Technology Corporation

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SOC estimation techniques

Source : [13]

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 Equivalent Circuit Model

(Eq.4)

where
After calculating OCV, the graph between OCV vs SOC will give the
SOC values

(Eq.1)

(Eq.2)

(Eq.3)
OCV vs SOC curve Source: [15]

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Typical Module and Pack controller of BMS
Cells

Battery Module

Module controller
with cell
balancing circuit
Battery Pack

Source: [8]
Pack controller

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Reasons for Cell Imbalance

Temporary (SOC) Permanent (SOH)

Leakage and Self-discharge
currents
Coulombic Efficiency
Performance and Operation
Uneven Temperatures
Internal Resistance
Self-discharge
Static Electrolytic Interphase
(SEI)
Performance and Operation

• If balancing is not implemented the weak cells or less capacity cells tend to discharge
Load/
faster than the other. charger
• If this continues the less capacity cell will gradually premature than other
• Imagine a case where a less capacity cell and fully capacity cell connected to a load it will
neither discharge nor charge

Source: [11]

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Cell Balancing methods

Source: [9]

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 Passive and Active balancing
• Passive balancing uses a resistor connecting across the cell which bleeds the high charge battery cell voltage
• Active balancing exchanges the energy between the higher capacity to lower capacity cells without
dissipation

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Passive balancing topology Active balancing topology

Balancing (a) Shunt resistor (b) Switched shunt resistor (c) Single switched capacitor (d) Multiple switched capacitor
(e) Switched transformer and (f) Shared transformer
Source: [11], [12] and [14]

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 Cell Balancing topologies
Adjacent cell to cell

Any cell to any cell (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Balancing (a) single-tired switched capacitor (b) Double-tired switched capacitor (c) chain structured switched
capacitor (d) Two-phase switched capacitor (e) Forward (f) forward-flyback Multi-winding transformer Source: [1],[2],[3] and[4]

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 Cell Balancing topologies
Direct cell to cell

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Balancing (a) flying capacitor (b) bi-directional flyback converter

(c) Quasi-resonant LC converter with boost converter (d) LC
resonant circuit (e) Single inductor switching circuit
(e)

Source: [5], [6] and [7]

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 Ideal cell balancer

Optimal size of
Simple circuit Fast equalization High Efficiency
passive elements

Less voltage Real world

Good balancing Control
stress on implementation
speed simplicity
batteries feasibility

Apply for static

Less sensors
Modularity and dynamic Economical
requirement
balancing

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 References
[1] A. C. Baughman and M. Ferdowsi, "Double-Tiered Switched-Capacitor Battery Charge Equalization Technique," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2277-2285, June 2008.

[2] J. W. Kimball and P. T. Krein, "Analysis and design of switched capacitor converters," Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005. APEC 2005. Austin, TX, 2005, pp.
1473-1477 Vol. 3.

[3] C. Pascual and P. T. Krein, "Switched capacitor system for automatic series battery equalization," Proceedings of APEC 97 - Applied Power Electronics Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1997, pp. 848-854 vol.2.

[4] Y. Yuanmao, K. W. E. Cheng and Y. P. B. Yeung, "Zero-Current Switching Switched-Capacitor Zero-Voltage-Gap Automatic Equalization System for Series Battery String," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 3234-3242, July 2012.

[5] M. Kim, C. Kim, J. Kim and G. Moon, "A Chain Structure of Switched Capacitor for Improved Cell Balancing Speed of Lithium-Ion Batteries," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, pp.
3989-3999, Aug. 2014.

[6] Y. Shang, C. Zhang, N. Cui and J. M. Guerrero, "A Cell-to-Cell Battery Equalizer With Zero-Current Switching and Zero-Voltage Gap Based on Quasi-Resonant LC Converter and Boost Converter," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 3731-3747, July 2015.

[7] K. Lee, Y. Chung, C. Sung and B. Kang, "Active Cell Balancing of Li-Ion Batteries Using $LC$ Series Resonant Circuit," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 5491-5501, Sept.
2015.

[8] H. Qian, J. Zhang and J. Lai, "A grid-tie battery energy storage system," 2010 IEEE 12th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), Boulder, CO, 2010, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/COMPEL.2010.5562425.

[9] Neubauer J, Pesaran A. PHEV/EV Li-ion battery second-use project; 2010

[10] Cready E, Lippert J, Pihl J, Weinstock I, Symons P, Jungst RG. Technical and economic feasibility of applying used EV batteries in stationary applications. Tech. rep., Sandia National Laboratory; 2003

[11] G. L. Plett, Battery Management Systems: Battery Modeling, Volume 1., vol. 9. Colorado: Artech house, 2008.

[12] K. D. Stetzel, L. L. Aldrich, M. S. Trimboli, and G. L. Plett, “Electrochemical state and internal variables estimation using a reduced-order physics-based model of a lithium-ion cell and an extended Kalman
filter,” J. Power Sources, 2015.

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 References
[13] T, G.; C, D. A Review on Different State of Battery Charge Estimation Techniques and Management Systems for EV Applications. Electronics 2022, 11, 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111795

[14] M. M. Ur. Rehman et al., “Modular approach for continuous cell-level balancing to improve performance of large battery packs,” in 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2014, 2014,
pp. 4327–4334.

[15] Xiong, R. (2020). Battery Management Algorithm for Electric Vehicles. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0248-4_4

[16] Ding, Y., Cano, Z.P., Yu, A. et al. Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 2, 1–28 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0022-z

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Thank you

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