STRAIGHT

LINES
𝑮𝟏𝟎
Objectives
To define direction vector of a straight line .
To Give the parametric equations of a straight line .

To Find the cartesian equation of a straight line .

To know Parallelism condition of two straight lines.

To Find the intersection of two straight lines.
 Revision:
Reduced equation of a straight line
 Equation of a straight line
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃

𝒃 is known as the y–intercept

This is the point at which the
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 line cuts the y-axis.

𝒂 is known as the director coefficient or slope

Slope positive : increasing line
Slope negative : decreasing line
 Equation of a straight line: 𝟏
y= − 𝒙
𝟑 𝑦
y= 𝟐𝒙
𝟐) 𝒚 =𝒂𝒙 Linear function 𝟏
y= − 𝒙
𝟐

y-intercept= 𝟎

𝑥
Straight line passing through 𝑥′

the origin
The equation of every line passing
through the origin is in the form:

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 𝑦′
Equation of a straight line: 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝑦
𝒚=𝑲 Slope= 𝟎, 𝒚 −intercept= 𝑲 𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟓

Horizontal line Parallel to the x-axis

𝑦=1

𝒚=𝟎
𝑥′ 𝑥
If 𝑲 = 𝟎
𝑦 = −1.5

𝒚=𝟎 𝒚 = −𝟑

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝑦′

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 𝐱 ′ 𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐲 = 𝟎

 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒙 = −𝟏. 𝟓 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙=𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝑦

𝒙=𝑲 Has no Slope

Vertical line Parallel to the y-axis

If 𝑲 = 𝟎
𝑥′ 𝑥
𝒙=𝟎

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 𝐲 ′ 𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐱 = 𝟎 𝑦′
Director coefficient of a line passing through 2 points

The director coefficient of a line passing through the points 𝑨&𝑩 is given by : 𝒚𝑩
− 𝒚𝑨
Example: 𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨
Given the points 𝑬(𝟏, 𝟑) & 𝑭(−𝟐, 𝟒)
𝒚𝑭 − 𝒚𝑬 4−3 −1
The slope of the line (𝑬𝑭) is given by: = =
𝒙𝑭 − 𝒙𝑬 −2 − 1 3

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 < 𝟎 So the line is decreasing.

 Determine the equation of a straight line
Knowing it’s slope 𝒂 and a point A belonging to it.
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆:
Determine the equation of the line (𝒅) of slope 𝟑 and passing through the point 𝑨(−𝟏, 𝟐)
Solution:
1st method The equation of (𝒅) is given by :𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒅 : 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒃
𝑨 belongs to (𝒅) then the coordinates of A verify the equation of (d)
So 𝒚𝑨 = 𝟑𝒙𝑨 + 𝒃 ; 𝟐 = 𝟑(−𝟏) + 𝒃 ; 𝟐 = −𝟑 + 𝒃 ; 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝒃 ; 𝒃 = 𝟓
Then the equation of 𝐝 : 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
2nd method The equation of (𝒅) is given by : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒙𝑨
𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒙 − −𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 ; 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
Then the equation of 𝐝 : 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
 Give the reduced cartesian equation of the line defined
by the two points 𝑨 and 𝑩.

𝒃) 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟏) and 𝑩(−𝟏, −𝟏) 𝒅) 𝑨(𝟎, 𝟏) and 𝑩(𝟑, 𝟎)

Solution
Let 𝐴𝐵 : 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝐴𝐵 : 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 −1 − 1 −2 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 0 − 1 −1
𝒂= = = =1 𝒂= = =
𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 −1 − 1 −2 𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 3 − 0 3
𝐴𝐵 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 −1
𝐴𝐵 : 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑏
3
𝑨 ∈ (𝑨𝑩) so 𝒚𝑨 = 𝒙𝑨 + 𝒃 −𝟏
𝑨 ∈ (𝑨𝑩) so 𝒚𝑨 = 𝒙𝑨 + 𝒃
𝟑
1 = 1 + 𝑏 so 𝑏 = 0 −1
1= 0 + 𝑏 so 𝑏 = 1
Then a reduced equation of 3
𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 Then a reduced equation of
−1
𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
3
 Give the reduced cartesian equation of the line defined
by the two points 𝑨 and 𝑩 .

e) 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟐) and 𝑩(𝟏, 𝟓) f) 𝑨(𝟑, −𝟐) and 𝑩(𝟏, −𝟐)

𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐵 = 1 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐵 = −2
Then 𝑨𝑩 //(𝒚′ 𝒚) Then 𝑨𝑩 //(𝒙′ 𝒙)
𝐴𝐵 : 𝑥 = 𝐾: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐵 : 𝑦 = 𝐾: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐴 ∈ (𝐴𝐵) so 𝑥𝐴 = 𝐾 = 1 𝐴 ∈ (𝐴𝐵) so 𝑦𝐴 = 𝐾 = −2

Then a reduced equation of Then a reduced equation of

𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝒚 = −𝟐
 Give the reduced cartesian equation of the line 𝑫 passing
t𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝑨 and whose director coefficient is 𝒎.

a) 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟐) and 𝒎 = −𝟏 c) 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟐) and 𝒎 = 𝟎 d) 𝑨(𝟎; 𝟎) and 𝒎 = 𝟑

𝑫 : 𝒚 − 𝒚𝑨 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝑨 ) 𝑚 = 0 so (𝐷)// (𝑥 ′ 𝑥) 𝐷 passes trough the origin.

𝑦 − 2 = −1(𝑥 − 2) 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 −intercept =0.

Then 𝐷 : 𝑦 = 𝑘: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑦 − 2 = −𝑥 + 2 𝐴 ∈ (𝐷) so 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑘 = 2 𝐷 : 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥.

𝐷 : 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4 Then a reduced equation of Then a reduced equation

𝐷 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝑦 = 2 of 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝑦 = 3𝑥
 Director vector of a straight line
Definition
A non zero vector having the same direction as (𝑫) (D)
Properties: 𝒗 𝑭
●If 𝑣Ԧ is a given non-zero vector then through a given
point 𝐴,one and only one straight line 𝐷 passes having
𝑣 as the direction vector. 𝑬
●Any non zero vector in the form 𝑚𝑣Ԧ is also a direction 𝑩
vector of 𝐷 .Because 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑣Ԧ have the same
direction.
Example

𝐴𝐵& 𝐸𝐹 are also director vectors of (𝐷).

 Parametric equations
Given:
(D)
● 𝐷 : 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐴 𝑥0 ; 𝑦0 .
●𝑣(𝛼;
Ԧ 𝛽): director vector of 𝐷 . 𝒗

𝐷 is denoted by (𝐴, 𝑣)Ԧ 𝑨

For any point 𝑀(𝑥; 𝑦) of (𝐷); 𝐴𝑀 and 𝑣Ԧ are collinear.
𝑆𝑜 𝑨𝑴 = 𝒕𝒗 (t∈ ℝ) 𝑴
Then : 𝑿𝑨𝑴 = 𝒕𝑿𝒗 and 𝒀𝑨𝑴 = 𝒕𝒀𝒗
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝛼𝑡
ቊ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑥0
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝛽𝑡 ൜ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑦0
Examples
𝟏) Give the parametric equations of the line (d):
passing through the point 𝐴 1; 2 and whose direction vector is 𝑣(2;
Ԧ −3)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑥0 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1
Parametric equations of 𝑑 : ቊ (𝒅): ቊ
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑦0 𝑦 = −3𝑡 + 2
𝟐) Same question for 𝐴(−3; 0) and 𝑣(−1;
Ԧ 4)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑥 = −𝑡 − 3
(𝑫): ൜ (𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
𝑦 = 4𝑡
 Examples
𝟑)Given 𝒅 : ቊ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓

Give 𝟐 points of 𝒅 and a direction vector of (𝒅).

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝒗(𝟐; −𝟑) is a direction vector of (𝑑).

● For 𝑡 = 0; 𝑥 = 2(0) − 3 = −3 and 𝑦 = −3 0 + 5 = 5 So 𝐴(−3; 5) belongs to 𝑑 .

●For 𝑡 = 1 ; 𝑥 = 2 1 − 3 = −1 and 𝑦 = −3 1 + 5 = 2 So 𝐵(−1`; 2) belongs to 𝑑 .
 Examples
𝒙 = −𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏
𝟒)Given 𝑫 : ቊ 𝒕∈ℝ
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐
𝒂) Show that the point 𝑨(𝟑; −𝟏) is a point of 𝑫 .
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

−2𝑡 + 1 = 3 3𝑡 + 2 = −1
−2𝑡 = 2 3𝑡 = −3 −𝟏 = −𝟏 so 𝐴 3; −1 belongs to (𝐷)
𝒕 = −𝟏 𝒕 = −𝟏
𝒃) Does the point 𝐸(−5; −1) belong to 𝐷 ?
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
−2𝑡 + 1 = −5 3𝑡 + 2 = −1
3𝑡 = −3 𝟑 ≠ −𝟏 so 𝐸 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔(𝐷)
−2𝑡 = −6
𝑡=3 𝑡 = −1.
 The line 𝑫 is defined by its parametric equations . Give two points
of (𝑫) and a direction vector of (𝑫) in each of the following.

𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 𝒙 = −𝒎 + 𝟐
a) 𝑫 : ቊ b) 𝑫 : ቊ
𝒚 = −𝒕 + 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒎

Direction vector:𝑅(2, −1) Direction vector:𝑅(−1,2)

𝑭𝒐𝒓 t=0: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝐦=0:

𝑥 = −(0) + 2 = 2.
𝑥 = 2 0 + 1 = 1.
𝑦=2 0 =0
𝑦 =− 0 +5=5
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝐦=2:
𝑭𝒐𝒓 t=1: 𝑥 = −2 + 2 = 0.
𝑥 = 2 1 + 1 = 3. 𝑦=2 2 =4
𝑦 = −1 + 5 = 4
So (1;5) and (3; 4)are 2 points on 𝐷 . So (2;0) and (0; 4) belong to 𝐷 .
 The line 𝑫 is defined by its parametric equations . Give two points
of (𝑫) and a direction vector of (𝑫) in each of the following.

𝒙= 𝒕+𝟏 𝒙=𝟑 𝑥 = 0𝑡 + 3
c) 𝑫 : ቊ d) 𝑫 : ቊ
𝒚=𝟐 𝑦 = 0𝑡 + 2 𝒚 = −𝒕 + 𝟏

Direction vector:𝑅(1,0) Direction vector:𝑅(0, −1)

𝑭𝒐𝒓 t=0: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 t=0:
𝑥 = 0 + 1 = 1. 𝑥=3
𝑦=2 𝑦 =− 0 +1=1
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕 = −𝟏: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 t=1:
𝑥 = −1 + 1 = 0. 𝑥=3
𝑦=2 𝑦 = −1 + 1 = 0
So (1;2) and (0; 2)are 2 points on 𝐷 . So (3;1) and (3; 0) are 2 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐷 .
 𝟏) Given 𝑨(−𝟏, 𝟐) and 𝑩 𝟑, 𝟐 . Find the parametric equations
of the line (𝑫) passing through the points 𝑨 and 𝑩.

Solution

𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑥0
𝐷 :൜ (𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑦0
●𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 belong to (𝐷) so 𝑨𝑩 is a direction vector of 𝑫
𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴 = 3 − −1 = 4 = 𝛼
𝐴𝐵 ቤ
𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴 = 2 − 2 = 0 = 𝛽
●𝐴 belongs to (𝐷) so let 𝑥0 = 𝑥𝐴 = −1 and 𝑦0 = 𝑦𝐴 = 2

𝑥 = 4𝑡 − 1
𝐷 :ቊ (𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
𝑦=2
 Cartesian equations
𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑥0 𝛼𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑡=
𝐷 :ቊ 𝛼
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑦0 𝑦 − 𝑦0
𝛽𝑡 = 𝑦 − 𝑦0 𝑡=
𝛽
𝑥−𝑥0 𝑦−𝑦0
𝒕=𝒕 𝑠𝑜 =
𝛼 𝛽

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛽 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝛼 𝑦 − 𝑦0

𝛽𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥0 − 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦0 = 0

𝛽𝑥 − 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦0 − 𝛽𝑥0 = 0 in the form : 𝑫 : 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒘 = 𝟎

𝜷 −𝜶 𝜶𝒚𝟎 − 𝜷𝒙𝟎
Note:𝑅(𝛼; 𝛽) is the same as 𝑅 −𝑣; 𝑢 : direction vector .
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟓 𝒑: 𝟐𝟎𝟐 Give the cartesian equation of each of the following lines defined
by their parametric equations and give a direction vector 𝑹:
𝟏
𝒙= 𝒕+𝟐 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 (𝟏, −𝟏) 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 (𝟐, −𝟏)
a)(𝑫𝟏 ): ቊ b)(𝑫𝟐 ): ቐ 𝟐
𝒚 = −𝒕 𝟐 𝒚 = −𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝜶 𝜷 𝜶 𝜷
𝟏 𝒕=𝒙−𝟐 𝟏
𝒕=𝒕 𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 −
ቐ 𝟐 + ቐ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒕 = −𝒚
× 𝟐 𝒚 = −𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟐𝒕 + 𝟐
So 𝑥 − 2 = −𝑦
3
𝑥+𝑦−2=0 𝑥 + 2𝑦 =
2
3
𝐷1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 : in the form: 𝐷2 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − = 0: cartesian equation
2
𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0: u = 1; v = 1; w = −2
Direction vector: 𝑅 −𝑣; 𝑢 so 𝑅 −2; 1
Direction vector: 𝑅 −𝑣; 𝑢 so 𝑅 −1; 1
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟓 𝒑: 𝟐𝟎𝟐 Give the cartesian equation of each of the following lines defined
by their parametric equations:

𝒙=𝒎+ 𝟐 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 (𝟏, −𝟏)

c)(𝑫𝟑 ): ൝
𝒚 = −𝒎 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝜶 𝜷
𝟏 + 𝟐 𝑥+𝑦 = 2−1

𝐷3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 + 1 = 0:cartesian equation

Direction vector: 𝑅 −𝑣; 𝑢 so 𝑅 −1; 1

Cartesian equations
𝑹(−𝒗; 𝒖) is a direction vector of (𝑑)
●𝐼𝑓 𝑣 = 0; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅(0; 𝑢) is a direction vector
having the same direction as (𝑦 ′ 𝑦)
𝒘
The equation of (𝑑) is in the form 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑤 = 0 𝒙=− 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝒖
Example: 𝐃 : 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 (𝐷) //(𝑦 ′ 𝑦)
8
So 𝐷 : 𝑥 = : line // (𝑦 ′ 𝑦)
3

●𝐼𝑓 𝑢 = 0; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅(−𝑣; 0) is a direction vector

having the same direction as (𝑥 ′ 𝑥)
𝒘
The equation of (𝑑) is in the form 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 𝒚=− 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝒗′
(𝐷) //(𝑥 𝑥)
Example: 𝐃 : 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
−1 ′ In particular: 𝑦 = 0: → 𝑥 ′ 𝑥
So 𝐷 : 𝑦 = : line // (𝑥 𝑥)
2 𝑥 = 0: → (𝑦 ′ 𝑦)
Reduced equation
𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0: 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑣𝑦 = −𝑢𝑥 − 𝑤
●𝐼𝑓 𝑣 ≠ 0; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 is written in the form :
𝑢 𝑤 Example:
𝑦=− 𝑥 −
𝑣 𝑣 𝑫 : 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎:cartesian equation.
reduced equation????
Slope 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0: 𝑢 = 3; 𝑣 = −2; 𝑤 = 5
2𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚:
𝟑 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃: 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙 + :reduced equation
𝒖 𝒘 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒂 = − ; 𝒃 = − ) 𝒖 𝒘 𝟑 𝟓
𝒗 𝒗
𝑶𝒓 𝒚 = − 𝒙 − = 𝒙 +
𝒗 𝒗 𝟐 𝟐
 Give a cartesian equation of the line 𝑫 :
passing through the point 𝑨 and whose direction vector is 𝑹

𝟏 −𝟏
𝒂) 𝑨(𝟎, 𝟏) and 𝑹 ቤ 𝒃) 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟎) and 𝑹 ቤ
𝟏 𝟏
Let 𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 Let 𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
𝛼 = −𝑣 = 1 so 𝑣 = −1 𝛼 = −𝑣 = −1 so 𝑣 = 1
𝛽=𝑢=1 𝛽=𝑢=1
So 𝐷 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 So 𝐷 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
𝐴 belongs to 𝐷 𝑠𝑜 𝑥𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴 + 𝑤 = 0 𝐴 belongs to 𝐷 𝑠𝑜 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐴 + 𝑤 = 0
0−1+𝑤 =0 1+0+𝑤 =0
𝑤=1 𝑤 = −1
Then 𝑫 : 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 Then 𝑫 : 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
 Give a cartesian equation of the line 𝑫 :
passing through the point 𝑨 and whose direction vector is 𝑹

𝟏
c) 𝑨( , 𝟏) and 𝑹(𝟑, 𝟎) d) 𝑨(𝟑, 𝟐) and 𝑹(𝟎, 𝟐)
𝟐

Let 𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 Let 𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
𝛼 = −𝑣 = 3 so 𝑣 = −3 𝛼 = −𝑣 = 0so 𝑣 = 0
𝛽=𝑢=0 𝛽=𝑢=2
So 𝐷 : −3𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 So 𝐷 : 2𝑥 + 𝑤 = 0
𝐴 belongs to 𝐷 𝑠𝑜 − 3𝑦𝐴 + 𝑤 = 0 𝐴 belongs to 𝐷 𝑠𝑜 2𝑥𝐴 + 𝑤 = 0
−3(1) + 𝑤 = 0 2(3) + 𝑤 = 0
𝑤=3 𝑤 = −6
Then 𝐷 : −3𝑦 + 3 = 0 Then 𝐷 : 2𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑦 = 1 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 //(𝑥’𝑥)) 𝑥 = 3(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 //(𝑦’𝑦))
 Given 𝒅 : 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎. Find the parametric equations of
the line (𝒅′ )// (𝒅) and passing through the point 𝑨 −𝟏, 𝟑 .

Solution
𝑥 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝑥0
Let 𝑑′ : ൜ (𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
𝑦 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑦0
𝑑 : 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 In the form 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 with 𝒖 = 𝟏 ; 𝒗 = −𝟑 .
so 𝑅(3,1) is a direction vector of 𝑑 . It is also a direction vector for (𝑑′ ) since (𝑑)//(𝑑 ′ )

−𝒗 𝒖
Then 𝛼 = 3 and 𝛽 = 1
●𝐴 belongs to (𝐷) so let 𝑥0 = 𝑥𝐴 = −1 and 𝑦0 = 𝑦𝐴 = 3
𝑥 = 3𝑡 − 1
𝑑′ : ቊ (𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
𝑦 =𝑡+3
 Relative positions of 𝟐 straight lines
Given the 2 lines : 𝐷 : 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
(𝑫) (𝑫′)
𝐷′ : 𝑢′ 𝑥 + 𝑣 ′𝑦 + 𝑤′ =0
𝑅(−𝑣; 𝑢) and 𝑅′ (−𝑣’; 𝑢’) are
respectively the direction vectors of
(𝐷) and (𝐷′ )
𝟏) (𝐷)//(𝐷′ ) is equivalent to 𝑅 and 𝑅′ are collinear.
−𝑣 𝑢 𝑢 𝑣
Equivalent to det 𝑅; 𝑅′ = = ′ = 0 So 𝑢𝑣 ′ − 𝑢′ 𝑣 = 0
−𝑣′ 𝑢′ 𝑢 𝑣′
Remark:
If 𝑣 ≠ 0 and 𝑣 ′ ≠ 0 then (𝐷)//(𝐷′ ) is equivalent to 𝑢𝑣 ′ − 𝑢′ 𝑣 = 0
𝑢 𝑢′
(𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 (𝐷) and (𝐷′ ) aren’t parallel 𝐼𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝑣 𝑣′
to (𝑦 ′ 𝑦)) −𝑢 −𝑢′
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = so 𝒂 = 𝒂′
𝑣 𝑣′
Remark:
1) If 𝒖′ = 𝒌𝒖 ; 𝒗′ = 𝒌𝒗 ; 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘′ = 𝒌𝒘

Then 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 is equivalent to :𝑢′ 𝑥 + 𝑣 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑤 ′ = 0

(𝐷) and (𝐷′ ) have then the same equation.

In this case ,(𝐷) and (𝐷′ ) are confounded lines.
Example:
the 2 equations 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and −4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 are equivalent . So they
represent the same straight line .

After that we talk about an equation of (𝐷) and not the equation of (𝐷).
 Say if the two lines (𝑫𝟏 )and (𝑫𝟐 ) are parallel or not .Justify.

Solution
a) (𝑫𝟏 ): 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
and 𝑫𝟐 : −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎

𝑅1 (−𝑣1 , 𝑢1 ) 𝑅1 −1,1 : director vector for (𝐷1 )

𝑅2 (−𝑣2 , 𝑢2 ) 𝑅2 2, −2 :director vector for (𝐷2 )
𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 = −1 1
= −1 −2 − 1 2 = 2 − 2 = 𝟎
2 −2
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are collinear vectors.
Therefore (𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are 2 parallel lines
 Say if the two lines (𝑫𝟏 )and (𝑫𝟐 ) are parallel or not .Justify.

𝒙 = 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏 𝟏
d)(𝑫𝟏 ): ቊ and 𝑫𝟐 : 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒚=𝒎+𝟐 𝟐

𝑅1 (α, 𝛽) 𝑅1 2,1 : director vector for (𝐷1 )

1
𝑅2 (−𝑣2 , 𝑢2 ) 𝑅2 − , 1 :director vector for (𝐷2 )
2
2 1 1
𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 = 1 1 3
− 1 =2 1 − 1 2 =2−
2
=
2
≠𝟎
2
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are not collinear vectors.

Therefore (𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are 2 intersecting lines.

 Study the relative position of the lines (𝒅) and
Application (𝒅′ ) in each case:.

If they intersect find their point of intersection.

𝒂) 𝒅 : 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and 𝒅′ : 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

Solution

𝑅(−v; u) so 𝑅 1,3 :director vector of(d)

𝑅(−v′; u′) so 𝑅′ 2,6 :director vector of (d’)
1 3
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹, 𝑹′) = =1 6 − 2 3 =𝟔−𝟔=𝟎
2 6
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are collinear vectors.
Therefore (𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are 2 parallel lines.

Note: (𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are 2 non confounded lines since they don’t have the same equation.
Application P𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟(𝒅) and (𝒅′ )?point of intersection?

b) 𝒅 : 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒅′ : 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 ●𝑪 belongs to (𝑑) so 3𝑥𝐶 − 𝑦𝐶 − 10 = 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 3𝑥𝐶 − 𝑦𝐶 = 10 ①
Solution
●𝑪 belongs to (𝑑′) so 6𝑥𝐶 + 𝑦𝐶 − 8 = 0
𝑅(−v; u) so 𝑅 1,3 :director vector of(d).
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 6𝑥𝐶 + 𝑦𝐶 = 8 ②
𝑅(−v′; u′) so 𝑅′ −1,6 :director vector of (𝑑’). We get the system below:
1 3
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹, 𝑹′) =
−1 6
= 1 6 − −1 3 = 𝟔 + 𝟑 = 𝟗 ≠𝟎 + ൝3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 ① By addition:
6𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 ②
18
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 aren’t collinear vectors. 9𝑥 = 18 𝑠𝑜 𝒙 = =𝟐
9
② 6𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖 s𝑜 𝒚 = 8 − 6𝑥
Therefore (𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are 2 intersecting lines.
= 8 − 6(2)
Let 𝐶 be their point of intersection. = −4
Then 𝑪 𝟐, −𝟒
Application Position of(𝒅) and 𝒅′ ? Point of intersection?
𝒙 = −𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒙= 𝒎+𝟑
c) 𝒅 : ቊ and 𝒅′ : ቊ
𝒚=𝒕+𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟒
● A belongs to (𝑑)
Solution
so 𝒙𝑨 = −𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏 and 𝒚𝑨 = 𝒕 + 𝟐
● A belongs to (𝑑′)
𝑅(α, 𝛽) so 𝑅 −3,1 :director vector of(d). so 𝒙𝑨 = 𝒎 + 𝟑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒚𝑨 = 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟒.
𝑅(α′ , β′) so 𝑅′ 1,3 :director vector of (𝑑’).
but 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 −3𝑡 − 1 = 𝑚 + 3
−3 1
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹, 𝑹′) = and 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐴 𝑡 + 2 = 3𝑚 + 4
1 3
= −3 3 − 1 1 = −𝟏𝟎 ≠ 𝟎 −3𝑡 − 𝑚 = 4 𝑡 = −1
we get the system:ቊ
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are not collinear vectors. 𝑡 − 3𝑚 = 2 𝑚 = −1
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑚 + 3 = −1 + 3 = 2.
(𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are then 2 intersecting lines. 𝑦𝐴 = 3𝑚 + 4 = .3 −1 + 4 = 1
Let 𝑨 be their point of intersection. 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟏)
Application P𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟(𝒅) and (𝒅′ )?point of intersection?
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏
d) 𝒅 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 and 𝒅′ : ቊ
𝒚 = −𝒕 + 𝟏

So 2 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 − 3 −𝒕 + 𝟏 + 4 = 0
𝑅(−𝑣, 𝑢) so 𝑹 𝟑, 𝟐 :director vector of(d).
4𝑡 − 2 + 3𝑡 − 3 + 4 = 0
𝑅(α , β′) so 𝑹′ 𝟐, −𝟏 :director vector of (𝑑’).
′
𝟏
3 2 7𝑡 − 1 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝒕 =
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑹, 𝑹′) = = 3 −1 − 2 2 = −𝟕 ≠ 𝟎 𝟕
2 −1 1 −5
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are not collinear vectors. 𝑥𝐵 = 2 −1=
7 7
(𝐷1 ) and 𝐷2 are then 2 intersecting lines.
1 6
𝑦𝐵 = − +1=
Let 𝑩 be their point of intersection. 7 7
●𝑩 belongs to (𝑑) so ●𝑩 belongs to (𝑑′) so −𝟓 𝟔
𝑩( , )
2𝑥𝐵 − 3𝑦𝐵 + 4 = 0 𝒙𝑩 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒚𝑩 = −𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟕 𝟕
 𝒙=𝒎+𝟒
Given : 𝒅𝟏 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟐 : 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏

𝟏) Show that 𝑨(𝟑, 𝟏) belongs to 𝒅𝟏

𝒙𝑨 = 𝒎 + 𝟒; so 𝟑 = 𝒎 + 𝟒; then 𝒎 = −𝟏.

𝒚𝑨 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏; 𝟏 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏; then 𝟐𝒎 = −𝟐; then 𝒎 = −𝟏.

−𝟏 = −𝟏
Then 𝑨 belongs to 𝒅𝟏

𝟐) Give a direction vector 𝑹𝟏 of (𝒅𝟏 ) and 𝑹𝟐 of 𝒅𝟐 .

𝑹𝟏 (𝜶, 𝜷) so 𝑹𝟏 𝟏, −𝟐 .
𝑹𝟐 (−𝒗, 𝒖) so 𝑹𝟐 𝟐, 𝟏 .
 𝒙=𝒎+𝟒
Given : 𝒅𝟏 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟐 : 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏

𝟑) Give a cartesian equation for 𝒅𝟏 .

●𝒙 = 𝒎 + 𝟒 so 𝒎 = 𝒙 − 𝟒
●𝒚 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏 = −𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒 − 𝟏 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕.
then 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎.

Then the cartesian equation of 𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎

𝟒) Show that (𝒅𝟏 ) and (𝒅𝟐 ) are intersecting.
det 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 = 1 −2
2 1 = 1 − −4 = 1 + 4 = 5 ≠ 0
So 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are not collinear vectors.
So (𝑑1 ) and 𝑑2 are intersecting lines.
 𝒙=𝒎+𝟒
Given : 𝒅𝟏 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟐 : 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏

𝟓) Find the coordinates of 𝑩 ,point of intersection of (𝒅𝟏 ) and 𝒅𝟐 .

●𝑩 ∈ (𝒅𝟏 ) so 𝒙𝑩 = 𝒎 + 𝟒 and 𝒚𝑩 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏

●𝑩 ∈ (𝒅𝟐 ) so 𝒙𝑩 − 𝟐𝒚𝑩 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
then 𝒎 + 𝟒 − 𝟐 −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒎 + 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
−𝟗
𝟓𝒎 + 𝟗 = 𝟎; 𝟓𝒎 = −𝟗; 𝒎 =
𝟓
−𝟗 𝟏𝟏 −𝟗 𝟏𝟑
𝒙𝑩 = 𝒎 + 𝟒 = +𝟒= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝑩 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏 = −𝟐 −𝟏=
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑
So 𝑩( , )
𝟓 𝟓
 𝒙=𝒎+𝟒
Given : 𝒅𝟏 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟐 : 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏

𝟔)Let 𝑰 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑; 𝒕 .Find the relation between the coordinates of 𝑰

independent of 𝒕 then deduce the locus of 𝑰.

𝒙𝑰 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑
𝒚𝑰 = 𝒕
So 𝒙𝑰 = 𝟐𝒚𝑰 − 𝟑
𝒙𝑰 − 𝟐𝒚𝑰 + 𝟑 = 𝟎

The coordinates of 𝑰 verify the equation of the line 𝒅𝟐 .

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑰 moves on the line 𝒅𝟐 .

 𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒅𝟐 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟏) Find a direction vector for each line.

𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑅1 (−𝑣1 , 𝑢1 ) So 𝑹𝟏 (𝟏, 𝟐)

𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟐 : ቊ
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝑅2 (𝛼, 𝛽) So 𝑹𝟐 (𝟏, 𝟑)
𝑑3 : 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 5
𝒅𝟑 : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎;
𝑅3 −𝑣3 , 𝑢3 𝒔𝒐 𝑹𝟑 (−𝟏, 𝟐)
 𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒅𝟐 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟐) Show that (𝒅𝟏 ) and (𝒅𝟐 ) intersect ,then find their point of intersection.
det 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 = 1 2
1 3 =3−2=1 ≠ 0
Then 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 aren’t collinear vectors
Then (𝑑1 ) and (𝑑2 ) intersect. Let 𝐼 be their point of intersection.
●𝐼 belongs to 𝑑1 so 2𝒙𝑰 − 𝒚𝑰 + 3 = 0 Then 2 𝒕 − 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑 + 3 = 0
𝑥𝐼 = 𝒕 − 𝟏 2𝑡 − 2 − 3𝑡 − 3 + 3 = 0
●𝐼 belongs to 𝑑2 so
𝑦𝐼 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑 −𝑡 − 2 = 0
𝒕 = −𝟐
𝑥𝐼 = 𝑡 − 1 = −2 − 1 = −3
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑰(−𝟑, −𝟑)
𝑦𝐼 = 3𝑡 + 3 = 3 −2 + 3 = −3
 𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒅𝟐 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟑) Transform the equation of (𝒅𝟏 ) into parametric form

and (𝒅𝟐 )into standard form.(cartesian form).
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
For 𝑥 = 𝑡,
2𝑡 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 𝒙=𝒕
So 𝒅𝟏 : ቊ𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑
then 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 3

𝒙=𝒕−𝟏 𝑡 =𝑥+1
𝒅𝟐 : ቊ
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑 𝑦 =3 𝑥+1 +3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 6
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0 So (𝒅𝟐 ): 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
 𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒅𝟐 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟒)Verify that 𝑨 −𝟐, 𝟎 ∈ 𝒅𝟐 .

(𝒅𝟐 ): 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
3𝑥𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴 + 6 = 3 −2 − 0 + 6 = 0
The coordinates of 𝐴 verify the equation of 𝑑2 . So 𝐀 belongs to (𝐝𝟐 )

𝟓)Find the equation of (𝒅𝟒 ) passing through 𝑨 and parallel to (𝒅𝟏 )

Let 𝒅𝟒 : 𝒖𝒙𝑨 + 𝒗𝒚𝑨 + 𝒘 = 𝟎 .
𝑑4 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
𝑑4 // (𝑑1 )
𝐴 ∈ (𝑑4 ) so 2𝑥𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴 + 𝑤 = 0
so 𝑅1 ,the direction vector of (𝑑1 ) is also a
direction vector for (𝑑4 ) 2 −2 − 0 + 𝑤 = 0
then −𝑣 = 1; 𝑣 = −1 𝑤=4
𝑢=2 (𝒅𝟒 ): 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
 𝒙=𝒕−𝟏
𝒅𝟏 : 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒅𝟐 : ቊ and 𝒅𝟑 : 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑

𝟔)G𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐁 −𝟑, 𝟏 .
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 (𝒅𝟑 ) in the system 𝑩, 𝒊Ԧ, 𝒋Ԧ .
𝒙 = 𝑿 + 𝒙𝑩 𝒙=𝑿−𝟑
So
𝒚 = 𝒀 + 𝒚𝑩 𝒚=𝒀+𝟏

𝑑2 : 𝒚 = −2𝒙 + 5
then 𝒀 + 𝟏 = −2 𝑿 − 𝟑 + 5
𝑌 + 1 = −2𝑋 + 6 + 5
𝑌 = −2𝑋 + 10
So 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝟑 in the
system 𝑩, 𝒊Ԧ, 𝒋Ԧ 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚 ∶ 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎