UNIT 6

COMPOUND STRESSES
LECTURE 9 - PRINCIPAL STRESSES
AND PRINCIPAL PLANES

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Principal Planes and Stresses
• There will be a plane along which the normal stress will have
a maximum value.

• Similarly there will be a Plane along which the normal stress

will have the lowest value

• These two planes are known as the principal planes and the
respective normal stresses as maximum principal normal
stress and minimum principal normal stress

• The two planes will be orthogonal to each other

• Thus if the maximum principal plane is at angle θp, the

minimum principal planes is at (θp + 90) deg

• There will also be a plane on which the shear stress assume

the maximum value and minimum values (θs) = θp + 45 deg

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 • Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.

• Maximum Shear Stress

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 3 normal stresses -- x, y, and z
General State of Stress

3 shearing stresses -- xy, yz, and zx

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 What will be the normal and
shear stress value on a point
on the plane at θ from the
vertical face

Two methods
1) Analytical – Force balance
method
2) Graphical method – Mohr’s
Circle
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Analytical Method – Force Balance method
Stress Transformation

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a

prismatic element with faces perpendicular to the
x, y, and x’ axes.

Fx  0  xAxAcos cos xyAcos sin

 yAsin sin  xyAsin cos
Fy  0  xyAxAcos sin xyAcos  cos
 yAsin  cos  xyAsin sin

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 After rearrangement:

 x'   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin cos (1)

 x' y'   ( x   y )sin cos   xy (cos 2   sin 2  ) (2)

Knowing

sin 2  2 sin cos , cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 

1  cos 2
2 2 1  cos 2
cos   , sin  
2 2

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Eqs. (1) and (2) can be simplified as: Stress Transformation

x  y x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2 (3)
2 2
 x  y
 x ' y'  sin 2   xy cos 2 (4)
2
 'y Can be obtained by replacing  with ( + 90o) in Eq. (3)

 x  y  x  y
 y'   cos 2   xy sin 2 (5)
2 2

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 1. max and min occur at  = 0
2. max and min are 90o apart. max and min are 90o apart.
3. max and min occur half way between max and min

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Principal Stresses: Maximum Shearing Stress

Since max and min occur at x’y’ = 0, one can set Eq. ( 4 ) = 0

x  y
 x' y'  sin 2   xy cos 2  0 ( 6)
2

It follows,
2 xy
tan 2 
x  y
 xy (a)
Hence, sin 2  
2 2 1/ 2
( x   y ) / 4    xy

( x   y ) / 2
cos 2   (b)
2 2 1/ 2
( x   y ) / 4    xy

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Substituting Eqs. (a) and (b) into Eq. (3 and 5) results in The Two
Principal Stresses max and min :

x  y  x  y 2 2 (7)
 max, min   ( )   xy
2 2

This is a formula of a circle with the center at:

x y
 ave 
2
and the radius of the circle as:
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
 x  y 2 where
R ( )   xy (8) 2
2  x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Maximum shearing stress occurs for

 x   ave

2
 x  y  2
 max  R      xy
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90 o and

offset from  p by 45 o
 x  y
    ave 
2

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Sign Convention
Normal Stress
Compressive = Negative
Tensile = Positive

Shear Stress
Rotates surface Clockwise = Positive
Rotate surface Anticlockwise = Negative

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
 Numerical Example

For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the principal planes,
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.

You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)