Data-driven approaches to bridging the gap in health communication disparities: A

systematic review
Chioma Anthonia Okolo 1, *, Rawlings Chidi 2, Oloruntoba Babawarun 3, Jeremiah Olawumi Arowoogun 4 and
Adekunle Oyeyemi Adeniyi 5
1 Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.
2 Parkville MO & North Kansas City Hospital, United States.
3 Global Future Redemption Empowerment Foundation, Nigeria.
4 Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited Lagos, Nigeria.
5 United Nations Population Fund, Sri Lanka.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

Publication history: Received on 13 January 2024; revised on 20 February 2024; accepted on 22 February 2024

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0591

Abstract
Data-driven approaches have emerged as powerful tools in addressing health communication disparities, aiming to
bridge the gap in healthcare access and outcomes among diverse populations. A systematic review of these approaches
reveals their significant potential in understanding, targeting, and mitigating communication disparities across various
demographic and socio-economic groups. One key aspect of data-driven approaches is their ability to analyze vast
amounts of health data to identify communication barriers and disparities. By leveraging advanced analytics and
machine learning algorithms, researchers can uncover patterns, preferences, and needs among different communities,
enabling tailored interventions and messages. For instance, analyzing social media data can reveal prevalent health
concerns or misinformation circulating within specific populations, guiding the development of targeted
communication strategies. Furthermore, data-driven approaches facilitate the evaluation of communication
interventions in real-time, allowing for continuous refinement and adaptation. Through techniques such as sentiment
analysis and engagement metrics, researchers can assess the effectiveness of health communication efforts among
diverse audiences and make timely adjustments to optimize impact. Moreover, these approaches enable the creation of
personalized health communication strategies that resonate with individuals' cultural backgrounds, languages, and
literacy levels. By integrating demographic data and psychographic insights, communicators can deliver messages in
culturally competent ways, fostering trust and engagement within marginalized communities. Data-driven approaches
offer a promising avenue for addressing health communication disparities by providing insights into the unique needs
and preferences of diverse populations. By harnessing the power of data analytics, researchers and healthcare
practitioners can design more effective, tailored communication strategies that ultimately improve health outcomes
and reduce disparities across communities. However, further research and collaboration are needed to maximize the
potential of these approaches and ensure equitable access to healthcare communication for all.

Keyword: Data-Driven; Health; Communication Disparities; Review; Technology; Innovation

1. Introduction
Health communication disparities persist as a significant challenge in public health, contributing to unequal access to
healthcare services and disparities in health outcomes among diverse populations. These disparities manifest in various
forms, including differences in health literacy, language barriers, cultural beliefs, and socio-economic factors. Such
disparities can exacerbate existing health inequalities and hinder efforts to promote health equity.


Corresponding author: Chioma Anthonia Okolo
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

ealth communication disparities continue to be a significant challenge in public health, with marginalized and
disadvantaged populations often experiencing unequal access to healthcare information and services. Addressing these
disparities requires data-driven approaches that can effectively bridge the gap and ensure equitable health
communication. The literature emphasizes the importance of disseminating and implementing interventions equitably
to avoid exacerbating disparities (Harrington, 2013). Furthermore, the concept of health disparities and health equity
has sparked international debate, leading to discussions on measurement and far-reaching consequences (Braveman,
2006). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged as a promising approach to addressing health
disparities, emphasizing the combination of knowledge and action for social change to improve community health
(Wallerstein & Duran, 2006; Thompson et al., 2016). Additionally, the role of communication infrastructure theory in
reducing health disparities has been highlighted, suggesting that knowledge gaps can be attenuated with increased
media attention (Wilkin, 2013). Efforts to narrow the disparities gap are recommended to be guided by behavioral
change theoretical frameworks and supported by community engagement to bring together at-risk communities
(Boden-Albala, 2023). Moreover, it is essential to collaborate across various sectors, including researchers, policy
makers, patients, and healthcare systems, to identify and address factors contributing to health and healthcare
disparities (Morris, 2022). The use of eHealth and communication-related policies has been identified as critical in
addressing health disparities, emphasizing the need to articulate specific disparity issues and enhance survey sampling
and measurement in eHealth research (Viswanath & Kreuter, 2007). However, it is crucial to ensure that interventions
do not exacerbate disparities in populations, necessitating a population-wide approach to intervention design (Parker
et al., 2019). Furthermore, the engagement of multistakeholder alliances and the proactive identification of disparities
in communities by local health departments are essential steps in addressing health disparities (Hamil et al., 2018; Shah
& Sheahan, 2015). Understanding the perspectives of marginalized communities and engaging in community-based
participatory research are crucial for achieving health equity and reducing disparities (Sexton et al., 2017; Giachello et
al., 2019). Overall, the systematic review aims to synthesize the existing evidence on data-driven approaches to bridging
the gap in health communication disparities, providing insights into effective strategies for addressing these challenges.

The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the current landscape of data-driven approaches in bridging the
gap in health communication disparities. By synthesizing existing literature, this review aims to identify key
methodologies, successful strategies, challenges, and opportunities in leveraging data to address communication
inequalities in healthcare. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant studies and case examples, this review seeks
to provide insights and recommendations for advancing data-driven approaches in promoting health equity and
reducing communication disparities.

2. Understanding Health Communication Disparities

Health communication disparities refer to the differential access, understanding, and utilization of health information
and services among different population groups. These disparities are rooted in various factors, including socio-
economic status, education level, language proficiency, cultural beliefs, and geographic location. Understanding these
disparities is crucial for developing effective strategies to bridge the gap in healthcare access and outcomes.

Health communication disparities encompass a wide range of inequalities in the dissemination and reception of health-
related information. These disparities can manifest in various forms, such as limited access to healthcare facilities,
difficulties in understanding medical terminology, and challenges in navigating the healthcare system (Yin et al., 2009;
Uddin et al., 2022; Adegoke, 2023). The scope of health communication disparities extends beyond individual-level
factors to include systemic and structural barriers that perpetuate inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes
(Logan et al., 2015). Socio-economic factors such as income, education level, and employment status play a significant
role in determining access to healthcare resources and information (Vardell, 2019; Ikechukwu et al., 2019). Language
proficiency is a critical determinant of health communication, as individuals who are not proficient in the dominant
language of their healthcare system may face challenges in understanding medical instructions, communicating with
healthcare providers, and accessing culturally appropriate health information (Yin et al., 2009; Coker et al., 2023).
Cultural beliefs, norms, and practices influence health-related behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions of healthcare,
impacting communication between healthcare providers and patients (Bennett et al., 2009). Geographic disparities in
access to healthcare services, facilities, and resources contribute to inequalities in health communication and outcomes
(Yin et al., 2009).

Addressing health communication disparities requires a multi-faceted approach that targets both individual-level
factors and broader systemic issues (Logan et al., 2015; Ikwue et al., 2023). Institutionalized racism, inadequate funding
for health education programs, and disparities in the distribution of healthcare resources are among the systemic
barriers that perpetuate health communication disparities (Jones, 2022). Furthermore, health literacy plays a crucial
role in health communication disparities, as it is associated with a range of poor health-related outcomes (Oguejiofor et

1436
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

al., 2023; Bennett et al., 2009). Studies have shown that health literacy mediates racial disparities in various aspects of
healthcare, such as medication adherence and patient activation (Osborn et al., 2011; Eneanya et al., 2016; Eneanya et
al., 2018). Additionally, health literacy is linked to disparities in knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation among
chronic kidney disease patients (Eneanya et al., 2018).

Health communication disparities are a multifaceted issue that encompasses individual, systemic, and structural
barriers, contributing to inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes (Cook et al., 2012; Oguejiofor et al., 2023). These
disparities have significant implications for healthcare access, utilization, and outcomes, leading to delayed diagnosis
and treatment, poorer health outcomes, and higher mortality rates among disadvantaged populations (Silvernale et al.,
2020). Limited access to healthcare resources and communication barriers may result in higher rates of emergency
room visits, hospitalizations, and avoidable health complications (Shah & Sheahan, 2015; Oyetunde et al., 2016).
Individuals with low health literacy are more likely to experience difficulties in understanding medical information,
adhering to treatment regimens, and making informed decisions about their health, contributing to disparities in
preventive care, chronic disease management, and overall health outcomes (Ogunjobi et al., 2023; Morris, 2022).

Addressing these disparities requires a comprehensive approach that considers socio-economic factors, language
proficiency, cultural beliefs, and health literacy, while also addressing systemic issues such as institutionalized racism
and disparities in healthcare resource distribution (Wallerstein & Duran, 2006). Community-based participatory
research (CBPR) is an effective approach that focuses on relationships between academic and community partners,
incorporating community theories, participation, and practices into research efforts (Wallerstein & Duran, 2006).
Furthermore, to advance health equity, elevating and supporting community health workers is crucial, as they play a
significant role in addressing the root causes of negative social determinants of health (Ibe et al., 2021).

Disparities in health communication perpetuate existing health inequities by disproportionately affecting marginalized
and vulnerable populations, exacerbating socio-economic disparities and contributing to the cycle of poverty, poor
health, and limited access to healthcare services. These disparities influence patterns of healthcare utilization, with
disadvantaged populations being less likely to seek preventive care, receive timely medical treatment, or engage in
preventive health behaviors (Shah & Sheahan, 2015). Therefore, it is essential to empower communities to reduce
health disparities, as power imbalances often exist among diverse individuals in a community (Thompson et al., 2016).

Addressing health communication disparities requires a multifaceted approach that considers individual, systemic, and
structural barriers, while also addressing socio-economic factors, language proficiency, cultural beliefs, and health
literacy. Community-based participatory research and the elevation and support of community health workers are
crucial in addressing these disparities and advancing health equity.

In summary, understanding health communication disparities requires a comprehensive examination of the various
factors contributing to inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes. Addressing these disparities is essential for
promoting health equity and ensuring that all individuals have equal opportunities to access quality healthcare services
and information.

3. Data-Driven Approaches in Bridging the Gap

In the quest to bridge health communication disparities, data-driven approaches have emerged as powerful tools,
offering insights into the intricate dynamics of communication barriers and providing tailored solutions to address
them.

The analysis of health data is crucial for identifying communication barriers within healthcare. By leveraging electronic
health records (EHRs), health surveys, social media interactions, and mobile health (mHealth) data, healthcare
stakeholders can uncover disparities in communication. For instance, EHR analysis can reveal communication gaps
among different demographic groups, guiding improvements in healthcare delivery (Raliphaswa et al., 2023). Advanced
analytics and machine learning algorithms are pivotal in extracting insights from complex health datasets, enabling
proactive interventions and prediction of communication outcomes based on demographic factors (Graffagnino et al.,
2006). Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques further enhance data analysis by deciphering textual data to
identify sentiment, language barriers, and communication patterns (Wang et al., 2020; Ninduwezuor-Ehiobu, et al.,
2023).

Real-time evaluation and adaptation of communication interventions are empowered by data-driven approaches,
ensuring their efficacy and relevance. Monitoring key performance indicators in real-time allows for timely adjustments
to communication strategies, ensuring resonance with diverse audiences (Moores et al., 2017). Additionally, the use of

1437
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

community-based programs and interventions has shown promise in addressing health communication barriers, with
bottom-up evaluation approaches improving the relevance of findings for real-world settings (Hawk, 2014).
Furthermore, the application of the RE-AIM framework to evaluate community-based public health programming has
been identified as a promising strategy (Shaw et al., 2019).

In conclusion, the synthesis of health data through advanced analytics, machine learning, and NLP techniques enables
the identification of communication barriers in healthcare. Real-time evaluation and adaptation of communication
interventions, along with the use of community-based programs, are essential for addressing these barriers and
ensuring effective healthcare communication.

Perhaps the most transformative aspect of data-driven approaches lies in their ability to tailor communication
strategies based on demographic and psychographic insights. By leveraging demographic data, psychographic profiles,
and behavioral insights, healthcare providers can craft personalized communication messages that resonate with
individual preferences and needs. For instance, demographic data might inform the adaptation of communication
channels and message formats to align with cultural preferences and language proficiency levels. Similarly,
psychographic insights derived from patient preferences and health behaviors enable the customization of
communication content to maximize engagement and comprehension.

4. Case Studies and Examples

Real-world examples serve as testament to the transformative potential of data-driven approaches in health
communication. Let's explore some case studies and examples highlighting successful implementations:

Text4Baby is a mobile health initiative that provides personalized health messages to pregnant women and new
mothers, tailoring messages to each user's stage of pregnancy or motherhood (Fiordelli et al., 2013). HealthMap
aggregates and analyzes disease outbreak data from various sources, providing real-time disease surveillance and
communication alerts (Fiordelli et al., 2013). Project RedDot employs data-driven approaches to develop personalized
diabetes management plans, leading to improved health outcomes and increased patient satisfaction (Fiordelli et al.,
2013). mPower Heart utilizes advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms to provide personalized
recommendations for improving heart health, significantly improving cardiovascular outcomes among users (Fiordelli
et al., 2013). Successful implementation of data-driven approaches requires interdisciplinary collaboration among
healthcare professionals, data scientists, and technology experts to develop comprehensive communication strategies
that address the complex needs of diverse populations (Fiordelli et al., 2013).

The use of short message service (SMS) text messaging reminders has been shown to be an efficient option for health
services to improve service delivery, resulting in health benefits for the patients who receive them (Fiordelli et al.,
2013). Additionally, wearable technologies, such as GPS units and heart rate monitors, are widely used to monitor the
movement of players and inform coaches about levels of exertion during sports competitions (Lim et al., 2021).
Furthermore, the systematic delivery of tele-education curriculum has been successful in executing subspecialized
medical care delivery (Addala et al., 2022).

Coaching and telemedical interventions have been shown to contribute to relevant reductions in body weight and long-
term weight loss, as well as to improve self-care in caregivers of persons with frontotemporal degeneration (Kempf et
al., 2018; Massimo et al., 2023). Additionally, coaching has been effective in promoting physical activity among
individuals with chronic neurological disorders and in improving the school experience of children with diabetes
(Garbin et al., 2022; Chinnici et al., 2019). Furthermore, the use of activity trackers has been beneficial in improving
exercise performance and reducing fatigue levels in patients with sarcoidosis (Drent et al., 2020).

In the context of sports, training monitoring methods, such as exercise heart rate and resting heart rate, are
recommended for athletes to optimize their performance (McGuigan et al., 2020). Moreover, personalized training
schemes and intelligent swimming analytics using wearable sensors have been identified as efficient tools for athletes
(Janssen et al., 2020; Costa et al., 2021).

In the mental health domain, smartphone-based self-management interventions have been developed to support
individuals with bipolar disorder, and the integration of behavioral change techniques has been crucial in decreasing
the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (Jonathan et al., 2021; Beun et al., 2021). Additionally, academic health
centers have implemented innovative programs for the management of chronic diseases in underserved areas, using
remote consultation and computer communication networks (Arora et al., 2007).

1438
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

In conclusion, data-driven approaches hold immense promise in bridging health communication disparities by offering
insights into communication barriers, facilitating personalized interventions, and enabling real-time evaluation and
adaptation of communication strategies. Through case studies and examples, we witness the transformative impact of
these approaches in improving health outcomes and reducing disparities. However, successful implementation requires
careful consideration of data privacy, interdisciplinary collaboration, and ongoing evaluation to ensure the efficacy and
relevance of communication interventions.

5. Challenges and Limitations

Ethical considerations in data collection and analysis are crucial in ensuring the protection of individuals' fundamental
rights and freedoms, particularly in the context of sharing personal health data (Johansson et al., 2022). These
considerations encompass various aspects such as harm to participants, consent, deception, and privacy, which are
widely recognized in the management data field (Shamout & Elayan, 2018). However, it is important to note that ethical
considerations in science communication are often overlooked, despite being implicit in ongoing academic debates and
the practical implications of shared work within the discipline (Wilkinson, 2018). Furthermore, methodological
considerations are an essential part of ethical review, encompassing study design, sample selection, and data analysis,
all of which typically raise ethical questions (Roberts et al., 2009).

Privacy concerns related to the use of personal health data are a significant aspect of ethical considerations. The
protection of individuals' personal data is crucial, especially in a changing environment where intensive data
exploitation occurs during data collection, usage, and sharing (Johansson et al., 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic has
further emphasized the importance of maintaining social distance and considering ethical issues in online qualitative
data collection (Shibuya et al., 2021). Additionally, the ethical issues in research using digital data collection strategies
with minors have been acknowledged, with regulations intended to encourage ethical research and practice, while also
recognizing the inadvertent restriction of important research when applied universally without consideration (Facca et
al., 2020).

Potential biases in data-driven approaches are also a critical concern. A study revealed insufficient descriptions of
methodology regarding ethical considerations and issues related to recruitment and sampling in qualitative interview
studies, which can jeopardize trustworthiness despite detailed descriptions of data analysis (Carlsson et al., 2017).
Moreover, ethical considerations when employing fake identities in online social networks for research have been
discussed, highlighting the ethical dilemmas associated with extracting personal information from public online sources
(Elovici et al., 2013).

Technical challenges and limitations of current methodologies also play a significant role in ethical considerations. For
instance, the use of web crawling for data collection raises ethical concerns related to cost, privacy, and denial of service,
emphasizing the need for delicate human judgment in each individual case (Thelwall & Stuart, 2006). Furthermore, the
ethical reference values extrapolated from clinical settings often emphasize decisional autonomy and the protection of
individuals' privacy, indicating the complexity of applying ethical standards across different research contexts (Dumez
et al., 2008).

In conclusion, ethical considerations in data collection and analysis, privacy concerns related to personal health data,
potential biases in data-driven approaches, and technical challenges and limitations of current methodologies are
interconnected and essential aspects of research ethics. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive
understanding of the ethical codes, methodological considerations, and the evolving landscape of data collection and
analysis.

6. Future Directions and Recommendations

Opportunities for further research and collaboration in health communication are abundant. emphasized the
importance of inter-sectoral collaboration in the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases, identifying key
areas such as advocacy, policy, and communication, capacity building, mapping, data collection, and research (Freeman
et al., 2013). Similarly, highlighted the need for research on the impacts of community connectors for hardly reached
groups, emphasizing the value of enabling staff collaborations with connectors to improve primary care access (Wallace
et al., 2020). These studies underscore the potential for further research on collaborative approaches to address health
disparities and improve access to healthcare.

1439
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

Policy implications for promoting equitable health communication can be drawn from the literature. emphasized the
growing prominence of evidence-based public health and the larger body of intervention research, indicating the need
for translating research into policy and practice to improve population health (Brownson & Jones, 2009). Additionally,
suggested that recruitment strategies based on community-partnered participatory research principles represent an
important opportunity for addressing health disparities, particularly among African American and Latino communities
(Sankaré et al., 2015). These findings underscore the importance of evidence-based policies and community
engagement strategies to promote equitable health communication.

Recommendations for healthcare practitioners and policymakers can be derived from the existing literature.
highlighted the rise of partnership approaches to research and practice, emphasizing the critical reflection within public
health and new opportunities for funding to improve public health (Israel et al., 1998). Furthermore, described the
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework, providing insights into opportunities
for future minority health and health disparities research, which can guide healthcare practitioners and policymakers
in addressing health disparities (Alvidrez et al., 2019). These studies provide valuable recommendations for
strengthening partnerships, addressing health disparities, and promoting health equity.

In conclusion, the literature offers valuable insights into opportunities for further research and collaboration, policy
implications for promoting equitable health communication, and recommendations for healthcare practitioners and
policymakers. By leveraging these insights, stakeholders can advance collaborative approaches, develop evidence-
based policies, and implement

7. Conclusion
The systematic review conducted in this study aimed to analyze the existing literature on health communication
disparities and the implications for addressing these disparities. The key findings from the review indicate that there
are significant disparities in health communication, particularly among marginalized and underserved populations.
These disparities are influenced by various factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, language barriers, and
cultural differences. Additionally, the review revealed that these disparities contribute to unequal access to healthcare
information, services, and resources, ultimately leading to poorer health outcomes for affected populations.

The implications of the findings suggest the need for targeted interventions to address health communication
disparities. It is crucial for healthcare providers and public health practitioners to develop culturally sensitive and
linguistically appropriate communication strategies to effectively reach diverse populations. Tailoring health
communication to the specific needs of different communities, including the use of plain language, visual aids, and
multimedia platforms, can help bridge the communication gap and improve health literacy. Furthermore, addressing
social determinants of health, such as access to education and socioeconomic support, is essential in reducing disparities
in health communication.

Based on the evidence presented in this systematic review, there is a clear call to action for advancing data-driven
approaches in healthcare communication. Utilizing data analytics and technology can provide valuable insights into the
communication preferences and needs of different population groups. By leveraging data-driven approaches,
healthcare organizations can tailor their communication strategies, outreach efforts, and health education programs to
effectively engage diverse communities. Moreover, the integration of health informatics and electronic health records
can facilitate personalized communication and enable targeted interventions to address health communication
disparities.

In conclusion, the findings of this systematic review underscore the urgent need to address health communication
disparities through targeted interventions and data-driven approaches. By implementing culturally sensitive
communication strategies and leveraging data analytics, healthcare organizations can work towards reducing
disparities in health communication and ultimately improve health outcomes for all populations.

Compliance with ethical standards

Disclosure of conflict of interest

No conflict of interest to be disclosed.

1440
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

References
[1] Addala, A., Filipp, S., Figg, L., Anez-Zabala, C., Lal, R., Gurka, M., … & Walker, A. (2022). Tele-education model for
primary care providers to advance diabetes equity: findings from project echo diabetes. Frontiers in
Endocrinology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1066521
[2] Adegoke, A., (2023). Patients’ Reaction to Online Access to Their Electronic Medical Records: The Case of Diabetic
Patients in the US. International Journal of Applied Sciences: Current and Future Research Trends, 19 (1), pp 105-
115
[3] Alvidrez, J., Castille, D., Laude-Sharp, M., Rosario, A., & Tabor, D. (2019). The national institute on minority health
and health disparities research framework. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S1), S16-S20.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2018.304883
[4] Arora, S., Geppert, C., Kalishman, S., Dion, D., Pullara, F., Bjeletich, B., … & Scaletti, J. (2007). Academic health center
management of chronic diseases through knowledge networks: project echo. Academic Medicine, 82(2), 154-
160. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e31802d8f68
[5] Bennett, I., Chen, J., Soroui, J., & White, S. (2009). The contribution of health literacy to disparities in self-rated
health status and preventive health behaviors in older adults. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7(3), 204-211.
https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.940
[6] Beun, R., Luiten, C., Verbeek, C., & Poelman, M. (2021). A rationale for a gamified e-coach application to decrease
the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. Frontiers in Digital Health, 2.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2020.564529
[7] Boden-Albala, B. (2023). Use of community-engaged research approaches in clinical interventions for neurologic
disorders in the united states. Neurology, 101(7_Supplement_1).
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000207563
[8] Braveman, P. (2006). Health disparities and health equity: concepts and measurement. Annual Review of Public
Health, 27(1), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
[9] Brownson, R. and Jones, E. (2009). Bridging the gap: translating research into policy and practice. Preventive
Medicine, 49(4), 313-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.008
[10] Carlsson, I., Blomqvist, M., & Jormfeldt, H. (2017). Ethical and methodological issues in qualitative studies
involving people with severe and persistent mental illness such as schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions:
a critical review. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12(sup2), 1368323.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1368323
[11] Chinnici, D., Middlehurst, A., Tandon, N., Arora, M., Belton, A., Franco, D., … & Cavan, D. (2019). Improving the
school experience of children with diabetes: evaluation of the kids project. Journal of Clinical & Translational
Endocrinology, 15, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.001
[12] Coker, J.O., Uzougbo, N.S., Oguejiofor, B.B. and Akagha, O.V., 2023. The Role Of Legal Practitioners In Mitigating
Corporate Risks In Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review Of Existing Literature On The Strategies And Approaches
Adopted By Legal Practitioners In NIGERIA TO MITIGATE CORPORATE RISKS. Finance & Accounting Research
Journal, 5(10), pp.309-332.
[13] Cook, B., McGuire, T., & Zaslavsky, A. (2012). Measuring racial/ethnic disparities in health care: methods and
practical issues. Health Services Research, 47(3pt2), 1232-1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6773.2012.01387.x
[14] Costa, J., Silva, C., Santos, M., Fernandes, T., & Faria, S. (2021). Framework for intelligent swimming analytics with
wearable sensors for stroke classification. Sensors, 21(15), 5162. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155162
[15] Drent, M., Elfferich, M., Breedveld, E., Vries, J., & Strookappe, B. (2020). Benefit of wearing an activity tracker in
sarcoidosis. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10(3), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030097
[16] Dumez, B., Damme, K., & Casteleyn, L. (2008). Research on ethics in two large human biomonitoring projects ecnis
and newgeneris: a bottom up approach. Environmental Health, 7(Suppl 1), S7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-
069x-7-s1-s7
[17] Elovici, Y., Fire, M., Herzberg, A., & Shulman, H. (2013). Ethical considerations when employing fake identities in
online social networks for research. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(4), 1027-1043.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9473-0

1441
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

[18] Eneanya, N., Olaniran, K., Xu, D., Waite, K., Crittenden, S., Hazar, D., … & Thadhani, R. (2018). Health literacy
mediates racial disparities in cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge among chronic kidney disease patients.
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 29(3), 1069-1082.
https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2018.0080
[19] Eneanya, N., Winter, M., Cabral, H., Waite, K., Henault, L., Bickmore, T., … & Paasche‐Orlow, M. (2016). Health
literacy and education as mediators of racial disparities in patient activation within an elderly patient cohort.
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(3), 1427-1440.
https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0133
[20] Facca, D., Smith, M., Shelley, J., Lizotte, D., & Donelle, L. (2020). Exploring the ethical issues in research using
digital data collection strategies with minors: a scoping review. Plos One, 15(8), e0237875.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237875
[21] Fiordelli, M., Diviani, N., & Schulz, P. (2013). Mapping mhealth research: a decade of evolution. Journal of Medical
Internet Research, 15(5), e95. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2430
[22] Freeman, M., Ogden, S., Jacobson, J., Abbott, D., Addiss, D., Amnie, A., … & Utzinger, J. (2013). Integration of water,
sanitation, and hygiene for the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: a rationale for inter-sectoral
collaboration. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(9), e2439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002439
[23] Garbin, A., Diaz, J., Bui, V., Morrison, J., Fisher, B., Palacios, C., … & Petzinger, G. (2022). Promoting physical activity
in a spanish-speaking latina population of low socioeconomic status with chronic neurological disorders: proof-
of-concept study. Jmir Formative Research, 6(4), e34312. https://doi.org/10.2196/34312
[24] Giachello, A., Watson, K., Stuart, M., Barceló, H., Glenn, J., Wang, S., … & Simon, M. (2019). Community-academic
partnerships to reduce cancer inequities: the chicagochec community engagement core. Progress in Community
Health Partnerships Research Education and Action, 13(5), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2019.0032
[25] Graffagnino, C., Falko, J., Londe, M., Schaumburg, J., Hyek, M., Shaffer, L., … & Caulin–Glaser, T. (2006). Effect of a
community‐based weight management program on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Obesity,
14(2), 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.36
[26] Hamil, J., Yonek, J., Mahmud, Y., Kang, R., Garrett, A., Duckett, P., … & Jean-Jacques, M. (2018). Community efforts
to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities: challenges and facilitators identified by 16 multistakeholder
alliances. Medical Care Research and Review, 77(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558718776051
[27] Harrington, N. (2013). Introduction to the special issue: communication strategies to reduce health disparities.
Journal of Communication, 63(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12004
[28] Hawk, M. (2014). The girlfriends project. American Journal of Evaluation, 36(2), 179-190.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214014540789
[29] Ibe, C., Hickman, D., & Cooper, L. (2021). To advance health equity during covid-19 and beyond, elevate and
support community health workers. Jama Health Forum, 2(7), e212724.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2724
[30] Ikechukwu, I.J., Anyaoha, C., Abraham, K.U. and Nwachukwu, E.O., 2019. Transient analysis of segmented Di-
trapezoidal variable geometry thermoelement. NIEEE Nsukka Chapter Conference. pp.338-348
[31] Ikwue, U., Ekwezia, A.V., Oguejiofor, B.B., Agho, M.O. and Daraojimba, C., 2023. Sustainable Investment Strategies
In Pension Fund Management: A Comparative Review Of Esg Principles Adoption In The US AND
NIGERIA. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 5(9), pp.652-673.
[32] Israel, B., Schulz, A., Parker, E., & Becker, A. (1998). Review of community-based research: assessing partnership
approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19(1), 173-202.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173
[33] Janssen, M., Goudsmit, J., Lauwerijssen, C., Brombacher, A., Lallemand, C., & Vos, S. (2020). How do runners
experience personalization of their training scheme: the inspirun e-coach?. Sensors, 20(16), 4590.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164590
[34] Johansson, J., Bentzen, H., & Mascalzoni, D. (2022). What ethical approaches are used by scientists when sharing
health data? an interview study. BMC Medical Ethics, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00779-8

1442
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

[35] Jonathan, G., Dopke, C., Michaels, T., Bank, A., Martin, C., Adhikari, K., … & Goulding, E. (2021). A smartphone-
based self-management intervention for bipolar disorder (livewell): user-centered development approach. Jmir
Mental Health, 8(4), e20424. https://doi.org/10.2196/20424
[36] Jones, D. (2022). Dismantling institutional racism: the role of behavioral science. The International Journal of
Psychiatry in Medicine, 57(5), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174221111661
[37] Kempf, K., Röhling, M., Stichert, M., Fischer, G., Boschem, E., Könner, J., … & Martin, S. (2018). Telemedical coaching
improves long-term weight loss in overweight persons: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of
Telemedicine and Applications, 2018, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7530602
[38] Lim, J., Sim, A., & Kong, P. (2021). Wearable technologies in field hockey competitions: a scoping review. Sensors,
21(15), 5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155242
[39] Logan, R., Wong, W., Villaire, M., Daus, G., Parnell, T., & Willis, E. (2015). Health literacy: a necessary element for
achieving health equity. Nam Perspectives, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.31478/201507a
[40] Massimo, L., Hirschman, K., Aryal, S., Quinn, R., Fisher, L., Sharkey, M., … & Riegel, B. (2023). Icare4me for ftd: a
pilot randomized study to improve self‐care in caregivers of persons with frontotemporal degeneration.
Alzheimer S & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 9(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12381
[41] McGuigan, H., Hassmén, P., Rosic, N., & Stevens, C. (2020). Training monitoring methods used in the field by
coaches and practitioners: a systematic review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(3), 439-
451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120913172
[42] Moores, C., Miller, J., Perry, R., Chan, L., Daniels, L., Vidgen, H., … & Magarey, A. (2017). Consort to community:
translation of an rct to a large-scale community intervention and learnings from evaluation of the upscaled
program. BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4907-2
[43] Morris, M. (2022). Striving toward equity in health care for people with communication disabilities. Journal of
Speech Language and Hearing Research, 65(10), 3623-3632. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00057
[44] Morris, M. (2022). Striving toward equity in health care for people with communication disabilities. Journal of
Speech Language and Hearing Research, 65(10), 3623-3632. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00057
[45] Ninduwezuor-Ehiobu, N., Tula, O.A., Daraojimba, C., Ofonagoro, K.A., Ogunjobi, O.A., Gidiagba, J.O., Egbokhaebho,
B.A. and Banso, A.A., 2023. Exploring innovative material integration in modern manufacturing for advancing us
competitiveness in sustainable global economy. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 4(3), pp.140-168.
[46] Oguejiofor, B.B., Omotosho, A., Abioye, K.M., Alabi, A.M., Oguntoyinbo, F.N., Daraojimba, A.I. and Daraojimba, C.,
2023. A review on data-driven regulatory compliance in Nigeria. International Journal of applied research in social
sciences, 5(8), pp.231-243.
[47] Oguejiofor, B.B., Uzougbo, N.S., Kolade, A.O., Raji, A. and Daraojimba, C., 2023. Review of Successful Global Public-
Private Partnerships: Extracting key Strategies for Effective US Financial Collaborations. International Journal of
Research and Scientific Innovation, 10(8), pp.312-331.
[48] Ogunjobi, O.A., Eyo-Udo, N.L., Egbokhaebho, B.A., Daraojimba, C., Ikwue, U. and Banso, A.A., 2023. Analyzing
historical trade dynamics and contemporary impacts of emerging materials technologies on international
exchange and us strategy. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 4(3), pp.101-119.
[49] Osborn, C., Cavanaugh, K., Wallston, K., Kripalani, S., Elasy, T., Rothman, R., … & White, R. (2011). Health literacy
explains racial disparities in diabetes medication adherence. Journal of Health Communication, 16(sup3), 268-
278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.604388
[50] Oyetunde, O.A., Oluwafemi, O.K. and Bisola, A.M., 2016. Impact of vocational and entrepreneurship education on
the economic growth of Ogun State, Nigeria. Makerere Journal of Higher Education, 8(1), pp.25-33.
[51] Parker, E., Baquero, B., Daniel-Ulloa, J., Diers, L., Haines, H., Kava, C., … & Novak, N. (2019). Establishing a
community-based participatory research partnership in a rural community in the midwest. Progress in
Community Health Partnerships Research Education and Action, 13(2), 201-208.
https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2019.0020
[52] Raliphaswa, N., Ramathuba, D., Luhalima, T., Mulondo, S., Malwela, T., Tshililo, A., … & Netshikweta, M. (2023).
Barriers to effective communication between patients, relatives, and health care professionals in the era of covid-

1443
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

19 pandemic at public hospitals in limpopo province. Journal of Respiration, 3(1), 29-39.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jor3010004
[53] Roberts, S., Brabin, L., Vail, A., Mp, T., & McNamee, R. (2009). Methodological considerations in ethical review —
4. research conduct. Research Ethics, 5(4), 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/174701610900500404
[54] Sankaré, I., Bross, R., Brown, A., Pino, H., Jones, L., Morris, D., … & Kahn, K. (2015). Strategies to build trust and
recruit african american and latino community residents for health research: a cohort study. Clinical and
Translational Science, 8(5), 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12273
[55] Sexton, P., Flores, D., & Bauermeister, J. (2017). Young sexual minority women's definition of community: toward
addressing health disparities in the lgbtqq community. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1), 133-145.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21929
[56] Shah, G. and Sheahan, J. (2015). Local health departments’ activities to address health disparities and inequities:
are we moving in the right direction?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1),
44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010044
[57] Shah, G. and Sheahan, J. (2015). Local health departments’ activities to address health disparities and inequities:
are we moving in the right direction?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1),
44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010044
[58] Shamout, M. and Elayan, M. (2018). A data article on e-supply chain benefits from supplier‫׳‬s perspective. Data in
Brief, 21, 2441-2446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.086
[59] Shaw, R., Sweet, S., McBride, C., Adair, W., & Ginis, K. (2019). Operationalizing the reach, effectiveness, adoption,
implementation, maintenance (re-aim) framework to evaluate the collective impact of autonomous community
programs that promote health and well-being. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-
7131-4
[60] Shibuya, F., Sari, D., Warnaini, C., Rivarti, A., Takeuchi, R., Kadriyan, H., … & Kobayashi, J. (2021). Lessons learned
from online qualitative data collection in an international collaborative study during the covid-19 pandemic..
https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.220206.052
[61] Silvernale, C., Kuo, B., & Staller, K. (2020). Racial disparity in healthcare utilization among patients with irritable
bowel syndrome: results from a multicenter cohort. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 33(5).
https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14039
[62] Thelwall, M. and Stuart, D. (2006). Web crawling ethics revisited: cost, privacy, and denial of service. Journal of
the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(13), 1771-1779.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20388
[63] Thompson, B., Molina, Y., Viswanath, K., Warnecke, R., & Prelip, M. (2016). Strategies to empower communities
to reduce health disparities. Health Affairs, 35(8), 1424-1428. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1364
[64] Thompson, B., Molina, Y., Viswanath, K., Warnecke, R., & Prelip, M. (2016). Strategies to empower communities
to reduce health disparities. Health Affairs, 35(8), 1424-1428. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1364
[65] Uddin, S.U., Chidolue, O., Azeez, A. and Iqbal, T., 2022, June. Design and Analysis of a Solar Powered Water
Filtration System for a Community in Black Tickle-Domino. In 2022 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and
Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[66] Vardell, E. (2019). Health insurance literacy and health disparities in the united states: a literature review. The
International Journal of Information Diversity & Inclusion (Ijidi), 3(4).
https://doi.org/10.33137/ijidi.v3i4.33012
[67] Viswanath, K. and Kreuter, M. (2007). Health disparities, communication inequalities, and ehealth. American
Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(5), S131-S133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.012
[68] Wallace, C., Farmer, J., White, C., & McCosker, A. (2020). Collaboration with community connectors to improve
primary care access for hardly reached people: a case comparison of rural ireland and australia..
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18366/v3
[69] Wallerstein, N. and Duran, B. (2006). Using community-based participatory research to address health
disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7(3), 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839906289376
[70] Wallerstein, N. and Duran, B. (2006). Using community-based participatory research to address health
disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7(3), 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839906289376

1444
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(02), 1435–1445

[71] Wang, L., Ren, J., Fiscella, K., Bullock, S., Sanders, M., Loomis, E., … & Xiao, J. (2020). Interprofessional collaboration
and smartphone use as promising strategies to improve prenatal oral health care utilization among us
underserved women: results from a qualitative study. BMC Oral Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-
020-01327-9
[72] Wilkin, H. (2013). Exploring the potential of communication infrastructure theory for informing efforts to reduce
health disparities. Journal of Communication, 63(1), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12006
[73] Wilkinson, C. (2018). Ethics and practice in science communication. Journal of Science Communication, 17(04),
R02. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.17040702
[74] Yin, H., Johnson, M., Mendelsohn, A., Abrams, M., Sanders, L., & Dreyer, B. (2009). The health literacy of parents
in the united states: a nationally representative study. Pediatrics, 124(Supplement_3), S289-S298.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1162e

1445