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Full Download Minden Testek Sorsa Raven Fisher Es Simpson 1 1St Edition Ambrose Parry Online Full Chapter PDF
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Minden testek sorsa
I összesen Raven, Fisher és Simpson
Ambrose Parry
Könyvmolyképző (2022-04)
FOOTNOTES:
[A] Lever, Sermon before the King, 1550 (Arber’s Reprint, p. 82).
CHAPTER VI
PAROCHIAL FINANCE
In view of the many expenses which devolved upon the wardens in
the working of a mediæval parish, it is important to try to understand
how they were able to raise the necessary funds. In the first place, of
course, it must be understood that the churchwardens had nothing to
do with the tithes—that is, with the regular charge on the produce of
the land, which was from the first intended for the support of the
clergy, for the poor, and for the maintenance of the chancel portion of
the church’s fabric. These were received in due course, according to
the law, by the parson, or vicar, or by their agent, without any
reference to the popular representatives of the parish as such, and
except for an occasional donation from the priest to the common
fund for some special purpose, the parish exchequer took nothing
whatever from the tithe due to the clergyman.
The methods by which the people of a parish raised money for their
works were many and various, and some of them curious; some few
of them must needs be touched upon briefly in any account of the life
of a mediæval parish. In the first place, then, may be mentioned the
occasional voluntary assessment of the people of a parish,
according to their possessions, sometimes called “setts,” or “cess.”
This, however, was not a very common way of raising money, and
recourse was had to it, apparently, only in the case of extraordinary
repairs upon the church becoming necessary. From the many
examples that are to be found in the extant accounts, the voluntary
rate was evidently difficult to enforce, especially when the amount
claimed had, more or less, to be proportioned to the property of
individuals. Still, in some places, it was clearly very successful as a
means of raising money; as, for instance, at Wigtoft, in Lincolnshire,
where, in 1525, the accounts show that the church was completely
repaired by money obtained by a voluntary rate. Here a list of eighty-
six inhabitants is given, who are assessed at sums varying from 1d.
to 3s. 4d. Although the unequal incidence of the tax was evidently
admitted by all, it was apparently held that when the parish had
made the rate, its vote was binding upon every one. At St.
Dunstan’s, Canterbury, in 1485, a church rate, or “cess,” produced
£4 5s. 1½d., in sums varying from John Roper’s 6s. 8d. to Richard
Crane’s 4d.; whilst at the same time extra “gifts of devotion” are
recorded of sums varying from ½d. to 4d. Between 1504 and 1508
another parish “cess,” in the same place, produced nearly £6.
Closely allied to a parochial rate, although not so universal, nor, of
course, possessing the binding force of a public assessment, were
joint voluntary gifts for special purposes. Something in the way of
decoration, or of a bell, a window, a vestment, or a piece of plate
was wanted, and the people, as one account expresses it,
immediately “drew themselves together” to pay for it, or to purchase
it. For instance, at Morebath, a small uplandish parish in Somerset,
on the borders of Devon, in 1538-9, some of the inhabitants bought a
new cope for their church at the cost of £3 6s. 8d. From 1528, also,
in the same place, the vicar gave up his rights over certain tithes of
wool to add to the sum then being collected to purchase a “new suit
of black vestments.” It is perhaps worth noting that these were only
obtained for £6 5s. in 1547, just before the alterations in religion
made them useless.
Towards the end of the fifteenth century a change is noticeable in the
accounts of the churchwardens. It evidently became more and more
common for them to possess lands, and to have houses left to them,
as trustees of the parish; the revenues of these were used only for
parochial purposes, and mainly, perhaps, for the upkeep of lights
and the celebration of anniversaries. Running through all the wills of
this period, too, is a manifestation of the same spirit of devotion to
the parochial churches, with which the donors had been connected
during life, and the same eager desire to leave something in money
or in kind to them is everywhere seen. These naturally, if not by
express desire, came into the charge and guardianship, not of the
parson of the place, but of the people’s wardens, who were
responsible for the Church goods.