Wisdom - Integrity - Excellence 1 TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY BUILDING SERVICES BLD 60903 CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDING PAM CENTRE (PERTUBUHAN ARKITEK MALAYSIA) HOH JEAN MING 0322496 MUHAMMAD NAZMI BIN KAMARULZAMAN 6322251 PREMDYL SHADAN 0321979 NEVILLE GEOFFREY SOMI 0317780 CRYSLYN TAN ZHIA-LYN 0324249 RACHEL YEO CHI XUAN 0323005Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building CONTENT PAGE 1.0 Abstract 6 2.0 Acknowledgement 7 3.0 Introduction to the New PAM Centre 8 4.0 Methodology 2 5.0 Limitation of Study 12 6.0 Active and Passive Fire Protection 13 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.2.1 Active Fire Protection 6.2.1.1 Fire Detection System 6.2.1.2 Fire Notification System 6.2.1.3 Fire Fighting System 6.2.2 Passive Fire Protection 6.2.2.1 Means of Escape’and Fitefighter Access 6.2.2.2 Compartmentation 6.2.2.3 Fire Rated Building Materials 6.3 Active Fire Protection in New PAM Centre 6.3.1 Fire Detection Systems in New PAM Centre 6.3.1.1 Addressable Smoke Detector 6.3.2 Fire Notification Systems in New PAM Centre 6.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell 6.3.2.2 Manual Call Point 6.3.2.3 Main Fire Alarm Panel 6.3.2.4 Fire Emergency Light 6.3.2.5 Fireman Switch 6.3.2.6 Fireman intercom 6.3.3 Fire Fighting Systems in New PAM Centre 6.3.3.1 Dry Riser System je New PAM Centre 2Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.3.3.2 Hose Reel System 6.3.3.3 Fire Extinguisher 6.4 Passive Fire Protection in New PAM Centre 6.4.1 Means of Escape and Firefighter Access 6.4.1.1 Fire Escape Staircase 6.4.1.2 Fire Doors 6.4.1.3 Door Release Mechanism 6.4.1.4 Exit Sign 6.4.1.5 Fire Escape Plan 6.4.2 Compartmentation 6.4.2.1 Escape Travel Distances 6.4.3 Fire Rated Building Materials 6.4.3.1 Pre-cast Concrete 6.4.3.2 Masonry 6.4.3.3 Steel Elements 6.4.3.4 Aluminium Cladding 7.0 Mechanical Ventilation Systems 52 7.1 Introduction 7.2 UBBL Compliance 7.3 Literature Review 7.3.1 Basic Ventilation Systems 7.3.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.1 Spot Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.2 Exhaust Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.3 Supply Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.4 Balanced Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.5 Energy Recovery Systems 7.3.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 7.3.2.1 Fans 7.3.2.2 Filters 7.3.2.3 Ductwork 7.3.2.4 Fire Damper 7.3.2.5 Diffuser 7.4 Mechanical Ventilation Systems in New PAM Centre 1e New PAM Contre ®Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 7.4.1 Spot Ventilation System 7.4.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 7.4.3 Propeller Fans 7.5 Conclusion 8.0 Air-Conditioning Systems 70 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.2.1 Operating Principles of Air Cooling 8.2.1.1 Refrigeration Cycle 8.2.1.2 Companents of Refrigeration Cycle 8.2.2 Air Cycle Process 8.2.2.1 Components of Air Cycle Process 8.2.1.2 Components of Reffigeration Cycle 8.2.3 Types of Air Conditioning Systems. 8.2.3.1 Types of VRF 8.3 Types of Air Conditioning Systems in the New PAM Centre: 8.3.1 Indoor Unit 8.3.1.1 Fan Coil Unit 8.3.1.1.1 Components of Fan Cail Unit 8.3.1.1.2 Cooling Process 8.3.1.2 Cassette Unit 8.3.1.3 Remote Control Unit 8.3,2 Outdoor Unit 8.3.2.1 Condenser 8.3.2.2 Ductwork 8.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems. 8.4.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems 8.4.2 VRF Systems In the New PAM Centre 9.0 Mechanical Transportation Systems: 94 9.4 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Standard Main Components 9.3.1 CarBuilding Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 9.3.2 Hoistway 9.3.3 Counterweight 9.3.4 Machine/ Drive System 9.3.5 Control System 9.3.6 Safety System 9.3.7 Buffer 9.4 Overview of Arrangement 9.5 Type of Lift and Specifications 9.5.1 How the Lift Works 9.6 Components of a Lift 9.6.1 Two Panel, Gentre-Opening Doors 9.6.2 Buttons 9.6.3 Floor Indicator 9.6.4 Handrail 9.6.5 Fire Resistant Padding 9.7 UBBL Compliance 10.0 Mechanical Parking Systems 109 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Literature Review 10.2.1 AGV System 10.2.2 Crane System 10.2.3 Puzzle System 10.2.4 Silo System 10.2.5 Tower System 10.2.6 Stack Parking System 10.3 Type of Mechanical Parking System in New PAM Building 10.4 Safety System 10.6 Operation and Maintenance 11.0 References 121Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 1.0 ABSTRACT This project requires students in groups cf 4-5, to analyse the services in a public building of our choice. Each group is tasked to observe and analyse the following systems through conducting a thorough investigation that is later expressed inta a report, All the services are in response to the requirement of the UBBL 1984: Fire protection (active and passive fire protection system) Mechanical ventilation Air-conditioning system Mechanical transportation system Base With the report we were able to link real-life case-studies to theories leamt during this course. This gave us a better understanding on how a building is constructed. Whether it being the skeletal frame; the bullding fabric, the circulatory systern and most itnpartantly the building services. The New PAM building, our chosen case study, is a perfect example of a modern building that complies with all UBBL requirements while maintaining green efforts that resulted in a platinum certification by the Green Building Index. This project also allowed us to gain deeper knowiedge in local fegulations stich as the UBBL and MS1525 that would be of great help when we are practising architects, ‘The New PAM Centre 8Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 2.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Without the guidance of tutors and the co-operation of all the teammates, the completion of this assignment could not have been possible. Their efforts and contributions are sincerely and gratefully appreciated. Therefore, this team, would like to express our undying gratitude to everyone who has guided us, particular to the following, The staff from PAM Building especially, Madeline Ham and Muhammad Asadi, for being keen and accommodating in providing related information that has helped us in our data collection, while also taking us around with a bright smile and enthusiasm. The module co-ordinator, Ar. Sateerah Hassan, for giving us this opportunity to experience and to develop understanding jin building service through live case studies. The tutor, Mr. Azim Sulaiman, for his constant support, guidance and persistence throughout this project. Without him, our group would have not been clear on the task and would not be able to link information given. Lastly the lovely team members, for the teamwork and motivating team spirit through the entirety of this project. The New PAM Centre 7Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING Building Name: New PAM Centre Location: Jalan Tandok, Bangsar Architect: Mohd Heikal Hasan of HMA & Associates Completion Year: 2016 Certification: Platinum Award for Green Building Index that includes rainwater harvesting system used for irrigation and sewage, a 25kWp photovoltaic system that is generated through solar consumption and vertical greenery to maximise usage af limited space. Design: Exterior is a minimal grid design that promotes passive air ventilation while the interior is industrial made from exposed brick wails, flat concrete slabs and hidden steel columns. ‘The New PAM Centre 8Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building ‘Second Floor Plan ‘The New PAM Centre 9Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building nannannanae, ‘The New PAM Centre 10Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building Rooftop Floor Pian The New PAM Centre "Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 4.0 METHODOLOGY This project was conducted as a thorough study of the services which is located at the New PAM Centre building , Bangsar. The project was carried out in phases; Iterature review, the site visit and cbservation- data recording and reporting. Literature review compromises of research from onlirie sources, publications, books and journals that source on aif four topics; fire protection systems, mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning and mechanical transportation systems. The team was then divided, which made the workflow and scope of work simpler and more manageable, The site visit was. a tour conducted by Mr. Muhammad Asadi that showed us the warks of the building. With the data collected, members of the team write their own part of report, resulting in a final compilation in the end 5.0 LIMITATION OF STUDY The group encountered some minor issues during the research process which may have slightly delayed the preparation of the report, The New PAM building was our fiial choice a before this, when choosing the building, our first choices. di¢ not allow the visitation for this project. Another limitation was that we were not able to develop full analysis of the New PAM Building as a few of the AHU rooms (localad on third floor) was not accessible, However, we did manage to figiire out the possible ducting routes and specifications of the AHU room, Finally, while investigating the élevator, the sivitch bOX could not be opened, therefore not allowing us to record and fully Understand the operations of the lif, till we took extra initiative to do further reading. ‘The New PAM Gentre 12Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.0 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM BY: HOH JEAN MING (ACTIVE) & MUHAMMAD NAZMII (PASSIVE) The New PAM Centre 13Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.1 INTRODUCTION Fire protection system are an effective safety and security measure that intends to minimize the fisk of fire spreading throughout the building and also its effects by providing certain means to combat and escape from it, It stresses the importance of the safety of people (inhabitants) first and then their property whenever possible. Fire protection system works by mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fire, This include investigation of the mechanism of fire in terms of the building, how to sucessfully suppresses, delay or deter it through the application of different device, strategies and testing, There are two types of fire protection system: © Active fire protection system © Passive fire protection system In any modem structures, it must be constructed in accordance with different building code and laws that Is in effect, such as UBBL 1984, when an application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors, prominently from Malaysia's Fire and Rescue Department (Bomba), check on compliance of the building under construction using the building code. Once it is complete, the building must be maintained in accordance with the respective building code and laws at all times. Whenever there is a fire emergencies, a team of firefighters, fire investigators, and other personnel are called to mitigate, investigate and leam from the damage of a fire. In case of any breakthrough, overlooked aspect or loopholes, the building code will be amended and updated, The New PAM Centre 14Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Fire is the cause of a chemical reaction between oxygen found in air and any form of fuel or combustible material. Moreover, Sufficient heat and a subsequent exothermic chemical chain reaction is required far the fire to form, This chemical process is known as combustion, Hence, in any case of fire occurring, the fire will last as long as oxygen, heat and fuel are available and sufficient. This relationship can be effectively summarize in the fire tetrahedron diagram as shown below: {Fire tetrahedron showing all the necessary component for fire to occur. ) This relates to the building material used in construction as a whole which include the structural components, finishes and also combustible objects example being fumitures, paper and electronics. Some materials are fireproof or fire resistance which are optimat to be used. Oxygen: Oxygen exists practically everywhere on the surface of the Earth due to the atmosphere. Removing oxygen is one effective way to stop a fire such as fire suppression system, limiting natural ventilation and replacing oxygen with carbon dioxide, usually seen in the form of powder in fire extinguisher. Heat: For any combustion to occur heat must be presented up to its ignition temperature. Applying water is the best way to reduce the temperature fast which in turns extinguish the fre. ‘Chemical Chain Reaction: This refers to the idea that for combustion to occur, it must have all of the essential aspect of the fire (heat, oxygen, fuel) to be presented and sufficient for initiation of fire to occur. Taking any aspect away could extinguish the fire or prevent it from happening. The New PAM Centre 15Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.2.4 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION Active Fire Protection (AFP) is the component of fire detection and prevention which reacts to action or motion. AFP is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire, Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but elther way they require some amount of action. It is crucial for a building equipped with systems capable of immediately detecting any potential fire hazards, in order to protect both said furnishings and the people making use of them, Active Fire Protection can be categorized in 3 types: * Fire Detection System ¢ Fire Notification System © Fire Fighting System 6.2.1.1 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM A fire detection system is a number of devices working together to detect smoke, fire or any other emergencies and to quickly alert peaple before any major damages occur. Types of fire detection system Description Smoke Detector Ee => a) Sense the presence of harmful gases within any given area. The system can activate the alarm system to indicate a particular gas level has been reached and evacuation is necessary. Heat Detector 3? Designed to respond when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The system can activate the alarm system when high level of temperature in a space is detected. The New PAM Centre 16Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.2.1.2 FIRE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM Fire notification system is devices used to discover fires early in their development when time will stil be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel, Types of fire notification system Description Alarm Cy Alarm bells deliver high sound pressure output for fire signaling needs to notify people to evacuate and response Manual Call Point Manual Alarm Call Points. Manual alarm call s are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass the alarm signal can be raised. System control unit is a an alarm control panel which monitors the all zones of the installation, and identifies the point of origin of alarm, displays on the panel and communicate with remote control location. Emergency Light System The New PAM Centre ‘An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a building experiences a power outage. At the same time, notifying people also provide appropriate lighting for people to evacuate WwBuilding Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building Fireman intercom system is a two way emergency voice communication system. it provides communication between remote telephone hand-sets located within the building and the master telephone hand-set at the fire command centre, Firemen Switch The New PAM Centre The fireman switch is a for special applications. They are designed to easily to spot and are used by firemen to tum off neon- lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire. 18Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.2.1.3 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM Fire fighting system consists of equipment installed in a building to control a fire, there are two types of fire fighting system, water based system and non-water based system, Types of fire fighting system Description Fire Hydrant i Fire hydrant pump systems. are high pressure water pumps designed to increase the firefighting capacity of a building by boosting the pressure in the hydrant service when mains is not enough, or when tank fed. ‘Automatic Sprinkler system 6 A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected and activated when fire is detected to immediately execute fire. Hose Reel System 2 A fire hose reel system is located strategically in a building to ensure easy accessibility ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire. A control nozzle attached to the end of the hose enables the operator to control the direction and flow of water to the fire. Dry Riser System A Dry Riser is a main vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building as a companent of the in-house fire suppression systems. The pipe is maintained empty of water. The dry riser is the opposite of a “wet riser" or “wel standpipe” system where the pipes are kept full of water for manual or automatic fire fighting operations. The New PAM Centre 19Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building Wet Riser System A Dry Riser is a system of valves and pipework which enables the Fire Service to pump water into the upper floors of a building. A Wet Riser is a system of valves and pipework which are kept permanently charged with water to be prepared for any fire combatting Extinguisher Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire. The New PAM CentreBuiltling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 6.2.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Passive fire protection (PFP) is an integral compadnent in structural fire protection and fire safety in any building, PFP works by containing fires to. slow the spread, generally done by compartmentation of the building through the use of high fire rated structural components such as walls, lors and doors. The compartment also allows for smoke to not overwhelm the building by diverting it outside which is vital as estimated death from smoke related injuries during fire account for more than 50%, It also work by allowing a safe escape passage in case of fire emargency and efficient access route for the firefighters and their equipments. Unlike AFP, it dogs not take any type of action during any fire events. Therefore, it can be said that both AFP and PFP are meant to work together during a fire, nol one in plabe of the other Careful measures are specially paid attention on passive fire protection through:simulation and comprehensive testing to ensure that itis suitable and work as intended should any fire emergency events arose. It is worth noling thal these passive fire protection should function in extreme heat condition fora specific amount of time before failing. This is known as firé resistance ratings which are expressed in terms of how many hours it.can last (example: 30 minute, 1 hour, 1.5 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour ete,..). Both AFP and PFP are heavily regulated and monitored through UBBL 1984 and its compliance are checked thoroughly by the authorities before construction began to ensure its effectiveness as expected by the building codes. 6.2.2.1 MEANS OF ESCAPE & FIREFIGHTER ACCESS: This refers to any route that ane can take to go in and out of building safely during the occurrence of fire. Evacuation routes are always clearly defined through a fire escape staircase in every medium:to high-rise building arid is used to direct to occupants directly towards an exit point without any obstruction in between. Furthermore, there would also ba an assembly point whereby people would gather after they escaped from the building. UBBL 1884 Section 166 mentioned thai no less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. This exits are required to be accessible at all times without obstructions. Moreover, Section 169 also said to maintain the accessibility of the paths, all fre evacuation routes are required to have a consistent width along its Path of traval from the storey exit to the final exit, ‘The New PAM Centre atBuilding Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.2.2.2 COMPARTMENTATION ‘Compartmentation is a tool that is used in the vast majority of buildings, ather than simple low rise developments, which aims for the safety of the peaple during fire, allowing them to escape as harmlessly as possible. Compartmentation is referred to in many different ways: fire walls, fire separation, enclosed stairs etc, It is basically the division of the whole building into cells and separating one cell from another through the use of fire rated walls assembly and fire rated doors, In a large open space, such as in 2 mall, a fire shutter is employed which will be operational in case of a fire. Fire dampers are usually used where ductwork passes any fire walls. The importance of compartmentation is exponentially increased when the building is higher and bigger ‘88 generally to escape in such large building takes longer time, The size of occupancy ina building is also another important factor, as one staircase can only hold a limited amount of people at any given time. ( Diagrams showing example of compartmentation through the fire rated walls and fire shutters. } The New PAM Centre 22Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 6.2.2.3 FIRE RATED BUILDING MATERIALS ‘Choosing the right building materials are the most effective methods contributing towards passive fire protection. Different maieriats has a different rate in which fire spread or different properties thal may withstand heat and burns for a specifies! amount of time, This is knGwn as fire resistance ratings which are usually expressed in terms of how many hours it can last (example: 30 minute, 1 hour, 1.5 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour), These ratings are pre-determined as per Ninth Schedule of the UBBL. ‘The by-laws also mention the specific building typologies and their required minimum period of fire resistance in relations to its dimensions. For example, smail residential with less than three storeys has a minimum period of fire resistance of 30 minute for the structural elements whereas office building with more than 28m high or 5000m* floor area or 14000m? volume should have 2 minimum period of fire resistance of 1.5 hours (basement 2 hours). This indicate that larger buildings with more occupants should be coniétructed with sironger fire-resistant material which allows more time for evacuation and prevent ihe fire from spreading too fast. Generally speaking, good example of fire resistance rated materials are reinforced concrete and most type of masonry primarily ones that comnposed of stone or clay bricks, Determining the exact fire resistance rating for these material can be dificult as it depends oti several factors such as the ype of aggregates used, materials grading and amount of materials used (thickness). in terms of ‘structural steel, il is required to be fireproofed since steel by itself is very vulnerable due’ to high thermal conductivity and also because i loses majority of its strength at higher temperature, The three methods to fireproof steel are: © Dense Concrete: inexpensive, withstand extremely high temperature. Heavy, may form ‘racks fallowing a fire events. = Cementitious Coating: lightweight cementitious fireproofing retains the benefit of being based on inexpensive raw materials and without the problems associated with extreme weight. May also cracks following a fire events. * Intumescent Coating: application of a coating onto the steel material which rapidly expand in the present of extreme heat. This expansion of the coating, typically 25 times bigger than their original thickness provides a barrier between the flames and the ‘steel. Additionally, since they are applied directly to steel, no gap is created in which moisture can penetrate and cause corrosion, The New PAM Centre #8Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN PAM CENTRE 6.3.1 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS IN PAM CENTRE 6.3.1.1 ADDRESSABLE SMOKE DETECTOR (Addressable Smoke Detector in PAM Centre. ) The fire detection system used in the New PAM centre is an addressable smoke detector. A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, or harmful gas particles, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system. The differences between a smoke detector and an addressable smoke detector is that with addressable fire alarm systems, you can pinpoint exactly which device has been activated. In PAM Centre, smokes detectors are placed in every room and corridors, smoke detectors are also placed in cantral rooms, such as electrical rooms which has high possibilty of fire, The distance between every smoke detectors are less than 10m away from one another, Below is the placement of addressable smoke detectors placed in third floor of PAM Centre. (PAM Centre third floor plan showing the location of all addressable smoke detector. } ‘The New PAM Centre 24Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 6.3.2 FIRE NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS IN PAM CENTRE 6.3.2.1 FIRE ALARM BELL (Fire alarm bel £ Manual call point in PAM Centre. ) Fire alarm beil is activated when it is triggered by the detection devices. It serves to alert the occupants to evactiate as sa0n as possible and to send signails to authorities to take action for fire combatting. In New PAM Centre, fire alarm balls are located at bath end of each floor of the building as well as the centre of every floor together with a manual call point as well as an extinguisher, Therefore, it is easily accessed and occupants of the building will be informed as soon as possible if there's an emergency. Reference to UBBL 1984 (as al 1st November 2013): Part Vill, Clause 237: Fire Alarms, (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these Bytaws, (2) All premises and buildings with gross Naor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. The New PAM Centre ciBuilding Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building ( PANE Centre fifth floor plan Indicating Placement of Alarm Bell & Manual Call Point. ) 6.3.2.2 MANUAL CALL POINT (Manual Call Point in PAM Centre. ) ‘A manual call point is usually connected to central fire alarm panel, it is used to activate the alarm by simply breaking the glass or pressing a butten to trigger the alarm, in New PAM centre, most of the manual call points are located where fire alarm bells are. When activated, an indicator will appear on the control panel to show the location of activation and action will be taken. Also the manual call points are located at both end of each floors as well as the centre of every floors. ‘The New PAM Centre 26Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 6.3.2.3 MAIN FIRE ALARM PANEL ‘The main fire alarm panel is located at the lower ground floor of New PAM Centre ih the control room, The main fire alarm control panel process results detected by sensors, cantral. alarm devices and set off alarms to permanently manned stations and the fire department. They continuously monitor extinguishing “systems for functionality and trigger them electrically if necessary. In case of danger, it receives signals from the fire alarm bell, detectors and manual call point as well as monitors and provides notifications to the occupants in the building Through the main fire alarm panel, it has access to control HVAC systems, building automation controllers, access points, and elevators to isolate the fire or route personnel during an emergency. ( {lef Fie Alarm Panel in PAM Centre. right] Main fire alarm panel in PAM Centre conteol room. ) The New PAM Centre aBuilding Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 6.3.2.4 FIRE EMERGENCY LIGHT (Fit emergency light in PAM Canto, ) Fire emergency lights are equipped in every roam, corridors, walkway, staircase and if cars in New PAM Gentre. Emergency lights are equipped to automatically switch on during a power cut and emergency to ensure occupants in the building has a clear vision to evacuate safely. 6.3.2.5 FIREMAN SWITCH ( Firemen Switch in PAM Centre, located at every floor of the fire escape staircases. ) Fireman's switch is a speciatized switch which allows firefighters to disconnect the high voltage current from the electrical supply that may pose @ danger in the event of an emergency, The switch is red in color and has a nameplate labelling ‘Fireman's Switch’ in order to be easy to spot. These switches are installed at both stairway of each floor in PAM Genire.Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building (Fifth floor plan indicating location of firemen switch cn every floor ) 6.3.2.6 FIREMAN INTERCOM ( [Left Firemen intercom in PAM Centre. [Right] Main firemen intercom system in PAM Centre cantral room. ) Firemen intercom system provides @ two-way communication between the Remote Telephone Headsel(s) located in the building and the Master Telephone Headset located at the fire command centre. The intercom headsets are located at both stairway of each floor and lift lobbies whereas the master telephone headset is located at the lawer ground floor in the control room of PAM Centre. ‘The New PAM Centre 29Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building (Location af intercom headséts in PAM Centre al fire escape staircase and lift lobby, ) Reference to UBBL 1984: Part Vill, Clause 239: Voice communication system There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central contra! station and the following areas: © Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in areat © in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system. ‘The New PAM Gentre 30Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.3.3 FIRE FIGHING SYSTEM IN PAM CENTRE 6.3.3.1 DRY RISER SYSTEM ( Diy hydrant with hose cradle in PAM Centre, ) The dry riser system applied in New PAM Centre is a vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes, fitled with inlet connections at fire engine access level and landing valves on various floors, which is normally dry, water is being charged usually by pumping from fire engine pumps. A dry riser system is required when the topmost floor is between 18.3 metres to 30.5 metres. The dry riser standpipes are erected vertically to each floor with @ standing valve along with hose cradle. In New PAM Centre the dry hydrant and hose cradles are located at the lift lobby and staircase of every floor 2s well as the carpark located at the lower ground floor. ‘The New PAM Gentre 31Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building (Dry fiser intat) In New PAM Centre, the dry riser infet is installed al the bottom of the riser in an enclosed box with the sign ‘dry riser inlet” , it is focated not more than 18 metres from the fire appliance access road and not more than 30 metres from the nearest hydrant. (Third floor plan indicating location of dry riser system installed. ) UBBL 1984: Installation and testing of dry rising system » Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floaris more: than 18.3 metres bus less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. ‘Ahose cannaction shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby ‘Dry riser shall be minimum “class C’ pipes with fitings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure. . Ory risers shall be tasted hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for wo hours in the presence of the fire authority before acceptance . All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.95 millimetres in 3.05 metres. 102 millimetres diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-wely pumping inlet and 152.4 millimetres dry risers shall equipped with a four-way pumping inlet. ‘The New PAM Gentre 32Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.3.3.2 HOSE REEL SYSTEM ( Diagram showing how hse reel system works. ) (Hose Reel in PAM Centre. } ‘(Fifth floor plan indicating location of hose reels. Lift lobby, hallway, staiccase,) Hose reel system is installed in New PAM Centre and intended for occupants to use during the early stages of fire, itis placed strategically in the building to ensure easy accessibility during an emergency and has controlled supply of water for fire-fighting. The system comprises hose reel pump, Water storage tank, hose reel, pipe works and valves. It could be manually activated by opening the valve and the discharge of water is approximately 6 metres far. The New PAM Centre 3Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building Hose reels are installed at the lift lobby, staircases as well as the centre hallway of every floors. There are a total of 3 hose reel on every floors, all located along the escape routes which are beside exit doors and staircase. The length of the hose reel is 30 metres and 19 millimetres diameter. (Hose ree! pump in PAM Centre. ) ‘The hose ree! pump is installed in the pump room located on the lower ground floor of PAM Centre. ‘There are two hose reel pumps, the running hose reel pump and a standby pump, The standby pump is driven by an emergency genset. The hose reels are connected by a hat-dip galvanized steel pipe throughout the entire building. (Hot-dip galvanized steel pipe for hose reel water supply) The New PAM Centre 34Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.3.3.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHER bee vie ee x vie RY “|< iviz|* xv (Fire extinguishers in PAM Cenire control room) Fire extinguisher is used for initial outbreak of fire and to prevent escalation into full scale fire. In accordance with code af practice, it shail be located close to the proximity of fire hazard and sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions. In PAM Centre, fire extinguishers are well equipped and they are also strategically placed at the corridor, staircase, function rooms, control rooms & auditorium. The fire extinguisher used by the PAM Centre are dry powder fire extinguisher and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. The dry powder fire extinguisher can put out 4 classes of fire such as solids woods, paper, clothes, flammable liquids, flammable gas and also electrical equipment, On the other hand, the carbon dioxide extinguisher can put off fire such as flammable liquids, electrical equipment and cooking ails & fats, Tha New PAM Centre aeBuilding Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 6.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN PAM CENTRE 1 MEANS OF ESCAPE & FIREFIGHTERS ACCESS 64 1.1 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE Fire escape staircase is a fire protected area, usually surrounded by fire walls as the main designated escape route in case of any emergencies. The purpose far this is to get all the ‘occupants out of the building in a safe and expeditious manner while also allowing firefighters 10 access it, It connects from the roof top all the way to the ground flor in a strictly defined dimensions and regularity which meant for @ continuous and unobstructed path while travelling through it, As per UBBL, the escape staircase is requite to have a width of 1000mm with a riser height of 180mm and a thread length of 255mm. This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout including at landings. Handrails are also present at the staircase to assist people with less capabilities. ( Fite Escape or Emergency Staircase, equipped with bright yellow outline for visibility purposes. ) The New PAM Centre contains two fire escape staircases al each end of the Suitable with the proportion of the building and the size:of the occupancy. This follaws the by-laws Clause 166 regarding about having at least two separate exits in each floor in addition to additional exits. In tolal, the two fire escape stairs connects from level 8 to ground floor and lower ground floor in addition to one more regular stairs connecting tavel 7 to ground floor. The emergency stairs ing which is contains clear signage directing people correctly to the ground floor which in tums direct them towards the exit onto the designated assembly area. According to UBBL Clause 202, staircases shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization, This pressurized system functions with three main components: supply alr, pressure relief and air release for the purposes of preventing the staircase from filing up with smoke and allowing the fire door to be opened with ease. However, the staircase in New PAM Centre are actually open towards the outside and naturally ventilated as shown in the image above and therefore any pressurization system is not required, ‘The New PAM Gentre 36Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building fi Novemi 1. rt VII, Clause 166, Exits to be accessible at all times. (1) Except as penmitied by By-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. (2) The exists shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh ‘Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times, Part VI, Clause 168. Staircases. (1) Except as provided for in by4aw 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floar discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By- laws, (3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75mm. (4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landing, (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing Part VIl, Clause 169. Exits route. No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Part Vil, Clause 190, External Staircase, Any permanently installed external staircase is acceptable as a required exit under the same condition as an internal staircase Provided that such staircase shall comply with all the requirements for internal staircases. External staircases shall be separated from the interior of the building by walls and fire doors of the same fire resistance rating as required for intemal staircases. The New PAM Centre 37Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.4.1.2 FIRE DOORS: (Fire Door with a clear signage indicating it to be closed at all times. ) A fire door is a swing door with a fire-resistance rating that is used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure which enables safe means of escape from a building. The fire doors must be fully compliant to the pre-existing regulations by having it fitted with appropriate fire resisting fitings or hardware that is capable of slowing down the spread of fire. Fire door can be made of different types of materials, most commonly being steel, aluminum, glass or even timber. Door hardware includes, but is not limited to: '* Automatic closing mechanisms * Ball-bearing hinges © Gas & smoke seals ‘* Positive latching mechanisms Fire rated glass ‘The New PAM Centre 38Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building (Theft Smoke Seal, Middle] Automatic Deor closing mechanism. [Right] Lack mechanism, ) New PAM Centre contains both single swing fire dear and double swing fite door. Doors that are specifically being used in the building is made out of solid hardiwoad core with assumpted tire- resistance rating of half hour based on provision given in UBBL Clause 163, Half hour and one hour doors. Vision panel or small windows is glazed with 6mm Georgian Wire Glass to prevent hitting of obstructing another person while evacuating. Furthermore. it is equipped with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type. This allows the doors to be closed at all mes whenever no one is using it to prevent fire entering the closure, ‘The New PAM Centre 39Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.4.1.3 DOOR RELEASE MECHANISM. ( Everbright door release mechanism nex! to manual call point. ) Door Release Mechanism is located at lower ground floar wheraby access the use of pass card. The door is lacked through the use of magnetic door lock installed at the top of the door and the docr frame. Only with the pass card can the door be temporarily unlocked as the electromagnetic becomes de-energized for a few seconds. However, in case of emergency, the door can be disabled from the interior by using the daor release button as a safety measure, only possible through allowing constant outward movement for the occupants. ‘The New PAM Centre 40Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 1si November 2013): Part Vil, Clause 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls. (1) Fire doors of the appropriate Fire-rated Protection (FRP) shall be provided (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-taws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP- of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which ean be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with Section 3 of BS 476:1951 Part VIl, Clause 163. Half hour & One hour doors. Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirements of the specified FRP: (a) Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for door having FRP of half-hour: (1) A single door 800mm wide x 2100mm high maximum or double doors 1800mm x 2100 high maximum constructed of solid hardwood core of not less than 37mm laminated with adhesives conforming to either BS 745 “Animal Glues", or BS 1204, “Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for wood" Part 1, “Gap-filing adhesives", or BS 14dd, “Cold-setting casein glue for wood’, faced both sides with plywood to a ‘otal thickness of not less than 43mm with all edges finished with a solid ‘edge strip full width of the door, The meeting stiles of double doors shall be rabbeted 12mm deep or may be butied provided the clearance is kept to a minimum; (2) Doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on hydrautic ‘floor springs and clearance at floor not exceeding 4.77mm and frames and meeting stiles not exceeding 3mm; (3) A vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 0.065 ‘square metre per leaf with no dimension more than 1370mm and it is glazed with 6mm Georgian Wired Glass in hardwood stops; (4) Doors constructed in accordance with BS No. 456: Part 3: 1951 Fire ‘Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (Half-Hour Type); The New PAM Centre aBuilding Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 6.4.1.4 EXIT SIGN amU) Naat (Emergency exit signiage showing its photoluminescence properties. ) The emergency exit signage functions as a guide to direct occupants to the nearest fire exit, It signifies the presence of a fire exit and the general direction of the fire exit location. The ex: signage either features ISO standard ‘running man’ or arrows with the word KELUAR spelled Glearly. The sign is also photoluminascence or glow in the dark to allow it to be sean even in low visibility environment. The sign features above every fire exit, main exit and other places where fire exit is not apparent as required by UBBL Clause 172, Emergency exit signs. Reference to UBB| 1984 (as al 1s! November 2015): Part Vil, Clause 172. Emergency exit signs. (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings of other equipment. (2) A.sign reading “Kelvar with an arrow indicating the direction shail be placed in every location where the direction of the travel ta reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR’ in plainly legible letters nat fess than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 milimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background (4) All exit signs shail be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each. The New PAM Centre 42Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Bulling 6.4.1.5 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN ( Temporary placement of the fire escape plan. } Fire escape plan is located on every floor in the lif lobby area, The plan serve as @ tool for which occupants are shown the direction towards fire escape siaircase as wall as indication of the location of any fire extinguishing equipments such as the hose ree! & fire extinguisher. The plan lo tells the current location of the occupants whom reading the plan. ‘The New PAM Gentre 43Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.4.2 COMPARTMENTATION In New PAM Centre the use of compartmentation allowed the building to achieve several important aspect. Firstly, it is used as a protection of the escape route, primarily both of the fire escape staircase. It is also used as a separation barrier which significantly slows down fire or smoke from Spreading throughout the building. This not only increase the chance of stopping the fire more systematically and controlled manner, but allowing time for people to thoroughly cleared from the building There are basically two compartments in New PAM Centre (excluding lower ground floor, which contains some fire risk area), splitting roughly at mid point on each floors through fire walls. The hallways however, are free from any fire walls or doors or any means of firestopping shutter but instead places its reliance on fire-resistance rated materiality to sow down the spreading. This is acceptable in the building given its small scale and office building typology and therefore any firestopping shutter not required. In places where there is fire walls in the middle covers the office space where there is lots of furnitures and paper materials which means fire would spread very fast and therefore some kind of fire barrier is required. In cases where there is ducting that passes the fire wall, there would be fire dampers which prevents the spreading of fire through ducting system. (Ground floor plan of New PAM Centre showing the two compartments, escape route directions as well as the enelosed fire escape staireases. } The New PAM Centre 44Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building eee (Third level floor plan of New PAM Centre, The compartments varies between levels due to the architectural design. ) ® @ ® ® a) P= T T sii} 3 ® p ia a a a eg ( Sixth level floor plan of New PAM Centra. Variation of the compartments is based around the wold area. ) The New PAM Centre 45Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.4.2.1 ESCAPE TRAVEL DISTANCE The distance of the escape route is strictly regulated to ensure that every space in a building are within a reasonable distance towards the fire escape staircase or the exit. The distance of the escape route should be measured from the most furthest part of the room to any exit point, Since the New PAM Centre is an unsprinklered building, the maximum escape travel distance permitted by UBBL are 45m. Dead ends, which in aur cases refers to the rooms, should be at maximum 15m which are all in the permitted boundary following the plan arrangement. Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 1st November 2013). Part Vil, Clause 165. Measurement of travel distance to exits. (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any comer or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes: stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising. (2) Im the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance. The New PAM Centre 46Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 6.4.3 FIRE RATED BUILDING MATERIAL = ( Sense of materiality; New PAM Centre ) New PAM Genire follows a modem approach with a rustic materialistic feel, that focus on green building design. The structures mainly composed of precast concrete, which are carefully putin its place through cranes. The main purpose of these material functions as passive design, reducing heat to about 24 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 55%- 70%. There were also indoor ‘spaces with a transparent glass screen separating the rooms, However, the materials are nat only about passive design but care has also been given in terms of the overall fire resistance of the structure, In addition to fire-resistance rating, which are usually measured by time to tell its relative performance, there are also another classification of restriction of flames over surfaces such as walls and ceiling, as per UBBL Clause 204. Five different classes has been mentioned: * Class 0. Surface of no flame spread. This refers to thoroughly non-combustible materials. © Glass 1. Surface of Very Low Flame Spread. Surfaces on which the spread of flame occurs for less than 150mm. * Class 2. Surface of Low Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1.5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame is not more than 375mm and the final spread does not exceed 450mm. © Glass 3. Surface of Medium Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1.5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame Is nat more than 375mm and during the first 10 minutes of test itis not more than 825mm. * Class 4, Surface of Rapid Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1,5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame is not more than 375mm and during the first 10 minutes of test itis more than 625mm. ‘The New PAM Gentre a7Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas im a Public Building 6.4.3.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE The building follows @ grid arrangement for its columns and beams. The main load-bearing structural material that is employed throughout the building is precast concrete, which are made using pre-fabricated regular sized beams and columns transported and assembied in-situ. Precast concrete, without any kind of finishes used, are inherently non-combustible and has a. fire- resistance rating of 4 hours - the maximum fire ratinig defined by the laws. Moreover. the aggregates does play an important roles on manipulating the properties of such conorete. As per Ninth Schedule, Notional Period of Fire Resistance (By-Law 158(3), 224), the aggregate commonly Used in concrete are divided into two classes. Class 1 aggregate refers to foamed slag, pumice, blasturnac siag, pelleted fly ash, crushed brick and burnt clay products, well-burnt clinker and crushed limestone. Class 2 aggregate refers to a flint gravel, granite and crushed stones other than limestone, ( New PAM Centra during construction process, Dacamber 2015, Courtesy of Google Maps ) Fire walls surrounding the emergency staircases are also made of precast concrete. Although itis onload bearing, it would stil “equired to follow Class O or Class 1 (following Eighth Schedule, (By-Law 204, 206)) surface with a rating of 4 hours. This is necessary to protect tha integrity of the staircases not only for evacuation of occupants, but also for firefighting efforts, ‘The New PAM Centre 48Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 6.4.3.2 MASONRY ( Featured masonry brick walls with aesthetic arrangement. ) Masonry of clay bricks as used in New PAM Centre. Like precast concrete, masonry is generally non-combustible and is also a material of high thermal mass, requiring lots more energy to increase the temperature of the dense material. As these bricks are baked in a high temperature fire kiln, they are virtually fireproof. However, the bricks are then arranged to make a wall and have mortar applied as a bonding material. The mortar may have a slight negative effect on the fire- resistance property of the bricks, The brick wall fire-resistance rating are all dependent on its thickness. Since these walls are nan-load bearing, the thickness of the masonry wall needed to achieve 2 hours fire-resistance rating are 100mm and for 4 hours itis 170mm, following the Ninth Schedule, ‘The New PAM Gentre 49Building Services | Project 1: (Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 6.4.3.3 STEEL ELEMENTS (Main stairease made out of hot-dip galvanized steel.) New PAM Centre features different types of ste! elements, such as the minor structural members (H-column and bracing), stairs and services pipes and conduits. The stairs and services elements are composed of hot-dip galvanized steel. Although these steal are generally fire-resistant, it can become severely Weaken When exposed to fire for a specific amount of time by which the sles! structural elements may collapse. Therefore, assumption has been made that the hot-dip galvanized steel may be coated with intumescent coating or other types of fire-retardant coating which fapidly expand when in contact with flame for an extended period. This forms @ very low heat conductive barrier between the flame and the steel (Stee! structural members, used to support non-critical element, ) ‘The New PAM Centre 50Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building In terms of steel structural members, there are two method employed as means of making it fire resistance. First is the application of inumescent fire-retardant coating as mentioned above. Second is the use of solid protection through concrete not leaner than 1:2:4 mix. This allows the steel members to achieve up to 2 hours and 4 hours of fire-resistance period respectively, depending on thickness of protection material. 6.4.3.4 ALUMINIUM CLADDING (Black Aluminium cladding on the right side functions as a shading device ‘against the radiation heat. ) Recently, with tragedies such as the Grenfell Towers in Landon (June 2017) that engulfed in flames ‘80 quickly is all due to the cladding system. The cladding contains an inner layer flammable insulating layer which becomes the major factor in the quick spreading of fire throughout. Therefore, it is highly important to consider about the cladding and prevent it from becoming a tools that help the fire spread. In case of New PAM Centre, the cladding is made from aluminium due to its lightweight. Like steel, aluminium will lose most of its strength when exposed to fire. However, aluminium working temperature is much lower than steel which is around 200 to 250 degrees Celsius. Therefore, the cladding must contain some kind of fire-resistance elements or coating embedded onto it such as the intumescent coating, The New PAM Centre 51Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS BY: PREMDYL SINGH SHADAN The New PAM Centre 52Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 7.1 INTRODUCTION Ventilation is the intentional procass where fresh air is introduced into a building or a space to control indor air qlatity by diluting or removing indoor pollutants, Ventilation is hot only a process to ensure hygiene but also to improve thermal comfort. humidity, odours and the prevention of mould. The creation and movement of air between indoor and outdoor allows this to happen. When designing building, there are certain requirements for the amount of fresh air supplied into the building depending on the usage and function of that particular space and or room, Ventilation can be classified into two categories; natural or mechanical. Natural Ventilation, or commonly known as passive ventilation, heavily relies on the natural outside air moyement and pressure differences to both passively cool and ventilate a building. Buildings in hot or tropical régions, such as Malaysia. try to implement the usage of natural ventilation to help with building's cooling loads while being ‘energy-saving’ as the usage of mechanical air conditioning systems decrease, ‘On the other hand, mechanical ventilation, other known as forced ventilation, is controlled by the usage by mechanical means such as fans, air conditioning units, ¢ic. Mechanical ventitation is used in buildings when in certain cases, natural ventilation is nol efficient enough- for example: The building is too deep to ventilate fromm the perimeter. The building's surrounding air quailty and noise are poor. The density of the area is dense leading to the lack of natural wind from entering Privacy is comprdmised if natural ventilation is used, Too many partition within the buildings floor span, leading to blocked air paths. Density and usage of building creates high heat loads that is not able to be removed efficiently with natural ventilation. ef eens The New PAM Centre 53Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.2 UBBL COMPLIANCE According to the UBBL 1984 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning (41.), these are the ments a building in Malaysia must follow: 1, Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural-ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority 2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the: air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified here in a after shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the airconditioning system is not functioning 3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanical ventilated or air-conditioned. 4, Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-taws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall to apply to such lavatories, water-closels, bathrooms or corridors. The New PAM Centre 54Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 7.3 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical ventilation systems allow fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on natural airflow through smail holes in a building's roof, windows or wall. The system not only allows the input of fresh air, however removes the stale air trapped indoor, keeping distant from ‘sick building’ syndrome. Mechanical Ventilation allows homeowners to breath easier knowing that there is constant distribution of clean air indoors, 7.3.1 BASIC VENTILATION SYSTEMS ‘The basic ventilation system mainly have two components; the fan and a makeup supply. The fan is used to remove stale, unwanted and polluted air from inside the building whilst the makeup supply restores fresh air supply back into the building. The air taken by the makeup supply is taken from the exterior atmosphere of the building. The suction of the air created by the fan creates pressure within the space, forcing air ta travel form the supply point (exterior) to the pickup point (interior), The extractor fan, the most basic mechanical ventilation system, is found mainly in domestic bathrooms and kitchens to remove unwanted smells and fumes from the space. 7.3.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS: 7.3.2.1 SPOT VENTILATION SYSTEMS: Due to the unpredictable and uncontrollable nature of passive ventilation, spot ventilation is used to improve the circulation and productivity to ventilate a house consistently. Spot ventilation is effective as it allows the removal of indoor air pollutants and/ar humidity at their source. Cabinet Exhaust yon gf Ng Exhaust vent ( https siwwa.en .comiRPUresilibraryiventilation asp ) The New PAM Centre 55Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 7.3.2.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEMS Exhaust ventilation systems are used by extracting indoor air while allowing air to infiltrate through leaks via the building shell for example through windows, roof and passive vents. This ventilation system works by the creation of suction due to the difference of the inside air pressure and the outdoor air pressure, Exhaust Ventilation system are more likely to be used in colder climate because if used in warm climates it may condense due to increase of humidity and cause moisture damage between wall cavities. Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively inexpensive and easy to install however, these systems tend to draw in pollutants from the exterior, for example radon and moulds from a crawlspace, dust from an attic, fumes from an attached garage, flue gases from a fireplace or fossil fuel-fired water heater and furnace, etc, Exhaust Ventilation ® Exhaust air outlet = Airflow @® Positive air pressure 4) Airinfiltration eS Negative air pressure ( https:/Avww hometips,eom/how-il-worke/vantilation-systerns-exhaust him! ) The New PAM Centre 56Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.3.2.3 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEMS: In contradiction to exhaust ventilation systems, supply ventilation systems work through the pressurisation of building. Supply ventilation systems are used by forcing outdoor air into the building, allawing air to leak through windows fans and intentional vents, This system allows better manipulation and control of air thats entering compared to exhaust systems. It discourages pollutants from entering the building while being able to prevent backdrafting of combustion gases from fireplaces and appliances. This system also allows the filtration of minuscule allergens such as pollen and dust that can be dehumidified. Unlike exhaust systems, supply systems are more likely to be used in warm climates compared to cold climates. Supply Ventilation © Fresh air inlet Central supply fan @ Airflow @ Positive air pressure 4) Airinfiltration © Negative air pressure ( hitos:/mmhometins, it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust htm! ) ‘The New PAM Centre 57Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building ‘4 BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEMS Balanced ventilation systems neither pressurise or depressurise a building if designed and installed well. The introduction and exhaustion of equal parts fresh air to polluted air, are carried out via two fans and two duct systems. The placement of the fans and ducts are crucial as they provide help with the distribution of air in the building. Fans and ducts are placed in relation to the activity for example- fresh air is supplied to common areas with the most activity such as living rooms, meeting rooms, etc while the exhaustion of air happens al high humidity areas like the kitchen, bathroom, etc. Balanced systems are suitable for all climates and do have filters attached to remove alleges like pollen and dust. Balanced Ventilation © exhaustair outlet 4 Airflow ® Positive air pressure ly Air infiltration © Negative air pressure ( fe mnihowel " , The New PAM Centre 58Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Buliing 7.3.2.5 ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS: Energy recovery systems are used to ensure maximum ventilation via duets and exhausts in each space. Energy recovery systems usually cost more to install and maintain therefore not very common, however, some systems share ductwork to Save an material cost, Duct’s for eneray recovery systems are complex when installing and designing therefore only some HVAC contractors have enough technical expertise and experience to install them, The duct for the system has to be correctly sized and calculated to minimize pressure drops in the system and thus. improve performance. Energy recovery systems need extra care as they need to be cleaned often form buildup of dust and mould from forming on the heat exchanger surfaces and in cold climates, energy recovery systems should have devices to help prevent freezing and frost formation, ( butnthwn£-951.com/eneray-recovery-systemy ) The New PAM Centre 8)Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.3.3 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS: There are § components that can be found in a complete mechanical ventilation system: 1. Fan 2. Filter 3 Ductwork 4, Fire Damper 5. Diffuser 7.3.3.1 FAN ‘One of the mast important components in a mechanical ventilation system as the fan provides sufficient extraction and supply to the building. The fan forces air through inlets that spread through the building allowing ventilation in all spaces. There are three types of fans being: 4. Propellor Fan 2. Axial Fan 3. Centrifugal Fan The propeller fan's main function is to maximise air discharge by removing large volumes of air. The propeller fan does not need to be ducted or mounted on wall, there fore cheap to install and does not produce much noise. The fan is sed to extract unwanted air out of the space for short distances therefore not being able to push air through ducts. These fans are commonly found in washrooms, kitchen and or utility rooms. { hitouina hisupplien com/var/userlmages/2009-09/11/bitzertach$224829606is).p9 ) The New PAM Centre 60Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building Besides that, the axial fan comprises of an impeller with a fan blade that rotates inside a cylindrical casing. The axial fan is found in ducts to improve the speed of air flow as it drives that air towards @ parallel direction in its shafi. This type of fan can be found in jet airplanes, basements and tunnels. Finally, the centrifugal fan, the most powerful and productive fan, can transfer both large and small quantities of air no matter the pressure. The fan consists of an impeller that spins inside a scold- shaped casing, while the inlet is positioned at 90°, The fan stands on a base usually located on rooftops of large buildings as it requires larger air supplies and space. ( tewiima direcindusty convimages diphoto-9/19905.2267697 Joa ) The New PAM Centre 61Builtling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 7.3.3.2 FILTER A filter is used ina mechanical ventilation system, to remove impurities of external air before entering the building; for example dust, pollen, smoke, smog, bacteria or other tinwanted substances. Filters can be divided accordingly: 4. Dry- A normal filter that contains fibrous materials which removes solids and impurities. ( https:uimage slideshicecdn,commechaticalventilation-0903172304: i9s¢mechanical. ventilatinn-43-728 ing ?ch=1 297351115 ) 2. Viseous- Often used at industrial situations as it has. high dus! retention. Contains comugated metal plates that is sprayed with oil which makes particles slick on its surface. a, ( hites dic indiamart.convimpeatiauto-viscous-fters tow ) ‘The New PAM Gentre 62Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 3. Electrostatic- Filters that use a self-generated charge to attract and collect dust particles. 4. Activated Carbon- A filter that can ensure the removal of harmful gases and smelling substances. M@ase 1" a xx ie oe The New PAM Centre 63Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.3.3.3 DUCTWORK The ductwork is compromised of a shaft that allows airflow from the exterior into the interior. Ductworks can commonly be found either round of rectangular, depending on the buildings configuration. ( he industrial, he ) 7.3.3.4 FIRE DAMPER Fire dampers are used to avoid fires from spreading fram one room to another because of its folded metal plates or louvres that acts as an automatic barrier when fire is present. It is commonly. installed at the compartment walll of the room: (hitosuéstatict .com/stalic/5479241 ws \igh-res-white-bo. ina Mformat=500w ) ‘The New PAM Centre 64Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 7.3.3.5 DIFFUSER The diffuser, also known as a grille, is located at the edge of the ductwork where the ait is released into the room to evenly spread out the airflaw into the space . ‘The New PAM Centre 65Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 7.4 MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN THE NEW PAM BUILDING The New PAM building is an excellent building that serves as a case-study for all buildings to follow as law energy building as mentioned before. Therefore, this Platinum rated building, by the Green Building Index, uses plenty of passive ventilation in its design to reduce the dependence on mechanical ventilation thus, only using certain types of systems, being- propeller fans and the spat ventilation system. Although it does not require much assistance of mechanical ventilation system, the New PAM Building provides occupants with ultimate safety and comfort. 7.4.1 SPOT VENTILATION SYSTEMS ‘The New PAM Centre uses extract spot ventilation in certain areas- washing area inside the prayer foom and the cafe's kitchen. The reason for using this type of mechanical ventilation system, can tell us that this enclosed space lacks of good airflow, thus resulting in the addition of the system. The lack of airflow without the system, may cause the enclosed space to always remain wet, leading to a stench and high humidity that can result in the growth of mound and decay of walls. ( Spot Ventilation Systam that was spotted in the kitehen ) The New PAM Centre 66Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 7.4.2 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) The function of the Air Handling Unit (AHU) is to distribute lean cold or hot air (depending on the climate) within the building. Each AHU distributes fresh air to the floor level where it's placed, however in the New PAM building there are AHU units located on level 8, the rooftop. From there, the ducts distribute and extract air into different spaces on the other floors. In the AHU unit, an axial fan is used to ensures the proper coaling of the unit (Axial Fan thal was spotted in the AHU ) ‘The New PAM Gentre 67Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas in a Public Building 7.4.3 PROPELLER FANS The New PAM Centre uses big celling propeller fans thal is placed at every open space of the building, to improve cool the surrounding air by aiding natural ventilation. The propeller fan uses the wind chill effect, where as the fan runs anti-clockwise, the air is pushed down, forcing the ‘space to be cooler than usual, ( Propeller Fan that was spotted in open spa The New PAM CentreBuiltling Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 7.5 CONCLUSION In canclusion, mechanical ventilation systems are yital to a building as without it, he supply of air into the building is not sufficient enough and not safe enough for human usage. The New PAM Building, is 2 good example of the integration ef mechanical ventilation systems and passive ventilation as it helps strengthen each other, rather than trying to dispose of one another. The mechanical ventilation systems used all follow thie UBBL. requirements as each system is equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Therefore, the New PAM Building has heavily taken mechanical ventilation systems into the design considerations of the building. ‘The New PAM Centre 69Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 8.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS BY: NEVILLE GEOFFERY SOM! The New PAM Centre 70Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servieas in a Public Building 8.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Air Conditioning (AC) Serves the main purpose af achieving thermal comfort and maintaining the indoor quality within a building, it is described as the technology of indoor and vernacular comfort. IWachieves its goal by replacing the indoor air with fresh air as well as changing the air properties within the building by controlling the temperatuive, humidity to a more suitable and cortifort environment. in common use an air conditioner is.a device that removes heat from the air inside a building thus lowering the air temperature. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycte. 8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW The main use of air conditioning is to control the air within the building. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air primarily the temperature and humidity through mechanical maansit can also be referred as the total contral of temperature, air humidity and air cleanliness. Every building that uses air conditionar has its own conditioning system that can convert the humidity and temperature in a building as well ss air ducts that control the flow of air within the building, different air conditioning:system has different advantages and is chosen depending on requirements of the building, Alr conditioning basically work by removing heal from the air inside the room and releasing this collected heat into-the air outdoors, 8.2.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF AIR COOLING Air particles. change from gas state to liquid state at certain point under compression. During the process, latent heat is released from the gas whereas large amount of latent heat is absorbed when the pressure is decreased in liquid particles as vaporization occurs in gas Air conditioning system works in a way that it absorbs heat in a room, collects and releases to the outside, The system is constantly circulating air in the room and temperature is constantly decreasing. ‘The types of air conditioning that are being used are split system, windowed or VRF system. The systems utilized are refrigeration cycie and air cycle. ‘The New PAM Centre 7Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 8.2.1.1 REFRIGERATION CYCLE (Process of extracting heat from a lawer temperature heat source/cooling medium and transferring itto a higher temperature heat.) Refrigeration Cycle Process: * The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas, «The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as il leaves the expansion valve. + The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas, * Asahot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated. The New PAM Centre 72Building Services | Project 1; Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 8.2.1.2 COMPONENTS OF A REFRIGERATION CYCLE Types of components Function Compressor A compressor compresses the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. The vapor is pumped into the condenser after compression when the vapor reaches temperature as high as 200°F Condenser Expansion Valve The refrigerant changes from vapor to liquid in the condenser, While this change of state is taking place, a great amount of heat is released A valve or small fixed-size tubing or orifice that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator which allows expansion by removing pressure. The New PAM Centre 73Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building Evaporator _ccaareranerearett $ The New PAM Centre The function of an evaporator is to provide @ heat-absorbing surface. A coil of pipe where the refrigerant inside is vaporizing and absorbing heat, while the air blown over the surface of this pipe is cooled . 74Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 8.2.2 AIR CYCLE PROCESS (Example of air eycle between room and the air handling unit (AHU)) Air cycle is @ process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the retum air is absorbed by the evaporator, The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water. Distribution of air can be either through duets or chilled water pipes. Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler. The system works by compressing air and remaving the heat contained, then expands the air to a lower temperature. The New PAM Centre 75Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Servicas im a Public Building 8.2.21 COMPONENTS IN AIR CYCLE Components Eunction 1, Air Handling Unit (AHU) The main function of air handling unit is to control the airflow in a room or space. It heats, cools, humidifies dehumidifies, filters and distributes air. AHU is also used for recycling the return air, Air filter Is used for cleaning air ‘or filtering dust and unwanted ‘chemical particles from the air. It purifies ait and reduces the ‘amount of dust and pollutants in a space. 3. Blower Fan ‘The New PAM Centre it circulates air for distribution ‘which work in two ways. One of them is a separated ventilation fan that is frequently seen which ‘can propel a larger amount of air jin shorter span of time. The ‘other one is a propeller fan which is used specifically to release heat from the condenser. 76Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building Ductwork and Diffusers They transfer eirculstion air into air conditioned rooms ta be distributed. The diffusers then Jets air flows out of the duct. These components are positioned in a false suspended calling to be unseen. Air circulation it is where distribution of clean air occurs when fresh air is circulated. The hot and dirty air }will be expelled outside while fresh clean air is mixed into the existing ai 5. Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers ‘The New PAM entre tt is required to help ventilate and humidify the air especially in areas with bad ventilation and areas (hat are always wet,Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services im a Public Building 8.2.3 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM There are many different kinds of air conditioning units that can be utilized in a building, these designs vary in order to fit the function and size of a variety of buildings, building users can choose according to whichever they see fit and whichever meet their needs. Here are 4 types of air conditioning systems: 1. Window air-conditioning system ‘The window air-conditioning system is a basic form of system with a single unit assembled with casing which contains all the componenis of the system. It is one of the cheapest alternative compared to the others. This system is the mast commonly seen and used in small spaces such as single roonis where they are usually installed in a window sill, slot on a wall made for it, The advantages of this system is its reliability and cost saving as it does not require the construction of ‘a centralized air system other than it is portable and removable, The unit is installed half facing indoors white the other half outdoor. The frent panel which is facing in contains the digital or mechanical controls. Just ike any other air conditioning system, it contains 3 parts : the refrigeration components, air circulation and ventilation components, and control system components. Majority of these window units are ald version which bring to the disadvantages of making noise, less efficient and blockage problem. Fortunately, the modern technology has contributed in making them better. ‘The New PAM Gentre 78Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building 2. Multi-split air conditioning system = = The similarity between a multi-split air conditioning system and a regular split air conditioning system is the design. What makes the multi-split air conditioning system is its capability to have up to 4 indoor air outlet unit to one compressor instead of one air outlet to one compressor. Not only does it cut down on cost, it makes the system more efficient. Ductwork is not a requirement in this system and each indoor unit can be controlled individually depending on the user's needs, ‘The New PAM Centre 79Building Services | Project 1: ase Study of Building Services in a Public Building 3. Split air conditioning system i (nitp://countdowndeals, com,aulmidea-mmso70-high-wall-spli-system air-conditioner-indoor-unit-only.himl) The split air conditioning system is renowned as the most popular among the other choices of air conditioning system. It operates in silence and having a hole in the wall is not a requirement for installation. A condenser, the outdoor unit is usually connected by copper tubing to indoor units. (bites/hwww.indiamart.comfaepanfinnovative-splil-ac-outdoor-unit.html) The outdoor units are made up of compressor and condenser which are the main mechanical components of the process. The compressor, condenser, an expansion valve and a cooling fan are components of an outdoor air conditioning system conditioning system. High amount of heat generation cannot be avoided during The New PAM Centre 80Building Services | Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in a Public Building eat exchanger (When the front panel is opened (nlipe/ductiogs. calmiteubishi-duetlags-faq/) The indoor units are the sides which are commonly visible te users. It functions as the cooler and conditioner of the room. It has evaporator, blower fan, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe, supply air louvers and a control panel, The air from the room is absorbed into the blower fan to be filtered and evaporated. This process releases heat and produces the cooling effect. ‘The New PAM Centre at