1. Cấu trúc với “began/ started” (… bắt đầu làm gì từ..

)
S + began/ started + to V/ Ving + (time) + ago
= S + have/ has + P2/ been Ving + for + (khoảng thời gian)
Eg: He began to learn English 6 years ago.
=> He has learnt English for 6 years.
2. Cấu trúc với last (lần cuối)
S + last + Ved + (time) + ago
= S + have/ has + not + for + (khoảng thời gian)
= It’s time + since + S + last + Ved
= The last time + S + Ved + was + (time) + ago
Eg: I last went shopping 2 weeks ago.
= I haven’t gone shopping for 2 weeks
= It’s 2 weeks since I last went shopping
= The last time I went shopping was 2 week ago
3. Cấu trúc với “the first time …” (lần đầu làm gì)
This is the first time + S + have/ has + PII
= S + have/ has + never + P2 + before
= S + have/ has not + P2 + before
Eg: This is the first time I have written a book
= I have never written a book before
= I haven’t written a book before
4. Cấu trúc với “too/ so + adj + that…” (quá … để cho ai làm gì)
S + be + too + adj + (for sb) + to V
= S + be + so + adj + that + S2 + can’t/ couldn/t + V
Eg: The coffee is too hot for him to drink
= The coffee is so hot that he can’t drink
5. Cấu trúc với “too/ so + adv + that …” ( … quá … để cho ai làm gì …)
S + V + too + adv + (for sb) + to st
= S + V + so + adv + that + S2 + can’t/ couldn’t + do st
Eg: He ran too fast for thr police to catch him
= He ran so fast that the police couldn’t catch him
6. Cấu trúc với “enough”
S+ be + adj + enough + to do st
= S + be + not + adj (từ trái nghĩa với câu gốc)+ enough + to do st
Eg: She is too young to drive a car.
= She isn’t old enough to drive a car
7. Cấu trúc với “It’s + adj” (Rất … để ai đó không làm gì …)
It’s adj + (for sb) + to do st
= Ving + st + be + adj + (for sb)
= S find Ving/ it/ N + adj + to do st
Eg: It’s easy for me to climb the mountain
= Climbing the mountain is easy for me
= I find it easy to clim the mountain
1. It’s been a year since she started her new job.

=> She has …………………………………………………………………

2. It’s the first time they have visited the museum.

=> They haven’t …………………………………………………………….

3. She began studying ballet when she was five.

=> She has ………………………………………………………………….

4. The last time she met her parents was a ago.

=> She has …………………………………………………………………..

5. When did you last phone her?

=> How long …………………………………………………………………..

6. Have you ever climbed a mountain?

=> Is this ……………………………………………………………………

7. I started reading the book last night.

=> I have ……………………………………………………………………..

8. This is the first time she has eaten a frog hotpot.

=> She has not ……………………………………………………………………

9. He started working as a teacher 30 years ago.

=> He has …………………………………………………………………..

10. Is this your first visit to Vietnam?

=> Haven’t you …………………………………………………………………..?