2/2020 ISSN 2308-9636. Þðèäè÷íà Óêðà¿íà. 2020.

¹ 2

ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ

ÓÄÊ 340
DOI 10.37749/2308-9636-2020-2(206)-1
Â. Ñ. Êîâàëüñüêèé,
äîêòîð þðèäè÷íèõ íàóê, äîöåíò,
ïðîôåñîð Àêàäå쳿 àäâîêàòóðè Óêðà¿íè

ТЕОРІЯ ФУНКЦІЙ ПРАВА. ВВЕДЕННЯ

Ðîçâèòîê òåîðåòè÷íèõ ïîãëÿä³â ùîäî ôóíêö³é ïðàâà ïîâ’ÿçóºòüñÿ ç³ ñòâîðåííÿì ôóíäà-
ìåíòàëüíèõ íàóêîâèõ çíàíü ïðî ïðàâîâ³ ÿâèùà, ïðîöåñè òà ïî䳿. Ïðè öüîìó âàæëèâå ì³ñ-
öå ïîñ³äຠðîçóì³ííÿ âïëèâó ïðàâà íà ñóñï³ëüí³, ïîë³òè÷í³, åêîíîì³÷í³ ïðîöåñè, ³íñòèòó-
òè ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, çâ’ÿçóâàííÿ íîðìàìè ïðàâà ³íñòèòóò³â äåðæàâíî¿
âëàäè â ïåâíèõ ìåæàõ, à òàêîæ ïèòàííÿ ïðàâîâî¿ ìîòèâàö³¿ òà ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿ ëþäèíè.
Íàóêîâ³ çíàííÿ ïðî ñòàí, äåòåðì³íàö³þ òà çàêîíîì³ðíîñò³ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà, ¿õ ôóíêö³îíó-
âàííÿ â ³íôîðìàö³éíî-ïðàâîâîìó ïðîñòîð³ âèÿâëÿþòüñÿ íà ïåðåòèí³ ãàëóçåâèõ òà ì³æãà-
ëóçåâèõ óçàãàëüíåíü, àáñîðáóâàíí³ ïåâíèõ îçíàê ÿâèù òà ïðîöåñ³â. Òàê³ çíàííÿ ñòîñó-
þòüñÿ, ïî-ïåðøå, ðîçâèòêó ìåòîäîëî㳿 àíàë³çó íîâèõ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù (ðîçâè-
òîê òåõíîëî㳿 íàóêîâîãî àíàë³çó), à ïî-äðóãå, âîíè ðåàë³çóþòüñÿ â êîíòåêñò³ îòðèìàí-
íÿ òà çàêð³ïëåííÿ â ïðàêòè÷í³é ïëîùèí³ ïðàâíè÷èõ ôàêò³â, ïîíÿòü, ïîä³é (ðîçâèòîê
þðèäè÷íî¿ ïðàêñåîëî㳿). Íàóêîâà é ïðàêòè÷íà ïðîáëåìàòèêà ôóíêö³îíàëüíîãî ïðèçíà-
÷åííÿ ïðàâà ïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ïèòàííÿìè ³íñòðóìåíò³â ïîë³òè÷íîãî óïðàâë³ííÿ, ñàìîçáåðå-
æåííÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ïðàâîâî¿ áåçïåêè, ìåæ ïðàâîâî¿ êîíñîë³äàö³¿ òà ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ êîìïå-
òåíö³¿, à òàêîæ ðîçâèòêó ïðàâîñâ³äîìîñò³, ïðàâîâî¿ êóëüòóðè òà ïðàâîâî¿ ìåíòàëü-
íîñò³ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ãðîìàäÿí òîùî. Òåîðåòè÷íèé àíàë³ç ïðîáëåìàòèêè ôóíêö³é ïðàâà
ìîæå áóòè íàëåæíèì ÷èíîì ïðîâåäåíèé çà âèçíà÷åííÿ ïóáë³÷íèõ ìåæ ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ
ïðàâîâèõ â³äíîñèí, çîêðåìà, îá’ºäíàíèõ â îõîðîííèõ, ðåãóëÿòèâíèõ, îðãàí³çàö³éíèõ þðèñ-
äèêö³ÿõ, àäæå íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³ ïîä³áí³ þðèñäèêö³¿ ìàþòü â îñíîâíîìó â³äîì÷èé àáî ãà-
ëóçåâèé õàðàêòåð. Ñåðåä áàãàòüîõ ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù, ÿê³ ñòàëè îá’ºêòîì ôóíêö³îíàëüíîãî
àíàë³çó, îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì ïðèâåðòàþòü óâàãó òàê³ ÿâèùà: ñòàí òà ÿê³ñòü ïðàâîâî¿ ñè-
ñòåìè, ÿê³ñòü çàêîíîäàâñòâà, ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ïðàâîâî¿ ïîë³òèêè, ïðàâîâà öèâ³ë³çîâà-
í³ñòü, âëàñíå âðåãóëüîâàí³ñòü òà êîíòðîëüîâàí³ñòü ñóñï³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí òîùî. Ïîíÿò³é-
íèé àïàðàò ïðàâîâî¿ íàóêè îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì çíà÷íî çá³ëüøèâñÿ, õî÷à ïðè öüîìó ìåòîäîëî-
ã³÷íå êîëî íàóêîâèõ ïîíÿòü òà ïðèéîì³â àíàë³çó çàëèøàºòüñÿ ïðàêòè÷íî òèì ñàìèì.
Âèñíîâîê: òåîð³ÿ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà äຠçìîãó âèçíà÷èòè îá’ºêòè, ïðåäìåòè òà ìåòîäîëîã³þ
íàóêîâîãî ï³çíàííÿ ïðàâà â éîãî ôóíêö³îíàëüíîìó ïðèçíà÷åíí³, ³íòåãðàòèâí³é ³íòåðïðå-
òàö³¿ ïðàâîâèõ ïîíÿòü ³ êàòåãîð³é.
Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ôóíêö³¿ ïðàâà, âïëèâ ïðàâà, çâ’ÿçóâàííÿ ïðàâîì âëàäè, ïðàâîâà ³äåíòè-
ô³êàö³ÿ, ðîçøèðåííÿ ìåòîäîëî㳿 íàóêîâîãî àíàë³çó, îáìåæåííÿ ïðàâ ëþäèíè, þðèñäèêö³¿.

Ðîçâèòîê òåîðåòè÷íîãî â÷åííÿ ïðî ô³çè÷íèõ òà þðèäè÷íèõ îñ³á òà ïðàâîâà

ôóíêö³¿ ïðàâà ïîâ’ÿçóºòüñÿ ç³ ñòâîðåí-
íÿì ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèõ íàóêîâèõ çíàíü
òà ðîçóì³ííÿì ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù, à òàêîæ
óòâîðåííÿì íîâîãî êîëà ç ïðàâîâèõ êàòå-
ãîð³é òà ïîíÿòü. Âàæëèâå ì³ñöå ïðè öüî-
ìó çàéìຠàíàë³ç âïëèâó ïðàâà íà ñó-
ñï³ëüí³, ïîë³òè÷í³, åêîíîì³÷í³ ïðîöåñè,
³íñòèòóòè ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, à
òàêîæ çâ’ÿçóâàííÿ íîðìàìè ïðàâà äåð-
æàâíî¿ âëàäè, îáìåæåííÿ ïåâíèõ ïðàâ
³äåíòèô³êàö³ÿ ëþäèíè. Íå îñòàííº ì³ñöå
òàêîæ ïîñ³äຠïðàâîðîçóì³ííÿ, ùî ñêëà-
äàºòüñÿ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ ùîäî ïðàâîâèõ, ïî-
ë³òè÷íèõ òà åêîíîì³÷íèõ ³íñòèòóò³â. Íà-
óêîâ³ çíàííÿ ïðî ñòàí, äåòåðì³íàö³þ òà
çàêîíîì³ðíîñò³ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà, ¿õ ôóíê-
ö³îíóâàííÿ â ³íôîðìàö³éíî-ïðàâîâîìó
ïðîñòîð³ âèíèêàþòü íà ïåðåòèí³ ãàëóçå-
âèõ òà ì³æãàëóçåâèõ óçàãàëüíåíü, ïåðå-
òâîðåíí³ ïåâíèõ ïðàâîâèõ îçíàê íà ñóò-

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ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ
í³ñí³ çì³íè, çàâäÿêè ÿêèì âèíèêàþòü
åêñòðàêòèâí³ àáî ³íêëþçèâí³ ³íñòèòóòè,
ñòâîðþºòüñÿ ñèñòåìíå áàëàíñóâàííÿ â
êîíòåêñò³ «ñòðèìóâàíü — ïðîòèâàã»,
àëå, ùî íå ìåíø âàæëèâî — âçàºìî䳿 òà
ïðîòè䳿 ïðîôåñ³éíèõ òà ãðîìàäñüêèõ äó-
ìîê ó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³, ïðîâåäåíí³ çàãàëüíîãî
ä³àëîãó çàäëÿ äîòðèìàííÿ ãðîìàäÿíñüêî-
ãî ìèðó.
Ïðîáëåìàòèêà ôóíêö³îíàëüíîãî ïðè-
çíà÷åííÿ ïðàâà ïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ïèòàííÿìè
ðîçâèòêó ïðàâîñâ³äîìîñò³, ïðàâîâî¿ êóëü-
òóðè òà ïðàâîâî¿ ìåíòàëüíîñò³ óêðà¿í-
ñüêèõ ãðîìàäÿí, âèõîâàííÿ ñîë³äàðíîñò³
ç ïðàâîì, ñïðèéíÿòòÿì éîãî ÿê íåîäì³í-
íî¿ ö³ííîñò³.
Ðîçâ’ÿçàííÿ ïðîáëåìíèõ ïèòàíü ïðî
ñòàí òà ñîö³àëüíó äåòåðì³íàö³þ ïåâíèõ
ôóíêö³é ïðàâà º íàäçâè÷àéíî àêòóàëü-
íèì ³ç òî÷êè çîðó ðîçêðèòòÿ çàêîíîì³ð-
íîñò³ ðîçâèòêó öèõ ôóíêö³é, çîêðåìà, â
àñïåêòàõ ¿õ äèôåðåíö³þâàííÿ íà ³íñòè-
òóö³îíàëüíîìó, çàãàëüíîñîö³àëüíîìó òà
íîðìàòèâíîìó ð³âíÿõ, à òàêîæ â àñïåêò³
³íòåãðóâàííÿ â ïóáë³÷í³é ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ùî
çàáåçïå÷óº åôåêòèâíó ðåãóëÿö³þ, êîîð-
äèíàö³þ òà îõîðîíó ïðàâ òà ñîö³àëüíî¿
àêòèâíîñò³ ëþäèíè.
Òåîðåòè÷íèé àíàë³ç ïðîáëåì ôóíêö³é
ïðàâà ìîæå áóòè íàëåæíèì ÷èíîì ïðî-
âåäåíèé çà âèçíà÷åííÿ ïóáë³÷íèõ ìåæ
ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ïðàâîâèõ â³äíîñèí,
çîêðåìà, îá’ºäíàíèõ â îõîðîííèõ, ðåãó-
ëÿòèâíèõ, àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-îðãàí³çàö³é-
íèõ þðèñäèêö³ÿõ, àäæå íà ñó÷àñíîìó
åòàï³ ïîä³áí³ þðèñäèêö³¿ ìàþòü â îñíîâ-
íîìó â³äîì÷èé àáî ãàëóçåâèé õàðàêòåð.
³äîì÷èé àáî âèêëþ÷íî ãàëóçåâèé ï³äõ³ä
³ç âèð³øåííÿ ïðîáëåì ôóíêö³é ïðàâà, íà
íàø ïîãëÿä, ïî-ïåðøå, óñêëàäíþº ïðî-
âåäåííÿ ºäèíî¿ äåðæàâíî¿ ïîë³òèêè,
ïî-äðóãå, ñâ³ä÷èòü âèêëþ÷íî ïðî â³äîì÷å
çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ïåâíî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ïî-òðå-
òº, íå ñïðèÿº ñòâîðåííþ íàö³îíàëüíî¿
ñèñòåìè ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðî ìîðàëüíî-ïðàâî-
âó ñòàòèñòèêó ç ðåãóëþâàííÿ, îõîðîíè òà
ïåâíèõ îáìåæåíü ùîäî ïðàâ ëþäèíè ³,
ïî-÷åòâåðòå, öåìåíòóº îäíîá³÷í³ îö³íêè
òà ï³äõîäè ùîäî êîìïëåêñíèõ ÿâèù,
ÿêèìè º åêñòðàêòèâí³ ³íñòèòóòè, ñòâî-
ðþº ³ëþçîðíó åôåêòèâí³ñòü ð³øåíü, ÿê³
ìàëè áè áóòè àäåêâàòíèìè ³ñíóþ÷èì âè-
êëèêàì. Çîêðåìà, ìîæóòü áóòè íàâåäå-
íèìè ïðèêëàäè ùîäî ñóìí³âíî¿ ïðîäóê-
òèâíîñò³ äèñêóñ³é ïðî ñêàñóâàííÿ ãîñïî-
äàðñüêîãî êîäåêñó [1; 2; 3], ïðî ââåäåííÿ
â ïðàâîâèé îá³ã êàòåãî𳿠«êðèì³íàëüíèé
ïðîñòóïîê» [4; 5; 6; 7], ïðî ÷åðãîâ³ ðå-
ôîðìè â ïåí³òåíö³àðí³é ñèñòåì³ [8; 9]
òîùî. Ïîä³áí³ äèñêóñ³¿ ìàþòü â³äáóâàòè-
ñÿ íà âñ³õ ð³âíÿõ, à ñàìå: ³íñòèòóö³î-
íàëüíîìó, íîðìàòèâíîìó, çàãàëüíîñîö³-
àëüíîìó, àëå íå â îñòàííþ ÷åðãó, ïðî-
ôåñ³éíîìó, ïðàãìàòè÷íîìó. Ïèòàííÿ
ïðàâîâî¿ ïðàêñåîëî㳿 ñòàëè íàð³æíèì
êàìåíåì åôåêòèâíîñò³ ïðàâîâèõ ðåôîðì,
ïîêëàäåíî¿ â ¿õ îñíîâó ÿêîñò³ çàêîíîäàâ-
ñòâà, éîãî â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ ïðèíöèïó âåðõî-
âåíñòâà ïðàâà, ðàö³îíàëüíîñò³ òà åêîíî-
쳿 ìåõàí³çì³â ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ.
Ñåðåä áàãàòüîõ ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù, ÿê³
ñòàëè îá’ºêòîì òåîðåòè÷íîãî ôóíêö³î-
íàëüíîãî àíàë³çó, îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì ïðè-
âåðòàþòü óâàãó òàê³ âàæëèâ³ êàòåãî𳿠ÿê
ïðàâîâà ñèñòåìà, ÿê³ñòü çàêîíîäàâñòâà,
îá𳿠òà ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ïðàâîâî¿ ïîë³òèêè,
åôåêòèâí³ñòü ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ, à
òàêîæ çàãîñòðåíà ïðîáëåìà ïðàâîâî¿
³äåíòè÷íîñò³.
Âèçíà÷åííÿ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà òà âèçíà-
÷åííÿ ôóíêö³é äåðæàâè îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì
àêòèâíî ïîâ’ÿçóþòü ³ç ð³øåííÿì ïðîá-
ëåì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³. Ç ïðàâîâî¿
òî÷êè çîðó ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü — öå íå ëèøå
êîë³ð øê³ðè, ñòàòü, ìîâà, íàö³îíàëüíà
ïðèíàëåæí³ñòü. ²äåíòè÷í³ñòü ìàþòü ³
ëþäè, ³ ãðóïè ëþäåé, ³ äåðæàâè. Äëÿ
äåðæàâè ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü — öå âèçíà÷åííÿ
ìîäàëüíîñò³ ïîâåä³íêè, ñïîñ³á ïóáë³÷íî-
ãî âèçíà÷åííÿ äåðæàâíèõ íàì³ð³â, ïð³î-
ðèòåò³â, îáð³¿â ñîö³àëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó.
Äëÿ ãðîìàäÿí — öå ñïåêòð ïðàâ, ³íòåðå-
ñ³â òà îáîâ’ÿçê³â, ïðàâîâèõ îð³ºíòèð³â.
Áàãàòîð³÷í³ ðîçìîâè ïðî «³ì³äæ» äåðæà-
âè òà ñòàòóñ ãðîìàäÿíèíà ïîòð³áíî ïåðå-
âåñòè ó ïëîùèíó á³ëüø øèðîêîãî ðîçó-
ì³ííÿ ðîë³ òà ì³ñöÿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ ó
â³äíîñèíàõ ³ç çîâí³øí³ì ñâ³òîì. Íà-
ä³ëåííÿ â ïðàâîâîìó ñåíñ³ ïðàãíåíü «ºâ-
ðîïåéñüêîñò³» ìຠíàäàòè íàø³é ³äåíòè÷-
íîñò³ ïåâíîãî ºâðîïåéñüêîãî îáð³þ, à
îòæå, âì³ííÿ âåñòè ä³àëîã íå ò³ëüêè ì³æ
ñîáîþ, àëå é ç ºâðîïåéöÿìè. Ïðèòîìó íå
ëèøå øëÿõîì ïîøóêó çàðîá³òêó â ºâðî-
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ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ
ïåéñüêèõ êðà¿íàõ. Àëå ªâðîïà º ð³çíîþ,
÷àñîì ñêëàäíîþ é ñóïåðå÷ëèâîþ. Íà
ïðèêëàäàõ â³äíîñèí ³ç Óãîðùèíîþ ÷è
Ïîëüùåþ âæå º ðîçóì³ííÿ òîãî, ùî ºâðî-
ïåéñüê³ ö³ííîñò³ íå âèêëþ÷àþòü ïî-
ë³òè÷íî¿ áîðîòüáè, ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîíêó-
ðåíö³¿, â³äñòîþâàííÿ âëàñíèõ ³íòåðåñ³â
÷è ðîçá³æíîñòåé ó òðàêòóâàíí³ ïðàâîâèõ
àáî ³ñòîðè÷íèõ ïîä³é. Ïðîòå íàéá³ëüø
ñêëàäíèé ä³àëîã, ÿêîãî áàãàòî õòî áàæàº
óíèêíóòè — ç Ðîñ³ºþ. Öÿ äåðæàâà ñêî¿ëà
÷èñëåíí³ çëî÷èíè ïðîòè Óêðà¿íè, ïåðå-
òâîðèâøèñü íà ãîëîâíó çàãðîçó íàøî¿
áåçïåêè. Ïðîòèñòàâëåííÿ ÐÔ âæå ñòàëî
îäíèì ³ç ñïîñîá³â â³äïîâ³äàòè íà ïèòàííÿ
ïðî òå, ùî îçíà÷ຠáóòè ãðîìàäÿíèíîì
Óêðà¿íè, à ùî îçíà÷ຠáóòè ãðîìàäÿíè-
íîì ÐÔ. ßê â³äîìî, Ïðåçèäåíò ÐÔ
Â. Ïóò³í íåùîäàâíî ï³äïèñàâ çì³íè äî
Çàêîíó ÐÔ «Ïðî ãðîìàäÿíñòâî», â³äïî-
â³äíî äî ÿêîãî çíà÷íî ïîëåãøóºòüñÿ ïðî-
öåäóðà íàáóòòÿ ãðîìàäÿíñòâà ö³º¿ äåðæà-
âè óêðà¿íöÿìè òà á³ëîðóñàìè [10; 11].
Îòæå, ïðàâîâà ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü ó áóäü-ÿêîìó
ðàç³ ðóõàºòüñÿ â á³ê ðîçøèðåííÿ åòí³÷íî¿
ìàñè ³ ÿê ìàêñèìóì — çá³ëüøåííÿ òåðè-
òîð³é äåðæàâè «ìèðíèì» øëÿõîì. Õî÷à
òðåáà âèçíàòè, ùî íàøà äåðæàâà º ïðè-
ðå÷åíîþ íà ñóñ³äñòâî ç Ðîñ³ºþ, à îòæå,
ë³í³¿ óêðà¿íñüêî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ éäóòü ïà-
ðàëåëüíî ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ îáîõ äåðæàâ.
Çíà÷íà ÷àñòèíà ðîñ³éñüêèõ ïîë³òèê³â
ââàæàº, ùî óêðà¿íö³ é ðîñ³ÿíè — îäèí
íàðîä, à çíà÷íà ÷àñòèíà óêðà¿íñüêèõ ïî-
ë³òèê³â — ùî ìåòà Ðîñ³¿ çíèùèòè óêðà-
¿íñüêó äåðæàâí³ñòü. Âèíèêຠçàïèòàííÿ:
÷è ìîæëèâå âçàãàë³ âðåãóëþâàííÿ êîí-
ôë³êòó íà Äîíáàñ³, ïîâåðíåííÿ àíåêñîâà-
íîãî Êðèìó òà é çàãàëîì ìèðíå ñï³â³ñíó-
âàííÿ îáîõ äåðæàâ? Âðàõîâóþ÷è òå, ùî â
íàñ íå áóëî îãîëîøåíî âîºííîãî ñòàíó ³
ïîâíî¿ ìîá³ë³çàö³¿, òî íà çàïèòàííÿ ùîäî
â³äíîñèí äâîõ äåðæàâ ÿê ñóñ³äí³õ â³äïî-
â³äü ìຠáóòè çíàéäåíà â ìîäàëüíîñò³
ñï³â³ñíóâàííÿ ÷åðåç ïåâíèé ä³àëîã. Ôàê-
òè÷íî òàêèé ä³àëîã âåäåòüñÿ â ̳íñüêîìó
ôîðìàò³ ³ íå ëèøå ó íüîìó. Ïðèïèíåííÿ
òàêîãî ä³àëîãó îçíà÷ຠçàëèøåííÿ ç âî-
ðîãîì íàîäèíö³. Ïðîòå íå ìåíø âàæëè-
âîþ º ïîë³òèêà ³íêëþçèâíîãî íàö³îíàëü-
íîãî ä³àëîãó, ðîçêðèòòÿ ïðîáëåìè ³äåí-
òè÷íîñò³ ó â³äíîñèíàõ ç ÐÔ. ßê â³äîìî,
8
ï³ñëÿ Ìàéäàíó 2014 ð. íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ìî-
äåðí³çàö³¿ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè øëÿõîì,
çîêðåìà, ñèñòåìíèõ çì³í äî ³ñíóþ÷î¿
Êîíñòèòóö³¿, â Óêðà¿í³ îáãîâîðþâàëàñü
ÿê îäèí ³ç íàéåôåêòèâí³øèõ ³íñòðóìåí-
ò³â ïîäîëàííÿ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êðèçè òà çáåðå-
æåííÿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³ êðà¿íè. Ó áåðåçí³-êâ³ò-
í³ 2014 ð. öå áóëà îäíà ç íàéá³ëüø
àêòèâíî îáãîâîðþâàíèõ òåì. ÎÁѪ, ÿêà
ïåðåáèðàëà íà ñåáå ïîâíîâàæåííÿ îñíîâ-
íîãî ì³æíàðîäíîãî ìåä³àòîðà, â³äïðàâè-
ëà â Óêðà¿íó åêñïåðò³â ç íàö³îíàëüíîãî
ä³àëîãó. ² â ïåðøîìó îô³ö³éíîìó äîêó-
ìåíò³ ùîäî âðåãóëþâàííÿ êðèçè — Æå-
íåâñüê³é çàÿâ³ â³ä 17 êâ³òíÿ 2014 ð., ï³ä
ÿêîþ ïîñòàâèëè ñâ³é ï³äïèñ ì³í³ñòðè çà-
êîðäîííèõ ñïðàâ ÑØÀ, ªÑ, Óêðà¿íè òà
ÐÔ, áóëî ÷³òêî âêàçàíî: «Àíîíñîâàíèé
êîíñòèòóö³éíèé ïðîöåñ áóäå âñåîñÿæ-
íèì, ïðîçîðèì ³ â³äïîâ³äàëüíèì. ³í áó-
äå âêëþ÷àòè íåãàéíèé ïî÷àòîê øèðîêî-
ãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî ä³àëîãó, ÿêèé áóäå
âðàõîâóâàòè ³íòåðåñè âñ³õ ðåã³îí³â ³ ïîë³-
òè÷íèõ óòâîðåíü Óêðà¿íè, à òàêîæ äî-
çâîëèòü âðàõóâàòè ãðîìàäñüêó äóìêó ³
çàïðîïîíîâàí³ çì³íè» [12].
²íêëþçèâíèé íàö³îíàëüíèé ä³àëîã —
öå âèìîãà äîòðèìóâàòèñÿ ïåâíîãî çîáî-
â’ÿçàííÿ. Ó öèâ³ë³çîâàíîìó ñâ³ò³ ³íêëþ-
çèâíèé íàö³îíàëüíèé ä³àëîã º îäíèì ³ç
âèçíàíèõ ³íñòðóìåíò³â ³ç âðåãóëþâàííÿ
ïîë³òè÷íèõ êðèç. Òàêèé ä³àëîã, ÿê ³
áóäü-ÿêèé ³íêëþçèâíèé ³íñòèòóò, ïåðåä-
áà÷ຠíàö³îíàëüíèé ä³àëîã ç óñ³ìà ÷àñòè-
íàìè ñóñï³ëüñòâà ³ ç óñ³õ ïèòàíü, ÿê³
õâèëþþòü ò³ ÷è ³íø³ ñóñï³ëüí³ ãðóïè.
Ïðàâíè÷îãî òàáó íà òàêèé ä³àëîã íå ìî-
æå áóòè. Ìîæå áóòè òàáó íà íàñèëëÿ, íà
çàêëèêè äî ïîâàëåííÿ âëàäè ÷è ïîðó-
øåííÿ òåðèòîð³àëüíî¿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³, ñóâåðå-
í³òåòó, íà çâóæåííÿ ïðàâ ãðîìàäÿí ³ ãðî-
ìàä. Àëå æîäíèõ òàáó íà ä³àëîã íà òåìó
ìàéáóòíüîãî äåðæàâè, ðîçïîä³ëó ïîâíî-
âàæåíü ì³æ öåíòðîì ³ ðåã³îíàìè, ãðîìà-
äàìè ³ ãðîìàäÿíàìè òîùî, à òàêîæ
ð³øåíü ùîäî ïîäàòê³â òà áþäæåòíèõ âè-
òðàò, ñòàíó ñóäî÷èíñòâà, êîìïðîì³ñ³â ó
ãðîìàäàõ, ïîçèö³é ùîäî ìîâ, ÿê³ âèâ÷à-
þòü ó øêîëàõ, áóòè, íà íàø ïîãëÿä, íå
ìîæå. Íå ìàþòü áóòè îáìåæåíèìè ïðàâà
ãðîìàäÿí ³ ùîäî îáãîâîðåííÿ ïèòàíü ðå-
³íòåãðàö³¿ íåï³äêîíòðîëüíèõ òåðèòîð³é.
 2/2020 ISSN 2308-9636. Þðèäè÷íà Óêðà¿íà. 2020. ¹ 2
ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ
³äïîâ³äíî äî ñèñòåìè ïðàâà ôóíêö³¿ âè-
íèêàþòü ÿê íàïðÿìè âïëèâó ïðàâà íà ñî-
ö³óì. Ðóõ äåðæàâè äî äåìîêðàò³¿, ðîçáó-
äîâè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïðàâîâî¿ äåðæàâè ìàº
â³äïîâ³äàòè çàêîíîì³ðíîñòÿì ôóíêö³î-
íàëüíîãî ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ïðàâà. Òîìó òðåáà
ìàòè ÷³òêå óÿâëåííÿ, ÿêèì ÷èíîì ôóíê-
ö³¿ ïðàâà ä³þòü â ³íôîðìàö³éíî-ïðàâîâî-
ìó ïðîñòîð³, â ÿêîìó íàïðÿì³ ìຠâ³äáó-
âàòèñÿ òà ÷è ³íøà ä³ÿ, â ÿêèõ ìåæàõ
âîíà â³äáóâàºòüñÿ.
Ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ïðàâà â³äáóâàºòüñÿ â
ñîö³àëüí³é ñèñòåì³, ÿêà âêëþ÷àº, ñåðåä
³íøîãî, ïðàâîâó ìåíòàëüí³ñòü ãðîìàäÿí,
ôàõîâó êóëüòóðó ïðàâíèê³â, íåãàòèâí³ é
ïîçèòèâí³ åëåìåíòè ìàñîâî¿ ïðàâîâî¿
êóëüòóðè.  öüîìó êîíòåêñò³ ôóíêö³¿
ïðàâà ìàþòü ïåâí³ ôîðìè ³ ìåõàí³çì ¿õ
â³äîáðàæåííÿ. À îòæå, âàæëèâîãî çíà-
÷åííÿ íàáóâຠñîö³àëüíèé îáðàç ïðàâà,
çîêðåìà, éîãî ñïðèéíÿòòÿ êóëüòóðíîþ
³íôðàñòðóêòóðîþ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, òîáòî òå,
ÿêèì ÷èíîì êóëüòèâóþòüñÿ òðàäèö³éí³,
çâè÷í³ ñïîñîáè, ìåòîäè àáî ïðèéîìè ðå-
ãóëþâàííÿ, çáåðåæåííÿ, îõîðîíè ñó-
ñï³ëüíèõ àáî ³íäèâ³äóàëüíèõ ö³ííîñòåé.
Ñåðåä ÷èííèê³â âèçíà÷åííÿ ôóíêö³é
ïðàâà ÿê ñîö³àëüíîãî ÿâèùà, çîêðåìà ¿õ
çì³ñòó, ñòðóêòóðè, ðåàë³çàö³¿ òà åôåêòèâ-
íîñò³, âàæëèâà ðîëü íàëåæèòü ñêëàäó
ïðàâîâèõ ³íñòèòóö³é, ùî îáóìîâëþþòü
¿õ þðèäè÷í³ âëàñòèâîñò³, çîêðåìà ³íêëþ-
çèâíèõ ÷è åêñòðàêòèâíèõ.
Ôóíêö³îíàëüí³ âëàñòèâîñò³ ïåâíîãî
ðåãóëþâàííÿ âèíèêàþòü ó ïðîöåñ³ ïîä³-
ëó ïðàâà íà îá’ºêòèâíå òà ñóá’ºêòèâíå,
ìàòåð³àëüíå òà ïðîöåñóàëüíå, àáñîëþòíå
òà â³äíîñíå, ïóáë³÷íå òà ïðèâàòíå, ðåãó-
ëÿòèâíå òà îõîðîííå. Ñïåöèô³÷í³ ôóíê-
ö³îíàëüí³ âëàñòèâîñò³ ïåâíèõ íîðì ³ â³ä-
íîñèí ïîëÿãàþòü ó ïðàâîì³ðíîìó ïðè-
ìóñ³, ùî º õàðàêòåðíèì äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ
ñêëàäó äåë³êòó (ïðàâîïîðóøåííÿ), ïîêëà-
äåííÿ â³äïîâ³äàëüíîñò³, â³äøêîäóâàííÿ
øêîäè, çàñòîñóâàííÿ ñàíêö³é, îáìåæåí-
íÿ ïðàâ ëþäèíè. ²íø³ âëàñòèâîñò³ õàðàê-
òåðèçóþòü ðåãóëÿòèâí³ âëàñòèâîñò³ ïðà-
âîâèõ íîðì. ²íêëþçèâí³ âëàñòèâîñò³
ôóíêö³é ïðàâà ñïðèÿþòü ³ ñòèìóëþþòü
³ííîâàö³¿ ðîçâèòêó ³ çàáåçïå÷óþòü ñòàëå
åêîíîì³÷íå çðîñòàííÿ òà á³ëüø ð³âíîì³ð-
íèé ðîçïîä³ë áàãàòñòâà â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³.
Ïðîòå íà ñüîãîäí³ àêòóàëüíèì ïèòàííÿì
º ³ñíóâàííÿ â äåðæàâ³ åêñòðàêòèâíèõ ³í-
ñòèòóò³â, ìåòîþ ÿêèõ º ìàêñèì³çàö³ÿ äî-
õîäó îë³ãàðõ³÷íî¿ ÷àñòèíè ñóñï³ëüñòâà òà
åêñïëóàòàö³ÿ ðåøòè ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Ñåðåä
òàêèõ ³íñòèòóò³â º: çîâí³ ïðèâàáëèâà òà
äîñ³ áàãàòî â ÷îìó íåïðîçîðà ñèñòåìà
äåðæàâíèõ çàêóï³âåëü; ò³íüîâèé ðîçïî-
ä³ë áþäæåòíèõ êîøò³â; ôîðìóâàííÿ òà-
ðèô³â íà æèòëîâî-êîìóíàëüí³ ïîñëóãè,
ùî çàáåçïå÷óº ñóáñèäóâàííÿ åíåðãåòè÷-
íèõ êîìïàí³é çà ðàõóíîê íàñåëåííÿ àáî
áþäæåòíèõ àñèãíóâàíü; ïîäàòêîâ³ ï³ëü-
ãè òà äîòàö³¿ îêðåìèõ ãàëóçåé åêîíî-
ì³êè, ï³äïðèºìñòâ, ùî íàëåæàòü îë³ãàð-
õàì; ñèñòåìà êîðóïö³éíîãî êîíòðîëþ-
âàííÿ ìàëîãî òà ñåðåäíüîãî á³çíåñó;
ïðàêòèêà âèâåäåííÿ êîøò³â äåðæàâíèõ
ï³äïðèºìñòâ ÷åðåç ïîñåðåäíèöüê³ ñòðóê-
òóðè; ïîøèðåíà ïðàêòèêà äåðæàâíîãî
ãàðàíòóâàííÿ êðåäèò³â òà ðåô³íàíñóâàí-
íÿ ïðîáëåìíèõ áàíê³â ç ïðèâëàñíåííÿ
êðåäèòíèõ êîøò³â; íåð³âí³ñòü ïðàâ âëàñ-
íîñò³ ïðèâàòíî¿, êîìóíàëüíî¿ òà äåðæàâ-
íî¿ âëàñíîñò³ òà ïîøèðåíà ïðàêòèêà ðåé-
äåðñüêîãî çàõîïëåííÿ á³çíåñó. Ö³ òà ³íø³
åêñòðàêòèâí³ åêîíîì³÷í³ ³íñòèòóòè îòðè-
ìàëè ñâîº âèçíà÷åííÿ â ïðàâîâèõ íîð-
ìàõ. ßê ïðàâèëî, òàê³ ³íñòèòóòè ñòàëè
íàñë³äêîì çëèòòÿ ³íñòèòóò³â á³çíåñó òà
âëàäè [13]. Äàí³ ³íñòèòóòè ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà
ïåðåðîçïîä³ë ñòâîðåíî¿ âàðòîñò³, à íå íà
îòðèìàííÿ ³ííîâàö³éíîãî ïðîäóêòó. ²í-
íîâàö³¿ º ïðîöåñîì âèðîáíèöòâà, ÿêèé
ïîáóäîâàíèé íà òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ òà îðãà-
í³çàö³éíèõ çì³íàõ â åêîíîì³ö³. ²ííîâàö³¿
çàãðîæóþòü îë³ãàðõ³÷íèì åë³òàì âòðà-
òîþ ïîë³òè÷íîãî âïëèâó. Òîìó âîíè
âêðàé íå çàö³êàâëåí³ â çàïðîâàäæåíí³ ³í-
íîâàö³é, à ³íâåñòèö³¿ çä³éñíþþòü ëèøå
íà ï³äòðèìêó åêñòðàêòèâíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â.
Öå ïîÿñíþº â³äñóòí³ñòü ñóòòºâèõ ñòðóê-
òóðíèõ çì³í â åêîíîì³ö³ Óêðà¿íè. Îñíîâ-
íå áàãàòñòâî îë³ãàðõ³÷íèõ åë³ò çîñåðå-
äæåíî â ñèðîâèííèõ ãàëóçÿõ åêîíîì³êè.
Îë³ãàðõ³÷íèé ëàä, ùî ñêëàâñÿ â íàø³é
äåðæàâ³ ³ ´ðóíòóºòüñÿ íà åêñòðàêòèâíèõ
³íñòèòóòàõ, º âîðîæèì äî ³ííîâàö³é ³
êîíñåðâóº ñèðîâèííó ñïåö³àë³çàö³þ åêî-
íîì³êè Óêðà¿íè, óíåìîæëèâëþº çá³ëü-
øåííÿ äîáðîáóòó âñüîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà [14].
Ñàìå òàêèé ëàä ï³ä çîâí³øí³ì âèãëÿäîì
9
 2/2020 ISSN 2308-9636. Þðèäè÷íà Óêðà¿íà. 2020. ¹ 2

ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ

äåìîêðàòè÷íèõ ïåðåòâîðåíü äຠçìîãó êð³ïëåííÿ â ïðàêòè÷í³é ïëîùèí³ ïðàâ-

ïåðåðîçïîä³ëÿòè íàö³îíàëüíèé äîõ³ä íà
êîðèñòü îë³ãàðõ³÷íî¿ åë³òè çà ñïðèÿííÿ
òàê ñàìî åêñòðàêòèâíèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³í-
ñòèòóò³â òà âñåîõîïëþþ÷î¿ ñèñòåìíî¿ êî-
ðóïö³¿. Ç öüîãî «çàêëÿòîãî êîëà» Óêðà¿-
íà íå ìîæå âèáðàòèñÿ ïðîòÿãîì îñòàíí³õ
ðîê³â ñâ íåçàëåæíîñò³, àäæå ïåð³îäè÷-
íî çì³íþþòüñÿ îë³ãàðõ³÷í³ åë³òè, ¿õ ³äåî-
ëîã³ÿ é ðèòîðèêà, åâîëþö³îíóþòü åêîíî-
ì³÷í³ òà ïîë³òè÷í³ ³íñòèòóòè, àëå
íåçì³ííèì çàëèøàºòüñÿ ¿õ åêñòðàêòèâ-
íèé õàðàêòåð. Îäíàê âèõ³ä º íàâ³òü ³ç òà-
êèõ, íà ïåðøèé ïîãëÿä, áåçâèõ³äíèõ ñè-
òóàö³é, ³ öåé øëÿõ ïîäîëàëè âæå áàãàòî
êðà¿í ³ç ð³çíèõ êîíòèíåíò³â. Ö³ êðà¿íè
âèáóäóâàëè é çàêð³ïèëè åêîíîì³÷í³ é ïî-
ë³òè÷í³ ³íñòèòóòè ³íøîãî òèïó — ³íêëþ-
çèâí³ ³íñòèòóòè, ùî çàáåçïå÷óþòü ðîçïî-
ä³ë ã³ëîê âëàäè íà çàêîíîäàâ÷ó, âèêî-
íàâ÷ó é ñóäîâó ³ ïðè öüîìó äîçâîëÿþòü
äîñÿãíóòè òàêîãî ð³âíÿ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ öåí-
òðàë³çàö³¿, ÿêèé ãàðàíòóº çàêîíí³ñòü ³
ïîðÿäîê, çàõèñò ïðàâ âëàñíîñò³ òà ñòâî-
ðåííÿ ³íêëþçèâíèõ åêîíîì³÷íèõ òà ïî-
ë³òè÷íèõ ³íñòèòóò³â [15].
Îòæå, òåîð³ÿ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà ñòîñó-
ºòüñÿ, ïî-ïåðøå, ðîçâèòêó ìåòîäîëî㳿
àíàë³çó íîâèõ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù
(ìàºòüñÿ íà óâàç³ ðîçâèòîê òåõíîëî㳿 íà-
óêîâîãî àíàë³çó), à ïî-äðóãå, âîíà ðå-
àë³çóþòüñÿ â êîíòåêñò³ îòðèìàííÿ òà çà-
íè÷èõ ôàêò³â, ïîíÿòü, ïîä³é (ðîçâèòîê
þðèäè÷íî¿ ïðàêñåîëî㳿). Íàóêîâà òà
ïðàêòè÷íà ïðîáëåìàòèêà ôóíêö³îíàëü-
íîãî ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ïðàâà ïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ïè-
òàííÿìè ðîçâèòêó òà âïðîâàäæåííÿ ³í-
ñòðóìåíò³â ïîë³òè÷íîãî óïðàâë³ííÿ, ñà-
ìîçáåðåæåííÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ïðàâîâî¿ áåç-
ïåêè òà ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿ îñîáè òà òåðèòî-
ð³àëüíèõ îá’ºäíàíü, ìåæ ïðàâîâî¿
êîíñîë³äàö³¿ òà ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ êîìïåòåíö³¿,
à òàêîæ ðîçâèòêó ïðàâîñâ³äîìîñò³, ïðà-
âîâî¿ êóëüòóðè òà ïðàâîâî¿ ìåíòàëüíîñò³
óêðà¿íñüêèõ ãðîìàäÿí. Ñåðåä áàãàòüîõ
ïðàâîâèõ ÿâèù, ÿê³ ñòàëè îá’ºêòîì
ôóíêö³îíàëüíîãî àíàë³çó, îñòàíí³ì ÷à-
ñîì ïðèâåðòàþòü óâàãó òàê³ ÿâèùà: ñòàí
òà ÿê³ñòü ïðàâîâî¿ ñèñòåìè, ÿê³ñòü çàêî-
íîäàâñòâà, ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ïðàâîâî¿ ïî-
ë³òèêè, ïðàâîâà öèâ³ë³çîâàí³ñòü, óðåãó-
ëüîâàí³ñòü òà êîíòðîëüîâàí³ñòü ñóñï³ëü-
íèõ â³äíîñèí òîùî. Ïîíÿò³éíèé àïàðàò
ïðàâîâî¿ íàóêè îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì çíà÷íî
çá³ëüøèâñÿ, õî÷à ïðè öüîìó ìåòîäîëî-
ã³÷íå êîëî íàóêîâèõ äîñë³äæåíü çàëè-
øàºòüñÿ ïðàêòè÷íî òèì ñàìèì. Òàêèì
÷èíîì, òåîð³ÿ ôóíêö³é ïðàâà äຠçìîãó
âèçíà÷èòè îá’ºêòè, ïðåäìåòè òà ìåòîäî-
ëîã³þ íàóêîâîãî ï³çíàííÿ ïðàâà â éîãî
ôóíêö³îíàëüíîìó ïðèçíà÷åíí³, ³íòåãðà-
òèâí³é ³íòåðïðåòàö³¿ ïðàâîâèõ ïîíÿòü ³
êàòåãîð³é.

Ñïèñîê âèêîðèñòàíî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè

1. Ùåðáèíà Â. Ñ., Ðåçí³êîâà Â. Â. Ãîñïîäàðñüêèé êîäåêñ ïîòðåáóº äîîïðàöþâàííÿ, àëå íå
ñêàñóâàííÿ // «Þðèäè÷íèé â³ñíèê Óêðà¿íè» ¹ 50 (1275). Ñ. 5.
2. Áóÿäæè Ã. Â. ×è òàêà ñòðàøíà ë³êâ³äàö³ÿ ÃÊÓ ÿê ¿¿ ìàëþþòü, àáî òå, ùî ìåðòâå, ïîìåð-
òè íå ìîæå // «Þðèäè÷íèé â³ñíèê Óêðà¿íè» ¹ 1–2 (127801279). Ñ. 8—9.
3. Ñåë³âàíîâà ². ³äì³íà ÃÊÓ ñïðè÷èíèòü âàêóóì ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ. Öèâ³ëüíèì êî-
äåêñîì Óêðà¿íè âñòàíîâëåíî ïîðÿäîê ñòâîðåííÿ, îðãàí³çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâ³ ôîðìè, ïðàâîâèé ñòà-
òóñ þðèäè÷íèõ îñ³á âèêëþ÷íî ïðèâàòíîãî ïðàâà // «Þðèäè÷íèé â³ñíèê Óêðà¿íè». ¹ 4 (1281).
31 ñ³÷íÿ — 6 ëþòîãî 2020 ð. Ñ. 5.
4. Àçàðîâ Ä. Óïðîâàäæåííÿ êàòåãî𳿠êðèì³íàëüíîãî ïðîñòóïêó: îêðåì³ êîíöåïòóàëüí³ ïðî-
áëåìè. URL: http://ekmair.ukma.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/.
5. Ðàäà ìຠíàì³ð ââåñòè â çàêîíîäàâñòâî ïîíÿòòÿ «êðèì³íàëüíèé ïðîñòóïîê». Çà â³äïîâ³ä-
íèé çàêîíîïðîºêò ïðîãîëîñóâàëè 229 íàðîäíèõ äåïóòàò³â. URL: https://ua.112.ua/polityka/.
6. Òàö³é Â. ß., Áîðèñîâ Â., Òþòþãèí Â. ². Àêòóàëüí³ ïðîáëåìè ñó÷àñíîãî ðîçâèòêó êðè-
ì³íàëüíîãî ïðàâà Óêðà¿íè. URL: file://pravoukr-2010-9-pravoukr_2010_9-1.pdf.
7. Íàóêîâå òà çàêîíîäàâ÷å çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ êîíöåïö³¿ êðèì³íàëüíèõ ïðîñòóïê³â:
ìîíîãðàô³ÿ / çà çàã. ðåä. Ñ. Â. ʳâàëîâà, Â. Î. Òóëÿêîâà. URL: https://www.tulyakov.infosites/
default/files/all/dissertations/.
8. Ðåôîðìà ïåí³òåíö³àðíî¿ ñèñòåìè Óêðà¿íè. URL: https://www.slideshare.net/minjust/
p-58095593.

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9. ̳í³ñòåðñòâî þñòèö³¿ ó çâ’ÿçêó ç íåäîñòàòí³ì ô³íàíñóâàííÿì ïëàíóº ìàñîâå çàêðèòòÿ

â’ÿçíèöü ³ ñêîðî÷åííÿ ïåðñîíàëó // çàÿâà ì³í³ñòðà þñòèö³¿ Óêðà¿íè. URL: https://www.
ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2827347-v-ukraini-planuut-masove-zakritta-turem-i-skorocenna-pe
rsonalu.html.
10. Óêàç Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ¹ 214 îò 27.03.2020 ã. «Î âíåñåíèè èçìåíå-
íèé â Óêàç Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ¹ 183 îò 24.04.2019 ã. «Îá îïðåäåëåíèè â ãó-
ìàíèòàðíûõ öåëÿõ êàòåãîðèé ëèö, èìåþùèõ ïðàâî îáðàòèòüñÿ ñ çàÿâëåíèÿìè î ïðèåìå
â ãðàæäàíñòâî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â óïðîùåííîì ïîðÿäêå». URL: http://publication.pravo.
gov.ru/Document/View/0001202003270040.
11. Óêàç Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ¹ 187 îò 29.04.2019 ã. «Îá îòäåëüíûõ êàòåãî-
ðèÿõ èíîñòðàííûõ ãðàæäàí è ëèö áåç ãðàæäàíñòâà, èìåþùèõ ïðàâî îáðàòèòüñÿ ñ çàÿâëåíèÿìè
î ïðèåìå â ãðàæäàíñòâî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â óïðîùåííîì ïîðÿäêå». URL: https://www.
garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72136792/.
12. Ðåçîëþö³ÿ ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ïàðëàìåíòó ùîäî òèñêó Ðîñ³¿ íà êðà¿íè «Ñõ³äíîãî ïàðòíåð-
ñòâà» òà, çîêðåìà, äåñòàá³ë³çàö³¿ Ñõ³äíî¿ Óêðà¿íè. URL: https://ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.ua/news/
21744-rezolyucija-jevropejsykogo-parlamentu-shhodo-tisku-rosiji-na-krajini-skhidnogo-partnerst
va-ta-zokrema-destabilizaciji-skhidnoji-ukrajini.
13. Çðîùåííÿ âëàäè ³ á³çíåñó. 10 íåáåçïåê äëÿ Óêðà¿íè // «Þðèäè÷íèé â³ñíèê Óêðà¿íè».
¹ 37. 2015.
14. Ïàâëåíêî Í. Â. Åêñòðàêòèâí³ ³íñòèòóòè â åêîíîì³÷í³é ñèñòåì³. URL: http://univd.
edu.ua/science-issue/issue/1010.
15. Àäæåìî´ëó Ä., Ðîá³íñîí Ä. ×îìó íàö³¿ çàíåïàäàþòü / ïåð. ç àíãë. Î. Äåì’ÿí÷óêà. Êè¿â:
Íàø Ôîðìàò. 2016. 440 ñ.

References
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«Ukrainian Legal Bulletin» No. 50 (1275). P. 5.
2. Bujaji G. V. Is the terrible liquidation of the Civil Code as it is portrayed, or that the dead
cannot die // Legal Bulletin of Ukraine No. 1—2 (127801279). Pp. 8—9.
3. Selivanov I. The abolition of the CCU will lead to a vacuum of legal regulation. The Civil
Code of Ukraine establishes the procedure of creation, organizational and legal forms, legal status
of legal entities of exclusively private law // «Legal Bulletin of Ukraine». No. 4 (1281).
January 31— February 6, 2020 P. 5.
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problems. URL: http://ekmair.ukma.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/.
5. The Council intends to introduce the concept of «criminal misconduct» into law. 229 MPs
voted in favor of the bill. URL: https://ua.112.ua/polityka/.
6. Tatsiy V., Borisov V., Tutyugin V. Actual problems of modern development of criminal law
of Ukraine. URL: file: //pravoukr-2010-9-pravoukr_2010_9-1.pdf.
7. Scientific and legislative support for the implementation of the concept of criminal
misconduct: monograph / by General. ed. S. V. Kivalova, V. O. Tuliakova. URL: https://www.
tulyakov.info/sites/default/files/all/dissertations/.
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p-58095593.
9. Due to insufficient funding, the Ministry of Justice plans mass closure of prisons and
reduction of staff // statement of the Minister of Justice of Ukraine. URL: https://www.
ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2827347-v-ukraini-planuut-masove-zakritta-turem-i-
sooncenna-personalu.html.
10. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 214 of 27.03.2020 «On Amendments
to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 183 of 24.04.2019» On determining
for humanitarian purposes the categories of persons entitled to apply for citizenship of the
Russian Federation Federation in a simplified manner. «URL: http://publication.prav.gov.ru/
Document/View/0001202003270040.
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categories of foreign citizens and stateless persons entitled to apply for citizenship of the Russian
Federation in a simplified manner». URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/
72136792/.

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12. European Parliament resolution on Russia‘s pressure on the Eastern Partnership countries
and, in particular, the destabilization of Eastern Ukraine. URL: https://ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.
ua/news/21744-rezolyucija-jevropejsykogo-parliamentu-shhodo-tisku-rosiji-na-krajini-skhidnogo
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13. Fusion of power and business. 10 dangers for Ukraine // «Legal Bulletin of Ukraine».
No. 37. 2015.
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science-issue/issue/1010.
15. Acemoglu D., Robinson J. Why do nations decline / trans. from English. O. Demianchuk.
Kyiv: Our Format. 2016. 440 p.

Êîâàëüñêèé Â. Ñ. Òåîðèÿ ôóíêöèé ïðàâà. Ââåäåíèå.

Ðàçâèòèå òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî ó÷åíèÿ î ôóíêöèÿõ ïðàâà ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ ñîçäàíèåì ôóíäàìåí-
òàëüíûõ íàó÷íûõ çíàíèé î ïðàâîâûõ ÿâëåíèÿõ, ïðîöåññàõ è ñîáûòèÿõ. Âàæíîå ìåñòî
ïðè ýòîì çàíèìàåò ïîíèìàíèå âîçäåéñòâèÿ ïðàâà íà îáùåñòâåííûå, ïîëèòè÷åñêèå,
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, èíñòèòóòû ãðàæäàíñêîãî îáùåñòâà, ñâÿçûâàíèå íîðìàìè
ïðàâà èíñòèòóòîâ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé âëàñòè, à òàêæå ïðàâîâîé ìîòèâàöèè è èäåíòè-
ôèêàöèè ÷åëîâåêà. Íàó÷íûå çíàíèÿ î ñîñòîÿíèè, äåòåðìèíàöèè è çàêîíîìåðíîñòÿõ
ôóíêöèé ïðàâà, èõ ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè â èíôîðìàöèîííî-ïðàâîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå, ôîð-
ìèðóþòñÿ íà ïåðåñå÷åíèè îòðàñëåâûõ è ìåæîòðàñëåâûõ îáîáùåíèé, àáñîðáèðîâàíèè
îïðåäåëåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ, ÿâëåíèé è ïðîöåññîâ. Òàêèå çíàíèÿ êàñàþòñÿ, âî-ïåðâûõ, ðàç-
âèòèÿ ìåòîäîëîãèè àíàëèçà íîâûõ ñîöèàëüíî-ïðàâîâûõ ÿâëåíèé (ðàçâèòèå òåõíîëîãèè
íàó÷íîãî àíàëèçà), à âî-âòîðûõ, îíè ðåàëèçóþòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå ïîëó÷åíèÿ è çàêðåïëå-
íèÿ â ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ïëîñêîñòè þðèäè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîâ, ïîíÿòèé, ñîáûòèé (ðàçâèòèå
þðèäè÷åñêîé ïðàêñåîëîãèè). Íàó÷íàÿ è ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ïðîáëåìàòèêà ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî
íàçíà÷åíèÿ ïðàâà ñâÿçàíà ñ âîïðîñàìè èíñòðóìåíòîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ íà îñíîâå ïðàâà, ñàìî-
ñîõðàíåíèÿ îáùåñòâà, ïðàâîâîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, ïðàâîâîé êîíñîëèäàöèè è ïðîôåññèîíàëü-
íîé êîìïåòåíöèè, à òàêæå ðàçâèòèÿ ïðàâîñîçíàíèÿ, ïðàâîâîé êóëüòóðû è ïðàâîâîé
ìåíòàëüíîñòè óêðàèíñêèõ ãðàæäàí.
Òåîðåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïðîáëåìàòèêè ôóíêöèè ïðàâà ìîæåò áûòü äîëæíûì îáðàçîì
ïðîâåäåí â îïðåäåëåíèè ïóáëè÷íûõ ãðàíèö âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è èçìåíåíèÿ ïðàâîâûõ îòíî-
øåíèé, â òîì ÷èñëå îáúåäèíåííûõ â îõðàííûõ, ðåãóëÿòèâíûõ, îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ þðèñ-
äèêöèÿõ; íà ñîâðåìåííîì ýòàïå ïîäîáíûå þðèñäèêöèè èìåþò â îñíîâíîì âåäîìñòâåí-
íûé èëè îòðàñëåâîé õàðàêòåð. Ñðåäè ìíîãèõ ïðàâîâûõ ÿâëåíèé, êîòîðûå ñòàëè
îáúåêòîì ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî àíàëèçà, â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ïðèâëåêàþò âíèìàíèå òàêèå ÿâ-
ëåíèÿ: ñîñòîÿíèå è êà÷åñòâî ïðàâîâîé ñèñòåìû, êà÷åñòâî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà, ïîñëåäî-
âàòåëüíîñòü ïðàâîâîé ïîëèòèêè, ïðàâîâàÿ öèâèëèçîâàííîñòü, óðåãóëèðîâàííîñòü è
êîíòðîëèðóåìîñòü îáùåñòâåííûõ îòíîøåíèé. Ïîíÿòèéíûé àïïàðàò ïðàâîâîé íàóêè
ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èëñÿ, õîòÿ ïðè ýòîì ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèé êðóã ïîíÿ-
òèé è ïðèåìîâ àíàëèçà îñòàåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïðåæíèì. Âûâîä: òåîðèÿ ôóíêöèé ïðàâà
äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü îïðåäåëèòü îáúåêòû, ïðåäìåòû è ìåòîäîëîãèþ íàó÷íîãî ïîçíàíèÿ
ïðàâà â åãî ôóíêöèîíàëüíîì íàçíà÷åíèè, èíòåãðàòèâíîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè ïðàâîâûõ ïî-
íÿòèé è êàòåãîðèé.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ôóíêöèè ïðàâà, âëèÿíèå ïðàâà, ñâÿçûâàíèÿ ïðàâîì âëàñòè, ïðàâîâàÿ
èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ, ðàñøèðåíèå ìåòîäîëîãèè íàó÷íîãî àíàëèçà, îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïðàâ ÷åëîâå-
êà, þðèñäèêöèè.
Kovalskyi V. S. The theory of law functions. Introduction.
The development of the theoretical doctrine of the functions of law is associated with the
creation of fundamental scientific knowledge about legal phenomena, processes and events.
An important place in this case is occupied by an understanding of the impact of law on
public, political, economic processes, civil society institutions, the binding of state power

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 2/2020 ISSN 2308-9636. Þðèäè÷íà Óêðà¿íà. 2020. ¹ 2

ÒÅÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÄÅÐÆÀÂÈ ² ÏÐÀÂÀ

institutions to the norms of law, as well as legal motivation and identification of a person.
Scientific knowledge about the state, determination and laws of the functions of law, their
functioning in the information and legal space, is formed at the intersection of industry and
intersec- toral generalizations, the absorption of certain signs, phenomena and processes.
Such knowledge relates, firstly, to the development of a methodology for the analysis of new
social and legal phenomena (development of the technology of scientific analysis), and,
secondly, they are realized in the context of obtaining and consolidating in the practical
plane legal facts, concepts, events (development of legal praxeology).
The scientific and practical problems of the functional purpose of law are related to the issues
of management tools based on law, society’s self-preservation, legal security, legal
consolidation and professional competence, as well as the development of legal awareness,
legal culture and legal mentality of Ukrainian citizens.
A theoretical analysis of the problems of the function of law can be properly carried out in
determining the public boundaries of the emergence and change of legal relations, including
those combined in protective, regulatory, organizational jurisdictions; at the present stage,
such jurisdictions are mainly departmental or sectoral in nature. Among the many legal
phenomena that have become the object of functional analysis, such phenomena as the state
and quality of the legal system, the quality of legislation, the sequence of legal policy, legal
civilization, regulation and control of public relations have recently attracted attention. The
conceptual apparatus of legal science has recently increased significantly, although at the
same time the methodological circle of concepts and methods of analysis practically remains
the same.
Conclusion: the theory of the functions of law makes it possible to determine the objects,
objects and methodology of scientific knowledge of law in its functional purpose, integrative
interpretation of legal concepts and categories.
Key words: functions of law, influence of law, binding by the right of power, legal
identification, expansion of the methodology of scientific analysis, restrictions on human
rights, jurisdictions.

Áóíÿê Â. Ñ.
ªâðîïåéñüêà êîíâåíö³ÿ ç ïðàâ ëþäèíè òà êðèì³íàëüíå
ïðàâî: íàóêîâî-ïðàêòè÷íèé ïîñ³áíèê / â³äï. ðåä. Â. Ñ. Êîâàëüñüêèé.
Êè¿â: Þð³íêîì ²íòåð, 2020. 156 ñ.
ISBN 978-966-667-755-9
Ó ðîáîò³ çä³éñíåíî àíàë³ç çàñòîñóâàííÿ ªâðîïåéñüêèì ñóäîì ç
ïðàâ ëþäèíè ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèõ ïðèíöèï³â êðèì³íàëüíîãî ïðàâà:
nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege; lex prospicit, non respicit; mens
rea; non bis in idem; ãóìàí³çìó òîùî. Ðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ðîëü àêò³â
íàäçàêîííîãî êðèì³íàëüíîãî ïðàâà. Òàêîæ äîñë³äæóþòüñÿ ïðåöå-
äåíòè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ñóäó, ïðèéíÿò³ çà ñòàòòÿìè 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 14
ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ êîíâåíö³¿ ç ïðàâ ëþäèíè ³ ñòàòòåþ 4 Ïðîòîêîëó ¹ 7
äî Êîíâåíö³¿ òà ì³ñòèòüñÿ äåòàëüíà êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ºâðîïåéñüêîãî
case-law ç ïðàâ ëþäèíè; îêðåì³ ïðåöåäåíòè ñóïðîâîäæóþòüñÿ
àâòîðñüêèìè êîìåíòàðÿìè òà çàñòåðåæåííÿìè.
Êíèãà ðîçðàõîâàíà íå ò³ëüêè íà òèõ îñ³á, ÿê³ ö³êàâëÿòüñÿ ïðàê-
òèêîþ ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ñóäó àáî êðèì³íàëüíèì ïðàâîì ÷è êðèì³-
íàëüíèì ïðîöåñîì. Ó êíèç³ äîòè÷íî àíàë³çóþòüñÿ îêðåì³ ïðîáëå-
ìè òåî𳿠äåðæàâè òà ïðàâà, êîíñòèòóö³éíîãî ïðàâà, öèâ³ëüíîãî òà
êîìåðö³éíîãî ïðàâà òîùî.
гøåííÿ é óõâàëè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ñóäó ç ïðàâ ëþäèíè â äàí³é
ðîáîò³ äîñë³äæóþòüñÿ ñòàíîì íà 01 ãðóäíÿ 2019 ðîêó.

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