Contemporary Issue on Seminar A Study On

E-Waste

Management

In The Partial Fulfillment of Masters of Business Administration 2009-2010 Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

Deepshikha college of technical education , Jaipur

Submitted By:

JITENDRA ( MBA-II nd sem )

Submitted To: Ms.

DECLARATION

This is to declare that the Seminar titled E-waste management is a bona fide work and is not copied from any source or is submitted by any one else for academic or non academic reasons.

JITENDRA
( MBA-II nd sem )
Date: 08-05-2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project begins with an idea and materializes with concrete efforts. In the beginning, I would like to thank the almighty God who gave me the strength and capability to work on this Seminar Topic and complete it successfully. It is indeed gratifying to have the privilege to express my deep sense of Gratitude & Appreciation to my esteemed guides Miss Anuradha mam & Miss Neerul mam D.C.T.E. ,JAIPUR for her scholarly painstaking & incessant encouragement, inspiring supervision & valuable guidance during the course of investigation. For all this kind consideration Im beholden her in my feelings of respect of regards for her. I would also like to thank my parents, my classmates , my all teachers and all other people who helped me in successfully completing my topic.

JITENDRA
( MBA-II nd sem )

Preface
Planning for E- waste management within the frame work of sustainable development raises several intra inter generational issues such as public health their livelihood. Changing lifestyle, advancement of new technologies scientific development has contributed largely in exploitation of the environment. In the rat-race competition to grow at a faster pace mankind has indirectly led severe damages of valuable assets i.e. our natural resources, which is a vital aspect for the very existence of, human beings. Various strategies have been led down for the management of E- waste by the government and several attempts were made to improve manage the pathetic situations of E- waste management. But it seems to be inadequate as per the present scenario is concerned. The common problem faced by all the developing countries, especially Asia, is the disposal of E- waste availability of dumping grounds. As management of E- waste is a crucial & burgeoning issue developing countries are coming up with several affordable alternatives & exclusive methods of sustainable E- waste management which is cost effective, technically appropriate socially acceptable solutions to all. E-waste management refers to improve imageof organization in society. In this study I am going to find out the effect of E-waste management in present scenario and what kinds of methods a firm use instead of E-waste management and how can a firm manage E-waste.

TABLE OF CONTENT S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 CONTENT Declaration Acknowledgment Preface At A Glance Definition Introduction Classification of E-Waste Management General Facts on E-Waste Management Components of E-Waste Management How to handle E-Wastes Effect on environment and human health Management of E-Wastes Status of E-Waste Management In India Then indian scenario The Challenges of E-Waste Management In India Management option Example of E-waste managment Conclusion Bibliography & Wibliography Page No.

AT A GLANCE
In a society where we think of so many things as disposable, where we expect to be constantly discarding last year's gadget and replacing it with this year's model, do we end up tempted to think of people and relationships as disposable? ...if we live in a context where we construct everything from computers to buildings to relationships on the assumption that they'll need to be replaced before long, what have we lost? ...God is involved in building to last He doesn't give up on the material of human lives ...and He asks us to approach one another and our physical world with the same commitment ... God doesn't do 'waste' -Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, New Years Message posted on youtube

E-waste Management Related Quotes

". . E-waste in our country is being increased by 1per cent every year and only five per cent of urban e-waste are recycled in India "

Dr. Kalam

Abdul

"There must be a reason why some people can afford to live well. They must have worked for it. I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things we could use. " -Mother Teresa (1910-1997), A Gift for God, 1975 E-waste is an important resource that can be made useful instead of shunning it as a social and environmental burden. Attempts should be made to explore alternate sources of metals. Webindia123 When they had all had enough to eat, he said to his disciples, Gather the pieces that are left over. Let nothing be wasted.

Jesus in John 6:12 NIV Bible Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without. -New England proverb We are recycling not only to protect the environment, but for economic reasons as well. Disposal is simply too costly and too dangerous. The challenge is to redirect the flow of raw materials going to landfill into strengthening our declining local economies. The solution to pollution is self-reliant cities and counties. -Neil Seldman, Institute for Local Self-RelianceE-wastesare the discarded leftovers of our advanced consumer society. This growing mountain of garbage and trash represents not only an attitude of indifference toward valuable natural resources, but also a serious economic and public health problem. -Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, Message to the Congress, 23 May Waste is a terrible thing to mind -- Recycle -U.S. bumper sticker -

What is E-Waste ?
Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that are not fit for their originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may include items such as computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus and electronic components besides white goods such as refrigerators and airconditioners. E-waste contains valuable materials such as copper, silver, gold and platinum which could be processed for their recovery.

Definition
"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. "E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define there-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which was represented as working or repairable but which is dumped or disposed or discarded by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. The Schwab Foundation employs the following criteria when looking for leading social entrepreneurs: Innovation, Sustainability, Reach and social impact. "Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. Electronic waste, popularly known as 'e-waste' can be defined as electronic equipments / products connects with power plug, batteries which have become obsolete due to advancement in technology changes in fashion, style and status nearing the end of their useful life. E-Waste for short - or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances using electricity. It includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc which have been disposed of by their original users.

INTRODUCTION
Industrial revolution followed by the advances in information technology during the last century has radically changed people's lifestyle. Although this development has helped the human race, mismanagement has led to new problems of contamination and pollution. The technical prowess acquired during the last century has posed a new challenge in the management of wastes. For example, personal computers (PCs) contain certain components, which are highly toxic, such as chlorinated and brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic metals, biologically active materials, acids, plastics and plastic additives. The hazardous content of these materials pose an environmental and health threat. Thus proper management is necessary while disposing or recycling ewastes. These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds of activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries. E-toxic components in computers could be summarized as circuit boards containing heavy metals like lead & cadmium. Basel Action Network (BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The average 14-inch monitor uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead. The lead can seep into the ground water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If the tube is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air. The processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problems because electronic equipment contains some very serious contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium and brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste involves significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. According to Toxics Link, a Delhi-based non-governmental organization (NGO), India annually generates $ 1.5 billion worth of e-waste domestically, with the booming IT sector being the largest contributor, as 30 percent of its machines reach obsolescence annually. Bangalore alone generates 8,000 tons a year. A report put out by International Resource Group (IRG) estimates that by 2012, India's domestic waste alone will amount to 1,600,000 tons.

Classification of E-Waste
E-waste encompasses ever growing range of obsolete electronic devices such as computers, servers, main frames, monitors, TVs & display devices, telecommunication devices such as cellular phones & pagers, calculators, audio and video devices, printers, scanners, copiers and fax machines besides refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and microwave ovens, e-waste also covers recording devices such as DVDs, CDs, floppies, tapes, printing cartridges, military electronic waste, automobile catalytic converters, electronic components such as chips, processors, mother boards, printed circuit boards, industrial electronics such as sensors, alarms, sirens, security devices, automobile electronic devices.

General Facts on E-Waste

o In India the amount of waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate of 1%- 1.33% annually. o It is estimated that the total waste quantity generated in by the year 2047 would be approximately 260 million tons per year. o It is estimated that if the waste is not disposed off in a more systematic manner more than 140sq.km of land would be required in the country by the year 2047 for it disposal. Economics The rapidly growing quantities of e-waste make for some astonishing facts. Did you know that the annual amount of e-waste generated from end-of-life electrical and electronic products (WEEE) is estimated to be a two digit amount, in million tons! And this is predicted to double in the coming decades. Explore further statistical data showing global comparisons and country specific factsheets on quantities of e-waste, per capita ewaste generation, composition of different appliances in the waste pile etc. Valuable Materials Electronic appliances are composed of hundreds of different materials that can be both toxic but also of high value. Gold, silver, copper, platinum etc. are valuable materials which recyclers recover from e-waste. Hazardous Material Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) are made of a multitude of components which contain toxic / hazardous substances, e.g. carcinogens such as lead and arsenic.

The recycling processes and disposal of these components, while being a lucrative business proposition for some, poses serious health risks and environment dangers.

Components of E-Waste Management

The major components of e-waste management are: E-waste collection, sorting and transportation. E-waste recycling; it involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resource, sale of dismantled parts and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery.

How to handle E-Wastes

At macro-level, there are two ways to handle the E-Wastes. They are Disposal Recycle / Refurbish. 1. Disposal The anatomical architecture of computers are that, parts of micro-processor, computer chip, monitor, circuit board, molded plastics make-up that gleam, think pad / PC. At atomic level, the array of chemical constituents that make-up the computers are the trail of lead and cadmium, barium, poly-chlorinated biphenyl, etc. De-facto horror is that they all release highly toxic dioxins and furans under its own unfavorable conditions. Land-filling E-waste, one of the most widely used methods of disposal, is prone to hazards because of leach ate which often contains heavy water resources. Even state-ofthe-art landfills are sealed to the long-term. Older landfill sites and uncontrolled dumps pose a much greater danger of releasing hazardous emissions. 2. Recycling Specialized electronic recyclers strip-off essential re-usable components and incinerate the left-overs in smelters. However, the end product is a metal stream, which is worth some money, based on the composition of the metals. It's got a lot of steel, aluminum and copper. The scrapped chunks could be recycled / used, but it's the least preferred, since the cost of recycling is not free. Either the producer should inflate the cost of greener-product or the government should provide subsidiaries for it. That's not a commercial equation which could be marketed since it's not a producer's responsibility to give ultra-green products at a marketable cost. Added to that, due to regulations and pollution laws, it's often cheaper to export the scrap to third world / needy countries where such laws, if they exist at all, are more lax than those in Canada and the United States. Cool, collect resourceful metals from the amalgamation of scraps! There are

number of countries that make a huge business in the processing, recycling, smelting and disassembling of electronics, and pathetically, it is done in an environmentally unfriendly manner.

EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many regions across the globe. Computer wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated leachates which eventually pollute the groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting computer chips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil. For example, Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of illegal e-waste recycling is facing acute water shortages due to the contamination of water resources. exhorted the need for a global agreement to address the problems and challenges posed by hazardous waste. Also, in the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrialized countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, "toxic traders" began shipping hazardous waste to developing countries. International outrage following these irresponsible activities led to the drafting and adoption of strategic plans and regulations at the Basel Convention. The Convention secretariat, in Geneva, Switzerland, facilitates and implementation of the Convention and related agreements. It also provides assistance and guidelines on legal and technical issues, gathers statistical data, and conducts training on the proper management of hazardous waste. Source of e-wastes Constituent Health effects Solder in printed Damage to central and peripheral nervous circuit boards, glass systems, blood systems and kidney damage. panels and gasketsLead (PB) in computer Affects brain development of children. monitors Toxic irreversible effects on human health. Accumulates in kidney and liver. Chip resistors andCadmium Causes neural damage. semiconductors (CD)

Relays and Mercury switches, printed (Hg) circuit boards Corrosion protection untreated Hexavalent ofchromium and(Cr) VI

Teratogenic. Chronic damage to the brain. Respiratory and skin disorders due to bioaccumulation in fishes. Asthmatic bronchitis. DNA damage.

galvanized steel plates, decorator or hardner for steel housings Burning produces dioxin. It causes Plastics Cabling and including computer housing PVC Plastic housing ofBrominated electronic flame equipments andretardants circuit boards. (BFR) Front CRTs panel of

Reproductive and developmental problems; Immune system damage; Interfere with regulatory hormones Disrupts endocrine system functions

Short term exposure causes: Barium (Ba)

Muscle weakness; Damage to heart, liver and spleen. Carcinogenic (lung cancer) Inhalation of fumes and dust. Causes chronic beryllium disease or beryllicosis. Skin diseases such as warts.

Motherboard

Beryllium (Be)

MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTES
It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how to manage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc. and normally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at landfills. This necessitates implement able management measures. In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Waste minimization in industries involves adopting:

inventory management, production-process modification, volume reduction, recovery and reuse.

Inventory management

Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important way to reduce waste generation (Freeman, 1989). By reducing both the quantity of hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of excess raw materials in stock, the quantity of waste generated can be reduced. This can be done in two ways i.e. establishing material-purchase review and control procedures and inventory tracking system. Developing review procedures for all material purchased is the first step in establishing an inventory management program. Procedures should require that all materials be approved prior to purchase. In the approval process all production materials are evaluated to examine if they contain hazardous constituents and whether alternative non-hazardous materials are available. Another inventory management procedure for waste reduction is to ensure that only the needed quantity of a material is ordered. This will require the establishment of a strict inventory tracking system. Purchase procedures must be implemented which ensure that materials are ordered only on an as-needed basis and that only the amount needed for a specific period of time is ordered. Production-process modification Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce waste generation. This reduction can be accomplished by changing the materials used to make the product or by the more efficient use of input materials in the production process or both. Potential waste minimization techniques can be broken down into three categories: i) Improved operating and maintenance procedures, ii) Material change and iii)Process-equipment modification. Improvements in the operation and maintenance of process equipment can result in significant waste reduction. This can be accomplished by reviewing current operational procedures or lack of procedures and examination of the production process for ways to improve its efficiency. Instituting standard operation procedures can optimise the use of raw materials in the production process and reduce the potential for materials to be lost through leaks and spills. A strict maintenance program, which stresses corrective maintenance, can reduce waste generation caused by equipment failure. An employeetraining program is a key element of any waste reduction program. Training should include correct operating and handling procedures, proper equipment use, recommended maintenance and inspection schedules, correct process control specifications and proper management of waste materials. Hazardous materials used in either a product formulation or a production process may be replaced with a less hazardous or non-hazardous material. This is a very widely

used technique and is applicable to most manufacturing processes. Implementation of this waste reduction technique may require only some minor process adjustments or it may require extensive new process equipment. For example, a circuit board manufacturer can replace solvent-based product with water-based flux and simultaneously replace solventvapor degreaser with detergent parts washer. Installing more efficient process equipment or modifying existing equipment to take advantage of better production techniques can significantly reduce waste generation. New or updated equipment can use process materials more efficiently producing less waste. Additionally such efficiency reduces the number of rejected or off-specification products, thereby reducing the amount of material which has to be reworked or disposed of. Modifying existing process equipment can be a very cost-effective method of reducing waste generation. In many cases the modification can just be relatively simple changes in the way the materials are handled within the process to ensure that they are not wasted. For example, in many electronic manufacturing operations, which involve coating a product, such as electroplating or painting, chemicals are used to strip off coating from rejected products so that they can be recoated. These chemicals, which can include acids, caustics, cyanides etc are often a hazardous waste and must be properly managed. By reducing the number of parts that have to be reworked, the quantity of waste can be significantly reduced. Volume reduction Volume reduction includes those techniques that remove the hazardous portion of a waste from a non-hazardous portion. These techniques are usually to reduce the volume, and thus the cost of disposing of a waste material. The techniques that can be used to reduce waste-stream volume can be divided into 2 general categories: source segregation and waste concentration. Segregation of wastes is in many cases a simple and economical technique for waste reduction. Wastes containing different types of metals can be treated separately so that the metal value in the sludge can be recovered. Concentration of a waste stream may increase the likelihood that the material can be recycled or reused. Methods include gravity and vacuum filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, freeze vaporization etc. For example, an electronic component manufacturer can use compaction equipments to reduce volume of waste cathode ray-tube. Recovery and reuse This technique could eliminate waste disposal costs, reduce raw material costs and provide income from a salable waste. Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an offsite recovery facility, or through inter industry exchange. A number of physical and chemical techniques are available to reclaim a waste material such as reverse osmosis, electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery, filtration, centrifugation etc. For example, a printed-circuit board manufacturer can use electrolytic recovery to reclaim metals from copper and tin-lead plating bath.

However recycling of hazardous products has little environmental benefit if it simply moves the hazards into secondary products that eventually have to be disposed of. Unless the goal is to redesign the product to use nonhazardous materials, such recycling is a false solution.

Sustainable product design

Minimization of hazardous wastes should be at product design stage itself keeping in mind the following factors. Rethink the product design: Efforts should be made to design a product with fewer amounts of hazardous materials. For example, the efforts to reduce material use are reflected in some new computer designs that are flatter, lighter and more integrated. Other companies propose centralized networks similar to the telephone system. Use of renewable materials and energy: Bio-based plastics are plastics made with plant-based chemicals or plant-produced polymers rather than from petrochemicals. Bio-based toners, glues and inks are used more frequently. Solar computers also exist but they are currently very expensive. Use of non-renewable materials that are safer: Because many of the materials used are non-renewable, designers could ensure the product is built for re-use, repair and/or upgradeability. Some computer manufacturers such as Dell and Gateway lease out their products thereby ensuring they get them back to further upgrade and lease out again.

Status of E-Waste Management In India

Despite a wide range of environmental legislation in India there are no specific laws or guidelines for electronic waste or computer waste (Devi et al., 2004). As per the Hazardous Waste Rules (1989), e-waste is not treated as hazardous unless proved to have higher concentration of certain substances. The import of this waste therefore requires specific permission of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. As the collection and re-cycling of electronic wastes is being done by the informal sector in the country at present, the Government has taken the following action/steps to enhance awareness about environmentally sound management of electronic waste (CII, 2006): Though the Indian Supreme Court banned the import of hazardous waste in 1997, 600 tons of e-waste still entered the country in the last six months under the guise of charitable or re-usable materials, all duty-free. It is estimated that the US alone exports 80 percent of its e-waste to China, India and Pakistan. Funnily enough, India's regulatory body, the Central Pollution Control Board, continues to deny that e-waste is coming into India. But regardless, it is certain that legal loopholes are being exploited by importers, traders and recyclers alike to take advantage of a profitable business with a high human and environmental impact. o o o o Several Workshops on Electronic Waste Management was organized by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with Toxics Link, CII etc. Action has been initiated by CPCB for rapid assessment of the E-Waste generated in major cities of the country. A National Working Group has been constituted for formulating a strategy for E-Waste Management. A comprehensive technical guide on "Environmental Management for Information Technology Industry in India" has been published and circulated widely by the Department of Information Technology (DIT), Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.

Demonstration projects has also been set up by the DIT at the Indian Telephone Industries for recovery of copper from Printed Circuit Boards. Although awareness and readiness for implementing improvements is increasing rapidly, the major obstacles to manage the e wastes safely and effectively remain. These include:

o The lack of reliable data that poses a challenge to policy makers wishing to design an e-waste management strategy and to an industry wishing to make rational investment decisions. o Only a fraction of the e waste (estimated 10%) finds its way to recyclers due to absence of an efficient take back scheme for consumers. o The lack of a safe e waste recycling infrastructure in the formal sector and thus reliance on the capacities of the informal sector pose severe risks to the environment and human health. The existing e waste recycling systems are purely business-driven that have come about With out any government intervention. Any development in these e waste sectors will have to be built on the existing set-up as the waste collection and preprocessing can be handled efficiently by the informal sector, at the same time offer numerous job opportunities. The Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs mandated the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) to implement the programme "Knowledge Partnerships in e-Waste Recycling" and India is one of the partner countries

THE INDIAN SCENARIO

While the world is marveling at the technological revolution, countries like India are facing an imminent danger. E-waste of developed countries, such as the US, dispose their wastes to India and other Asian countries. A recent investigation revealed that much of the electronics turned over for recycling in the United States ends up in Asia, where they are either disposed of or recycled with little or no regard for environmental or worker health and safety. Major reasons for exports are cheap labour and lack of environmental and occupational standards in Asia and in this way the toxic effluent of the developed nations 'would flood towards the world's poorest nations. The magnitude of these problems is yet to be documented. However, groups like Toxic Links India are already working on collating data that could be a step towards controlling this hazardous trade. It is imperative that developing countries and India in particular wake up to the monopoly of the developed countries and set up appropriate management measures to prevent the hazards and mishaps due to mismanagement of e-wastes.

The Challenges
The challenges of managing E-waste in India are very different from those in other countries, both the developed and developing.

No doubt, there can be several shared lessons; the complexity of the E-waste issue in India, given its vast geographical and cultural diversity and economic disparities, makes WEEE management challenges quite unique. A few of these are: o Rapidly increasing E-waste volumes, both domestically generated as well as through imports. Imports are often disguised as second-hand computer donations towards bridging the digital divide or simply as metal scrap. o No accurate estimates of the quantity of E-waste generated and recycled. o Low level of awareness amongst manufacturers and consumers of the hazards of incorrect E-waste disposal. o Widespread E-waste recycling in the informal sector using rudimentary techniques such as acid. o E-waste workers have little or no knowledge of toxins in E-waste, and are exposed to serious health hazards. o Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial losses of material value. Who can help in overcoming the challenges posed by e-waste, are: o o o o Manufacturers Users Recyclers Policy makers

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Considering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the management options suggested for the government, industries and the public. Responsibilities of the Government (i) Governments should set up regulatory agencies in each district, which are vested with the responsibility of co-ordinating and consolidating the regulatory functions of the various government authorities regarding hazardous substances. (ii) Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws, controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third World Network. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed and revamped. A comprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and management and proper disposal of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law should empower the agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant activities of government departments.

Under this law, the agency concerned should Collect basic information on the materials from manufacturers, processors and importers and to maintain an inventory of these materials. The information should include toxicity and potential harmful effects. o Identify potentially harmful substances and require the industry to test them for adverse health and environmental effects. o Control risks from manufacture, processing, distribution, use and disposal of electronic wastes. o Encourage beneficial reuse of "e-waste" and encouraging business activities that use waste". Set up programs so as to promote recycling among citizens and businesses. o Educate e-waste generators on reuse/recycling options
o

(iii) Governments must encourage research into the development and standard of hazardous waste management, environmental monitoring and the regulation of hazardous waste-disposal. (iv) Governments should enforce strict regulations against dumping e-waste in the country by outsiders. Where the laws are flouted, stringent penalties must be imposed. In particular, custodial sentences should be preferred to paltry fines, which these outsiders / foreign nationals can pay. (v) Governments should enforce strict regulations and heavy fines levied on industries, which do not practice waste prevention and recovery in the production facilities. (vi) Polluter pays principle and extended producer responsibility should be adopted. (vii) Governments should encourage and support NGOs and other organizations to involve actively in solving the nation's e-waste problems. (viii) Uncontrolled dumping is an unsatisfactory method for disposal of hazardous waste and should be phased out. (viii) Governments should explore opportunities to partner with manufacturers and retailers to provide recycling services. Responsibility and Role of industries 1. Generators of wastes should take responsibility to determine the output characteristics of wastes and if hazardous, should provide management options. 2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in industries including those at the policy, management, control and operational levels, should be properly qualified

and trained. Companies can adopt their own policies while handling e-wastes. Some are given below: Use label materials to assist in recycling (particularly plastics). Standardize components for easy disassembly. Re-evaluate 'cheap products' use, make product cycle 'cheap' and so that it has no inherent value that would encourage a recycling infrastructure. Create computer components and peripherals of biodegradable materials. Utilize technology sharing particularly for manufacturing and de manufacturing. Encourage / promote / require green procurement for corporate buyers. Look at green packaging options.

3. Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which will make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system that designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained within ewastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various plastics, glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system offers a winwin situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw materials, and groundwater will be protected, researchers explain. 4. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers should undertake the responsibility of recycling/disposal of their own products. 5. Manufacturers of computer monitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing hazardous materials must be responsible for educating consumers and the general public regarding the potential threat to public health and the environment posed by their products. At minimum, all computer monitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing hazardous materials must be clearly labeled to identify environmental hazards and proper materials management. Responsibilities of the Citizen Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management option including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of valuable products and keeps them out of the waste management system for a longer time. But care should be taken while donating such items i.e. the items should be in working condition.

Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefits society. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lowerincome families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford. E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes. This should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various organizations. While buying electronic products opt for those that: are made with fewer toxic constituents use recycled content are energy efficient are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly utilize minimal packaging offer leasing or take back options have been certified by regulatory authorities. Customers should opt for upgrading their computers or other electronic items to the latest versions rather than buying new equipments.
o o o o o o o

NGOs should adopt a participatory approach in management of e-wastes.

Example of E-waste managment

HP, Takeback program and Recycling e-waste HP (Hewlett Packard) has announced that it will accept used printers, scanners, fax machines, personal computers (desktop and notebook), monitors, handheld devices, cameras and associated external components such as cables, mice and keyboards, and send them for recycling. Individuals and corporations can drop their end-of-life products at some of the HP service centers. These centers are limited to some of the major cities in India. Let HP increase the number of such take back centers. HP is also inviting citizens to make a pledge to recycle e-waste responsibly. For every pledge, HP will donate Rs 50 to Sashays, a voluntary organization committed to finding solutions to problems related to solid waste and e-waste.

Conclusion
E-waste management is the need of present time becouse every electronic product wasted when products are unusable & demaged. so present time it is required every company manage e-waste. Like China, India is now confronted with the huge

problem of e-waste - both locally generated and internationally imported - and also both a lucrative industry and yet also a serious threat to human health and the environment. While there have been some initiatives to set regulations for e-waste management, overall, these hazardous wastes are still typically dismantled and recycled by hand in India in unorganized scrap yard settings that lack safeguards and government guidelines. Large e-waste centres exist in Delhi, Meerut, Ferozabad, Chennai, Bangalore and Mumbai, with 25,000 recyclers working in Delhi alone. Workers are poorly-protected in an environment where e-waste from PC monitors, PCBs, CDs, motherboards, cables, toner cartridges, light bulbs and tube-lights are burned in the open, releasing lead, mercury toxins into the air. Metals and non-degradable materials such as gold and platinum, aluminium, cadmium, mercury, lead and brominated flame-retardants are retrieved. "Trade in e-waste, like that in other scrap, is dominated by the 'informal' sector. Although the waste trade sector in India is known as part of the 'informal' sector, it has a system that is highly organized with extensive co-ordination in an established network," says K. K. Shajahan, principal consultant for Bangalore's Indian Institute of Material Management. e-waste management is not only improve company image in socity but also improve the prfit & value of company .mostly part of e-waste is reuseble so company can reuse the E-waste. e-waste management is the requirment of present and feture time.

Bibliography
Rakesh Johri, Energy and Resources Institute E-waste: implications, regulations, and management in India and current global best practices, illustrated edition, Published by Energy and Resources Institute. Da Zhu, P. U. Asnani, Chris Zurbrugg Improving municipal solid waste management in Indiaa sourcebook for policymakers and practitioners", illustrated Edition, World Bank Publications. James I. Daven, Robert N. Klein Progress in waste management research illustrated edition, published by- Nova Publishers.

Webliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_management http://w w w. e f y m a g . c o m http://www.iimm.org/knowledge_bank/9_e-weste-management.htm http://www.infotreksys.com