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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cambridge natural
history, Vol. 06 (of 10)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If
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country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 06 (of 10)

Author: David Sharp

Editor: S. F. Harmer
Sir A. E. Shipley

Release date: December 5, 2023 [eBook #72331]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Macmillan and Co, 1899

Credits: Keith Edkins, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading
Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMBRIDGE

NATURAL HISTORY, VOL. 06 (OF 10) ***
 THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge;

Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer

on the Morphology of Invertebrates

VOLUME VI

INSECTS
PART II. Hymenoptera continued (Tubulifera and Aculeata), Coleoptera, Strepsiptera,
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura.
By David Sharp, M.A. (Cantab.), M.B. (Edinb.), F.R.S.

London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1899

All rights reserved

"Men are poor things; I don't know why the world thinks so
much of them."—Mrs. Bee, by L. & M. Wintle.
 CONTENTS

PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book vii
CHAPTER I
Hymenoptera Petiolata continued—Series 2. Tubulifera or
Chrysididae.—Series 3. Aculeata—General—Classification—
Division I. Anthophila or Bees 1
CHAPTER II
Hymenoptera Aculeata continued—Division II. Diploptera or
Wasps—Eumenidae, Solitary True Wasps—Vespidae, Social
Wasps—Masaridae 71
CHAPTER III
Hymenoptera Aculeata continued—Division III. Fossores or
Fossorial Solitary Wasps—Family Scoliidae or Subterranean
Fossores—Family Pompilidae or Runners—Family Sphegidae
or Perfect-Stingers 90
CHAPTER IV
Hymenoptera Aculeata continued—Division IV. Formicidae or Ants 131
CHAPTER V
Coleoptera or Beetles—Strepsiptera 184
CHAPTER VI
Lepidoptera, or Butterflies and Moths 304
CHAPTER VII
Diptera, or Flies—Aphaniptera, or Fleas—Thysanoptera, or
Thrips 438
CHAPTER VIII
Hemiptera, or Bugs—Anoplura 532
Notes and Corrigenda to Volume VI. and to Insecta of Volume V. 602
Index 603
 SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK
Sub-order,
Sub-Family or
Order. Division, Family. Group.
Tribe.
or Series.
HYMENOPTERA Petiolata. (continued from Vol. V).
(continued from Tubulifera
Chrysididae (p. 1).
Vol. V) (p. 1)
Aculeata Archiapides (p. 21).
(p. 4) Obtusilingues (p. 22).
Anthophila
Andrenides (p. 23).
(p. 10)
Denudatae (p. 29).
Apidae
Scopulipedes (p. 32).
(p. 10)
Dasygastres (p. 35).
Sociales (p. 53).
Diploptera
Eumenidae (p. 72).
Vespidae (p. 78).
Masaridae (p. 88).
Mutillides (p. 94).
Fossores
Thynnides (p. 96).
(p. 90)
Scoliides (p. 97).
Scoliidae
Sapygides (p. 99).
(p. 94)
Rhopalosomides (p. 100).
Pompilidae (p. 101).
Sphegides (p. 107).
Ampulicides (p. 114).
Larrides (p. 116).
Trypoxylonides (p. 118).
Sphegidae Astatides (p. 119).
(p. 107) Bembecides (p. 119).
Nyssonides (p. 123).
Philanthides (p. 124).
Mimesides (p. 127).
Crabronides (p. 128).
Heterogyna Camponotides (p. 144).
(p. 131) Dolichoderides (p. 157).
Formicidae Myrmicini
(p. 131) (p. 159).
Attini (p. 165).
Myrmicides
Pseudomyrmini
(p. 158)
(p. 168).
Cryptocerini
(p. 169).
 Ponerides (p. 170).
Ecitonini
Dorylides
(p. 175).
(p. 174)
Dorylini (p. 177).
Amblyoponides (p. 180).

Sub-order,
Sub-Family or
Order. Division, Family.
Tribe.
or Series.
COLEOPTERA Passalidae (p. 192).
(p. 184) Lucanidae (p. 193).
Coprides (p. 195).
Lamellicornia Melolonthides
(p. 190) Scarabaeidae (p. 198).
(p. 194) Rutelides (p. 198).
Dynastides (p. 199).
Cetoniides (p. 199).
Cicindelidae (p. 201).
Carabides (p. 206).
Harpalides (p. 206).
Pseudomorphides
Carabidae (p. 204)
Adephaga or (p. 206).
Caraboidea Mormolycides
(p. 200) (p. 206).
Amphizoidae (p. 207).
Pelobiidae (p. 207).
Haliplidae (p. 209).
Dytiscidae (p. 210).
Polymorpha Paussidae (p. 213).
(p. 213) Gyrinidae (p. 215).
Hydrophilidae (p. 216).
Platypsyllidae (p. 219).
Leptinidae (p. 220).
Silphidae (p. 221).
Scydmaenidae (p. 223).
Gnostidae (p. 223).
Pselaphidae (p. 223).
Staphylinidae (p. 224).
Sphaeriidae (p. 227).
Trichopterygidae (p. 227).
Hydroscaphidae (p. 228).
Corylophidae (p. 228).
Scaphidiidae (p. 229).
Synteliidae (p. 229).
Histeridae (p. 230).
Phalacridae (p. 231).
Nitidulidae (p. 231).
Trogositidae (p. 232).
Colydiidae (p. 233).
Rhysodidae (p. 234).
Cucujidae (p. 234).
Cryptophagidae (p. 235).
Helotidae (p. 235).
Thorictidae (p. 236).
Erotylidae (p. 236).
Mycetophagidae (p. 237).
Coccinellidae (p. 237).
Endomychidae (p. 239).
Mycetaeidae (p. 239).
Latridiidae (p. 240).
Adimeridae (p. 240).
Dermestidae (p. 241).
Byrrhidae (p. 242).
Cyathoceridae (p. 243).
Georyssidae (p. 243).
Heteroceridae (p. 243).
Parnidae (p. 243).
Derodontidae (p. 244).
Cioidae (p. 245).
Sphindidae (p. 245).
Bostrichidae (p. 246).
Ptinides (p. 246).
Ptinidae (p. 246)
Anobiides (p. 246).
Lycides (p. 248).
Drilides (p. 248).
Malacodermidae Lampyrides
(p. 248) (p. 248).
Telephorides
(p. 248).
Melyridae (p. 252).
Cleridae (p. 253).
Lymexylonidae (p. 254).
Dascillidae (p. 255).
Rhipiceridae (p. 256).
Elateridae Throscides (p. 260).
(p. 256) Eucnemides
(p. 260).
Elaterides (p. 260).
 Cebrionides
(p. 260).
Perothopides
(p. 260).
Cerophytides
(p. 260).
Buprestidae (p. 261).
Tenebrionidae (p. 263).
Cistelidae (p. 264).
Lagriidae (p. 264).
Othniidae (p. 265).
Aegialitidae (p. 265).
Monommidae (p. 265).
Nilionidae (p. 265).
Heteromera
Melandryidae (p. 265).
(p. 262)
Pythidae (p. 265).
Pyrochroidae (p. 266).
Anthicidae (p. 266).
Oedemeridae (p. 266).
Mordellidae (p. 267).
Cantharidae (p. 269).
Trictenotomidae (p. 275).
Bruchidae (p. 276)
Eupoda (p. 280).
Camptosomes
Chrysomelidae (p. 281).
(p. 278) Cyclica (p. 282).
Phytophaga
Cryptostomes
(p. 276)
(p. 282).
Prionides (p. 287).
Cerambycidae Cerambycides
(p. 285) (p. 287).
Lamiides (p. 287).
Anthribidae (p. 290).
Rhynchophora Curculionidae (p. 290).
(p. 288) Scolytidae (p. 294).
Brenthidae (p. 295).
Aglycyderidae (p. 297).
Protorhinidae (p. 298).
Strepsiptera
Stylopidae (p. 298).
(p. 298)

Order. Sub-order, Family. Sub-Family or

Division, Tribe.
 or Series.
LEPIDOPTERA Danaides (p. 344).
(p. 304) Ithomiides (p. 346).
Satyrides (p. 347).
Morphides (p. 348).
Brassolides
Nymphalidae
(p. 349).
(p. 343)
Acraeides (p. 350).
Heliconiides
Rhopalocera
(p. 351).
(p. 341)
Nymphalides
(p. 352).
Erycinides (p. 355).
Erycinidae (p. 354)
Libytheides (p. 355).
Lycaenidae (p. 356).
Pieridae (p. 357).
Papilionidae (p. 359).
Hesperiidae (p. 363)
Heterocera Castniidae (p. 371).
(p. 366) Neocastniidae (p. 372).
Saturniidae (p. 372).
Brahmaeidae (p. 374).
Ceratocampidae (p. 375).
Bombycidae (p. 375).
Eupterotidae (p. 376).
Perophoridae (p. 377).
Sphingidae (p. 380).
Cocytiidae (p. 382).
Notodontidae (p. 383).
Cymatophoridae (p. 386).
Sesiidae (p. 386).
Tinaegeriidae (p. 387).
Syntomidae (p. 388).
Zygaenidae (p. 390).
Himantopteridae (p. 392).
Heterogynidae (p. 392).
Psychidae (p. 392).
Cossidae (p. 395).
Arbelidae (p. 396).
Chrysopolomidae (p. 396).
Hepialidae (p. 396).
Callidulidae (p. 400).
Drepanidae (p. 400).
Limacodidae (p. 401).
 Megalopyogidae (p. 404).
Thyrididae (p. 404).
Lasiocampidae (p. 405).
Endromidae (p. 406).
Pterothysanidae (p. 406).
Lymantriidae (p. 406).
Hypsidae (p. 408).
Arctiidae (p. 408).
Agaristidae (p. 410).
Geometridae (p. 411).
Noctuidae (p. 414).
Epicopeiidae (p. 418).
Uraniidae (p. 419).
Epiplemidae (p. 420).
Pyralidae (p. 420).
Pterophoridae (p. 426).
Alucitidae (p. 426).
Tortricidae (p. 427).
Tineidae (p. 428).
Eriocephalidae (p. 433).
Micropterygidae (p. 435).

Sub-order,
Sub-Family or
Order. Division, Family.
Tribe.
or Series.
DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae (p. 458).
(p. 438) Mycetophilidae (p. 462).
Blepharoceridae (p. 464).
Culicidae (p. 466).
Chironomidae (p. 468).
Orphnephilidae (p. 470).
Orthorrhapha Psychodidae (p. 470).
Nemocera Dixidae (p. 471).
(p. 455) Ptychopterinae
Tipulidae (p. 472).
(p. 471) Limnobiinae (p. 473).
Tipulinae (p. 475).
Bibionidae (p. 475).
Simuliidae (p. 477).
Rhyphidae (p. 478).
Orthorrhapha Stratiomyidae (p. 478).
Brachycera Leptidae (p. 479).
(pp. 455, 478) Tabanidae (p. 481).
Acanthomeridae (p. 483).
 Therevidae (p. 484).
Scenopinidae (p. 484).
Nemestrinidae (p. 484).
Bombyliidae (p. 485).
Acroceridae (p. 489).
Lonchopteridae (p. 490).
Mydaidae (p. 491).
Asilidae (p. 491).
Apioceridae (p. 492).
Empidae (p. 492).
Dolichopidae (p. 493).
Phoridae (p. 494).
Cyclorrhapha Platypezidae (p. 496).
Asciza Pipunculidae (p. 496).
(pp. 455, 494) Conopidae (p. 497).
Syrphidae (p. 498).
Muscidae Acalyptratae (p. 503).
Anthomyiidae (p. 506).
Cyclorrhapha Tachinidae (p. 507).
Schizophora Dexiidae (p. 510).
(pp. 456, 503) Sarcophagidae (p. 510).
Muscidae (p. 511).
Oestridae (p. 514).
Hippoboscidae (p. 518).
Pupipara Braulidae (p. 520).
(pp. 456, 517) Streblidae (p. 521).
Nycteribiidae (p. 521).

APHANIPTERA(pp. 456, 522) Pulicidae (p. 522).

THYSANOPTERA Terebrantia (p. 531).

(p. 526) Tubulifera (p. 531).

Order. Sub-order. Series. Family

HEMIPTERA Heteroptera Gymnocerata Pentatomidae
(p. 532) (pp. 543, 544) (p. 544) (p. 545).
Coreidae (p. 546).
Berytidae (p. 548).
Lygaeidae (p. 548).
Pyrrhocoridae
(p. 549).
Tingidae (p. 549).
Aradidae (p. 550).
Hebridae (p. 551).
 Hydrometridae
(p. 551).
Henicocephalidae
(p. 554).
Phymatidae (p. 554).
Reduviidae (p. 555).
Aëpophilidae (p. 559).
Ceratocombidae
(p. 559).
Cimicidae (p. 559).
Anthocoridae
(p. 560).
Polyctenidae (p. 560).
Capsidae (p. 561).
Saldidae (p. 562).
Galgulidae (p. 562).
Nepidae (p. 563).
Naucoridae (p. 565).
Cryptocerata Belostomidae
(p. 562) (p. 565).
Notonectidae
(p. 567).
Corixidae (p. 567).
Cicadidae (p. 568).
Fulgoridae (p. 574).
Trimera (p. 544) Membracidae (p. 576).
Cercopidae (p. 577).
Homoptera Jassidae (p. 578).
(pp. 543, 568) Psyllidae (p. 578).
Dimera (p. 544) Aphidae (p. 581).
Aleurodidae (p. 591).
Monomera
Coccidae (p. 592).
(p. 544)
Anoplura (p. 599) Pediculidae (p. 599).
 CHAPTER I

HYMENOPTERA PETIOLATA CONTINUED

SERIES 2. TUBULIFERA OR CHRYSIDIDAE—SERIES 3. ACULEATA—

GENERAL—CLASSIFICATION—DIVISION I. ANTHOPHILA OR BEES

The First Series—Parasitica—of the Sub-Order Hymenoptera

Petiolata was discussed in the previous volume. We now pass to the
Second Series.

Series 2. Hymenoptera Tubulifera.

Trochanters undivided; the hind-body consisting of from three to

five visible segments; the female with an ovipositor, usually
retracted, transversely segmented, enveloping a fine, pointed
style. The larvae usually live in the cells of other Hymenoptera.

The Tubulifera form but a small group in comparison with Parasitica

and Aculeata, the other two Series of the Sub-Order. Though of
parasitic habits, they do not appear to be closely allied to any of the
families of Hymenoptera Parasitica, though M. du Buysson suggests
that they have some affinity with Proctotrypidae; their morphology
and classification have been, however, but little discussed, and have
not been the subject of any profound investigation. At present it is
only necessary to recognise one family, viz. Chrysididae or Ruby-
wasps.[1] These Insects are usually of glowing, metallic colours, with
a very hard, coarsely-sculptured integument. Their antennae are
abruptly elbowed, the joints not being numerous, usually about
thirteen, and frequently so connected that it is not easy to count
them. The abdomen is, in the great majority, of very peculiar
construction, and allows the Insect to curl it completely under the
anterior parts, so as to roll up into a little ball; the dorsal plates are
very strongly arched, and seen from beneath form a free edge, while
the ventral plates are of less hard consistence, and are connected
with the dorsal plates at some distance from the free edge, so that
the abdomen appears concave beneath. In the anomalous genus
Cleptes the abdomen is, however, similar in form to that of the
Aculeate Hymenoptera, and has four or five visible segments,
instead of the three or four that are all that can be seen in the normal
Chrysididae. The larvae of the Ruby-flies have the same number of
segments as other Hymenoptera Petiolata. The difference in this
respect of the perfect Chrysididae from other Petiolata is due to a
greater number of the terminal segments being indrawn so as to
form the tube, or telescope-like structure from which the series
obtains its name. This tube is shown partially extruded in Fig. 1;
when fully thrust out it is seen to be segmented, and three or four
segments may be distinguished. The ovipositor proper is concealed
within this tube; it appears to be of the nature of an imperfect sting;
there being a very sharply pointed style, and a pair of enveloping
sheaths; the style really consists of a trough-like plate and two fine
rods or spiculae. There are no poison glands, except in Cleptes,
which form appears to come very near to the Aculeate series. Some
of the Chrysididae on occasions use the ovipositor as a sting, though
it is only capable of inflicting a very minute and almost innocuous
wound.

Fig. 1.—Chrysis ignita, ♀. England.

Although none of the Ruby-flies attain a large size, they are usually
very conspicuous on account of their gaudy or brilliant colours. They
are amongst the most restless and rapid of Insects; they love the hot
sunshine, and are difficult of capture. Though not anywhere
numerous in species, they are found in most parts of the world. In
Britain we have about twenty species. They usually frequent old
wood or masonry, in which the nests of Aculeate Hymenoptera exist,
or fly rapidly to and fro about the banks of earth where bees nest. Dr.
Chapman has observed the habits of some of our British species.[2]
He noticed Chrysis ignita flying about the cell of Odynerus parietum,
a solitary wasp that provisions its nest with caterpillars; in this cell
the Chrysis deposited an egg, and in less than an hour the wasp had
sealed the cell. Two days afterwards this was opened and was found
to contain a larva of Chrysis a quarter of an inch long, as well as the
Lepidopterous larvae stored up by the wasp, but there was no trace
of egg or young of the wasp. Six days after the egg was laid the
Chrysis had eaten all the food and was full-grown, having moulted
three or four times. Afterwards it formed a cocoon in which to
complete its metamorphosis. It is, however, more usual for the
species of Chrysis to live on the larva of the wasp and not on the
food; indeed, it has recently been positively stated that Chrysis never
eats the food in the wasp's cell, but there is no ground whatever for
rejecting the evidence of so careful an observer as Dr. Chapman.
According to M. du Buysson the larva of Chrysis will not eat the
lepidopterous larvae, but will die in their midst if the Odynerus larva
does not develop; but this observation probably relates only to such
species as habitually live on Odynerus itself. The mother-wasp of
Chrysis bidentata searches for a cell of Odynerus spinipes that has
not been properly closed, and that contains a full-grown larva of that
wasp enclosed in its cocoon. Having succeeded in its search the
Chrysis deposits several eggs—from six to ten; for some reason that
is not apparent all but one of these eggs fail to produce young; in two
or three days this one hatches, the others shrivelling up. The young
Chrysis larva seizes with its mouth a fold of the skin of the helpless
larva of the Odynerus, and sucks it without inflicting any visible
wound. In about eleven days the Chrysis has changed its skin four
times, has consumed all the larva and is full-fed; it spins its own
cocoon inside that of its victim, and remains therein till the following
spring, when it changes to a pupa, and in less than three weeks
thereafter emerges a perfect Chrysis of the most brilliant colour, and
if it be a female indefatigable in activity. It is remarkable that the larva
of Chrysis is so much like that of Odynerus that the two can only be
distinguished externally by the colour, the Odynerus being yellow
and the Chrysis white; but this is only one of the many cases in
which host and parasite are extremely similar to the eye. Chrysis
shanghaiensis has been reared from the cocoons of a Lepidopterous
Insect—Monema flavescens, family Limacodidae—and it has been
presumed that it eats the larva therein contained. All other Chrysids,
so far as known, live at the expense of Hymenoptera (usually, as we
have seen, actually consuming their bodies), and it is not impossible
that C. shanghaiensis really lives on a Hymenopterous parasite in
the cocoon of the Lepidopteron.

Parnopes carnea frequents the nests of Bembex rostrata, a solitary

wasp that has the unusual habit of bringing from time to time a
supply of food to its young larva; for this purpose it has to open the
nest in which its young is enclosed, and the Parnopes takes
advantage of this habit by entering the cell and depositing there an
egg which produces a larva that devours that of the Bembex. The
species of the anomalous genus Cleptes live, it is believed, at the
expense of Tenthredinidae, and in all probability oviposit in their
cocoons which are placed in the earth.

Series 3. Hymenoptera Aculeata.

The females (whether workers or true females) provided with a

sting: trochanters usually undivided (monotrochous). Usually the
antennae of the males with thirteen, of the females with twelve,
joints (exceptions in ants numerous).

These characters only define this series in a very unsatisfactory

manner, as no means of distinguishing the "sting" from the
homologous structures found in Tubulifera, and in the Proctotrypid
division of Hymenoptera Parasitica, have been pointed out. As the
structure of the trochanters is subject to numerous exceptions, the
classification at present existing is an arbitrary one. It would probably
be more satisfactory to separate the Proctotrypidae (or a
considerable part thereof) from the Parasitica, and unite them with
the Tubulifera and Aculeata in a great series, characterised by the
fact that the ovipositor is withdrawn into the body in a direct manner
so as to be entirely internal, whereas in the Parasitica it is not
withdrawn in this manner, but remains truly an external organ,
though in numerous cases concealed by a process of torsion of the
terminal segments. If this were done it might be found possible to
divide the great group thus formed into two divisions characterised
by the fact that the ovipositor in one retains its function, the egg
passing through it (Proctotrypidae and Tubulifera), while in the other
the organ in question serves as a weapon of offence and defence,
and does not act as a true ovipositor, the egg escaping at its base. It
would, however, be premature to adopt so revolutionary a course
until the comparative anatomy of the organs concerned shall have
received a much greater share of attention; a detailed scrutiny of
Prototrypidae being particularly desired.

Fig. 2.—Diagram of upper surface of Priocnemis affinis ♀, Pompilidae.

o, ocelli; B1, pronotum; B2, mesonotum; B3, scutellum of
mesonotum; B4, post-scutellum or middle part of metanotum; B5,
propodeum or median segment (see vol. v. p. 491); B6, combing
hairs, pecten, of front foot: C1, first segment of abdomen, here not
forming a pedicel or stalk: D1, coxa; D2, trochanter; D3, femur; D6,
calcaria or spurs of hind leg: 1 to 15, nervures of wings, viz. 1,
costal; 2, post-costal; 3, median; 4, posterior; 5, stigma; 6,
marginal; 7, upper basal; 8, lower basal; 9, 9, cubital; 10, the three
 sub-marginal; 11, first recurrent; 12, second recurrent; 13, anterior
of hind wing; 14, median; 15, posterior: I to XI, the cells, viz. I,
upper basal; II, lower basal; III, marginal; IV, V, VI, first, second
and third sub-marginal; VII, first discoidal; VIII, third discoidal; IX,
second discoidal; X, first apical; XI, second apical.

We have dealt with the external anatomy of Hymenoptera in Vol. V.;

so that here it is only necessary to give a diagram to explain the
terms used in the descriptions of the families and sub-families of
Aculeata, and to discuss briefly their characteristic structures.

Fig. 3—Sting of bee. A, One of the needles separated; a, the barbed

point; b, piston; c, arm. B, Transverse section of the sting: dd, the
two needles; e, bead for guiding the needles; f, director; g,
channel of poison. (After Carlet.)

The Sting of the bee has been described in detail by Kraepelin,

Sollmann, Carlet[3] and others. It is an extremely perfect mechanical
arrangement. The sting itself—independent of the sheaths and
adjuncts—consists of three elongate pieces, one of them a gouge-
like director, the other two pointed and barbed needles; the director
is provided with a bead for each of the needles to run on, these latter
having a corresponding groove; the entrance to the groove is
narrower than its subsequent diameter, so that the needles play up
and down on the director with facility, but cannot be dragged away
from it; each needle is provided with an arm at the base to which are
attached the muscles for its movement. This simple manner of
describing the mechanical arrangement is, however, incomplete,
inasmuch as it includes no account of the means by which the