Common Factors that Influence the Career Choices of Senior High School TVL

Students

Glaydel Pahiluna

Evanry Amante

Kent Lyster Alagos

Al-Khaizer Habibun

Roger Relova

Reden Tumapon

Jerome Palluto

Division of Malaybalay

Managok National High School

 Chapter 1
The Problem
Background of the Study
The researchers conducted this study because they see that many learners
are struggling how they choose their career. This study will show how the learners
face their challenges for choosing the career they want and this aspects in their lives,
choosing and deciding a career has always consideration and consequences, so the
learners really need to spend a lot of hours, days or even a year for choosing their
career. Furthermore, selecting a career will help students in choosing careers that suits
their interest, aptitude and abilities. It is very important as it gives to the students to
focus on what career they will follow. It will enhance their capabilities for them to
make decisions regarding the selection of courses after completion of their education.
However, there are many factors that affect career choices of a high school student
such as; academic performance, personal interest, parents influence, and other support
system.
Being an individual, it undergoes several stages of career development in
which career development process, several factors play a vital role in determining
one’s career path. According to Super(1990) introduced the archway model
recognizing social learning experiences, personally development, needs, values, and
abilities as factors influencing career development. Similarly ( Lent et al,1994)
develop the social cognitive career theory (SCCT), defining three overlapping models
in which one was aimed at explaining the career choices process (choice model). This
model noted interest, learning experiences, values, and environmental factors as
constructs affecting career development.
Career selection is one of many important choices that students will make
in determining future plans that this decision will impact them throughout their lives.
According to Greenhaus (2003) explains that career choice involves making career
decisions to pursue a particular job or career, which is expected and desired to bring
changes to occupational fields. Moreover, Ozbilgin, Kusku and Erdogmus (2005)
argue that for career choices to take place, two conditions are required which include;
availability of alternative career options, and an individual’s/personal preference
between the available career options.
 Academic performance is also one of the factors deemed significant of
choosing a career path. In the study of Fizer (2013), students have shown to possess
the ability to perform well in the field, as shown by their good high school grade point
averages. Individual who choose a career that matches her/him interests are likely to
feel more satisfied and highly motivated. Interests promote career choice goal, such as
having career intentions, developing career plans, and choosing career direction to
engage in (Lent et al. 1994). Parents play a vital role in shaping their children’s
personalities as they grow. As students’ primary support system, they can influence
their educational aspirations, work ethics and values, and motivation (Alphones,
2016) have shown that parents’ educational attainment influences secondary students’
career choices. Lastly, social influences are environmental factors considered by
students before making a career decisions (Johnson and Mortimer 2002). These
include the impact of family members, school friends, teachers and the community.
Family and friends play a cruicial role in influencing an individual in choosing a
career.
With the K to 12 program implementation, students decide on their career
track before entering Senior High School. This phase plays crucial since this period
serves as a preparatory ground for students before enrolling in Senior High School.
Students must choose one of four programs under the Senior High School Enhanced
Basic Education Act of 2013, between academic, Technical Vocational and
Livelihood, sports, and arts & design. The K-to-12 curriculum’s career specialties act
as a springboard for student to a plan and pursued their desired career. These two
additional years will equip learners with skills that will better prepare them for the
future, whether it be: employment, entrepreneurship, skills development (Further
Tech-Voc training), and higher education (collage).

Statement of the problem

The study aims to explore the common factors that influence the career choices of
Senior High School Technical-Vocational-Livelihood learners.

Specifically, it seeks to address the following research questions:

1. What are the primary factors that influence SHS TVL learners in their career
choices?
 2. How important is career choice in the decision making as Grade 11 TVL
student?
3. What strongly influences TVL 11 students in choosing their career in the
future?

Significance of the study

This study provided baseline data to certain groups of people or institutions
who might find this useful in their fields of concern.

to the students- the result of this study enlightened the student’s idea that there were
also other students who experienced the some on how they felt.
to the teachers- the awareness of the result that were gathered in this study helped the
teachers adjust and relate with their student needs.
to the future researchers- this study provided specific data that can guide future
researchers in their study. It can be replicated in a different locality and school type.
to the parents- this study will helped them know what their children are going through
for choosing their desired career and also to let them know that their children has their
own interests and abilities.
to the society- when individuals choose their careers that match their abilities and
interests, they are more likely to excel in their chosen fields, contributing positively to
society through innovation, productivity, and community involvement.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study explore the common factors that influence the career choices of
Senior High School TVL. This was conducted at Managok National High School it
will focus solely on 63 Senior High School TVL students regarding their factors
influencing career choices. This study is limited to SHS students, and the factors
investigated are confined to those commonly observed in their career decision-making
process. It aims to identify and understand the key elements that play a significant
role in shaping their decisions regarding future career paths.
Definition of Terms

Factors- are elements or conditions that contribute to a situation or influence its

outcome.
Influencing- to affect or change how someone or something develops, behqave, or
thinks.
Career- refers to a person’s lifelong pursuit of a profession or occupation, typically
involving continuous employment, development, and progression.
Choices- typically refers to options or decisions that someone can make in a given
situation.
Academic Performance- reflects a student’s ability to comprehend, apply, and
demonstrate knowledge in various subject and coursework.
Track- typically refers to the specialized academic strand or program that the students
choose for their final two years of high school.
TVL- refers to “Technical-Vocational-Livelihood,” the TVL track is one of the five
tracks offered in SHS also TVL STRAND is designed to develop student’s skills that
is useful for livelihood and technical projects.
Interests- the state of wanting to know or learn about something or someone.
Capabilities - the power or ability to do something.
Career path- is the sequence of jobs and experiences that lead to your professional
goals, often involving skill development, promotions, and transitions between
different roles within a specific industry or field.
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Based in this study with the title Factors Associated with Career
Track Choice of Senior High School Students. According to Nazareno, Relente, et
al (2021), selecting a career track is crucial and must be thought of carefully because
of its long-term impact on an individual's future career. With the implementation of
the K to 12 program in the Philippines, students need to choose from four career
tracks before entering senior high school (SHS). Knowing the factors that may
influence students' career track choices can be helpful in the development of strategies
that may help them make intelligent decisions. In this study, data from 3,813 Grade
11 students were analyzed to determine the variables associated with career track
choice and the extent of influence of factors using descriptive, correlation, and
correspondence analyses. Results showed that the intended course in college is
strongly associated with SHS track/strand choice. Personal preference and parent's
influence are shown to be important factors. Socio-demographic variables such as sex,
age, birth order, number of siblings, and monthly family income have a moderate
association with the SHS track/strand choice. Likewise, parents' highest educational
attainment, the course taken in college, current occupation, and the student's academic
performance in several subjects (eg Filipino, English, Math, and Science) have a
moderate linear relationship with SHS track/strand choice.
This study has the title Factors affecting career preferences
among senior high school students in Tacloban City. Based in Rosaldo, (2017)
young students have diverse dreams and interests in life. There is an old adage which
inspires people to succeed: “if there is a will, there is a way.” In choosing a career,
suitability to the interest of the students is given importance. Students must know on
what degree to pursue in college, one that interest them and must also fit their abilities
so that it will not be hard for them to choose the right career path.
Being adolescent can be extremely lonely. It is not unusual to have
a feeling that there is no one turn to when problems come arise. This is the stage
where major decisions and deep concerns affect the courses of their lives. Most
adolescents are pressured to perform and succeed, which experience severe stress in
meeting these expectations (Psychology. com, 2017).
 According to Asma Shahid Kazi, Abeeda Akhlaq, (2017) making a
career choice is a defining phase in every student’s life. Students have to consider
several factors before arriving at a decision. The purpose of this research was to see
the factors which affect the choice of career among students. This study investigated
the influence of several factors such as parental education, profession and income on
the career decisions of 432 students from two public sector universities in Lahore city.
The influence of peers on the respondents’ choice of subject specialization was also
investigated along with any impression taken from the media. It also examined
whether students at the MS level opt for their chosen fields forcefully, make
compromises, or make decisions which are independent and without external
pressures. Data was collected through a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The
results show the parents influence as most significant, followed by the influence from
peers, gender, print media, financial reasons, interest and others.
According to Beatrice N Maina, (2013), that this study sought to
investigate the factors that influence career choice among undergraduate students
sponsored by Compassion International. Compassion International Kenya sponsors
293 students in all the public universities in the country. The management of
Compassion International Kenya has keenly observed lack of diversified careers
among sponsored students and that forms the statement of the problem. The
objectives of this study were to investigate family factors, role of peers, role models
and the role of gender in influencing career choice among the students. The researcher
adopted a census survey design which was appropriate because of the cross-sectional
nature of data that was collected as is implied in the research objectives. The
population of the study comprised of 295 participants who included 293
undergraduate students sponsored by Compassion International and two members of
staff who run the sponsorship program. This study was a census of university students
sponsored by Compassion International Kenya and therefore no attempt was made at
sampling the students. This was necessitated by the fact that the population under
study was small. The data collection instrument was self-administered questionnaire.
This was mailed to the participants of the study and a date was set when the
participants responded. An additional interview guide was used to interview the two
members of staff. The researcher obtained a response rate of 97%. Data analysis was
based on the research questions designed at the beginning of the research. The
collected data was inspected and edited to a certain their accuracy, completeness and
uniformity. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences. This
computer program was used to help in analyzing the data after it had been inspected,
edited and classified. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate the
factors that influence career choice among Compassion International sponsored
students. The results of the study were compared with literature review to establish
the factors that influence career choice among undergraduate students sponsored by
Compassion International. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics. According to the findings of the study, all the independent
variables investigated had influence on career choice of the sponsored undergraduate
students of Compassion International. The study however indicated that role models
had the greatest influence with an average mean score of 3.1. Peer and gender factors
had an equal influence on the choice of career with an average mean score of 2.3. The
results also indicated that family factors have the least influence on career choice with
an average mean score of 1.86. The research therefore recommends that the Ministry
of Education, universities and Non governmental organizations should map out a
strategy for career information exposure and effective dissemination to students. The
research further recommends further research to be done in areas such as factors that
lead to career change among undergraduate students in Kenya and factors that limit
female students from pursuing technical careers such as science, mathematics,
technology and engineering.
According to Mei Tang, Nadya A Fouad, Philip L Smith, (1999) , the
research on Asian American career development has found that Asian Americans'
occupational interests are typically predominant in the Investigative and Realistic
areas and that they may pursue a limited range of occupations. This study investigates
factors that might influence Asian Americans' career choices and tests Lent et al.'s
model to investigate the relationships among the predicting variables and the outcome
variable (career choice) for 187 college students. Variables investigated are level of
acculturation, family SES, family involvement, occupational interests, and career self-
efficacy. It was hypothesized that career choices are influenced by the predicting
variables in such a way that lower acculturated individuals tend to choose more
typical occupations (i.e., Realistic and Investigative occupations), that family
background is influential on their choices, and that interest may not necessarily be
related to their occupational choices. The results generally support the path model in
explaining the factors influencing Asian American career choices. Asian Americans
are influenced by acculturation, family background, and self-efficacy in choosing
occupations. Implications are discussed for working with the Asian American
population.
Based on this title with the title. In accordance to Kenya Kochung
Edwards, Migunde Quinter, (2011), career choice is a complex decision for students
since it determines the kind of profession that they intend to pursue in life. As
students try to make career choice while in secondary school, they face problem of
matching their career choices with their abilities and school performance. In Kenya
every year form four secondary school students make career choices before sitting for
their final examination (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education examinations)
however, studies indicate that most students enter into careers that are totally different
from the ones they chose while in secondary. The purpose of this study was to
examine factors influencing career choice among form four secondary school students
in Kisumu municipality, Kenya. The study was conducted using descriptive survey
design with a population of 332 students. The data for this study was collected using
questionnaire and interview schedules. The findings of this study indicate that
availability of advancement opportunities and learning experiences are the most
influential factors affecting career choices among students. While males reported
learning experiences and career flexibility as the most influential factors, females
however reported availability of advancement opportunity and opportunity to apply
skills as the most influential factors. However, no variance was reported for persons
influencing career choice by gender.
This study titled , According to Singaravelu, White, Bringaze, (2005),
this study examines the career development behavior of Asian international, non-
Asian international, and domestic students, specifically the certainty of career and
major choice and environmental factors that have influenced their choices.
Environmental factors include family, school counselors, teacher, friends, and
government. The results show no difference in the level of career certainty between
the three groups. In contrast, influences of family, school counselors, and friends
varied among these three groups. Furthermore, only the Asian international students
exhibited a positive correlation between level of career certainty and intent to persist.
Implications and recommendations for counseling are given based on the research
findings.
 Factors influencing career choices, Sharif, Ahmad, Sarwar, (2019), that
almost every individual is to face the challenge of the occupational choice problem at
one or another time. However, students are particularly to encounter such problem
while the selection of study programs. It is widely believed, particularly by students,
that selection of study programs is the major factor, which leads the students to
struggle for their desired future career. This study attempted to explore the roles of
mothers, fathers, tutors, future income, future status, and societal difference by
labelling all of such factors as “Influencers” on the career choice of young students.
From this perspective, cross-sectional data based on primary data collection was
gathered from different university students based in Karachi via a developed
questionnaire and through non probabilistic convenience sampling. The gathered data
was, subsequently, analyzed through one sample t-test and one way repeated Measure
ANOVA by employing SPSS statistical package. The result of the study highlighted
the relative importance of various career choice influences& that averages of
variables of influence are statistically different.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Higher Education Institutions in
Angola. According to Gaspar, da Costa e Silva; Soares, Celestino, (2021), Higher
education (HE) plays a predominant role in the development of any society. The
expansion of HE all over the country (Angola) through the creation of new public and
private higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as the creation of internal and
external scholarships, have been some of the policies aimed at increasing access to
HE, especially the increase in women's access to HE. Giving the growing number of
HEIs throughout the country, the Government's main concern is their quality. This
article aims to assess the factors that lead students to choose a particular HEI. The
question raised is whether, the factors influencing the choice of an HEI in a developed
country are the same when it comes to a developing country. To obtain the data, focus
group was applied, whose answers were the basis for the construction of a survey that
was distributed to students As a result, 6 dimensions were obtained: Issues related to
scientific activities, such as ranking of research, lectures and location; although the
importance in determining the HEI does not carry the same weight in the choice of an
HEI by these students.
According to Zayabalaradjane, Zayapragassarazan; et al (2018), that
the motivation is an important factor influencing important outcomes in medical
education. The choice of medicine as a higher study depends upon various factors
such as interest in the medical field, good job opportunities, a desire to serve others,
medical background of the parents and many more. This study is aimed at identifying
those factors influencing medical students in choosing medicine as a career. As part of
the first day of the foundation program for first year MBBS students of a tertiary care
teaching hospital, the students were asked to introduce themselves in front of faculty,
parents of the students, and fellow batch mates and also to say in their own words,
"Why did they choose medicine as their career?" in a few sentences. The responses
from 141 students were compiled and subjected for qualitative analysis. This study
found out that there are several factors influencing the choice of career in medicine,
however, highly influencing factors among this group were found to be the influence
by parents and the perceived respect that they would get in the society. The responses
were further grouped into different themes and discussed with reference to similar
studies conducted in other parts of the world.
In accordance of Abrahams, Fatima; Jano, Rukhsana; van Lill, Burger,
(2015).During the apartheid years in South Africa, career guidance amongst
disadvantaged learners was largely absent and, for many, career choices were limited
and governed by politics. Despite South Africa having celebrated 20 years of
democracy, this situation has improved only slightly. Therefore, the aims of the study
were to determine the factors that influenced students' career choice and to ascertain
the possible barriers that impacted their decision. An adapted version of Myburgh's
Career Choices Questionnaire (2005) was administered to 721 undergraduate
students. The results showed that parents and loans or bursaries were the largest
sources of financial support and that anticipated benefits influenced the students'
career choice, with the potential for personal growth and development, for future high
earnings and for promotion to the top of the organization the most important among
these. Furthermore, participants rated visits from lecturers and brochures as the most
prominent sources of influence.
Several studies have investigated the common factors influencing the
career choices of Senior High School (SHS) students. According to Smith et al.
(2018), parental influence plays a pivotal role in shaping the career aspirations of SHS
students, with parents often being significant contributors to decision-making
processes.
Furthermore, the work of Johnson and Brown (2009) emphasizes the
impact of peer influence on career choices among SHS students. The study suggests
that peer interactions and discussions significantly contribute to shaping individuals'
perceptions and preferences regarding various career paths.
In a longitudinal study by Garcia and Hernandez (2018), it was found
that educational experiences and exposure to different
subjects during SHS education have a considerable impact on students' career
choices. The study suggests that students tend to lean towards careers aligned with
subjects they excel in or find interesting.
Moreover, cultural factors have been identified as influential in the
career decision-making process of SHS students (Nguyen, 2019). Cultural norms,
expectations, and societal pressures contribute to shaping the preferences and choices
of individuals as they navigate through the crucial decision-making of students.
According to Brown and Miller (2016), effective career guidance
programs in SHS significantly impact students' decision-making processes. Exposure
to vocational information, aptitude assessments, and counseling services can guide
students towards informed career choices.
Research by Daniel Wilson (2018) explores factors affecting career
choices among high school students, including personal interests, academic
performance, parental influence, and peer pressure.
The work of Smith and Jones (2016) underscores the impact of economic
factors on career decisions. Financial considerations, including salary prospects and
job stability, are influential in shaping the preferences of SHS students as they plan
their future careers.
According also to (Beeggs,et.al 2008),Financial aspects that students
conseder includeshigh earning potential,benefit and opportunities for advancement.
Factors Associated with Career Track Choice of Senior Hi
gh School Students. Nazareno (2021) Selecting a career track is crucial and must be
thought of carefully because of its long-term impact on an individual's future career.
With the implementation of the K to 12 program in the Philippines, students need to
choose from four career tracks before entering senior high school (SHS). Knowing the
factors that may influence students' career track choices can be helpful in the
development of strategies that may help them make intelligent decisions. In this study,
data from 3,813 Grade 11 students were analyzed to determine the variables
associated with career track choice and the extent of influence of factors using
descriptive, correlation, and correspondence analyses. Results showed that the
intended course in college is strongly associated with SHS track/strand choice.
Personal preference and parent's influence are shown to be important factors. Socio-
demographic variables such as sex, age, birth order, number of siblings, and monthly
family income have a moderate association with the SHS track/strand choice.
Likewise, parents' highest educational attainment, the course taken in college, current
occupation, and the student's academic performance in several subjects (eg Filipino,
English, Math, and Science) have a moderate linear relationship with SHS
track/strand choice.
According to Khare (2015) that role models influence adolescents
career choice. ”If a student have a good teacher who makes an impression or a family
member who is a pharmacist or a carpenter she took up to, she may decide on the
same career” and such factors relate positively to desirable career development
outcomes such as career decision.
According also to (Beggs,et.al 2008),Financial aspects that students
consider includeshigh earning potential,benefit and opportunities for advancement
According to Super (2005). The students should first become aware of
the need for a career . So every graduating students need a wise choice indecisions
making.
Bautista (1997) started that at this stage , a students must taje important
and vital decision in the selection of a career which will determine his/her future success .
According to Gramsci (1999) the one who need the ends, need the means . Are the means
provided are scientific and supportive to the wanged ends of the studends? Or thet are
captives or prisoners of tyranny of educational system that steal their freedom to choose
their own path.
 Chapter 3
Research Methodology

This chapter discusses the methodology of the study. In this chapter it

describes the research design, the research locale, the research respondents, the data
collection method, the validation of instruments, research ethics, the data gathering
procedure, and the treatment of data.

Research Design
In this study used a qualitative phenomenological technique.
Something that a person experiences on earth is called a phenomena. It’s a kind of
sensory engagement that enables you to see or understand things that happen to you
spontaneously. Using this strategy, data is gathered with the aim of identifying
common factors that impact student job choices. Through methodical inquiry, the
researchers will be able investigate a variety of approaches to semi-structured
interviews that are open-minded and flexible for gathering data. This technique will
measure and produce descriptive data by using the information obtained from the
deliberate sampling of the respondent. This study’s research design aims to provide
light on student’ experiences selecting careers

Research Locale
The research will take place in the 2022-2023 at Managok national high
school,located 9, city Division of Malaybalay. . the school is run by the Department of
Education and is located approximately 20 kilometers east at the national highway of
Malaybalay city barangay managok. Managok is a developing barrio under
Malaybalay City the barangay itself and the baranggays of Simaya, Voileta, linabo,
Maligay, Miglamin,and San Martin.
Participants of the Study
The participant involve in this study are the 63 TVL students of
Managok National high school. The researchers analyze the participants of the study
using purposeful sampling method which leads to gather the common factors that
influence the career choices of managok national high school student. The learners are
exposed, and able to face different experiences for choosing their career. Those
students that will be the participants for the semi structured interview via face-to-face.
the chosen participants are questioned about how they choose their career being a
student in the school as they had different experiences, their ability to deal with the
daily experiences of choosing a career in copping mechanism in handling such
experiences and specially where it’s total impact leads will be examined. The process
of the researchers used is through an open-ended interview questionnaire. the question
revolve around the experiences of TVL students.

Research Instrument
The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews to learn more
about TVL students’ experience. This method allows for the collection of more data
than self-completed surveys and the use of more complex questions. This kind of in-
person interview, will help the researchers and readers get to know better and learn
more about the respondents. In this type of interview, the researcher might be able to
answer any question the participants may have concerning the study. Through a face-
to-face interview, this interview will verify authenticity within Managok national high
school. For their privacy, the researchers will not disclose the responders’ basic
information. The investigators will adhere to the standard protocol for conducting in-
person, semi-structured, open-ended interviews concerning TVL.