reere017 What is Poisson's ratio? page 2 Meaning of Poisson's ratio Rod Lakes Sears toa} Definition of Polsson’s ratio Poisson's ati vs the ratio of wansverse contraction stain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force. Tensile deformation is considered postive and compressive deformation is considered negative. The definition of Poisson's aio contains « minus sign so thal normal materials have a postive rato Poisson’ ati i usually represented as lower cae Greok nu, v This page is for those whose browser doesnot intrpet Symbol fot propery. Big gama T small epsilon e€ Yeas Sonia Strain es defined in elementary form as the change in Tenth divided by the origina! length P= ALL. Poisson's ratio: why usually positive Virally all common materials, such asthe blue rubberband onthe right, become narrower in cross section when they are stretched. The reason wiry nthe continuum view is that most materials resist change in volume as determined by the bulk modulus K (also called B) more than they resist change in shape, as Setermined by the shear modulus G. Inthe structural view, the reason far the usual positive Poissons ratio is that intr-atomic bond realign with deformation Stretching otyllow honeycomb by vertical frees, show onthe righ states the concept, Negalive Poisson's rato in designed materials tnd in some ansotopie materials i by now well known, Poisson's ratio: relation to elastic modu in isotropic solids Poisson's ati in isotropic materials related to laste modal K (ls called B), the bulk modulus; G asthe shear modulus; and E, ‘Young's modulus, by the following (fr isotopic solids, those for which properties are independent of direction). The elastic moduli are measures of sifness. They ate aos of stesso sin Stress is force per unit area, with the direction ofboth the force and the sea specified. See Sokolniko‘T {I} also fusher detail y= GK-2G)(6K +26) E-260+9) Bo aR 20) Furr iterations among cls constans or stop solide area follows Bis the bl module. E GE 4 So Cm = 8+ P= Tay a B= 26140) oe 1 iE 9B Cy = Bo 27 am E=SBU—2)= asa -2) Be ‘The theory of isotropic linea latcty allows Poissons ratios inthe range from - to 1/2 for an object with fee surfaces with no constant. Physically the reason is that forthe material tobe sable, thesiffaesses must be postive; the bulk and shear sifnesses ate interrelated by formulae which incorporate Poissons rato. (Objects conerained athe surface can havea Poisson's aio ouside te above range and be stable Poisson's ratio ia various material: table of Poison's rato Poisson's ratio ofthe elements ar, unless otherwise cited, via Web Elements, which adéuce references (2-4) In large compilation of properties of polyerystalline atrial (5), most have Poisson's ati in the vicinity of 1/8. Some experiments, e.g the resonant ultrasound studies in [9], provide crose-checking: comparison of adn ma gues conse mahal Fon sl cron aes : Rete Nc rosso RPS os ema! Boy ody Kp Malar FL ssn eon, Teds) ee [21M James and MP Ladin Mocmilas Chena nd Psi Dat, Macriln, fae bss PM ess eats be ES aye mo 3 Lato Ti of pyc wd chenil osns,Ln ea ea ea acreetears comer bs? [a], Sunssonov (ed) ta Handbook ofthe physicochemical properties ofthe clement, I etn 3S ag Se ceca rs ice bs [oJJ,A. Rind, Poors ato for eh past fours, J-Applid Polymer Scene, 4, 1913+ Soman e PS nono crektt cpr Acae Snir Sis (71 30 [71D Fay, msn nts oP Hank, Se, her 3 Meal, Now sel eB Hen nc seuuest nese Dame sox singe te inc) 2s [S]H-H, Demarest, J, Cue resonance method to determine the lati sonstans of soli, Funes quan (9) ed ut Soo Ams. 49, 768-795 1971 [europium fois (10) RS Lakes, Foam stuctuces with e Negative Poisson's ato, Science, 235 1038-1040, 1987 [Boron [12] os [11] D.13, TM Japlinski, D.S. Stone, and R.S. Lakes, Temperature insensitive negative Berg ons Poissoas tos in stop alloys near amorpotope phase boundary. App Phys Let 11 Re-etant fam (1] ton 251903, Dec, 2012. (12) KA. Gsenncidnee, SemimetalicLlemens Solid State Physis, Physical Properics and Inertelationships of Metalic and Isotropic lower limit [1] lr 275.426, 1968, hitpusiverneep wis eu-lakes/Possonlntro2 hm! 18reere017 What is Poisson's ratio? page 2 Poisson's ratio in bending. ‘Benda br or plate. Poisson's aio governs the curvature ina direction perpendicular othe direction of bending This “anilastic curvatrs is easily seem inthe bending of rubber eraser: Shown here is bending, by a moment applied to opposite edges, of honeycomb with hexagonal els, IFthe honeycomb eels are regular hexagons, she Posso's ato ean sproach +1, Since the honeycomb i anistvopic, the Poisson’ aio need os ie within th above ange i anisotropy. anisowopic solids including single crystals, honeycombs, and fibrous composites, physical properties, including Poisson's atio and elastic moduli, depend on dicction Pisso's atic can have postive or negative ‘values of arbitrarily lage magnitude in asotropie materials, For orthotropic material, Poissons ratio is bounded by the rato of Young's moduli Es follows I vial < (Ey Ea B. M. Lemprire "Poisson's ratio in orotropic materials" AIAA Journal, 6, No, 11, 2226-2227 (1968) “Maximum and minimum Poisson's rao values are dried in lerms ofthe elatiecomplianses of materials with eubiesymmety, Hayes, M_ and Shuvaloy, A. "On the Extreme Values of Young's Modul, the Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio for Cubic Materials", ASME.J’ Appl. Mech, 65, 786-787, 1998). Poisson's ratio in viscoelastic materials The Poisson's ratio ina viscoclasti materials time dependent inthe context of transient tess such as creep and sires elaxat time, Poisson's aio may depend on frequency, and may have an associated phase angle, Specifically, the tansvere stain may’be ou of phase with he logit strain ina viscosusi solid. Gt pa ofa rescarch atcle on this. For polymers inte glassy regime, Poissoa's at ison the ofder 13. A higher temperature (or longer times or lower frequency) sufficient for rubbery behavior, the sfiness decreases greatly and Poisson's aio approaches 12. nf the deformation is sinusoidal in ql Poisson's ratio and phate transformations Poisson's ratio can vary substantially inthe vicinity ofa phase transformation. Typically the bulk modulus softens near a phase ansfrmation but the shear ‘modules doesnot change mach The Poissons ato then desreses in the viiity ofa phase fansfrmaton and can aan negative values, Phase ansformalions te discussed further on the linked page Poisson's ratio, waves and deformation ‘The Poisson's rato ofa material influences the speed of propagation and reflection of stess waves. In geological applications, the rato of compressional t shear save speed i important in inferring the nature ofthe rock deep inthe Earth. This wave spood ratio depends on Poison’ aio. Poison' rao also affects the decay of stress wth distance according to Sait Venant'sprineple andthe distibution of stess around holes and cracks ‘An example, Analyse of effect of Poisson's ratio on compression of layer, ‘What abou the effect of Poissons rato on constrained eompressionin the | (or x) direction? Constrained compression means tat the Poisson effec is restrained fiom occuring, This could be done by side walls nan experiment. Also, compression ofa thin layer by sti surfaces i effectively contained. Moreover, in tltrazonic testing, the wavelength of the ulzasound ie usually much lee han the specimaen dimensions, The Poisson effec is rettined from oscumring in his ase aswell. Tn Hooke’ Taw (with the elastic modulus tensor at Cjs we sum over kan but, de to the constant, the only stain component which is non-zero is, j~ Che Cr i8u1* Cuaataat Chiatsy so te effective stitfness for constrained compression it C1. Lets find the physical significance of tht tensor clement in terms of engineering constans, ‘One may also work withthe elementary isotropi form for Hook's law: 7 (IE) {0_4-¥ 9 -¥ Bb 5 y°UB) (8° V4-¥ On7) Fee WED Wer VOxx-¥ By) For simple tension or compression in the x diestion, the Poisson effet i fee to occur, There is stess in only one diestion but there canbe tai nthe dictions. cy, 0, thats not equal fo 20, 6,,~ 0, 6,,~ 0. Thea ult E So Youn modulus F is the stiiness fr simple tension, with the Poison effet fee to occu Consider constrained compression, ith y~ 0, fy 0. Then Substituting, Soy San M40) Syst ino Hk’ ay, he esr sta a fr oastned compro, wich by dino the consnind mods Cy (eg Cnr B((=99/(U+ 9-20), “The physleal meaning of Cite stiffness for tension ot compression inthe x (or 1) dteetion, when stn in they and zdteetions is constrained tobe 2s, “The reason i that for such a constraint the sum in the entril equation for Hooke’ law collapses into single tem containing only Cy.The constant could be applied by rigid mold, o if the materiale compressed in a thin ayer between rigid pte. C80 govers the propagation of longitudinal waves in an extended medium, since the waves undergo a similar constant on tansverse displacement. -Rubbery materials have Poissons ratios very close to 1/2, shear mods on the order of ¢ MPa, and bulk moduli onthe order of GPa, Therefore the constrained ‘modulus Cis comparable tote bulk modulus and is mush ager than the shear of Youngs modulus of ubber Practical example - cork ina bot hitpusiverneep wise eu-lakes/Possonlntro2 hl 218reere017 What is Poisson's ratio? page 2 An example of the practical aplication of particular value of Poisson's rai isthe cork of a wine bate, The cork must be easily inserted and removed, yet it aso ‘must withstand the pressure fom within the bottle. Rubber, witha Poisson's aio of 0.5, could nt be used for this purpose because i would expand when ‘compressed ito the neck ofthe Bottle and would jam. Cork, by contrast, with a Poissons ratio of nearly zero is ideal is his application, Practical example - design of ruber bute How does trce-dimensional deformation influence the se of viscoelastic rubber in such applictions as shoe insoles to reduce impact force in runing, or sweating mats to rece impact force in ls? Solution Referto the above analysis, in which deformation under transverse constast is analyzed. Rubbery materials are much stiffer when compressed ina thin layer comet thas they are i seat orn simple enson; they are too st to perform the function of ducing impat. Compliant layers can be formed by comugating the ubber to provide room fr lateral expansion or by using an elastomeric foam, which ypcally has a Poisson's aio neat 0.3, n contrast to radbe for which Poisson's ratio can exoosd 0.49. Conugatd ruber is ued in shoe (encaker insoles and in vibration isolators for machinery, Foam is used in shoes aad in wrestling Practical example - irra sandwich pens. The honeycomb shown above i used in composite sandwich panels for areal. The honeycomb is core between fae-sheets of grphite- epoxy composite, Sueh panels are usally flat. Ifeurved panel are desired, the honeycomb el sape must be changed om the usual regular hexagon shape otherwise the cells wil be crushed during bending. Several altemative cll shapes are Known, including those which result i a negative Poisson's aia Practical example -oerpreting compression tet on blocks of lxible materi ‘The material ig consraincd at contact surfaces by the compression device, so the Poisson effect cannot ely occur. Bulge occurs inthe middle as shown inthe image onthe righ. The experiment doesnot provide Young's modulus F. The definition of Youngs modulus E entails freedom fiom vansverse constant bu the block is shor enough that constraint bythe cont surfaces is pertinent, Determination ofthe elastic modulus Evolves use of somsotion formal A review article wth emphasis on materials sence Greaves, G.N, Greer, AL, Lakes, RS. and Rouse, T, "Poisson's Ratio and Modern Materials”, Nature Materials, 1, 823-837 Nov. (2011). comparing meterial's resistance fo distort under mechanical load rater thi alter in volume, Poisson's aio oes the fundamental metic by which fo compare the performance of any material when strained clastcally, The mumereal limits ae set by 1/2 and 1, between which al stale isotopic materials ate found, With new Experiments, computational methods and routs fo materials synthesis, we assess what Poisson's aio means inthe contemporary understanding of the mechanical {Characteristics of modern materials. Central to these recent advances, we emphasize the significance of relationships outside the elastic limit between Poisson's ratio ‘nd densification, connectivity, duct andthe toughnes of solids and thei association withthe dynamic properties ofthe lguis fom which they Were fondensed and int which they mel. get od Rod Lakes home return Negative Poissons ratio Phase mansformations ‘ap hitpusiverneep wis eu-lakes/Possonlntro2 hm! 38