3rd term year 7 P.V.

S home economics lesson note

Personal Clothing and Household Articles/Crafts.
Topic: Personal clothing- (a) meaning of clothing and reasons for wearing clothes, (b) guidelines for choosing
and wearing decent clothes (c) care of clothes. E.g. airing, proper storage, cleansing of shoes. (d) Washing of
under- wears.

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of clothing and reasons for wearing clothes, guidelines for choosing and wearing
decent clothes
Clothing is the articles that are worn on the body to protect and beautify the body. It could be dresses, shirts,
blouse, trousers, wrappers etc. other are shoes, hand bags, jewellery, make-up, and accessories.

Reasons for clothing

Clothing is worn for the following reasons:

1. To protect our body: We wear clothes in order to protect the body from harmful things such as insects,
plants, worms, and different weather condition such as harmattan, cold, heat, etc.
2. For modesty: We wear clothes in order to cover our nakedness and appear decent.
3. Appearance: We wear clothes to improve our appearance and to beautify our self.
4. For role identification: Clothes help to reveal our role in the society. E.g. policeman, soldier, Nurse,
student. This type of clothes is called uniform.
5. To show our status or position: Clothes are worn to show the statues or positions which people occupy in
the society, e.g. special clothes are worn by traditional rulers like ‘Emirs, Obas’ etc.
6. To show our mood: Showing how we are feeling is another reason for putting on certain kinds of clothes.
When we are in the mood of celebration, we tend to dress gorgeously putting on brightly coloured clothes
and when the mood is sad, like the case of mourning black clothes are worn.
7. For cultural reasons. Clothes help to show the culture of people, i.e. where they come from. e.g., iro and
buba is commonly worn by Yoruba women.
Guideline for choosing & wearing decent clothes

As a guide the following tips are considered important before we choose clothes to wear.

1. Available money: Clothes should be chosen based on what your purse can afford.
2. Occasion: You need to choose the right clothes for the right occasion/function e.g. Church services, party
type, picnic, school, sleep or work etc.
3. Quality of fabric: You must choose clothes that will be durable.
 4. Activity or work: different clothes suit different jobs, kitchen wear like Chef’s cap & aprons are not
meant for farm work and vice versa.
5. Choose clothes that fit well: Clothes worn should not be tightly fitted because this can disturb proper
circulation of blood in the body and thereby make you ill. Make sure you choose clothes that will project
your appearance in a beautiful & modest way.
6. Personal complexion: you should choose clothes that suits your skin complexion.
7. Weather condition: In cold weather, warm clothes like cardigan are advisable to wear and when the
weather is hot, it is advisable to choose cotton fabrics in hot weather.
8. Wash ability of fabric: choose clothes that are easily washable.
9. Peer pressure: do not choose indecent clothes in order to confirm or please four peers.
Evaluation

1. What are clothes?

2. List and explain six reasons for wearing clothes
3. Identify five guide lines for choosing and wearing decent clothes.

Sub-Topic 2: Care of clothes. E.g. airing, proper storage, cleansing of shoes, Washing of under- wears.
We need to care for our clothes because of these reasons:

1. Dirty clothes are easily infested with disease germs or bacteria

2. These germs and bacteria can be transferred on the skin causing skin infections like rashes, ring worm
scabies etc.
3. Dirty clothes produce offensive smell.
4. when clothes are properly cared for, you look beautiful and confident.
Care of clothes

You can care for your clothes in the following ways:

1. Mend your clothes as soon as they are torn.

2. Air your clothes before storing them to remove dampness on clothes.
3. Do not store dirty or damp clothes.
4. Wash your clothes as soon as they are dirty and make sure you follow the instructions on the care
labels.
5. Do not repeat underwear’s especially pants. Always wash the used one every day.
Proper storage of clothes

1. Store only clean clothes

2. Proper storage space or container should be used for personal clothes e.g. box, drawer,
wardrobe/closet, wall hanger etc.
 3. Iron and air clothes before storage
4. Do not overcrowd your clothes closet or wardrobe
5. Keep your storage place clean.
Care of shoes

i. Remove shoe lace if available.

ii. Remove dust, dirt, mud from shoes using damp clean cloth.
iii. Before wearing them again, clean with a dry clean cloth.
iv. If your shoes are wet, allow them to dry slowly away from heat, in a warm, airy place.
v. Shoes that require polishing should be polished with good and correct colour of polish.
vi. Avoid storing dirty and smelling shoes without treatment
vii. To keep shoes in good shape when not in use, stuff it with clean old newspaper or shoe trees.
Washing of under-wears laundry work is the process of washing clothes and finishing e.g. starching and
ironing.
Laundry equipment

Simple equipment like plastic or aluminum buckets, pegs tongs lines, iron, ironing boards etc. and machines are
used for washing clothes.

Washing agents

Washing agents are the materials we use in washing our clothes. These materials include: detergents, soaps,
water, stain removers e.g. bleach, stiffening agents e.g. starch, whitening agent e.g. laundry blue, disinfectant e.g.
Dettol etc.

Types of soap

i. Laundry soap- available in bars and cakes

ii. Soap flakes – available in thin flakes cut from pure soap
iii. Soap powder – it is in powered form. Most kinds contain whitening or bleaching agents.
Those with a strong bleaching effect are not suitable for fine material and wool.
These can be obtained in liquid or powered form. They are made from petroleum products. They dissolve more
readily than soap in water. Soap only lather in soft water but synthetic detergents lather equally well in soft
water, hard water and sea water, and do not form scum in hard water.

Steps in laundry work

Steps in washing clothes include:

1. Sorting the articles to be laundered, according to colour, type of fabric, etc.

2. Mending torn articles
3. Removing stains
4. Soaking colour-fast article
5. Washing
6. Boiling: this can only be done for face towels, pillow cases, bed sheets. Boiling helps to
remove any remaining dirt and kill germs.
(a) Half fill an enamel basin big enough to hold the washing and specially reserved for
this purpose.
(b) Place in it, the clothes which have been washed, rinsed and squeezed dry. Bring

water to boil for 10-20 minutes.

(c) Stair carefully as you are boiling it

(d) Remove the basin from heat, drain off water. Never boil colored cottons.

7. Rinsing

8. Whitening and starching

9. Hanging and drying

10. Finishing/ironing

11. Airing

12. Storing of finished articles

Evaluation

1. Give four reasons why we should care for our clothes.

2. Mention three ways we should care for our clothes.
3. Define laundry
4. Mention any five simple laundry equipment and machine
5. What are washing agents?
TOPIC: SIMPLE SEWING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.
CONTENT: 1. Tools and Equipment for sewing.

2. Uses of Sewing Tools and Equipment for sewing.

3. Guidelines for choosing Sewing Tools and Equipment.

Tools and equipment for sewing.

Sewing tools and equipment are grouped according to their uses and are as follows:

1. Measuring Tools
(a) Ruler / Meter stick
(b) Tape measure
(c) Hem marker
2. Marking and Tracing Tools
(a) Tracing wheel
(b) Carbon or tracing paper
(c) Tailor’s chalk
3. Cutting Tools
(a) Scissors
(b) Pinking shears
(c) Stitch ripper
4. Stitching Tools
(a) Dress maker’s pins
(b) Needles:
i. Sharp needles
ii. Between
iii. Crewel needles
iv. Machine needles
(c) Pin - cushion and emery bag
(d) Sewing machine
(e) Thimble
(f) Sewing thread
(g) Sewing kit / bag / box
(h) Sewing thread
Tools and equipment for sewing and their uses

Sewing tools and equipment’s are grouped according to their uses and are as follows:

1. Measuring Tools
(a) Ruler / Metre stick – used for pattern drafting and marking width of hems and facings.
(b) Tape measure- for taking measurements of the body, fabric
(c) Hem marker- for marking the hems of finished garments
2. Marking and Tracing Tools
a. Tracing wheel – This is used with carbon paper or tracing paper in transferring markings from patterns
to fabrics
b. Carbon or tracing paper- it comes in many colours and it is used for transferring pattern markings to
fabrics.
c. Tailor’s chalk- special coloured chalk used for making marks in patterns and fabrics
3. Cutting Tools
a. Scissors: Used for cutting papers, fabrics and thread. Scissors are available in different types and sizes.
b. Pinking shears: Used for neatening raw edge of materials that fray easily. Scissors are available in
different types and sizes
c. Stitch ripper: used for ripping or picking unwanted stitches and for cutting open button holes.
4. Stitching Tools
a. Dress maker’s pins: they look like needles but have “heads” instead of eye. They are used for holding
two or more pieces of cloth or paper together in the sewing process.
b. Needles: the types include:
i. Sharp needles: Used for general purposes.
ii. Between (short needles with small eye): Used for tailoring. They are shorter than sharps.
iii. Crewel needles: Used for embroidery.
 iv. Machine needles: used only with sewing machines
c. Pin - cushion and emery bag: emery bag contains special dust which sharpens and polishes needles
and pins, pin-cushion is used for holding pins and needles
d. Sewing machine: it is used for stitching and making garments
e. Thimble: small cap metal or plastic worn on the finger to protect it from needle pinch when sewing
f. Sewing thread: used for stitching
g. Sewing kit / bag / box: Special container used for packing small sewing equipment, tools and aids such
as threads, tailor’s chalk, thimble etc. Medium sized plastic container may be used.
h. Sewing thread
Guidelines for Choice of Sewing Tools and Equipment

1. Choose the best sewing equipment you can afford

2. A good pair of scissors with large sharp blade of 15.33cm long are advisable for use
3. Choose stainless steel scissors. They do not rust.

4. Choose necessary tools and equipment with smooth edges to prevent snagging the fabrics.

5. They should have accurate sale and be easy to read.

6. Marking equipment that will not leave permanent marks on the fabric is desirable.

7. Choose starching equipment & tools that are rust proof.

8. Pins and needles should have sharp points.

9. Choose needles, considering the type & weight of fabrics, sewing process & thread size

10. Choose sewing threads that suits the color of fabrics you are sewing.

Evaluation:

1. Mention 10 guidelines for choosing simple sewing tool/ equipment

2. List five tools from each group and give their uses.
3. Identify two items from the needle work box
ASSIGNMENT

1. Identify these tools and equipment by their names. (Teacher should present pictures of simple sewing
equipment and tools to students for identification.)
2. Show how to use two sewing tools and equipment.
3. Make an album of simple sewing tools and equipment by cutting out the pictures.
 MANAGING FAMILY CLOTHING

Family clothing refers to garments, dresses, or articles we place on the body to prevent exposure, and beautify or
adorn it. Clothing is very necessary for human beings and they require good management for the following reasons:

 It makes the material last longer

 Regular washing and good maintenance of clothing in the wardrobe keep materials fresh
 Mending clothes help to save money for the owner as the repaired clothes could still be worn instead of being
thrown away
 Good health and good appearance are maintained by wearing clean and well-kept clothes
 Good clothing maintenance adds to personal pride

STORAGE SPACES

Family clothing can be stored in the following storage spaces:

WARDROBE OR CLOSET
Storing clothes in the wardrobe with the use of good quality plastic hangers is the best method of storing clothes.
Some wardrobe units consist of a section for hanging clothes, a section with shelves for folded clothes, a bottom
part for shoes, and a top having fitted doors for storing suitcases and boxes. Wardrobes prevent clothes from
creasing and help them to maintain their original shape.

BOXES/SUITCASES/BAGS

Good quality boxes, suitcases, and bags can be used to store clothes. Do not select boxes, or bags made from
metal or easy-to-peel fabrics for storing your clothes, or else they will leave permanent marks or stains on the
clothes.

DRAWERS OR SHELVES.

Constructed drawers and shelves made with suitable wood and highly finished can be used to store clothes

GUIDELINES ON PROPER STORAGE OF FAMILY CLOTHING

 Place the dress on a hanger as soon as it is removed from the body

 Do not hang a garment by its neck on a hook or nail. This pulls the dress out of shape
 Use hangers that are suitable for the width and curve of the shoulders
 Remove belts from dresses that are hung as this may cause strain on the side sea
 After hanging and brushing the clothes, air them to remove body odor and grease
 Remove stains immediately as they occur to save the fibers from damage
 Remove decorations (like broaches and lapels) on the garments before they are put away
 Iron clothes regularly before wearing them again
 Do not put perfume on the clothes, perfumes contain chemicals that can spoil the fabrics.
 Good storage space should be provided.
 Ensure that the pockets are empty and that everything that is not part of the garment must be removed before
storing.
 Fasten buttons and close zippers and hang the garment straight.
 Clothes for special occasions should be given extra storage care.
 Mend and clean clothes before storing them.
 Do not overcrowd the storage space, for example, bags, boxes, and closets.
 Keep the storage space clean.
 Regular checks should be made to ensure that clothes are safe.
HOUSEHOLD LINEN
Household linen is a term used collectively to include a variety of textile articles used in the home.

Types of Household linen

Curtains and draperies.

They are used for decorating doors and windows.

Uses or curtains

 They shade the room from excessive light and wind

 They beautify the room by adding colour to it
 They provide privacy for families
 They establish the character and mood of a room
 They can also be used to cover special areas or items such as books or shoes in a shoe rack

Bed linen

These include all the different types of fabric materials used to make the bed.

 Mattress covers are used for covering the mattress to protect them from dust and dirt.
 Bed sheets used for making the bed
 Pillowcases used for covering the pillows
 Bedspreads are used as a spread over a made bed and as a covering for the person lying on the bed,
 Blankets are used as a covering for warmth on cold nights.
Table linen

Table linen refers to all cloths and mats used on the table. They are of different varieties of materials and include:

 Tablecloths used for covering the table

 Placemats are used on the table for setting a cover. The cover refers to the place set for one person on the
dining table.
 Table napkins are used during meals for protecting your dress and for wiping the mouth and hands.
 Tray/trolley clothes for laying on the tray/trolley before placing the dishes.
 Tea clothes are used for wiping or cleaning the table.

Bathroom linen

Bathroom linen is made of:

 Bath towels: They are used for wiping the body dry after a bath. These are of various sizes, colours, and
qualities.
 Face towels: These are smaller than bath towels. Use for cleaning the face.
Kitchen linen

Kitchen linen is made up of different clothes used in the kitchen for various purposes. They are very important
for keeping the kitchen tidy. They should be kept very clean always,

Kitchen linen includes the following:

 Hand towels: These are used for wiping and drying hands
 Oven gloves or cloths: These are often padded and used for taking out hot pans and dishes from the oven or
top of the cooker.
 Dishcloth: These are lint-less or non-fluffy cloths used for:
 Wiping off spills on kitchen surfaces.
 Wiping washed surfaces or equipment such as sinks, tables, and work areas.
 Glass cloth: This is also lint-less and is used for wiping washed glass wares, e.g. tumblers and dishes.
 Tea towels: Used for:
 Blotting off water or moisture from vegetables and fruits.
 Wiping glass wares, crockery (pots or jars made of baked clay used for cooking), and cutlery.
 Muslin: This is a light loosely woven fabric used for straining during food preparation and covering food.

Care of kitchen linen

 Wash each kitchen linen after use

 Remove any special stains properly
 Dry the linen in the sun if possible
 Iron the linen
 Provide a suitable space for the
 Storage of kitchen linen
 Replace each kitchen linen when it is badly worn out

Other household linen. These include:

i. Assorted floor cloths and mop heads

These are used for cleaning or mopping the floor
ii. Dusters: These are special clothes used for dusting surfaces and items in the home.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLD LINEN

These are the points to consider when selecting household linen;

1. The use of to made of linen, such as curtains, pillowcases, bed sheets, etc
2. The type of fabrics.
 3. The durability of the fabric
4. The size of the beds and pillows should be considered when choosing bed sheets, mattress covers,
pillowcases, and bedspreads.
5. All types of towels should be soft and absorbent.
6. Household linen should be color-fast.
7. The needs of the family.
8. The size of the family.
9. Money that is available to the family.

GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR MAINTAINING HOUSEHOLD LINEN

1. Dirty or soiled linen such as bed sheets should be kept in a covered basket or laundry bag until they can be
laundered.
2. Some linen such as napkins and floor clothes should be washed immediately after each use.
3. Care must be taken to remove all stains during the washing process.
4. Washed linen should be properly ironed.
5. Air the linen properly.
6. Fold the aired linen properly.
7. Heavy linen such as bed sheets should be stored on dry airy shelves and should be strong.
8. Small light articles, such as tea cloths, napkins, and placemats, may be kept in drawers.
9. Cover stored linen with muslin or other suitable material to prevent dust from settling on them.
10. Similar articles, e.g. Sheets, pillowcases, towels, etc. should be kept together.
11. Mend the linen as soon as a tear is noticed. Linen should not be stored in a frayed or torn condition.
12. Keep linen in good repair as long as possible.
HEALTHY FEEDING HABIT AND EATING PRACTICES
HEALTHY FEEDING HABITS

FOOD is any edible substance liquid or solid which when eaten and digested maintain life. Eating a balanced
meal is very essential for survival.
BALANCED DIET: A balanced diet is a meal that contains all the six classes of food nutrients in the right
proportion.
FEEDING HABIT is your everyday pattern of feeding. It is the tendency for you to reach out to the same kind of
food whenever you are hungry. Healthy feeding habit result from choosing nutritious food in a conscious way
while unhealthy feeding habits results from making poor food choice over a long period of time.

Importance of healthy feeding habits

1. It makes you look and feel better at all times

2. It helps in healing of wounds than when we eat a poorly nourished one.
3. It provides the body with energy
4. It protects our body from getting some diseases later i.e. heart disease etc.

Guidelines for healthy/good feeding habits

1. Eat a well-balanced meal from all the food groups.

2. Choose nutritious food in a conscious way.
3. Choose a diet that is moderate in cholesterol.
4. Choose a diet that is moderate in sugar and salt.
5. Choose a diet with plenty grain products fibres, vegetables and fruits.
6. Eat a variety of food; eat food containing all classes of food.
Unhealthy eating habits

Some unhealthy eating habits are:

1. Eating in a hurry
2. Skipping breakfast
3. Overeating
4. Under-eating

EFFECTS OF UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS

1. Poor brain function like forgetfulness and inability to concentrate on ones studies
2. Physical weakness and fainting
3. Indigestion and heart burn which are characterized by burning sensation or pain between the naval and
breast bone as well as the urge to vomit
 4. Inability to sleep well
5. Depression and anger
6. Marasmus: This is a severe loss of body weight in children caused by malnutrition or inability to digest
protein.
7. Loss of weight.
8. Kwashiorkor
9. Obesity
10. Underweight
Guideline for table manners

1. Always wash your hands before and after a meal.

2. Do not hurry over meals or eat too quickly.
3. Chew your food properly.
4. Do not talk with food in your mouth.
5. Close the mouth when chewing the food.
6. Do not put too much food into the mouth at a time.
7. Sit upright at the dining table but do not allow your body to touch the table
8. Do not eat directly from the serving pot.
9. Do not stretch your hand over someone’s food in order to get salt, water etc, rather ask someone who is
nearer the object to pass it to you.
10. If you must use cutlery, hold it properly so as not to injure anyone or yourself.
11. Give due consideration to others eating with you, leave enough food to go round.
12. Serve and eat your food in a clean surrounding.
13. If you are being served be polite to the people who are waiting on you.
14. After your meal, organize your place for clearing and be prepared to help if there is no waitress.

EVALUATION:
i. Define food
ii. Explain feeding habits
iii. Explain unhealthy feeding habits.
ASSIGNMENT
I. Explain healthy eating habits.
II. Explain unhealthy feeding habits
Food Additives and Harmful substances
Food Additives are substances deliberately added to food to improve its taste, flavour, colour, texture,
appearance, etc. Examples of food additives are nutmeg, curry, thyme, dry crayfish, orange peels, locust beans,
etc.
ADDITIVES AND HARMFUL SUBSTANCES THAT SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN INTO THE BODY
1. Spoilt foods/ fruits: some fruits are infested by deadly insects that can cause food poisoning and infested by
deadly insects that can cause food poisoning and infection.
2. Alcohol
3. Tobacco
4. Marijuana
5. Sour foods
6. Expired foods
7. Undercooked foods (when meat like pork is not properly cooked, it can cause serious worm infestation in
human beings.
8. Banned additives like Cocaine and Bromate (a chemical used by some unscrupulous bakers)
USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES
1. The give the food a smooth and consistence texture
2. They improve or preserve the nutritive values of foods like flour, cereals, margarine and milk are all
fortified with vitamins and minerals
3. The maintain the wholesomeness of foods
4. They control the acid base balance of foods and help baked food to rise
5. They improve the appearance and flavour of foods which can stimulate the appetite of the consumer
MIS USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES

Food additive can be misused if care is not taken when applying them to food. when this happens, the food items
lose its real taste and make the food look cheap e.g. when too much colour is added to cake icing, the cake look
cheap.

FOOD CONTAMINANT

Food contaminant is a substance that render any edible substances useless and may be dangerous to the health of
the consumers. many foods items are contaminated. Many food items are contaminated by poor handling,
presence of microorganism like bacteria and other germs.

EFFECTS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY

1. It can lead to physical breakdown.
2. It can cause emotional and mental disorder.
3. It can lead to health problem.
4. It can lead to anti-social behaviour.
Evaluation

i. Explain food additive

ii. Explain uses of food additives
iii. What is food contaminant?
ASSIGNMENT
I. State harmful substances that should not be consumed

ii. state 4 effects of harmful substances in the body

iii. What are the examples of harmful substances in the body

ASSIGNMENT
1. Feeding practice is referred to as......... (a) eating regularly (b) eating large quantity of food (c) balanced diet
(d) our everyday pattern of selecting and consuming nutritious meals.
2. Substances deliberately added to food to improve its taste, flavour, colour, texture, appearance is known
as......... (a) balanced diet (b) nutritious meal (c) food flavouring (d) food additives.
3. Additives and harmful substances that should not be taken into the body include the following except (a) spoilt
foods/ fruits (b) plantain (c) alcohol (d) tobacco.
4. Guidelines for healthy feeding practice include the following except (a) use food in season (b) eat a variety of
food (c) choose a diet that is moderate in cholesterol (d) wash your hands before and after eating.
5. ------- is the severe loss of body weight in children caused by malnutrition or inability (a) obesity (a)
marasmus (d) kwashiorkor (d) underweight.

DRUG ABUSE
Drug abuse can define as the usage of illegal drugs like tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine or the use of too much
of prescribed drugs like paracetamol, blood tonic etc.

EFFECT OF DRUGS ABUSE ON THE BODY

1. Long term drug uses many damage the heart, liver and brain
2. Drugs abusers may suffer from malnutrition as they may suffer from malnutrition as may forget to eat
foods lacking in vitamins and minerals.
3. Abusers of injectable drugs risk contracting infections like hepatitis and HIV /AIDS from dirty needles or
needles shared with another infected abuser
4. Drug abuse can lead to death.
SELF MEDICATION.
Self-medication is the process where a person prescribes drugs for self, or gets someone else other than a
qualified professional to do so when he/she is sick.

Consequences of self-medication: These include:

1. A person’s self-diagnosis of illness might be wrong so you may buy the wrong drug for an illness.
2. Over dose of drugs can weaken or destroy some organs and tissues in the human body.
3. It can prolong the cure of some diseases.
4. It can cause complications of the disease being treated.
5. It leads to drug abuse
Evaluation:

i. What is self-medication?

II. State any four consequences of self-medication.

III. Explain effects of drugs abuse.