MATTER – everything that occupies space and has mass.

- Made up of particles that are always in motion, made up of atoms, and a group
of atoms is called a molecule.

GAS : Describes as ; The molecule are arranged very far away from each other,
therefore it can move freely and randomly.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY (KMT)

- It describes the behavior of gas in microscopic level

To remember:

- The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the pressure (and vice – versa)
- The Temperature of gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to pressure.

PROPERTIES THAT DESCRIBE GAS:

1. PRESSURE
2. VOLUME
3. TEMPERATURE
4. AMOUNT

Units of PRESSURE:

1. Psi – Pound per square inch

2. Pa – Pascal
3. mmHg – Millimeter of Mercury
4. atm - Atmosphere
5. torr

TO CONVERT

1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr = 14.7 psi = 101, 325 pa [ Standard Unit : atm ]
VOLUME (Space occupied)

Units of VOLUME : m3 ( cubic meter), cm3 ( cubic centimeter), L ( Liter), ml (Milliliter ),

3
dm (Cubic diameter) [Standard Unit: mL or L ]

TEMPERATURE (Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion )

Units: ° C , ° f , K =273.15[ Standard unit: Kelvin (k)]

AMOUNT (Quantity)

Units : Grams, Mol

GAS LAW :

a. BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure & Volume)

- Proposed by Robert Boyle
- States that pressure of gas is inversely proportional to volume, while temperature
and amount stay constant
- General Formula : P1V1= P2V2

B. CHARLES’ LAW (Temperature & Volume)

- Directly proportional

- General Formula : V1T2=V2T1

C. GAY – LUSSACC’S LAW (Temperature & Pressure)

- Directly Proportional

- General Formula : P1T2= P2T1

D. COMBINED GAS LAW

- General Formula: P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

 E. AVOGADRO’S LAW (Volume & Amount)

- Directly Proportional

- General Formula: V1n2 = V2n1

F. IDEAL GAS LAW

- Gas particles has the same size

- General gas law = PV = nRT

CHEMICAL REACTION

PHYSICAL CHANGE

- Change only in the appearance but not in the composition of the materials.

CHEMICAL CHANGE

- Not only the change in the appearance but also its composition
- Cannot be reversible
- Forms new substance

INDICATORS

- THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT & LIGHT

- GAS PRODUCTION
- SOLID PRODUCTION
- COLOR CHANGE
- TEMPERATURE CHANGE
- ODOR CHANGE
- TASTE CHANGE

PROCESS OF CHEMICAL REACTION

 - Breaking of chemical bonds and reforming of new bonds to create new
substances.

INDICATORS

- Bubbling, turns cloudy, color change, temperature change. ‘

REACTANTS

- Starting material for a reaction to occur

PRODUCTS

- New Substance formed, resulting substance

PHASE :

(s) – Solid

(l) - Liquid

(g) – Gas

(aq) – Aqueous (substance is dissolved in water)

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

- Antoine Laurent Lavoiser

- The total mass of the product of a reaction is equal to the total mass of the
reactant.

SYMBOLS & MEANINGS

 CHEMICAL EQUATION : Representation of chemical reaction

- Means to yield or to produce

- Subscript means how many atoms are there

+ combination

→← reversable reaction

Heat is added
Pt
Catalyst is added

RATES OF REACTION

- The speed of a reaction is called the rate of reaction

- Some Chemical reactions are very fast and some slow.

Why are some reactions faster and some slower ?

- Reactions takes place when particle collide with each other with a certain
amount of energy (activation energy) .

EFFECTIVE COLLISIONS

- Needs to be in correct orientation when they collide.

1. Temperature – higher the temperature the faster the reaction.
2. Surface Area of the reactants – Smaller the pieces the faster the reaction.
- Temperature and reaction are directly proportional
3. Concentration
- Low concentrations = fewer collisions
- High concentration = more collisions .
4. Presence of a Catalyst