Learning

Objectives:

AMIIIIM ·
• Explain the role of sampling in the
research process
• Distinguish between probability and
nonprobability sampling
• Understand the factors to consider
when determining a sample size
• Underst_and the steps in developing

•
a sampling plan
Understand the usefulness of
simulated experiments
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,)C, SA~PLING THEORY
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• Creation of sample set ,. •
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• Retains the accuracy in bringing out the
correct statistical information •

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Population-, Sample-, Population
 POPULATION V.S. SAMPLE
Entire group you
want to draw ■
Specific group
where you will
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 Sampling is the process of
selecting a small number of
elements (sample) from a
◄ larger defined target group of
elements (population) such
that the information gathered
from the small group will allow
judgments to be made about
the larger groups.
• Sampling error is any type of bias
that is attributable to mistakes in
either drawing a sample or
determining the sample size
 DEVELOPING A SAMPLING PLAN

1. Define the Population of Interest

2. Identify a Sampling Frame (if possible}
3. Select a Sampling Method
4. Determine Sample Size
S. Execute the Sampling Plan
DEFINING A POPULATION OF
INTEREST

- - • Population of interest is entirely

dependent on
a) Management Problem
b) Research Problems and;
c) Research Design
DEFINING A POPULATION OF
INTEREST
Some Bases for Defining Population:

0
Geographic Area
0
Demographics
0
Usage/Lifestyle
0
Awareness
 DEFINING A POPULATION OF
INTEREST
• Before you begin your research study, identify and agree upon the target population.

• Choose and know your sample well in advance. This will go a long way in eliminating any
feed back that will be deemed useless for your study.

• If your survey goal is to understand the effectiveness of a product or service, then the target
population should be the customers who have used it or best fits who will use the
product/service.

• It would be very costly and time-consuming to collect data from the whole popul.ation of
your target market. By accurately sampling your population of interest, it is possible to
build an actual picture of t he target market using common trends from the results.
DEFINING A POPULATION OF
INTEREST

-- For example: If you are interested in

the average time a person between the
age of 30-35 takes to recover from a
COVID-19 after undergoing a particular
type of medication, the population of
interest is all persons between 30-35
y.o with COVID-19 undergoing the
medication.
DEFINING A POPULATION OF
INTEREST
Which population of interest would best fit your
research requirement of gathering data from
those considered "Poor" in the table below?
Income Cluster Monthly income (for a family of
five
Poor
Less than the official poverty
threshold
~ P 10,481.00
I
iddle-income class
Between P.L. and twice the P.L.
Between 2 - 4 times the P.L.
Pl0,481 - P20,962.00
P20,962.00 - P41,924.00
II
middle-income class Between 4 - 7 times the P.L. P41,924.00 - P 73,367.00 I
U er middle-income class Between 7 - 12 times the P.L. P73.367.00 - !1125.772.00
Upper-in
-income
come class (but not
Between 12 - 20 times the P.L. P125.772.00 - P209.620.00
ri ch
Rich At least 20 times the P.L. ~ f> 209.620
 DEVELOPING A SAMPLING PLAN

1. Define the Population of Interest

2. Identify a Sampling Frame (if possible)
3. Select a Sampling Method
4. Determine Sample Size
5. Execute the Sampling Plan
 SAMPLING FRAME

• A list of population elements (people, companies,

houses, cities, etc.) from which units to be sampled can
be selected.
• Difficult to get an accurate list.
• Sample frame error occurs when certain elements of
the population are accidentally omitted or not included
on the list.
SAMPLING FRAME
For example:

• The list of all Mathematics Book in

DHVSU Library

• A record of the names of all those who

contracted the COVID-19 at Angeles
City, Pampanga.
SAMPLING FRAME
NOTE: YOU CAN'T JUST USE ANY LIST YOU
COME ACROSS! Care must be taken to make
sure your sampling frame is adequate for
your needs.
SAMPLING FRAME
A good sample frame for a project on living
conditions would:

• Include all individuals in the target

population.
• Exclude all individuals not in the target
population.
 SAMPLING FRAME
Other general factors that you would want to
make sure you have:

• A unique identifier for each member. This could be a

simple numerical identifier (i.e. from 1 to 1000). Check
to make sure there are no duplicates in the frame.
• A logical organization to the list. For example, put them
in alphabetical order.
• Up to date information. This may need to be periodically
checked (i.e. for address changes).
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SAM PLIN G MET HOD S
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1. Proba bility Samp ling
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2 .. · Non-p robab ility Samp ling
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PRO BAB ILIT Y SAM PLIN G

• Proba bility sampling is define d as a sampling

techni que in which the researcher chooses
samples from a larger popula tion using a
metho d based on the theory of probab ility

• Random Selection
~~~~~
~~
PRO BAB ILIT Y SAM PLIN G

,~ [!!! Types of Proba bility sampl ing

• Simple Random Samplin g

• Systematic Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Cluster Samplin g
~~~~~ PRO BAB ILIT Y SAM PLIN G

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I!!] SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• A method of probab ility sampling in which every
unit has an equal nonzero chance of being
selected
 •
~~~~~ PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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, ~ ~ SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
• a method of probability sampling in which the
defined target population is ordered and the
sample is selected according to position using a
skip interval

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Every fourth me1nber is chosen.
~~~~~
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

, ~ ~ SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

Steps in Drawing a Systematic random sampling:
1. Obtain a list of units that contains an acceptable frame of
the target population
2. Determine the number of units in the list and the desired
sample size
3. Compute the skip interval
4. Determine a random start point
5. Beginning at the start point, select the units by choosing
each unit that corres onds to the ski interval
 •
~'~~~~ PROBABILITY SAMPLING

; ·
-~
~ STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• a method of probability sampling in which the

population is divided into different subgroups and
samples are selected from each

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, . (!!] STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• Steps in Drawing a stratified random sampling:

1. Divide the target population into homogeneous
subgroups or strata
2. Draw random samples from each stratum
3. Combine the samples from each stratum into a
single sample of the target population
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CLUSTER SAMPLING

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■■ · A cluster sample has all
members from randoml
in~ch
selected group
are used
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selected segments of a
population. This is used
1•11•11•111 when the population falls
into naturally occurring
subgroups.
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SAMPLING METHODS
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_1. Probability Sampling
' 2. Non-probability Sampling
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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Non-probability sampling is defined as a

sampling technique in which the researcher
selects samples based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher rather than
random selection.
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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

ift Types of Non probability Sampling

• Convenience Sampling
• Judgment Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Snowball Sampling
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• A convenience sample consists only of
available members of the population.
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f~;;,,;1'(+a'•z\ NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
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.ift CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

• Example: You are doing a study to

determine the number of years of
education each teacher at your college has.
You select only the teachers you currently
have this semester
 NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

'1ft JUDGMENT SAMPLING

• Sampling that relies upon belief that
participants fit certain characteristics
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

JUDGMENT SAMPLING

• For example: If you are to create a study of

who are most likely to be accepted in the
audition of Miss Universe Philippines, then
upon checking the characteristics required,
you can create a judgment on who can
audition for the part.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

QUOTA SAMPLING

• a non-probability sampling method in

which researchers create a sample
involving individuals that represent a
population. Researchers choose these
individuals according to specific traits or
qualities.
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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

•i~ QUOTA SAMPLING

• For example, if your population consists of

40% female and 60% male, your sample
should reflect those percentages.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

• Snowball sampling or chain-referral

sampling is defined as a non-probability
sampling technique in which the samples
have traits that are rare to find. This is a
sampling technique, in which existing
subjects provide referrals to recruit
samples required for a research study.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

• For example, if you are studying the level

of customer satisfaction among the
members of an elite country club, you will
find it extremely difficult to collect primary
data sources unless a member of the club
agrees to have a direct conversation with
you and provides the contact details of the
other members of the club.
- {~- NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
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SNOWBALL SAMPLING

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

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