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Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (RCCL)

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Code

Instructor’s Name

Date
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Table of Contents

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (RCCL)....................................................................................3

Introduction............................................................................................................................3
Statement Problem.....................................................................................................................3
Analysis......................................................................................................................................4
PESTLE Analysis...................................................................................................................4
Political Factors..................................................................................................................6
Economic Factors...............................................................................................................8
Social Factors...................................................................................................................10
Technology Factors..........................................................................................................12
Legal Factors....................................................................................................................13
Occupational Health and Safety Risk..................................................................................14
Public Relations Issues that RCCL Could Face in an Emergency.......................................15
Source of Competitive Advantage.......................................................................................16
Theory Application..................................................................................................................18
Possible Solution......................................................................................................................19
Implementation........................................................................................................................19
Conclusion................................................................................................................................20
References................................................................................................................................21
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Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (RCCL)

Introduction

Royal Caribbean Cruise Limited was incepted in 1968 with its headquarters situated

in Miami, Florida. The Royal Caribbean is a global second-largest cruise organization that

has 42 ships in active operations within the games, leisure, and vacation industry. The Royal

Caribbean brand has affiliate brands such as the Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity

Cruises, Azamara Club Cruises, and CDF Croisieres de France. Also, the venture has an

affiliate brand – TUI Cruises – specifically meant for the German market with a viable

competitive advantage based on technological innovation and diversity in pricing strategy. As

of February 5, 2014, the brand had a total of 41 active ships operating in over 490

destinations on 7 continents (Quelch & Rodriguez, 2021). The vision and objective of the

Royal Caribbean Cruises Line are vested in the need to empower and enable workers to

deliver the best vacation experience for consumers towards sustainable market share,

consumer retention, and viable well-being of societal dynamics. The venture is keen on

upholding brand reputation as well as availing consumer-oriented services within its market

without sacrificing competitive advantage. The venture is set to uphold maximum ethical

conduct for the ever-changing consumer needs and satisfaction dynamics (Papathanassis,

2017). The Royal Caribbean Cruise management affirms that it is upholding consumer

loyalty in service and product provision in a bid to progressively improve everything they

avail within the ship, leisure, and vacation industry.

Statement Problem

The global market fluctuation is an integral predicament that affects the Royal

Caribbean Cruises strategic plan. Recession in global economies has lead to the inception of

online booking within the leisure and vacation industry. Transition and adaption of

contemporary online booking models through the integration of technological innovation is

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an internal and external problem to Royal Caribbean Cruises. Mitigating the risk of layoff

and extra expenditure on operations transition is a viable problem within the organization's

operation market and consumer value demands. As a result, the financial and operational

peril stipulates that Royal Caribbean Cruises should not depend on one source of revenue; but

it should venture into diverse services and products provided to stabilize operational cost and

revenue. Also, the development of ships and ports is a global problem that affects Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines in its operations. Expansion of market share and consumer cap

affects the strategic expansion due to stiff competition from other established brands in the

leisure and vacation industry. For instance, the “poop cruise” case depicts the public outrage

in which the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines execute their operations based on the emphasis

on profits and minimal consumer safety and protection. As a result, the aspects of cruise

travel are becoming increasingly less safe and consumers are less protected by both the cruise

lines as well as the legal liabilities binding the service provider and the consumer. Thus; the

discrepancy of mechanical failure, medical care, essential services provision, and

unprecedented disruptions in the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines operations is a dire problem.

Analysis

PESTLE Analysis

The Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines PESTEL evaluation is a strategic metric vested on

the assessment of the macro environment for the venture. The need to evaluate a business

environment is integral in defining the direct impacts for the venture as well as key players in

the leisure, vacation, resorts, and casino industry. Through viable evaluation of the macro-

environment essence, factors that impact porter’s five forces will enable the company to

strategize a sustainable competitive landscape. The macro-environment factors attribute to

the failure or success in a company’s competitive advantage or profitability rationale within a

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competitive market. The evaluation of Royal Caribbean Cruises PESTEL evaluation will

depict the operational challenges other than eminent competitive forces.

Political Economic Societal Technology Legal

Government Interest Rate Demographics Cosnumer Applicable laws

Policy Consumer trust change access to How legal
Trade Policy Inflation Change in technology disputes are
Consumer consumer traits Legislations handled
Protection Laws Environmental such as GDPR New legislation
Coniderations Contemporary formulation
production &
operations
metrics

Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis framework consideration for Royal Caribbean Cruises

(Source: Author’s Illustration)

Political factors encompass government involvement in regulations and legal

framework inception in a bid to determine the influence on a business operation and trade

markets. Economic metrics involve company evaluation on financial-related dynamics and

how they affect the financial stability of the company operations. Social metrics evaluate the

social essence of the company markets and consumer demographics based on consumer traits

and lifestyle. Technological metrics evaluate technology and innovation impacts in the

consumer and venture markets and how they influence operations for Royal Caribbean

Cruises. The legal metrics framework expounds on the consumer and venture variation in

stipulations towards a neutral operations market to enhance legal consumption and provision

of services and products. As a result, the PESTEL evaluation factors are often beyond a

company's control and more so when they are eminent as threats to the sustainability and

productivity of a business. However, despite the adversities accompanied by external

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business factors, opportunities that arise should be embraced to increase profitability and

productivity metrics.

Political Factors

Government regulations and restrictions have a substantive impact on the Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines. For instance, the easing of restrictions between the U.S.A. and

Cuba has mitigated the tension of allowing cruise ships to travel back and forth amid both

countries' destinations. The alternative to ease cruise navigation in both countries is a viable

political factor that is anticipated to increase market share and profitability metrics for the

venture. It is eminent that if both governments opt to turn down the restriction sanctions,

cruise navigation could be hindered. As a result, navigation sanctions are highly anticipated

to inflict fear on security concerns for consumers who may be willing to traverse between the

Cuban and American markets in the leisure and vacation industry. Also, terrorism is a

political concern that impacts the viability and feasibility of the Royal Caribbean Cruises

operations. For instance, the 2017 Seabourn Spirit Cruise ship attack by Somalia pirates

inflicted terrorism fears among stakeholders, investors, shareholders, and consumers globally.

As a result, we must be politically vibrant in the formulation of anti-terror policies as well as

campaigns to safeguard the progress of the vacation and leisure industry particularly ship

navigation across global destinations (Rossi, 2018). Thus, politically we must be prepared

against unprecedented predicaments or unforeseen disruptions in business operation

pathways.
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Political Factors

Governance System
Regulatory Practices
Taxation frameworks
Wage Legislation
Global regulations
Change in Policy formulation &
implementation

Figure 2: Political Factors for the Royal Caribbean Cruises Operation (Source:

Author’s Illustration)

To mitigate the risk of political factors, Royal Caribbean Cruises should regulate its

diverse markets amid fluctuating political changes. The venture has a corporate responsibility

to minimize costs on penalization and fines by ensuring it copes with regulatory stipulations

across its diverse market jurisdictions. It is eminent that the Royal Caribbean Cruises have

depicted an increase in sales and marketing quotas through regulatory scrutiny. As a result,

the venture should comply with global regulations across its major destination markets to

uphold the market reputation, dominance, and reliability to consumers. The stipulations that

define visa regulation impositions across global destinations should be a priority since the

majority of the consumers are from the international market. The company should ensure that

the stipulations inflicting visa requirements for a consumer to sail on a cruise ship are

realistic and easy to uphold relatively across global markets. Through inclusive intervention,

the Royal Caribbean Cruises venture has been able to enact scrutiny measures to uphold

consumer safety and well-being during travel as a liability warrant. Additionally, the Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines have benefitted from taxation policy changes that allow the venture
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to increase profitability ratios in a bid to foster research and development oriented operations.

Through wage legislation, the venture will be able to sustain its ships' registry with ease,

transparency, and accountability.

The legal policies that market countries enact dictate what is and is not allowed based

on domestic gains or priorities in controlling the leisure and vacation industries. The Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines operates in more than a dozen countries, which expose itself to

diverse political essence and systems that risk its viability. As a result, the company is keen

on evaluating bureaucracy and interference frameworks in a bid to strategize based on market

metrics towards stability and sustainability productivity. Furthermore, the unprecedented

pricing regulations, industrial safety regulations, and product labeling frameworks are

imperative to embrace due to divergence across global political environments in various

markets. Sequentially, the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines are incepting mitigation measures

in averting discrepancy diversity across host countries that do not protect consigned trade

policies between partner countries. Through political intervention, the venture should incept

viable minimum wage rates, which are in return anticipated to increase profitability quotas;

hence, increasing chances of survival across global competitive markets.

Economic Factors

Economic factors depict high susceptibility due to the ever-changing metrics in

economics across the global markets. For instance, the operational costs for running a cruise

ship pose a financial threat due to fluctuation in the fuel markets globally. Based on Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines CEO, Richard Fain asserts that the venture operations will remain

feasible despite changes in foreign exchange and fuel pricing rates.

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RCL Operational Costs

Unemployment Quota
Global economic trend -
Economi inflation & recesion
c Factors Business cycle stages
Economic system variation
across global markets

Figure 3: Economic Factors gap for Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (Source: Author’s

Illustration)

The RCL venture required expertise employees with a suitable payment model that

matches the quality of service rendered. Failure of the RCL venture to meet demands and

needs for expertise employees will force the Cruise ships to hire employees with average

skills and sequentially the quality of service rendered will be of an average score.

Unemployment factors also have a basic impact on RCL operations. Rates of unemployment

determined the financial prowess of the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines. Provided that the

unemployment rates continue to rise due to financial inflation or economic recession,

consumers will be more conscious about their purchase power and spending behavior

(Lallani, 2019). Due to the financial crunch, when consumers minimize expenditure power it

means few people will be willing to travel for vacations, which directly affects the disposable

income for the venture. Without viable disposable income, the demand for vacation and

luxuries will decrease; thus, vacation or traveling will not be a priority among consumers.
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The business cycle metrics are integral for the economic trivial of the RCL. The

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines should be keen on expansion, peak, recession, trough, and

recovery metrics to mitigate the peril of unprecedented disruptions across its operations. The

Royal Caribbean Cruise should apprehend the concepts of a business cycle in a bid to attain

prosperity against possible depression that is at stake. Furthermore, the rate of foreign

exchange rates is a crucial economical concern for RCL operations. Foreign exchange rates

and gaps are viable in determining suitable operational destinations that the Royal Caribbean

Cruise can include in its destinations. During vacation or luxury trips consumers' purchase

power is vested on the foreign exchange rates, which determine the rate and willingness of

consumers to spend. As a result, the foreign exchange gaps will be vital for RCL as it will be

able to evaluate feasible tourism destinations that are more attractive in spending. Most of the

tourism destinations are reliant on the dollar variation in exchange rates; this expedites for

consumers to yearn for destinations where they get the value of their expenses, although if the

prices are too high most consumers will reduce expenditure.

Social Factors

Societal settings will always determine the prowess and success of an organization.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines should incept contemporary social functions that serve the

interest of consumers based on destination dynamics. Each destination point should be

distinct, viable, and appealing to every type of consumer to increase market share across

diverse societal settings. By considering diversity in social settings, RCL will be able to

increase its consumer base, which will increase profitability margins. As a result, RCL should

embrace cultural diversity through intensive capitalization to uphold consumer needs and

satisfaction across various markets. For instance, the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines anthem

has been vested to sail to the Bahamas with the Pied Piper group. This expedites why the

venture is keen on appealing to change in culture in a bid to sustain its market position. To
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incept the cultural diversity framework, RCL has a corporate responsibility to ensure its

social strategic plan is acceptable across certain countries that are skeptical in gender roles

definition and ensure that consumer safety is upheld for culturally susceptible consumers.

Social Factors
Leisure Interest
Culture
Demographics
Health & Safety
Access to essential services

Figure 4: Social Factors for Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines operations (Source:

Author’s Illustration)

In a bid to appeal to millennial consumers, the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines has

opted to spend over $120 million in transforming its Mariner of the Sea Cruise. The cruise

will have a sky pad and bungee trampoline, which is an integral demand by consumers as

well as upholding competitive advantage against established brands (Griffis, 2020). As a

result, the RCL should be keen on obtaining consumer preference that will aid in travel

planning for the venture across the global markets. Through the evaluation of consumer

preferences, the Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines will be able to determine the opportunity

feasibility upon which consumer segment can increase return on investment (ROI) and

profitability rationale. The venture will be able to determine plans for service improvement to

meet the ever-growing consumer demand. The Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines management

insinuates that if there is an increase in a shift for consumer needs, there will be
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differentiation in experience needs for consumers, which will cause more trouble for the

venture. As a result, the RCL venture must incorporate contemporary societal dominance

across its markets in a bid to reach out to every category in consumer needs and satisfaction.

Technology Factors

Technological factors are integral in the success of the Royal Caribbean Cruises

Lines; failure to adapt to contemporary change will affect RCL operations. In today’s world,

viable technological innovation is shaping the transportation industry. The Royal Caribbean

Cruises Line must evaluate competitor's technological innovation, its impacts, and the rate of

technological acceptance among consumers. Technological evaluation will enhance

reliability and viable functionality with the constant changes in the technological market

across various destinations globally.

New
Technology
Inception

Technology Technological Rate of

technological
impacts
Factors acceptance

Mobile
technology

Figure 5: Technological Factors for Royal Caribbean Cruises Line rationale (Source:

Author’s Illustration)

Technological innovation is an integral aspect for incepting accountability, reliance,

and sustainability in the RCL operations. In current operations, cruise ships have been

equipped with contemporary features such as remote check-in that allows consumers to make
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an online booking. The check-in feature eliminates the notion of lengthy and confusing

embankment processes. The Royal Caribbean Cruises has been able to integrate RCL WOW

bands that are used to open cabin doors, incept navigation maps across the ship for travelers

through the use of mobile apps that allow users to book dinner reservations’ while onboard.

Additionally, there is integrated technological modeling that allows users to access internet

connectivity on board. As a result, Royal Caribbean Cruises should embrace viable

technological innovation to strengthen its research and development rationale as a tech-

savvy-oriented brand in a bid to increase consumer retention across global destinations. The

use of advanced contemporary technologies will be able to cut expense costs through the

integration of mobile technology and IT-related solutions onboard. As a result, the use of

technology by RCL has enhanced connectivity, reliability, and functionality in the overall

travel experience to consumers.

Legal Factors

The diversity in legal frameworks for the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines determines

the robustness in protecting intellectual property needs for both the consumers and the

venture. As a result, RCL should evaluate its legal framework in line with the target market

legal confinements before incepting new markets to enhance viable competitive advantage.
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Anti-trust law
Health &
in resorts &
Safety Law
casinos

Consumer
Data
protection &
protection Legal e-commerce
Factor
s

Figure 6: Legal Factors Framework for the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (Source:

Author’s Illustration)

Legal policies will determine the efficacy in protecting employees as well as consumers on

board across various destination markets for RCL. As a result, the Royal Caribbean Cruise

Lines is keen on evaluating the quality of reasonable pricing strategy and consumer

protection as a legal framework priority in its operations. Thus, the inception of viable and

equal application of laws to enhance fairy treatment and equal opportunities for brands in the

leisure and travel industry is an integral concern for RCL across its global operations.

Occupational Health and Safety Risk

Due to global occupational health and safety peril, the RCL has opted to extend the

suspension of its sailing activities globally. The suspension of cruise sailings across global

destinations poses a risk in revenues and cash inflows, which has sought for the RCL to enact

capital expenditure mitigation to sustain its operations. Sequentially, the suspension of cruise

sailings across major destination markets affects the venture workforce. Reduced operations

expedite the RCL management to increase layoffs to cope with minimal operation costs that
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can sustain its productivity. Additionally, occupation health and safety peril has sought the

venture to minimize capital spending, which is anticipated to impact the execution of

company goals, objectives, and strategic plan in technology and expansion into the global

market. With the reduction in operating costs as a health and safety concern, the supply

chains will be disrupted due to reduced demand and cash flows. Thus, the occupational health

and safety peril is an integral concern that has led to the cessation of cruising operations and

sequentially affected the ability to anticipate impacts of cessation on the RCL brand across

global markets.

Also, health and safety concerns affect the global and domestic economic variants.

Safety and health concerns impact customer confidence, which causes consumer

postponement or reduced discretionary spending for leisure and vacation activities. As a

result, this will induce minimal cruise bookings, decreased cruise pricing, and low onboard

revenues. The recession increase due to health and safety concerns will impact the financial

condition for RCL, which will expedite low occupancy rates and adverse pricing frameworks.

The peril on health and safety concern will affect operation costs, which affect factors that are

beyond the RCL control affecting future profitability metrics (Radic, 2019). Therefore, if the

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines fail to address the risk of health and safety concern, its

financial position and productivity could be adversely impacted to the extent of impairing the

value of their assets against competitors.

Public Relations Issues that RCCL Could Face in an Emergency

In case of a financial or operations emergency, the Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines is

susceptible to budget constraints, damage control, and credibility discrepancies. As a result,

the venture should mitigate strategic functions to uphold public relations and the company's

reputation in any crisis. For instance, fire breakout and travelers who may want to commit

suicide by jumping overboard is an integral concern that requires assertive intervention. In

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today's world, the technology space has evolved, at times their travelers may want to have

their zoom or Skype sessions live while onboard; this requires amicable intervention more so

in a time of financial recession and inflation gaps (Tarlow, 2017). Additionally, the Royal

Caribbean Cruises Lines may encounter reduced travelers turnout, which poses low demand

for travel services. In such public relation incidences, the RCL would not want to ruin its

operations by portraying a negative public image to consumers across its global destination

points.

To deal with the media and public during an emergency, the Royal Caribbean Cruises

Lines should ensure it has a strategic, coordinated, and rehearsed social media framework. As

soon as the venture is exposed to an emergency it should be able to mitigate the risk as soon

as possible without affecting basic operations within the cruise. The social media strategic

plan should be swift in availing a steady stream of information through conversation and

visuals to ease the mitigation of the emergency operation. Based on the RCL management, it

has the fastest internet at the sea; this expedites the need as to why embracing social listening

to correct misinformation will be viable. The emergency strategy depicts that crew members

have to be prepared for fire breakouts or bad weather while onboard. As a result, the RCL

strategic plan is concerned with the lives on the ship as the most important aspect than the

cost and how much damage an emergence could cost the company. Also, during an

emergency intervention, the company face should be on the front and center while mitigating

the emergency or disruption without affecting travel operations.

Source of Competitive Advantage

The Royal Caribbean Cruises can use its safety, health, and environmental track

record as a source of viable competitive advantage across global markets. Health, safety, and

environmental prowess are a shared corporate responsibility for every company. For instance,

RCL has incepted a public health modeling that is aimed at inducing a viable health state,
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healthy ship environment, visiting healthy shore environments, and availing medical-oriented

developments onboard. Every ship in the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines has a unique

medical facility, staffed with qualified and certified nursing practitioners who work jointly

with medical doctors to execute health safety measures onboard. The idea to have a shipboard

medical facility for RCL that can be accessed by both crew and guest members is an

outstanding feature that positions the venture on top positions across global markets; hence,

enhancing competitive advantage. Additionally, while onboard the medical practitioners are

available on a 24/7 model to ensure that travelers have a fascinating experience and quality

services for their money. Although the health and safety onboard capabilities are not to the

standard of a surgical center or hospital, it avails a broad spectrum of medical services to

travelers onboard.

The RCL has incepted an Outbreak Prevention Plan (OPP) aimed at mitigating the

risk of safety, health, and environmental concern for travelers onboard. Additionally, the

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines has an environmental stewardship management framework

committed to upholding global environmental standards. RCL has been awarded the ISO

14001 certification for its viable save the waves environmental intervention. RCL has modern

practices in environmental impact mitigation technologies and initiatives across its fleet. The

contemporary technological innovation incepted in RCL is aimed at improving performance

and further reducing environmental impacts particularly in the sea (Hall, Wood & Wilson,

2017). For instance, the RCL fleets have incepted technologies to adjust and optimize ship

speed to increase fuel efficiency. The ships are designed to re-use engine waste heat to heat

water for showers and galleys for travelers’ consumption while onboard. The integration of

an advanced emissions purification model enhances the treatment and cleaning of exhaust

gases to minimize air pollution across the sea. Furthermore, the RCL cruises integrate LED

and fluorescent lights to minimize energy use and production of less heat as an environmental
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concern. Additionally, the RCL has been able to keep wastes out of landfills by re-purposing

100% of its solid operational waste. Therefore, the option to reduce overall energy use,

opting for emissions abatement technologies and use of alternative fuels and energy sources

is a viable functionality that offers a competitive advantage for RCL against competitors in

the travel and vacation industry.

Theory Application

The theoretical objective of RCL is to incept global markets through contemporary

development frameworks. The success and problem mitigation for RCL is vested on the

functionality of how it will sustain its involvement against competitors. The perils of market

fluctuation, recession, technological transition, market share expansion, and mechanical to

medical care failure can be solved through integrated efforts. Theoretically, RCL should

embrace inclusivity in stakeholders, shareholders, investors, and consumer engagement to

sustain its operations despite the discrepancies at stake. For instance, the theoretical

framework of embracing guest accolades for innovative design by RCL is viable in

mitigating production risk because it incepts striking and innovative modules. Additionally,

the motive theory to sustain production and service provision for the Royal Caribbean Cruise

Lines is anchored on the theoretical framework of practice in ply. The theoretical application

insinuates that the venture should be committed to a shared outcome in its operations. Two,

the valuation for modern contexts is mandatory to mitigate modern problems with modern

solutions. Three maximized potential for friction is meant to develop a workforce of dreamers

who are drivers in duty execution. Four, incepting friction in operational and functional

aspects for RCL services across its global markets. The need to replicate the RCL status quo

is viable in creating classic experiences for travelers and crew members. Lastly, the action of

diversity theorem should be utilized in enhancing efficient new-building and innovation

frameworks.
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Possible Solution

The viable solution for RCL is to avail superior returns to shareholders by

empowering and embracing employee diversity to offer exclusive vacation experiences

across the global markets. To mitigate the risks at stake, the RCL should focus on expanding

its market to induce growth and development of the brand. RCL should enact a resilient

benefits program to increase consumer retention rather than opting for pricing-based

development criteria. RCL should utilize travelers’ response to sustain its marketing mix

amid global disruptions and fluctuations due to unprecedented discrepancies. The use of

segmentation in hiring and service delivery should be embraced. Through segmentation, RCL

will be able to define its hiring priorities as well as evaluate capable markets to expand its

operations towards sustainable profitability ratios. Additionally, RCL should move beyond

the use of travel agents to sell their services. Despite affiliate programs being viable in

building brand awareness, the use of travel agents is not necessary in today’s world due to

innovation that allows online booking functions with cheap and reliable metrics.

Implementation

The action plan for RCL should be vested in the need to protect health safety and

security, protect environmental operations and strengthen and support its workforce. The

Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines should embrace corporate policies to sustain a broad market

gap based on safety and security concerns for travelers and crew members. Continuous

improvement should also be embraced to uphold practices and programs that steer

organization commitment in development and innovation metrics. Enterprise risk

management should be incepted to avail a cross-functionality framework across the RCL

brands in its diverse markets.

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Conclusion

In supposition, the sustainability and functionality of the Royal Caribbean Cruises

Lines will be reliant on the global political, economic, social, technological, and legal

frameworks to attain success. The cruise industry has still much to grow in terms of

production and service delivery in the global vacation and travel industry. As a result, the

formidable anticipation for the Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines is that it will continue to

uphold its brand reputation and quality service provision towards exclusive traveler

experiences; in order to attain profitability and development without sacrificing its

competitive advantage.
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References

Griffis. (2020). Piratical Actors: Origins, Motives, and Political Sentiments. Occam's Razor,

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Hall, Wood & Wilson. (2017). Environmental reporting in the cruise industry. Cruise ship

tourism, 441 - 464.

Lallani. (2019). The world on a ship: producing cosmopolitan dining on mass-market cruises.

Food, Culture & Society, 485 - 504.

Papathanassis. (2017). Cruise tourism management: state of the art. Tourism Review.

Quelch & Rodriguez. (2021). Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.: Safety, Environment, and

Health. Harvard Business School.

Radic. (2019). Occupational and health safety on cruise ships: Dimensions of injuries among

crew members. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 51 - 60.

Rossi. (2018). CRUISING THE HIGH SEAS: LUXURY VACATIONS FACE

UNCERTAIN FUTURE. Harvard International Review, 24 - 29.

Tarlow. (2017). Cruises, safety, and security in a violent world. Cruise ship tourism, 236 -

257.