Smart Grids: Basics to Advanced Technologies

Different Types of Energy Storage Technologies

Prof. Narayana Prasad Padhy

Electrical Engineering Department

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 Table of Contents
 Classification of Energy Storage  Suited Applications
Systems
 Why Batteries?
 Technical Characteristics
 Different Battery Technologies
 Terminologies

 Strengths and Weakness of  Battery Applications

Different Energy Storage
Technologies

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 Classification of Energy Storage Systems

Energy Storage Systems

Mechanical Electrochemical Chemical Electromagnetic Thermal Hybrid

Pumped Hydro Lithium-ion Supercapacitor

Fuel Cell Thermo-chemical Battery & Flywheel
Compressed Air Lead Acid Superconducting
Hydrogen Storage Latent heat Battery & Fuel Cell
Flywheel Nickel Cadmium Magnetic Energy
Biofuel Sensible heat Battery & CAES
Vanadium Redox Storage (SMES)
Battery & Supercapacitor
Sodium Sulphur
CAES & Battery
Battery, Fuel Cell & Super
capacitor

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 Technical Characteristics
• Electrochemical and electrical
energy storage e.g. batteries and
supercapacitors, respectively, cover
the mid-time range, minutes to
hours and allow scale-up to MW-
size.
• Pumped-hydro and compressed air
energy storage may reach GW size.
• Chemical energy storage, as
hydrogen, has the largest potential
for large-scale energy storage.
Source: Møller, Kasper & Jensen, Torben & Akiba, Etsuo & Hai-Wen, Li. (2017). Hydrogen - A
sustainable energy carrier. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International..

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 Terminologies
• Energy Density: The amount of energy that can be stored in a storage
device that has a given volume or mass.
• Power Density: The amount of power that can be stored in a storage
device that has a given volume or mass.
• Response Time: It is the time for an ESS to go from 0 to 100% rated power,
while rated power divided by response time is ramp rate.
• Cycle Life: The cycle life for an ESS is a function of depth of discharge and
is the total number of cycles that an ESS can provide at any depth of
discharge over its life.
• Efficiency: Round-trip efficiency is the percentage of electricity put into
storage that is later retrieved.

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Storage Technologies
Parameter Flywheel Super-capacitor Lithium-Ion Lead-Acid Redox-Flow
Energy Density Very Good

Power Density Good

Usable Capacity Not so Good

Cycle Life
Long term Storage
Response Time
Efficiency
Maturity
Flexibility
Safety
Cost

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 Suited Applications
• Charge when generation increases load
demand
• Discharge when load is higher than generation
• Supply critical loads during islanding
• Voltage profile improvement, network
upgrade deferral, reduction of losses, etc. The duck curve
Source: S.M. Schoenung, J.O. Keller, Commercial potential for renewable
hydrogen in California, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 13321–13328.

Supercapacitor Flywheel Li-Ion Lead-Acid Redox-flow

Well Suited For Solutions:
Grid Stability & Grid Various UPS Large scale • Solar curtailment
UPS Stability & Stationary storage with long • Increasing Flexibility by
UPS Applications discharge times introducing storage systems

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 Why Batteries?
• Batteries, especially Li-Ion, fit best to decentralized applications –due
their flexibility and ability to store from minutes to multiple hours and
from few kW to multiple MWs.

• While there is no best technology for all uses, Lithium-Ion currently offers
the best set of characteristics for most.
• 95% of new storage installations in 2018 rely on Lithium-Ion (excl.
pumped hydro).

• Pumped hydro still makes up approx. 90% of storage capacity, but suitable
locations are limited.

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 Different Battery Technologies
Battery Energy Round trip Life Span Eco-
type density efficiency (years) friendliness
(kW/kg) (%)
Li-ion 150-200 95 10-15 Yes
NaS 125-150 75-85 10-15 No
Flow 60-80 70-75 5-10 No
Ni-Cd 40-60 60-80 10-15 No
Lead Acid 30-50 60-70 3-6 No

Source: Korea Battery Industry Application 2017, “Energy storage system technologies and business model”

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 Battery Applications
• Energy shifting up to approx. 6hours, fast response, grid following or grid
forming.
Peak Shaving
Energy Shifting

• Voltage and frequency regulation

• Spinning reserve
• Ramp rate control
• T&D upgrade deferral etc.
Source: X. Wu, J. Zhao, C. J. Casablanca, and A. J. Conejo, “Energy storage: Improving system reliability, deferring network upgrading, taking advantage of markets, and beyond,” IEEE Electrification
Magazine, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 104–111, 2021.

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 References
1. L. A. Wong, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, P. Taylor, J. Ekanayake, S. L. Walker, and S. Padmanaban, “Review on the optimal placement, sizing and
control of an energy storage system in the distribution network,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 21, pp. 489 – 504, 2019.

2. R. Sioshansi, et.al , “Energy-storage modeling: State-of-the-art and future research directions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, pp. 1–1, 2021.

3. B. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Chen, D. Li, C. Zeng, Y. Chen, Z. Guo, H. Shu, X. Zhang, T. Yu, and L. Sun, “Optimal sizing and placement of energy storage system
in power grids: A state-of-the-art one-stop handbook,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 32, p. 101814, 2020.

4. M. Rouholamini, C. Wang, H. Nehrir, X. Hu, Z. Hu, H. Aki, B. Zhao, Z. Miao, and K. Strunz, “A review of modeling, management, and applications of
grid connected li ion battery storage systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, pp. 1–1, 2022.

5. X. Wu, J. Zhao, C. J. Casablanca, and A. J. Conejo, “Energy storage: Improving system reliability, deferring network upgrading, taking advantage of
markets, and beyond,” IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 104–111, 2021.

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Thank You

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