BIOLOGICAL

SYSTEMS AND
MEDIA DESIGN
 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS &
MEDIA DESIGN

Design, Formulation
Introduction to
& Optimization of
Biological System Media
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BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Differences in general growth
characteristics of microorganisms
(bacterial, yeast and fungi)
Influence of microbial
characteristic on bioreactor selection
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MEDIA DESIGN
Media formulation based on macro-
and microelements in microbial,
plant cell and mammalian cell
processes; and
The methodologies for media
optimization
 Introduction to
Biological System
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What is asexual reproduction?
•is reproduction without sex.
•a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself.
•the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare
mutations.
•They are clones.
•The main process - mitosis.
•Many plants also reproduce asexually.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

•Binary fission
•Budding
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•Spores
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Multiplication of DNA
Division into 2 parts

Thick wall-survive in
extremely harsh
condition
Endospore- dormant,
12 formed under condition
of stress
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➢Organisms that reproduce sexually have
two different sexes: male and female.
➢Different steps are involved in the process.

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 2 phases found in life cycle;
haploid and diploid.
Each spore may
Number of chromosom in
develop into new
sporophore nucleus.
individual
s

anamorph

teleomorph

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 Microorganism affects the mixing

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 Viscosity dependance or independance of
shear rate

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 Newtonian fluid
➢A Newtonian fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the
amount of shear applied for a constant temperature.
➢These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear
stress.
➢Examples:
•yeast & bacterial culture
•Water
•Mineral oil
•Gasoline
•Alcohol
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 Non-Newtonian Fluids

You can probably guess that non-Newtonian

fluids are the opposite of Newtonian fluids.

When shear is applied to non-Newtonian

fluids, the viscosity of the fluid changes.

Eg: Mycellia compound, polymeric compound

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is a viscoplastic Viscosity of the fluid
material that increases when shear
behaves as a rigid is applied
body at low
stresses but flows
as a viscous fluid
at high stress

Opposite of dilatant;
the more shear
applied, the less
viscous it becomes

In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress

and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, 21 the
constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity.
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Fermentation with fungi Fermentation with bacteria

 -have various non-newtonian culture

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Measurement device-viscometer / the integrated devide for assesment of shear effects.

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 0.0084g/L (25ºC)

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Volume of dispersed
gas per vol of gas-
Oxygen mass transfer liquid dispersion
coefficient
 Oxygen Demand

Is the rate at which oxygen is supplied on a volumetric basis. It is the oxygen-

containing bubbles to the bulk liquid
Method in determining the Kla-off-gas method / dynamic
OTR =K L a(C *- C) method

K L a = oxygen mass transfer coefficien t C* = saturation oxygen concentrat ion ,

C = actual oxygen concentration

•
Is the rate at which oxygen is consumed on a volumetric basis
Facultative
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microorganism?
 Growth hours

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 -outside the range might permit only
small no of microb to grow

Contaminating microbs is
minimum.
❖ Most organisms reduce the pH during growth.
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-not extensively
used in industry- Fast-growing
useful in open & organism
large V in colder
region, nucleation
and antifreeze
proteins

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 -recombinant DNA technology, transfering and expression
plasmid at 0C /increase survival of recombinant.

High T differential between culture &water

supply

Very selective condition

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 -glucose
&sucrose
,
hydrocar
bon and
CO2

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-fermentation media should not contribute to the complexity of the
downstream
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 -if the bubble is not strong enough-easily destroyed, no foam.

-the strength of foam is dependent on surface tension (ST). ST water is always

higher than the fermentation medium. The compound contribute to lowering ST
(Protein, protein hydrolysate, oils and fats)
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Foam produced is a bad phenomenon:
-Fill the head space & clog filters – increase in pressure
-Wetting of filters – stop from functioning properly
-Makes the bioreactor susceptible to contamination
-the stable foam cause entrapment of oxygen, DO will increased & immediately decreased when
foam is broken. Sudden changes can play havoc especially if the fermentation is controlled
depending on DO concentration

Large bioreactor – mechanical foam breakers placed inside / outside the apparatus OR use
chemical antifoam: sprayed into the foam flow / introduced into the rotor of mechanical foam
breaker.

Small Bioreactor – chemical antifoam agent – added in pulse

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cGMP need no antifoam detected in the final product-increasing the use of mechanical foam
breakers
Yes, for research fermentation should under sterile condition. For very large
volume of culture, very rare contamination problem.

-might require steam cleaning of reactor 90-100C, no

pressure.
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References:
•Shuler, M. L. and Kargi, F. (2001).Bioprocess Engineering:
Basic Concepts.” 2 ed. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle
nd
River, NJ.
•Doran, P. M. (2006).Bioprocess Engineering Principles.
Academic Press, London.
•Najafpour, G.A. (2007).Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam.
•Katoh, S. and Yoshida, F. (2009).Biochemical Engineering:
A Textbook for Engineers, Chemists and Biologists. Wiley-
VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
•Mitchell, D. A., Krieger, N. and Berovic, M. (2006).Solid-
state Fermentation Bioreactors: Fundamentals of Design
and Operation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
•Asenjo, J. A. and Merchuk, J. A. (1995).Bioreactor System
Design. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
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 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at saleha@unimap.edu.my
0132081261

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