Nool, Liza Mae E.

LBC February 29, 2024

MIDTERM ACTIVITY
ANTIBIOTICS

FUNCTION/ACTION: INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTION TARGET ORGANISM/BACTERIA SOURCE
This is the first discovered Narrow Spectrum Naturally occurring
antibiotic, it is effective against • Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillins; produced
Penicillin a wide range of bacteria but is • Staphylococcus aureus by moulds in the
not effective against others, genus Penicillium
such as MRSA.
An antibiotic used to treat Broad Spectrum Natural - Isolated
serious infections caused by • Escherichia coli from the soil
Vancomycin gram-positive bacteria, • Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterium
including MRSA. Amycolatopsis
orientalis.
The cephalosporins are Broad Spectrum Natural - Derivatives
structurally similar to penicillin • Escherichia coli of fermentation
but are better able to withstand • Klebsiella pneumoniae products of the
the action of β-lactamase and mould,
are more modifiable. Original Cephalosporium
cephalosporin was acremonium (now
Cephalosporins
cephalosporin C, which was called Acremonium
modified to strictum).
aminocephalosporanic acid,
which has been further
modified into first-, second-,
third-, fourth-, and fifth-
generation cephalosporins.
A topical antibiotic used to Narrow Spectrum Natural - Produced
Bacitracin treat minor skin infections. • Streptococcus pyogenes by the bacterium
• Clostridium perfringens Bacillus subtilis.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic Broad Spectrum A semi-synthetic
used to treat serious infections • Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic, meaning it
caused by a variety of bacteria. • Enterococcus faecalis is derived from a
natural product (a
compound from the
Imipenem fungus
Cephalosporium
acremonium) but
then modified in a
laboratory to improve
its properties.
Reference:
• Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., Weissfeld, A.S. and Bailey, W.R. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic
Microbiology. 12th Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis.
• Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G.: (2014). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). New
York: Saunders.
• Delost M. D. (2014). Introduction to diagnostic microbiology for the laboratory sciences. Jones & Bartlett
Learning LLC. March 1 2024
 FUNCTION/ACTION: INHIBITION OF CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS
ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTION TARGET ORGANISM/BACTERIA SOURCE
A topical and intravenous Narrow Spectrum
Natural - Produced by
antibiotic used to treat • Gram-negative bacteria (e.g.,
Polymyxin B the bacterium Bacillus
serious infections caused Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
polymyxa.
by gram-negative bacteria.
An intravenous antibiotic Narrow Spectrum
Natural - Isolated from
used to treat serious • Staphylococcus aureus
the soil bacterium
Daptomycin infections caused by gram- • Enterococcus faecalis Streptomyces
positive bacteria, including
roseosporus.
MRSA.
A polymyxin antibiotic used Narrow Spectrum
Natural - Produced by
to treat multidrug-resistant • Acinetobacter baumannii
Colistin the bacterium
gram-negative bacterial • Escherichia coli Paenibacillus polymyxa.
infections.
An antifungal medication Narrow Spectrum Natural - Produced by
Amphotericin B used to treat serious fungal • Fungi (e.g., Candida the fungus Streptomyces
infections. albicans) nodosus.
A topical antifungal Narrow Spectrum
medication used to treat • Fungi (e.g., Candida species) Natural - Produced by
Nystatin candidiasis, a fungal the bacterium
infection of the mouth, Streptomyces noursei.
throat, vagina, or skin.
Reference:
• Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., Weissfeld, A.S. and Bailey, W.R. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic
Microbiology. 12th Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis.
• Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G.: (2014). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). New
York: Saunders.
• Mode of actions and targets for antibacterial drugs - Creative biolabs. (n.d.). https://www.creative-
biolabs.com/drug-discovery/therapeutics/mode-of-actions-and-targets-for-antibacterial-drugs.htm
• Ullah, H., & Ali, S. (2017). Classification of Anti‐Bacterial Agents and Their Functions. InTech. doi:
10.5772/intechopen.68695

• Willey, Joanne M., Sherwood, Linda., Woolverton, Christopher J., Prescott, Lansing M.. (). Prescott,
Harley, and Klein's microbiology (7th). : .
 FUNCTION/ACTION: INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTION TARGET ORGANISM/BACTERIA SOURCE
A broad-spectrum antibiotic Broad Spectrum Natural - Produced
used to treat a variety of • Chlamydia trachomatis by the bacterium
Tetracycline
infections, including acne, • Mycoplasma pneumonia Streptomyces
pneumonia, and UTIs. rimosus.
An antibiotic used to treat a Narrow Spectrum
Natural - Produced
variety of infections, including • Streptococcus pneumoniae
by the bacterium
Erythromycin strep throat, Legionnaires' • Legionella pneumophila Saccharopolyspora
disease, and some skin
erythraea.
infections.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic Broad Spectrum Natural - Produced
used to treat serious infections, • Haemophilus influenzae by the bacterium
Chloramphenicol
but it is rarely used due to the • Neisseria meningitidis Streptomyces
risk of serious side effects. venezuelae.
An antibiotic used to treat Narrow Spectrum
serious infections caused by • Methicillin-resistant
Linezolid some types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus Synthetic
including (MRSA)
MRSA.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic Broad Spectrum
used to treat a variety of • Helicobacter pylori A semi-synthetic
Azithromycin infections, including respiratory • Mycobacterium avium derivative of
infections, skin infections, and erythromycin.
some STDs.
Reference:
• Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., Weissfeld, A.S. and Bailey, W.R. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic
Microbiology. 12th Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis.
• Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G.: (2014). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). New
York: Saunders.
• Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P., & Klein, D. A. (2023). Microbiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Talaro, K. P., & Talaro, A. (2021). Foundations in microbiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
 FUNCTION/ACTION: INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTION TARGET ORGANISM/BACTERIA SOURCE
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic Broad Spectrum Synthetic -
used to treat a variety of • Escherichia coli Belongs to the
bacterial infections, including • Pseudomonas aeruginosa class of
Ciprofloxacin urinary tract infections, fluoroquinolones,
respiratory infections, and skin which are
infections. synthetic
antibiotics.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic Broad Spectrum Semi – synthetic -
used to treat a variety of • Mycobacterium tuberculosis Derived from the
Rifampin bacterial infections, including • Neisseria meningitidis bacterium
tuberculosis, leprosy, and staph Streptomyces
infections. mediterranei.
An antibiotic used to treat or Broad Spectrum
prevent a variety of bacterial • Staphylococcus
infections, including urinary saprophyticus
tract infections, ear infections, • Escherichia coli
Trimethoprim Synthetic
and traveler's diarrhea. It is
often used in combination with
another antibiotic, such as
sulfamethoxazole.
An antibiotic used to treat a Broad Spectrum
variety of parasitic infections, as • Clostridium difficile
Metronidazole well as some bacterial • Trichomonas vaginalis Synthetic
infections. It is also sometimes
used to treat acne.
A class of broad-spectrum Broad Spectrum
Fluoroquinolones antibiotics used to treat a • Salmonella typhi Synthetic
variety of bacterial infections. • Chlamydia trachomatis
Reference:
• Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., Weissfeld, A.S. and Bailey, W.R. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic
Microbiology. 12th Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis.
• Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G.: (2014). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). New
York: Saunders.
• Singleton, P., & Sainsbury, D. (2016). Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology (4th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons.
• Talaro, K. P., & Talaro, A. (2021). Foundations in microbiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
 FUNCTION/ACTION: INHIBITORS OF OTHER METABOLIC PROCESSES
ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTION TARGET ORGANISM/BACTERIA SOURCE
A class of synthetic Broad Spectrum
antimicrobials that interfere • Streptococcus pyogenes
with bacterial growth by • Escherichia coli
Sulfonamides Synthetic
inhibiting the production of folic
acid, which is essential for
bacterial survival.
An antimicrobial that works by Broad Spectrum
inhibiting the production of folic • Staphylococcus
acid, similar to sulfonamides. It saprophyticus
Trimethoprim Synthetic
is often used in combination • Proteus mirabilis
with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as
a medication called Bactrim.
An antimicrobial used Narrow Spectrum
specifically to treat urinary tract • Escherichia coli
infections (UTIs). It works by • Staphylococcus
Nitrofurantoin Synthetic
interfering with the bacteria's saprophyticus
ability to produce energy and
DNA.
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial Broad Spectrum
used to treat various bacterial • Escherichia coli
infections, including UTIs, skin • Enterococcus faecalis
Fosfomycin infections, and some respiratory Synthetic
infections. It works by
interfering with the bacterial cell
wall synthesis.
An antimicrobial used to treat a Broad Spectrum
variety of parasitic and • Bacteroides fragilis
protozoal infections, as well as • Giardia lamblia
some bacterial infections like H.
pylori (associated with stomach
Metronidazole Synthetic
ulcers) and C. difficile
(associated with antibiotic-
related diarrhea). It works by
damaging the DNA of the
organism.
Reference:
• Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., Weissfeld, A.S. and Bailey, W.R. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic
Microbiology. 12th Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis.
• Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G.: (2014). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). New
York: Saunders.
• Singleton, P., & Sainsbury, D. (2016). Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology (4th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons.
• Talaro, K. P., & Talaro, A. (2021). Foundations in microbiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education