Space Exploration

John M. Logsdon
Part A: Introduction
[1] Humans have always looked at the heavens and wondered about the nature of the objects seen in the night
sky. With the development of rockets and the advances in electronics and other technologies in the 20th
century, it became possible to send machines and animals and then people above Earth's atmosphere into outer
space. Well before technology made these achievements possible, however,
space exploration had already captured the minds of many people, not only
aircraft pilots and scientists but also writers and artists, which is why space
exploration has been a common and enduring theme in literature and
art. As centuries of speculative fiction in books and more recently in films
make clear, "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind" was
taken by the human spirit many times and in many ways before Neil
Armstrong stamped humankind's first footprint on the Moon.
International Space Station, October 2000

[2] Achieving spaceflight enabled humans to begin to explore the solar system and the rest of the universe, to
understand the many objects and phenomena that are better observed from a space perspective, and to use the
resources and attributes of the space environment for human benefit. All of these activities—discovery,
scientific understanding, and the application of that understanding to serve human purposes— are elements of
space exploration.
Part B: ____________________
[3] Most space activities have been pursued because they serve some utilitarian purpose, whether increasing
knowledge, adding to national power, or making a profit. Nevertheless, there remains a powerful underlying
sense that it is important for humans to explore space for its own sake, "to see what is there."
[4] Although the possibility of exploring space has long excited people in many walks of life, for most of the
latter 20th century, only national governments could afford the very high costs of launching people and
machines into space. This reality meant that space exploration had to serve very broad interests, and it indeed
has done so in a variety of ways. Government space programs have increased knowledge, served as indicators
of national prestige and power, enhanced national security and military strength, and provided significant
benefits to the general public.
[5] Governments believed that space explorations would produce new knowledge essential to the health, the
security, and the quality of life of their citizens. Thus, when scientists sought government support for early
space experiments, it was available. In areas where the private sector could profit from activities in space,
commercial space activity has flourished without government funding.
Part C: ____________________
1
[6] Human spaceflight is both risky and expensive. (I) _____. Providing the systems to support people while
in orbit adds significant additional costs to a space mission. (II) _____. Likewise, ensuring that the launch,
flight, and reentry are carried out as safely as possible also requires highly reliable and thus costly equipment,
including both spacecraft and launchers. (III) _____.

[7] From the start of human spaceflight efforts, some have argued that the benefits of sending humans into
space do not justify either the risks or the costs. They contend that robotic missions can produce equal or even
greater scientific results with lower expenditures and that human presence in space has no other valid
justification. (IV) ____. Those who support human spaceflight cite the still unmatched ability of human
intelligence, flexibility, and reliability in carrying out certain experiments in orbit, in repairing and
maintaining robotic spacecraft and automated instruments in space, and in acting as explorers in initial
journeys to other places in the solar system. Similarly, in addition to the long-held view that eventually some
humans will leave Earth to establish permanent colonies and larger settlements on the Moon, Mars, or other
locations, the proponents also argue that astronauts serve as excellent role models for younger people and act
as vicarious representatives of the many who would like to fly in space themselves.
Part D: ____________________
[8] Scientists will continue to seek answers to leading questions about the physical and biological universe
through the deployment of increasingly advanced instruments on orbiting satellites and space investigations.
The principal space-faring countries appear willing to continue their substantial support for space science.
The availability of government funding will set the pace of scientific progress.
[9] The development of space as an arena for multiple government and private activities will pose significant
policy and legal challenges. The legal framework for space activities is based on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty
and four subsequent United Nations treaties implementing its terms and conditions. These agreements were
negotiated at a time when governments were the principal players in space and commercial space activities
were in their infancy. Whether they form an adequate and appropriate framework for current and future space
activities requires review.
[10] To date, the benefits of space exploration and development have gone mainly to those countries that have
financed space activities. The contributions of space to the economic and social development of large regions
of Earth have been limited. The Outer Space Treaty identifies space as "the common heritage of mankind."
How to ensure that the benefits of this common heritage are more equitably distributed will be a continuing
challenge.

Logsdon, J.M. (2018, September 27) Space Exploration. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
from https://www.britannica.com/science/space-exploration

2
I. READING COMPREHENSION
1. Match the sub-headings with the parts. There are two extra sub-headings (1 pt.
each= Total 3 pts.):
I. Risks and benefits
Part B _______ II. History of space explorations
Part C _______ III.Motivations for space activity
Part D_______ IV. Issues for the Future
V. Arguments against space explorations

2. Which one of the following is TRUE about space exploration according to Part A
(2pts)?
Space exploration _________.
a. has never attracted people other than pilots and scientists
b. became a popular theme in fiction after the moon landing
c. goes beyond the discovery to understanding and application
d. is not relevant to 20th century technological advancements

3. According to Part B, only the governments were involved in space explorations in

late 20th century because _______________ (1 pt.).
a. only the politicians were excited about the idea
b. space exploration did not serve public interest
c. governments wanted power
d. space exploration was very expensive

4. Which one of the following is NOT a “utilitarian purpose” for space activities
according to paragraph 3 (1 pt.)?
a. to generate money
b. to satisfy curiosity
c. to become more powerful
d. to learn more

5. Which one of the following is FALSE about government space programs

according to Part B (2 pts)? Government space programs ________________
a. discouraged the private sector
b. benefited the citizens
c. funded researchers
d. added to military power

6. Where does the information given below fit best in Part C (1 pt.)?
“From the crash landing of the first crewed Soyuz spacecraft in 1967 to the breakup of
the shuttle orbiter Columbia in 2003, 18 people died during spaceflights”

a. I b. II c. III d. IV

3
7. Who are “they” in paragraph 7, line 2 (2 pts.)?
They are people who __________.
a. believe in the benefits of sending humans into space
b. are against sending humans into space
c. can justify both the risks and the costs
d. obtained great scientific results in robotic missions

8. Which one of the following is NOT an argument for those who support human
space flight according to the text (2 pts.)?
a. Humans have a superior ability in maintaining robotic spacecraft.
b. Astronauts act as delegated representatives for young people who would like to fly
in space.
c. Permanent colonies outside the earth is an unexpected outcome of human
spaceflight.
d. Only humans can act as pioneers in the first journeys beyond the solar system.

9. The “space-faring countries” in paragraph 8 are the Countries that

_____________ space explorations (1 pt.)?
a. finance the activities during
b. changed their policies towards
c. gained multiple government support in
d. solved legal problems in

10. Which TWO of the following is NOT a challenge in space explorations according
to Part D (2 pts.)?
a. whether the governments continue to financially support space explorations
b. to equally distribute the benefits gained from space explorations
c. to give an up-to-date structure to international agreements
d. whether scientists will carry on their space investigations

Key
Reading Comprehension
1. Part B- III; Part C- I; Part D- IV
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. A & D
DECREASING DIRTY DUMPING?

4
 By Laura Pratt
A. ____________________
[1] "Toxic colonialism" was a phrase originally coined by Jim Puckett of Greenpeace, describing the
"dumping of the industrial wastes of the West on territories of the Third World" (Danyell, 2010).
Global inequality or injustice in this area has its roots in "the production and consumption patterns" of
the developed world (Pellow, 2007). Even though historical colonialism focused on the political and
legal domination over an alien society, some of the characteristics of colonialism involving economic
dependence, exploitation, and cultural inequality are intimately associated with toxic waste
colonialism. While the phrase "toxic waste colonialism" represents these essential concerns, the phrase
does not represent all the underlying risks associated with this activity.

B. What's Wrong with it?

[2] Toxic waste colonialism poses risks for developing countries. First of all, the opportunity for
human exposure in a developing nation is much greater than in a developed nation. The transboundary
movement of hazardous waste is usually meant to either seek out disposal sites or achieve resource
recovery, recycling, or reuse. Unfortunately, many developing countries lack the technology, training,
funding, and infrastructure to properly carry out these tasks. Without the capacity to properly handle
the waste, it simply is dumped in piles, either in public areas or in other areas barely qualifying as
landfills. In either case, the waste results in environmental impact or human exposure. As expected,
even if humans do not directly handle the hazardous waste, improper disposal can create secondary
environmental problems, such as toxic fumes or groundwater contamination, which increase the
negative effects on human health.
[3] Furthermore, the lack of funding and resources in these developing nations can create other issues
that are not faced by developed nations. Many of the governments of these nations simply do not have
the resources to treat human victims and to clean up environmental contamination after hazardous
waste has been received and later results in a toxic disaster. A report issued by the World Commission
on Environment and Development articulated that "exporting waste results in potential risks primarily
to people in importing countries, who do not share in the benefits of the waste generating production
processes" (Pellow, 2007). In other words, these developing countries unfairly carry the extreme costs
to human health and environmental concerns without benefitting from the profits made by producing
nations.

Causes
[4] The increase of the transboundary movement of hazardous waste and the persistence of toxic waste
colonialism in modern society have several causes, most of which are traced to the global increase of
hazardous waste production and various economic pressures.

C. ____________________________________
[5] Developed nations inevitably produce more hazardous substances, due in large part to the
development process itself, which involves heavy industrialization in order to achieve capitalistic
economic progress. Although completely accurate quantities are hard to measure, the worldwide
generation of hazardous waste in 1945 was estimated to be five million metric tons, and it had
increased to an estimated four-hundred million metric tons in 2000 (Hunter, 2007). At least three-
fourths of this amount is generated in industrialized, developed nations. The quantity of waste is not
expected to decrease either. It is estimated that ____________see question 5__________ (Pellow,
2007). Unfortunately, this ever-growing category of waste contains a wide range of substances,
including such things as contaminated medical waste, radioactive materials, old ships, e-waste, and
military equipment.

5
[6] It is estimated that only four percent of the generated quantities of hazardous waste actually travel
across international borders; some scholars even suggest that most of this transboundary quantity is
exchanged between developed countries. However, most statistics on the transboundary movement of
hazardous waste from developed countries to developing countries are based primarily on legal
transfers, and the quantification of illegal transboundary exchanges of hazardous wastes is much more
difficult. Even though the exact number of illegal shipping cases remains unknown, the fact that
hazardous waste quantities are continually increasing makes toxic waste colonialism an attractive
disposal option even for legal transactions. Interestingly enough, the reaction of citizens in developed
countries to hazardous waste disposal facilities support toxic waste colonialism, which, in the end,
perpetuates the desire to ship waste outside a developed nation as an "out of sight, out of mind"
alternative.

D. ____________________________________
[7] Money is the key motivating factor for toxic waste colonialism; developed countries want to save
it, and developing countries want to earn it. Developed countries generally have increasingly strict
environmental regulations governing the domestic disposal of hazardous wastes. When compliance
costs are coupled with an increased quantity of waste and local opposition to disposal, they generally
produce extremely increased disposal costs for hazardous waste. In contrast, developing countries lack
both the strict regulations and enforcement systems of the developed world, causing a great difference
in the costs of disposal. Cheap land and labor for landfill operations in these developing countries
make hazardous waste exports a cost-effective option for hazardous waste producers in developed
countries.
[8] Furthermore, the wealth and income gaps between developing nations and developed nations have
continually grown throughout the past century. Many of the developing countries face large debts and
need money to boost their economies. When this is the case, hazardous waste disposal contracts that
promise large amounts of foreign currency are hard to refuse. Even if developing countries are
informed of all the dangers associated with a waste, they usually do not have the necessary knowledge
to estimate all costs of disposal, including the long-term effects or damage to the environment. When a
large, cash-on-delivery payment is presented, these costs are often overlooked for the short-term gain.

E. ____________________________________
[9] The international response to the transboundary movement of hazardous waste includes several
agreements. Even with all these agreements, there are still gaps in the current system that allow
problems associated with toxic waste colonialism to continue. First, illegal hazardous waste shipments
continue to leave a gap in the system, and broadening the scope of international agreements to include
more "illegal" transactions have not made it any easier to monitor transboundary movements. Second,
the definitions in the international laws have failed to keep pace with the changes in the waste disposal
industry, and this has resulted in problems with implementation. Third, because most implementation
and enforcement of international agreements in these areas are left to domestic legislation, cross-
national regulatory differences also leave a gap in the current system. There is no international
compilation of information regarding the movements of wastes, countries of origins, ultimate desti-
nations, and treatment operations.
[10] Once again, there is no quick solution to problems in this area. Most international agreements take
years to negotiate and even longer to go into effect. However, by exploring possible changes in
implementation and policy, in the context of principles of international environmental law, a future
international agreement in this area might be able to increase the effectiveness of the current system.
Hopefully, in the next twenty years, the international community will be more successful in managing
the global transboundary movements of hazardous waste and preventing toxic waste colonialism.

Pratt, L. A. (2011). Decreasing Dirty Dumping? Journal of Environment. 35(2). Retrieved from
http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol35/iss2/5

6
1. Choose the correct heading for sections A, C, D, and E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct letter in the space provided. There are TWO EXTRA headings. Section
B is given as an example. (0.5 pts. each= 2 pts.)
Section Heading
Ex.: B What’s wrong with it?
Transboundary agreements
Limited options for waste disposal
What does it mean?
Global increase of toxic waste production
Solutions for managing toxic waste
Economic pressures

2. Which TWO of the following are TRUE about “Toxic Colonialism” according to para.
1? (2 pts.)
a) The term describes all kinds of waste dumped in developing countries.
b) Third world countries became exposed to toxic colonialism after they were industrialized.
c) The problem is caused by the way Western countries produce and consume.
d) Toxic waste colonialism is quite different from traditional colonialism as it is only about
the economy.
e) It can be compared to historical colonialism with respect to injustice and inequality it
creates.

3. What does “these tasks” in para. 2 refer to? (1 pt.)

a) The technology, training, funding, and infrastructure
b) Dumping the waste in public or landfill areas
c) Recovery, recycling, or reuse
d) Saving the environment and human beings

4. What does “importing countries” in para. 3 refer to? (1 pt.)

a) Developed countries
b) Developing countries
c) Producing countries
d) Western countries

5. Which of the following would properly work as an evidence in the blank in paragraph 5?
(2 pts.)
a) Only 8 % of the hazardous waste is actually legally transferred.
b) By 2025, the total amount of the profit expected from the waste will be more
than 45%.
c) In 2011, about 1.5 million tons of toxic waste (metals, plastic, military
equipment, or medical waste) was managed by recycling, recovery, or reuse.
d) By 2020, the total production of hazardous waste in the developed world will
have increased by sixty percent to 194 million tons annually.

6. According to para. 6, we cannot rely on the statistics about the quantity of hazardous
waste travelling across international borders because __________. (2 pts)
a) we cannot even estimate the increase in the worldwide generation of hazardous waste
b) the statistics do not reflect the illegal transboundary exchanges of hazardous waste
c) what is measured is the traditional type of waste, not the radioactive materials
d) developed countries manipulate the numbers in order to continue with toxic waste
colonialism

7
 7. “Perpetuate” in para. 6 means to ____________. (1 pt.)
a) force to minimize b) try to delay c) need to dispose d) cause to continue

8. Which one of the following features of developing nations make the business of
hazardous waste dumping financially appealing for the waste producers in developed
nations? (1 pt.)
a) Low costs of land and labor
b) Strict regulations
c) Law enforcement systems
d) Increased quantities of waste
9. What does “it” in para. 9 refer to? (1 pt.)
a) to monitor the transboundary movements b) to leave a gap in the system
c) to include more illegal transactions d) to broaden the scope of international
agreements

10. Why do developing countries agree to import hazardous waste from the developed
world? (2 pts.)
a) The developed countries hide the truth about the dangers related to the waste.
b) This is an opportunity for learning about the developments in the waste disposal industry.
c) Its long-term benefits for the economy are more important than short-term environmental
costs.
d) They need the foreign currency that they can earn from the toxic waste disposal contracts.

11. Which one of the following is NOT a problem related to the international agreements on
controlling toxic waste colonialism? (2 pts.)
a) Keeping the records of illegal movements
b) Keeping the definitions up-to-date
c) Lack of information about the waste produced
d) The gap between national and cross-national laws

KEY:
Choose the correct heading for sections A, C, D, and E from the list of headings below. Write
the correct letter in the space provided. There are TWO EXTRA headings than needed.
Section B is given as an example. (0.5 pts. each= 2 pts.)
Section Heading
Ex.: B What’s wrong with it?
E Transboundary agreements
Limited options for waste disposal
8
 A What does it mean?
C Global increase of toxic waste production
Solutions for managing toxic waste
D Economic pressures

Which TWO of the following are TRUE about “Toxic Colonialism” according to para. 1? (2
pts.)
The term describes all kinds of waste dumped in developing countries.
Third world countries became exposed to toxic colonialism after they were industrialized.
The problem is caused by the way Western countries produce and consume.
Toxic waste colonialism is quite different from traditional colonialism as it is only about the
economy.
It can be compared to historical colonialism with respect to injustice and inequality it
creates.

What does “these tasks” in para. 2 refer to? (1 pt.)

The technology, training, funding, and infrastructure
Dumping the waste in public or landfill areas
Recovery, recycling, or reuse
Saving the environment and human beings

What does “importing countries” in para. 3 refer to? (1 pt.)

Developed countries
Developing countries
Producing countries
Western countries

Which of the following would properly work as an evidence in the blank in paragraph 5? (2
pts.)
Only 8 % of the hazardous waste is actually legally transferred.
By 2025, the total amount of the profit expected from the waste will be more than
45%.
In 2011, about 1.5 million tons of toxic waste (metals, plastic, military equipment,
or medical waste) was managed by recycling, recovery, or reuse.
By 2020, the total production of hazardous waste in the developed world will
have increased by sixty percent to 194 million tons annually.

According to para. 6, we cannot rely on the statistics about the quantity of hazardous waste
travelling across international borders because __________. (2 pts)
we cannot even estimate the increase in the worldwide generation of hazardous waste
the statistics do not reflect the illegal transboundary exchanges of hazardous waste
what is measured is the traditional type of waste, not the radioactive materials
developed countries manipulate the numbers in order to continue with toxic waste
colonialism

“Perpetuate” in para. 6 means to ____________. (1 pt.)

force to minimize b) try to delay c) need to dispose d) cause to continue

Which one of the following features of developing nations make the business of hazardous
waste dumping financially appealing for the waste producers in developed nations? (1 pt.)

9
 Low costs of land and labor
Strict regulations
Law enforcement systems
Increased quantities of waste
What does “it” in para. 9 refer to? (1 pt.)
a) to monitor the transboundary movements b) to leave a gap in the system
c) to include more illegal transactions d) to broaden the scope of international
agreements

Why do developing countries agree to import hazardous waste from the developed world? (2
pts.)
The developed countries hide the truth about the dangers related to the waste.
This is an opportunity for learning about the developments in the waste disposal industry.
Its long-term benefits for the economy are more important than short-term environmental
costs.
They need the foreign currency that they can earn from the toxic waste disposal
contracts.

Which one of the following is NOT a problem related to the international agreements on
controlling toxic waste colonialism? (2 pts.)
Keeping the records of illegal movements
Keeping the definitions up-to-date
Lack of information about the waste produced
The gap between national and cross-national laws

10
 Fingers are often pointed directly at the news media for their powerful influence and ineffective reporting of
climate change. But is that the best place to point? And are there more effective ways to conceptualize the
power of the media and to consider whom they serve?

1. Over the past two decades, there has been much critique of news media coverage of climate
change, including suggestions that the media should be more of a watchdog of this issue. At the
same time, some research concludes that mass media are powerful agents for the way they frame
climate change in news stories. This prompts several questions: what is the role of news media
and how much power do they possess? Where in the process of news does the power of media
lie? And in whose interest do news media operate — is it in the public's interest as a watchdog
or for other interests altogether? These questions are best answered when news is conceptualized
as a complex, interactive societal process rather than as unconfirmed, surface level stories. I also
argue that applying theories of the role of media in society advances our understanding of media
coverage of climate change and allows scholars to examine important questions of power and
influence.

2. Overall, the body of media-effects research has demonstrated that media content can influence
audiences, but the effects are generally weak, and the circumstances under which media
influence occurs are complex and hard to predict. Media effects are softened by active audiences
who generally seek media viewpoints consistent with their existing beliefs. Effects tend to be
more powerful for unobtrusive issues where people have less direct experience (such as
climate change).

3. One of the most tested theories of media- effects research is agenda-setting, which holds that the
media don't tell us what to think, but are fairly effective in telling us what to think about. To
determine whether a media agenda correlates with the public agenda, researchers compare the
amount of coverage of a particular topic (such as Ebola or extreme weather events) with survey
data ranking how important people believe the topic to be. Agenda-setting research
demonstrates the ability of the media to amplify social concern and prime opinions beyond
bounds or the truth, although usually just for short periods of time. But agenda-setting implies
unrealistically that news generation is an autonomous process in which journalists independently
set a particular agenda; in reality, they are dependent on powerful, credible social institutions
and individuals to alert them to and supply news. The theory also implies that news media drive
public concern, although evidence has shown that at times the reverse occurs.

4. Another theory of media effects is the framing theory. It maintains that how a news story is
written (such as emphasizing some details while minimizing others) affects how individuals read
and understand it. A story's frame directs readers' attention by defining the problem, stating what
or who is responsible, and pointing to a solution. Studies of climate change media coverage have
noted frames such as uncertainty, blame and responsibility, as well as how frames differ by
country and media type.

5. Methods such as time-series analysis and social network analysis are useful for examining all
parts of the complex, interactive news process. One study found that attention of the medical
community to breast cancer (numbers of journal articles and grant funding amounts) preceded
media coverage of it. In a time-series analysis of external factors influencing US opinions about
climate change, media coverage was found to be largely a function of economic factors and elite
cues.

11
6. In addition to examining all components of the news process to understand the power of media,
it is also important to ask in whose interest the news media operate. The idea of 'watchdog
media' was articulated by Edmund Burke as satire in Great Britain in the 1700s. The watchdog
concept holds that the press serve as a Fourth Estate to provide checks and balances to the power
of the first two estates (the church and nobility), and after the French Revolution, to the power
of the third estate, the common masses. This gives the illusion of the press as separate,
autonomous and independent from government and business — a watchdog looking out for the
public's interests (which is not a singular interest). In fact, journalists themselves most often
describe their role as disseminators and interpreters of news and information, not as
watchdogs, and media research has found little support for a pure media watchdog role. Yet
many citizens and scientists believe that mainstream media will perform this watchdog function
for climate change, even though mainstream media are businesses that sell audiences to
advertisers and are dependent on the cooperation of the power structure to stay in business.

7. Another research team coined the term 'guard dog' to describe this media role, based on
sociological literature of conflict, social change and social control. A guard dog's job is to
protect its owners and their interests. Thus, guard dog media are highly attentive to the dominant
power structure on which they are dependent for news; they do not offer equal support to all
institutions or authorities and may switch their loyalty when power shifts. In reporting climate
change, guard dog media report selected climate science findings and international meetings but
overall submit themselves to the mainstream values of a dominant fossil-fuel culture and the
status quo.

8. If those in power call for significant social change regarding fossil-fuel use, the media may
follow — not lead — the call. Guard dog media theory predicts that proponents of social change
(scientists, environmental groups, politicians) will have a difficult battle — both with the
dominant power structure and with the media — if the desired change differs from the status
quo. In that sense, the media act as agents of those in power. They will dutifully report conflicts
so that powers in the social structure may better accommodate them.

9. Questions about the power of media and in whose interest they operate are crucial ones for
media scholars. If news media operate in the interests of status quo powers and not in the public
interest, the media will never lead the call for social change regarding climate change. Instead,
they will follow the lead of powerful, legitimate others who are making (and disputing) claims
about climate change. The broad questions that I have raised deserve more attention and
research. I urge media scholars to move beyond traditional micro-level snapshots of media texts
(or audiences) and address communicative power and inequality at a macro-level across the
broader news production and consumption process. It is in the complex interactions among
news-shapers, journalists and audiences that evidence of power, social control, and inaction on
climate change lies.
Author : Julia B. Corbett Date of Publication : APRIL 2015
Title : Media power and climate change URL :
www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
Journal : NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE Volume : 5

12
 1. Which one of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1? (2 pts.)

a) Some people criticize the power of news media on climate change.

b) Some suggest that the media have the responsibility to guard against actions causing
the climate change.
c) The author thinks scholars should not examine the questions of power and influence.
d) Some research suggests that only mass media can stop climate change because they
have got the power to be able to do so.

2. Which of the following statements are TRUE according to the paragraphs 2 and 3?
(2 pts)
I. Media content usually has less impact on active audiences.
II. News about diseases get more attention than news related to extreme weather
events.
III. It is usually easy to see under which conditions media is most influential.
IV. The power of media changes according to the existing beliefs of the audience.
V. Media tell us what to think rather than what to think about.

a) III and IV b) III and V c) I and IV d) I and III

3. Which ONE of the following aspects does the author consider as deficiency in
agenda-setting or framing research discussed in paragraphs 3 and 4 ? (2 pts)
a) Showing that the media has the ability to exaggerate social issues.
b) Demonstrating that framing influences the ways people read and understand the
news.
c) Noting a number of frames in the media coverage of climate change
d) Believing that journalists can set agendas on their own.

4. Match the following concepts with their explanation in the text. An example is
provided. (4 pts)
Concepts Explanation Explanations
number

a. Time-Series Analysis _3_ 1. News media operates for the benefit of those in
power.
b. Framing Theory ___ 2. News media operates for the benefit of the public.

c. Agenda Setting
d. Watchdog Media
e. Guard dog Media
___ 3. The news process is examined to find out where
media power lies.
___ 4. The media can make people think about a certain
issue.
___ 5. The media guide the audience by emphasizing
different aspects of a news story.

13
 5. Which one is NOT listed as one of the power holders in Burke’s Watchdog theory? (2
pts)

a) Common masses b) Church c) Advertisers d) Press

6. Which one is the writer’s main conclusion about the power of the media regarding
climate change? (2 pts)
a) Mainstream media will work for the benefit of the public regardless of the
consequences.
b) News media should act as a watchdog of the public not as a guard dog of the
powerful.
c) The power of the media depends solely on how media content is presented to
audiences.
d) Media content should have the power to change what people think.

7. Which one is the correct APA end-text reference of this article? (1 pt)
a) Corbet, J. B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and Climate
Change, 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
b) Media power and climate change Julia B. Corbett NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE |
VOL 5 | APRIL 2015 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
c) Corbet, Julia B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and
Climate Change, 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
d) Corbet, J. B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and Climate
Change. 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

8. Unobtrusive issues in paragraph 2 means issues that are NOT ____________. (1 Pt)
a) possible b) noticeable c) appropriate d) widely researched

9. “A journalist with a disseminator” role in paragraph 6 means a journalist

who____________ the news. (1 Pt)
a) writes b) checks c) criticizes d) spreads

10. In paragraph 3, “the reverse” refers to that ____________. (1 Pt)

a) the theory does not imply news media drive public concern
b) the public concern drives media
c) journalists are independent from powerful institutions
d) individuals do not alert journalists and supply news

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 KEY

Which one of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1? (2 pts.)

Some people criticize the power of news media on climate change.

Some suggest that the media have the responsibility to guard against actions causing
the climate change.
The author thinks scholars should not examine the questions of power and influence.
Some research suggests that only mass media can stop climate change because they
have got the power to be able to do so.

Which of the following statements are TRUE according to the paragraphs 2 and 3? (2
pts)
Media content usually has less impact on active audiences.
News about diseases get more attention than news related to extreme weather
events.
It is usually easy to see under which conditions media is most influential.
The power of media changes according to the existing beliefs of the audience.
Media tell us what to think rather than what to think about.

III and IV b) III and V c) I and IV d) I and III

Which ONE of the following aspects does the author consider as deficiency in agenda-
setting or framing research discussed in paragraphs 3 and 4 ? (2 pts)
Showing that the media has the ability to exaggerate social issues.
Demonstrating that framing influences the ways people read and understand the news.
Noting a number of frames in the media coverage of climate change
Believing that journalists can set agendas on their own.

Match the following concepts with their explanation in the text. An example is provided.
(4 pts)
Concepts Explanation Explanations
number
a. Time-Series Analysis _3_ 1. News media operates for the benefit of those in
power.
b. Framing Theory _5__ 2. News media operates for the benefit of the public.

c. Agenda Setting
d. Watchdog Media
e. Guard dog Media
_4__ 3. The news process is examined to find out where
media power lies.
_2__ 4. The media can make people think about a certain
issue.
_1__ 5. The media guide the audience by emphasizing
different aspects of a news story.

15
 Which one is NOT listed as one of the power holders in Burke’s Watchdog theory? (2
pts)

Common masses b) Church c) Advertisers d) Press

Which one is the writer’s main conclusion about the power of the media regarding
climate change? (2 pts)
Mainstream media will work for the benefit of the public regardless of the
consequences.
News media should act as a watchdog of the public not as a guard dog of the powerful.
The power of the media depends solely on how media content is presented to
audiences.
Media content should have the power to change what people think.

Which one is the correct APA end-text reference of this article? (1 pt)
Corbet, J. B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and Climate
Change, 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
Media power and climate change Julia B. Corbett NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE |
VOL 5 | APRIL 2015 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
Corbet, Julia B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and Climate
Change, 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
Corbet, J. B. (April, 2015). Media power and climate change. Nature and Climate
Change. 5. Retrieved from www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

Unobtrusive issues in paragraph 2 means issues that are NOT ____________. (1 Pt)
possible b) noticeable c) appropriate d) widely researched

“A journalist with a disseminator” role in paragraph 6 means a journalist

who____________ the news. (1 Pt)
writes b) checks c) criticizes d) spreads

In paragraph 3, “the reverse” refers to that ____________. (1 Pt)

a) the theory does not imply news media drive public concern
b) the public concern drives media
c) journalists are independent from powerful institutions
d) individuals do not alert journalists and supply news

16