Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/susmat

Recent trends in the application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for

the removal of toxic dyes and their removal mechanism-a review
Ganesan Sriram a, Akhilesh Bendre a, Eniya Mariappan b, Tariq Altalhi c, Madhuprasad Kigga a, *,
Yern Chee Ching d, Ho-Young Jung e, Bhaskar Bhaduri f, *, Mahaveer Kurkuri a, *
a
Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562112, India
b
Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu 637215, India
c
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
d
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
e
Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
f
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Nowadays, water pollution is considered as a global concern and is rapidly increasing due to industrialization
MOFs and other human activities. Unused dyes discharged from different industries without proper treatments are the
Dye removal major sources of water pollution. Thus, the removal of these dyes from wastewater has highly attracted scientific
Cationic dye
community to solve such environmental problems. To date, various adsorbents were synthesized and analyzed
Anionic dye
Adsorption
for the removal of dyes. Among the adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are very promising as they
possess a very high surface area with internal porous structures and hence, the dye removal efficiency is very
high. The main objective of the review is to present a complete survey on the recently synthesized MOFs and
their hybrid systems for dye removal. The removal efficiency of dye has been discussed in light of the surface
areas and surface charges of MOFs. As per the literature, surface properties of MOFs strongly depend on the
synthetic routes, and the composites of MOFs show a fast and higher dye removal efficiency. In addition, the
maximum adsorption capacities of bare and hybrid MOFs have been critically discussed. Also, the adsorption
mechanism of both cationic and anionic dyes on MOFs have been elucidated. Further, the reusability of the
composite MOFs have been identified and discussed. Additionally, the present and future perspectives of MOFs in
dye removal have been presented. Overall, MOFs can act as a promising and potential adsorbent for rapid and
efficient removal of various dyes from wastewater.

1. Introduction
Water plays a pivotal role in the survival of living organisms. Besides,
it is essential to keep the environment green. However, water is getting
contaminated on a regular basis due to rapid industrialization and
disposal of unsolicited materials by day-to-day human activities. Addi­
tionally, water scarcity is also posing serious threats to the human being
considering global warming, rapid growth of population, industrializa­
tion, agricultures, and variability in weather. Fig. 1 illustrates the per­
centage wise world water stress by 2040 as stated by World Resources
Institute, the figure shows that most of the countries will be under
serious water crisis in next few decades or so [1]. Therefore, it is
necessary to protect the surface and fresh water resources avoiding
water pollution. There are many compounds which are considered as
water pollutants [2]. Among them, dyes are considered to be highly
toxic and carcinogenic for environment [3,4]. The effluent streams from
various industries, such as rubber, printing, leather, plastic, textile, dye
manufacturing, food, paper, cosmetic, paint, pesticide, pulps, and
pharmaceuticals are responsible for the discharge of dyes into water,
posing serious health hazards [2,5]. Thus, there is a need to develop
suitable methodologies for the efficient removal of toxic dyes from
water. Smart, porous, high surface area materials are being developed
for various applications including in water management [6–22]. At
present, various techniques, such as adsorption, precipitation, mem­
brane filtration, solvent extraction, biodegradation, advanced oxidation
process, catalysis, detection, coagulation, ozonation, flocculation,

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: madhuprasad@jainuniversity.ac.in (M. Kigga), bhaskar@che.iitkgp.ac.in (B. Bhaduri), mahaveer.kurkuri@jainuniversity.ac.in (M. Kurkuri).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00378
Received 27 September 2021; Received in revised form 20 November 2021; Accepted 8 December 2021
Available online 13 December 2021
2214-9937/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
G. Sriram et al.
electrochemical, ion exchange are being used for the water purification
purposes [23–34]. Table 1 summarizes various advantages and disad­
vantages associated with the aforementioned techniques [35–41].
Among various techniques, the adsorption based water purification
process is considered to be the most promising method owing to its
simplicity, ease of handling, cost effectiveness, regeneration capacity
and high efficiency [42,43]. Besides, adsorption doesn't contribute to
the formation of toxic by-products. The significance of adsorption pro­
cess for water treatment is increasing due to the increased levels of dyes
in water that are carcinogenic in nature. However, it is necessary to note
that dye removal for the water treatment under very low pH (less than 3)
and very high pH (higher than 8) are to be avoided considering the
environmental health issues. Therefore, the adsorption is generally
performed at eco-friendly pH (5–7) [25,44].
1.1. Dyes
Rapid industrialization poses serious environmental threats in the
form of pollution by discharging waste materials, in particular chemical
based waste materials into water bodies. As previously mentioned,
among different chemical wastes, dyes are simple colored chemicals.
Owing to the high solubility and intense color, dyes find applications in
the manufacturing of attractive products [43]. Dyes are broadly classi­
fied under two categories, such as natural and synthetic dyes. The nat­
ural dyes are expensive and are typically derived from natural resources
such as animals, plants, fruits, minerals and so on. Further, they are not
harmful to the environment [45]. In comparison, synthetic dyes have
received wide attentions in the many sectors due to its low-cost, ease of
synthesis, wide range of colors. However, synthetic dyes are highly toxic
[43]. The molecules of synthetic dyes are highly complex and stable due
to the presence of components like auxochromes (function of affinity)
and chromophores (function of giving color) [30,43]. In textile sectors,
mostly synthetic dyes are highly utilized when compared with natural
dyes due to availability of diverse colors, high solubility, and high af­
finity on materials. Approximately, there are over 10,000 dyes available
and also every year about 0.7 million tons of dyes are synthetically
produced and used industrially [46]. Dyes are of different types such as
non-ionic dyes (disperse), anionic dyes (direct, acid and reactive), and
cationic dyes (basic). Direct, acid, reactive and basic dyes are highly
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of percentage wise of global water stress in the upcoming year of 2040 [1], Copyright 2015, World Resources Institute.
2
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
soluble in water, whereas, disperse, azo, and vat dyes are insoluble in
water [30]. It is worthy to note that in the textile industries, dyes such as
basic, acid, reactive, direct, azo, vat, disperse and sulfur dyes are
generally used. It should be noted that chemical structure and colors of
dyes are dependent on the pH of aqueous medium. In this context,
anionic dyes such as Eriochrome Black T and Congo red colors were
found to be unstable above and below pH 5, attributed to the changes in
their chemical structures [44,47]. Dyes show highly intense colors in
water even at very low concentrations. Dyes at low concentrations can
decrease the oxygen solubility and transparency of water [48]. Typi­
cally, dyes contain toxic functional groups such as amines, aromatic
groups and toxic metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium,
cobalt, zinc etc. [45,47]. Due to the presence of toxic functional groups
and metals, dyes are considered as harmful to aquatics and human life.
Dye based wastewater has adverse effects on human health including
human's skin, brain, DNA, kidney, liver, nervous and reproductive sys­
tems [49]. Additionally, dyes are responsible for the allergies, asthma,
malicious tumors and bladder cancer in the human bodies [50]. Thus, it
is necessary to remove dyes from wastewater before being released into
the other water sources to protect the human and aquatic life. In water
purification, there are many adsorbents such as synthetic silica, natural
silica, biomass, zeolites, cellulose, nanomaterials, biochar, clays, chito­
san, polymers, and xerogel have been used [3,51–60]. However, some
disadvantages such as low adsorption capacity, low selectivity, and poor
reusability are often associated with the aforementioned adsorbents.
Therefore, exploring new kind of adsorbents with higher adsorption
capacity and high reusability is highly desired and needed for the
removal of dyes from water for environmental protection.
1.2. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
Nowadays, three dimensional network structured metal-organic
frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are
receiving wide attention by researchers due to their high surface area.
They are made up of metal ions (Zr4+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Ti3+,
Al3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ln3+ etc.) and linker organic ligands (sulfo­
nates, phosphates, azolates, amines, carboxylates etc.) bound together
by strong coordination bond [24,61,62]. The coordination bond based
polymers were first reported in 1950s [63]. Then, the importance of this
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Table 1 corrosion, food package, capture, reduction, medicine, pharmaceuticals,

Advantages and disadvantages of various water treatment techniques [35–41]. drug delivery, catalysis, adsorption and separation [24,26,68,73–98].
Techniques Advantages Disadvantages Because of those reasons, MOF materials have received great attention
among the researchers in environmental chemistry, nanotechnology,
Adsorption Simple and very efficient Less suitable for the materials
process, rapid, low-cost, with low surface area (less materials chemistry, and material science fields [99,100]. There have
reusable, removal of various porous), pH dependent been various choices between inorganic metal and linker ligands to
pollutants such as dye, metals, process, sludge production develop zero, one, two and three dimensional MOFs structures for
micro-organism and feasible and loss of materials during several applications [74,101–104]. Studies show that some MOFs such
for real time processes etc. regeneration
Coagulation Easy to handle, economically Generates secondary
as HKUST, MOF-5 and MOF-508 are less stable in the aqueous medium
feasible and simple to operate. pollution i.e. formation of [105,106]. The structural stability of MOF is strongly dependent on the
waste sludge in larger chemical coordination bonding between the metal ions and the organic
quantity after treatment. Less ligands. There are certain MOFs, such as MOF-74, MIL-101, ZIF-8, Cr-
efficient for acid based dyes.
MIL-101, MIL-100(Fe), UiO-66 and Al-MIL-53 found to be structurally
Ozonation Effective and rapid process, Expensive, it needs a high
eco-friendly, efficient in voltage to run the process, stable [106,107]. MOFs are crystalline in nature; however, external
degrading pollutants such as and requirement of moisture, temperature, and pressure are the major factors for structural
organic, inorganic and professional labours for the transformations of MOFs [68,108]. Therefore, it is challenging to use
microorganisms. operation. MOFs for the removal of target pollutants from aqueous solution with
Electrochemical Efficient process, simple to Expensive, it needs electrical
operate and no waste sludge equipment, uses electrodes
high adsorption capacities. To overcome those difficulties, MOFs can be
formation during the process, and their maintenance, not synthesized with proper molecular design, structure, and introduction of
efficient for removal of metal efficient process for dye active ligands etc. [24,87,107,109,110]. The first MOF, protonated MIL-
and dyes. removal. 101 was reported in 2010 for the removal of dyes with high adsorption
Advanced Quick process, high Maintenance cost, uses H2O2
capacity (194 mgg− 1) [111]. As mentioned earlier, MOFs based mate­
oxidation throughput, efficient to which is hazardous, and
remove all toxic contaminants. efficiency depends on type of rials are in demand for water treatment applications due to their high
Excellent method for dye oxidant, high energy surface area, high porosity, high adsorption capacity, ease of surface
removal consumption, sludge functionalization etc. [24,95,112]. Therefore, MOFs based materials are
production, formation of considered as the superior candidates for the removal of toxic dyes. In
toxic intermediates, only
recent years, adsorbents with porous structures such as activated carbon
dependent on pH based
treatment. and zeolites have been used for water treatment [113,114]. Although,
Precipitation Simple and efficient process, Consumption of chemicals, zeolites are negatively charged materials that are limited to removing
useful to removal of metals and operational cost, less cationic dyes, have low adsorption capacity, and allow only the ion
effective for wastewater efficient, particularly for low
exchange mechanism. Whereas, activated carbons are expensive and
treatment. concentration of metals, high
reaction times and sludge expose the user to regeneration problems [43]. Therefore, using these
production. porous materials in water treatment is ineffective or expensive. Alter­
Biological Environment friendly, ease of Not effective in regeneration natively, MOFs have many advantages over those porous adsorbents
method operation, low-cost, requires process, relatively slow such as easy synthesis, very high surface area, attractive shape and size,
less chemicals, treatment can process, generates biological
active metal surface, ordered and tunable porous structures, high crys­
be done in large volumes and slurry and maintenance of
energy saving process micro-organisms is required. talline, thermally stable, high removal efficiency, high adsorption ca­
Ion exchange Highly effective method, Maintenance cost, use of pacity, high selectivity, high regeneration, good reproducibility, etc.
inexpensive, and rapid. sodium ions leads to the [115]. Thus, MOFs can be a prime candidate for removing dyes due to
alteration of acidity level of
these advantages [116].
water, relatively expensive
process and this process is not
Since 2000s, the synthesis of MOFs with variable structures are in
appropriate for dispersed demand for the useful applications in many fields
dyes. [61,68,74,87,88,95,100,117,118]. There are several routes for the
Membrane Possible to purify all micro Expensive method, synthesis of MOFs [74,75,85,87,119–121]. Sonochemical, hydrother­
filtration contaminants, automatic maintenance and fouling
mal, electrochemical, solvothermal, microwave, and mechano-chemical
operation, efficient for dyes problems, regeneration,
and salts removal, rapid membrane stability, blockage are some of the commonly used synthesis routes for MOFs [100]. Each of
process and feasible for real of pores and controlling pore the synthesis routes have their own characteristics which play an
time processes, etc. size of membrane is important role in the formation of MOFs with variable material prop­
challenging.
erties such as morphology, pore size distributions etc. In general, MOFs
synthesis is performed in a liquid solvent at a temperature ranging be­
polymer materials was addressed in 1999s by Li et al. with modification tween room temperature and 350 ◦ C [105]. The formation of MOFs and
of other ligand and later, those coordination compounds based polymer their morphology are regulated by certain parameters like heat energy,
materials were named as MOFs [64]. Zeolite imidazole frameworks pressure, and time [61]. Therefore, the main research focus is on the
(ZIF) based MOFs were first reported in 2002 [65]. Since then, series of synthesis of novel and energy efficient MOFs with low-cost, high sta­
MOFs, such as MIL (Matériaux de l'Institut Lavoisier), UIO (Universitetet bility, high surface area for a wide range of applications.
i Oslo)), and HKUST (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
have been invented [5,61,66–68]. MOFs are highly crystalline materials 1.3. Overview of review
with ultra-low density. They are formed by mostly attaching inorganic
metals with active organic linker to obtained super surface area (over To date, there have been several studies on removal of dye molecules
7000 m2g− 1) and larger pore volume (over 4 cm3g− 1) [66,69,70]. using MOFs [2,24,41,75,85,87,107,109,118,122,123]. The detailed re­
However, the surface area and morphology of MOFs are dependent on views do not include information on the current development of MOFs
the synthesis methods [71]. Owing to the outstanding surface proper­ and their surface properties for dye removal from water as well as
ties, MOFs are capable of binding with some other materials to form mechanisms of dye adsorption. In recent reviews, the history of MOFs,
functional MOF compounds [41,72]. Thus, MOFs have found applica­ the types of MOFs and their characteristics, the classification of dyes, the
tions in various research fields such as energy storage, fuel cells, sensors, influence of adsorption parameters, adsorption mechanisms and dis­
cussions of different pollutant removal are well explained

3
G. Sriram et al.
[107,116,124–127]. There is, however, a lack of recent MOFs for dye
removal applications in terms of pristine and modified MOFs surface
properties, in addition to a detailed discussion of their adsorption ca­
pacity. Based on the above-reported reviews, we present herein a
comprehensive review on the most recent developments in MOFs
application for the removal of organic dyes as well as discussion on high
adsorption capacity according to their surface properties in pristine and
modified forms of MOFs. Besides, the development cost of MOFs,
removal efficiency and recyclability are thoroughly elaborated. Finally,
the challenges along with future scenarios of MOFs in the adsorption
field are also proposed. The authors believe that this review would be
beneficial for the readers who work on dye removal using MOFs based
adsorbents. Fig. 2 show a schematic diagram of various synthesis
methods of MOFs and their application in cationic and anionic dye
removal.
2. Dye removal by MOFs and their hybrids
Rapid industrial growth is one of the major sources of water pollu­
tion [128]. There are many pollutants that can be found in the water­
bodies and organic dyes are one of them. They are mainly responsible for
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the synthesis of MOFs and their composites by various methods and their application in cationic and anionic dye removal.
4
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
the water pollution, posing high risk to both human and animals [129].
The majority of wastewater generated from industries are dye contam­
inated effluents [45,86]. The global production of dye is around 800,000
tons/year and also nearly 20% of effluents on a regular basis are released
into the environment without proper notice to the public and environ­
ment [130]. Thus, proper care should be taken while handling the cor­
rosive dyes. A number of porous adsorbents have been studied for the
removal of dyes from water [3,51–60]. Among them, MOFs based
porous materials show excellent dye removal properties from an
aqueous media by adsorption [41,107]. In the following sections, we
have discussed recent development of MOFs for the removal of cationic
and anionic dyes from water along with their adsorption mechanism.
2.1. Cationic dyes
Cationic dyes are positively charged, highly water-soluble synthetic
dyes which can easily get adsorbed on the surface of the negatively
charged adsorbent. These dyes are highly utilized in various industries,
such as dyeing of cotton, wool, paper, acrylic, leather, and inks [129].
Generally, cationic dyes are high-intensity color compounds and are
very harmful to the environment [131]. Therefore, various types of
G. Sriram et al.
cationic dyes and their adsorption by MOFs have been discussed in the
following sections.
2.1.1. Methylene blue (MB)
Methylene blue (MB) is one of the main cationic dyes and has been
used in the textile industries such as cotton, silk, paper, wool, and wood
due to its high contrast color and high visibility [3]. The molecular
weight and absorption maximum wavelength (λmax) of MB are 319.8
gmol− 1 and 663 nm, respectively. High exposure to MB in the envi­
ronment may lead to severe health issues such as jaundice, sweating,
heart problems, eye irritation, vomiting, quadriplegia, nausea, cyanosis,
etc. [132]. Thus, the treatment of MB based effluent is very important. A
study by Arora et al. synthesized Fe-based MOF (Fe-BDC) using a con­
ventional solution method for the removal of MB at natural pH [133].
Owing to the low surface area (46.0 m2g− 1), this study showed a slow
adsorption process taking 24 h for the 94% removal of MB. Further, the
material yielded maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 8.6 mg g− 1.
This has to be noted that qmax value depends on various experimental
conditions, such as initial concentrations and pH of the dye solution,
electrostatic surface charge of the adsorbent, adsorbent dosage and so on
[25,47]. Though the study showed that high removal of MB was ob­
tained at pH 9, but the authors conducted the adsorption experiments at
natural pH for MB considering the real time application. Interestingly,
amine-functionalized Fe-based MOF (MOF-Fe) showed higher adsorp­
tion capacity (312.5 mgg− 1) for MB at pH 9 even with a very low surface
area [134]. The hexagonal spindle-like morphology was obtained for
MOF-Fe. It is worthy to note that there were no morphological changes
following amine treatment on MOF-Fe. However, there were significant
changes in the overall surface area after amine functionalization with
Fig. 3. (a) Effect of contact time, and (b-d) Reusability plot with a photo image of MOF-Fe and amine-MOF-Fe for the MB removal [134], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
5
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
MOF-Fe (16.3 m2g− 1) when compared to bare MOF-Fe (447.5 m2g− 1).
This could be attributed to the blockage of the pores by amine intrusion.
However, the low surface area of the modified MOFs did not affect in MB
adsorption, instead the surface charge of modified MOFs (highly nega­
tively charged at pH 9) play a critical role for the adsorption. Accord­
ingly, the high qmax (312.5 mgg− 1) was obtained for amine-MOF-Fe
when compared to bare MOF-Fe (149.2 mgg− 1). Owing to the nega­
tively charged surfaces, amine-MOF-Fe facilitates the attachment of
increased amounts of positively charged MB molecules by electrostatic
attraction. The equilibrium study showed that the adsorption equilib­
rium for amine-MOF-Fe and MOF-Fe were achieved at 10 h and 15 h,
respectively, indicating slow adsorption. The reusability study showed
that ~99% adsorption efficiency was achieved after 2nd cycle for both
types of MOFs. Fig. 3 (a-d) shows contact time, reusability, and the
photo images recycling studies of bare and amine-functionalized MOF-
Fe for the MB removal.
In another study, Zhang et al. [135] synthesized Fe modified MOF-
545(Fe) with rod kind morphology for the removal of MB from water
at pH 9. The surface area of this hybrid MOF was reported to be 2368
m2g− 1. However, the high surface area of MOF did not show any positive
impact in the adsorptive removal of MB. The qmax value with such
adsorbent was reported to be 382.3 mg g− 1. The equilibrium was ach­
ieved within 20 min and the adsorbent was found to be highly reusable,
removing 91% of MB even after the 8th cycle. Further, the adsorption
capacity of the MOFs can be enhanced by introducing precise functional
groups onto the materials via various ligands. A study by Hong et al.
demonstrated the synthesis of three series of Zn-MOFs-1, 2, and 3 by
engaging with various ligands using solvothermal method for the
removal of MB from an aqueous solution at natural pH [136]. The
G. Sriram et al.
synthesis time for such adsorbents were 3 days. The surface area of the
synthesized MOFs satisfied the following order: Zn-MOF 1 (1046.9
m2g− 1) > Zn-MOF 2 (932.5 m2g− 1) < Zn-MOF 3 (1056.7 m2g− 1).
The corresponding qmax values for MB adsorption were reported to
be 328, 206, and 251 mgg− 1, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium
was achieved in 72 h, indicating very slow adsorption In a separate
study, Xie et al. [137] studied the synthesis of water-stable Zn-based
MOF (ZJU-48) by solvothermal method for the removal of various dyes
including MB The prepared MOF exhibits high surface area (1450
m2g− 1). However, ZJU-48 shows a slow adsorption process (48 h) to
completely remove MB. The qmax value was found to be 582.4 mgg− 1
and the reusability study shows a slow desorption process (92% MB
release in 8.5 h). Similarly, another group of researchers synthesized Zn-
based MOF (Zn-H4bptc) by the solvothermal method; the results show a
slow adsorption process (12 h) to remove MB completely [138]. The
qmax value was reported to be 97 mgg− 1. Additionally, the authors
conducted adsorption studies with various dye molecules such as
Safranine T, Methyl blue, Neutral red, Rhodamine B, and Methyl orange
onto Zn-H4bptc. MB shows better adsorption compared to other dyes.
This could be attributed to the smaller size of MB molecules that could
easily penetrate through the pores of the adsorbent. Recently, adipic
acid and 1-benzylimidazole were used to synthesize Zn-MOF (ABim-Zn-
MOF) by a chemical precipitation process. The surface area of the syn­
thesized material was reported to be less (1.4 m2g− 1). Interestingly, the
low surface area did not have any adverse effect on the MB adsorption by
Zn-MOF [139]. The qmax value was reported to be 178.5 mgg− 1 at pH
7.5. Further, the authors claim that the high porosities of the MOF could
be the reason (13.4 nm, 0.6 cm3g− 1), and equilibrium of study was
attained within 30 min. Additionally, in this study, the desorption pro­
cess was obtained efficiently using the solvent, methanolic potassium
nitrate.
Recently, the cage-like structure of Zn-based MOF had been devel­
oped by Li et al. [140]. Instead of deionized water, the adsorption of MB
were performed in different solvents such as acetonitrile (CH3CN),
methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), and dimethylformamide (DMF)
[140]. The adsorptive removal efficiencies were found to be 74.8, 50.0,
49.8, and 5.4%, respectively, in CH3CN, CH3OH, C2H5OH, DMF medium
by the MOF at 10 h. It is worthy to note that CH3CN shows superior MB
adsorption to other solvents. However, it may be noted that CH3CN
based adsorption process takes 24 h for the complete removal of MB by
the MOF with low qmax value of 7.7 mgg− 1. Therefore, it may be
concluded that the dye removal from solvent based process could be
slow and less efficient when compared to water. Additionally, the cage-
like Zn MOF shows high selectivity for the removal of MB in a mixture of
dyes such as methyl red, methyl orange and alzarine yellow. Recently,
Indium based MOF (In-MOF) has been synthesized by heat treatment for
MB adsorption without adjusting the pH [141]. The synthesized MOF
was observed to be highly efficient and selective for the removal of MB
when compared to other organic dyes (MO and RhB). However, the
minimum contact time of 8 h was required for the complete removal of
MB from the aqueous solution. Similarly, Wan et al. made slight surface
modification in the synthesized In-MOF with Imide which is highly
anionic in nature and thus, it can completely adsorb cationic MB dye
within 5 min. [142]. The qmax for such MB adsorption was 336 mgg− 1 at
natural pH [142].
Recently, the solvothermal method was utilized to synthesis Cd-MOF
for the removal of various organic dyes including MB at natural pH
[143]. Owing to the positive surface charge of Cd-MOF, the material
failed to remove MB in significant amounts. The low removal efficiency
could be attributed to the electrostatic repulsion between cationic dye
MB and positively charged Cd-MOF. Similarly, Xiao et al. [144] syn­
thesized Cd-MOF using a heat treatment process to enhance MB
adsorption capacity (595.4 mgg− 1) at pH 7. The high MB adsorption
capacity could be the reason of the attractions between negatively
charged adsorbent and cationic MB. The study showed that the material
was capable of removing MB efficiently at a very concentration of 600
6
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
mgL− 1 even at low adsorbent dosage of 50 mg. The results further
showed that equilibrium time increases with the increase in MB con­
centrations. However, the reusability study showed 82% MB removal
after the 3rd cycle in the mixture of ethanol and lithium nitrate. Fig. 4 (a-
d) shows the effect of pH, Zeta potential plot, contact time, and initial
dye concentrations for the MB adsorption using Cd-MOF.
Recently, a solvothermal method was adopted to synthesize Cd-H5L
(LYU-2) MOF for the removal of various organic dyes including MB at
natural pH [145]. The authors explored that the adsorption process was
based on 1) surface charge of dyes (MB+, SD0, and MO− ) and 2) the size
of dye molecules (MB+ < CV+ < RhB+). In view of the above, LYU-2
shows high removal towards only MB due to its cationic nature and
small molecular size when compared to other dyes. LYU-2 removed MB
completely within 24 h. The qmax value of LYU-2 was moderate and is
found to be 95.5 mgg− 1. In addition, MOF shows a high selective
removal of MB within the mixture of dyes (Fig. 5a-b). Additionally, the
reusability studies were conducted with sodium chloride (NaCl) and
double distilled water. The data suggested that the reusability with NaCl
yielded the best results.
Recently, Cao et al. [146] explored the synthesis of Co-MOF using the
solvothermal method for the removal of MB. The adsorbent showed
complete and selective removal of MB from a mixture of methyl orange
and Sudan I dye from aqueous solutions. However, the adsorption of MB
with Co-MOF was observed to be a slow process, taking 12 h to remove
MB from an aqueous solution. Another group synthesized two-
dimensional Co-MOF (HT-1) by the solvothermal method which shows
high MB removal efficiency (97%) at pH 7 in just 30 min. Interestingly,
the reusability of the Co-MOF (HT-1) was found to be better even after
the 10th cycle [147]. In another study, the removal of MB at low pH (4)
has been studied with Co-doped Fe-MOF (Co/Fe-MOF) [148]. The re­
sults show that doping onto MOF exhibits slow adsorption, requiring 24
h to remove 97.5% of MB at a concentration of 6 mgL− 1. The reusability
was found to be moderate (58% MB removal after 6th cycle) with the
same adsorbent. Also, the study concluded that MB removal at higher pH
(>5) was not favorable.
Currently, solvothermal method was utilized to synthesize Cu-MOF
(MOF-1) for the efficient removal of MB at natural pH [149]. This
study showed that Cu-MOF (MOF-1) was able to remove 90% of MB
within 60 min. However, there was no improvement in the removal
efficiency with the increase in time. Similarly, Mantasha et al. [150]
developed a water-stable Cu-MOF (Cu-btc-1), synthesized sol­
vothermally for the removal of various dyes including MB at pH 7. The
synthesized MOF shows high removal efficiency (98.6%) within 40 min
and high selectivity for the removal of MB. Fig. 6 (a-c) shows UV–vis
absorption spectra for the removal of MB by Cu-btc-1 and its selectivity
with respect to other dyes. The synthesis methods may affect the surface
properties of the prepared samples. To this degree, Dzhardimalieva et al.
[151] investigated the synthesis of Cu-MOF by three methods, namely,
slow evaporation, solvothermal, and water-based synthesis. The water-
based synthesis method exhibits the high surface area (1562.3 m2g− 1)
when compared to slow evaporation (1348 m2g-1), and solvothermal
(830 m2g− 1) methods. With a view to improving the dye removal based
on the surface area, the authors have conducted the water-based syn­
thesis of Cu-MOF for MB removal at pH 6.6. The results show 91%
removal of MB with a contact time of 2 h. This qmax (173.8 mgg− 1) value
obtained in the study was found to be decent. Another group studied the
synthesis of negatively charged Cu-MOF which was further functional­
ized with microalgal (Ulva fasciata) biomass particles using sol­
vothermal method [152]. The functionalized MOF showed high surface
area of 950 m2g− 1 which was responsible for high MB removal (97%
within 40 min). The adsorbent yielded moderate qmax value of 162
mgg− 1 at pH 10.
Similarly, Mantasha et al. [153] compared the synthesis of Cu (Cu-
bpy) and Co-based (Co-bpy) MOFs using solvothermal for the removal of
organic dyes. Among the aforementioned MOFs, Cu-bpy showed rapid
adsorption within 10 min and complete removal was achieved at nearly
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Fig. 4. MB adsorption studies of Cd-H4bptc (a) Effect of pH, (b) zeta potential measurement, (c) effect of contact time and (d) effect of MB concentrations [144],
Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig. 5. (a) UV–Vis absorbance spectra of MB removal with time and (b) Selective removal of MB with a mixture of dyes by LYU-2 [145], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

7
G. Sriram et al.
Fig. 6. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of removal of MB, and (b-c) removal of mixture of MO and RhB dyes with MB from an aqueous solution using Cu-btc-1
adsorbent [150], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 7. (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of MOFs, and (b-c) UV–Vis absorption spectra of MB removal by Cu-bpy and Co-bpy MOFs, respectively [153],
Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
2 h. In comparison, Co-bpy MOF exhibited slow adsorption at the initial
stage with only partial MB adsorption for the first 40 min, and thereafter
showed almost complete MB removal within 2 h (Fig. 7). It is interesting
to note that both MOFs Cu-bpy and Co-bpy showed high MB removal of
98%, and 96%, respectively, under the same experimental conditions.
Recently, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based waste bottles were
used to synthesize organic linker H2BDC. Further, it was mixed with
copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2.3H2O] to synthesize Cu-H2BDC MOF by hy­
drothermal method for the removal of MB at pH 6 [154]. The synthe­
sized MOF shows better removal efficiency (98%) and adsorption
equilibrium was reached within 20 min. However, the qmax value found
in the study was only 41.0 mgg− 1. Additionally, the authors conducted
reusability studies with different desorbing agents such as HCl, H2O and
NaOH. The results showed that HCl was superior (96 to 73%) when
compared to H2O (96 to 63%) and NaOH (96 to 54%). Similarly, Man­
tasha et al. [155] mixed two linkers, viz., pyridine-2,6-dimethanol
(H2pdm) and 4,4ˊ-bipyridine (bipy) with Cu(NO3)2⋅3H2O to synthesize
Cu-MOF-1 for the removal of MB at pH 7. The MOF showed rapid initial
removal (75.6%, within first 5 min) and nearly complete removal of MB
(98%) took place after 40 min. The MOF shows high selectivity towards
MB in a mixture of organic dyes, such as MO and RhB. Additionally,
reusability studies showed only 22% removal efficiency after 5th cycle.
8
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
This may be attributed to the inefficiency of ethanol to desorb MB
molecules following each cycle. Recently, ultrasonication method was
utilized to synthesize GO-Cu-MOF composite for the removal of MB at
low pH (pH = 3) [156]. The material yielded high qmax value of 262
mgg− 1. Further, the material showed fast removal of MB with 90%
removal within 30 min. The adsorption equilibrium was reached after
12 h. In this study, GO played a critical role in enhancing the MB
adsorption capacity of Cu-MOF. This could be attributed to the high
surface area (262 mgg− 1), porosity and negative charge of the Cu-MOF.
In contrary, bare Cu-MOF shows low qmax value of 142 mgg− 1.
MOF-based materials can be easily synthesized in the form of pow­
der. However, its practical use in industrial applications is limited due to
its appearance as powder; which is problematic to recycle. To overcome
this issue, Pei et al. [157] developed a 3D printed polymeric Cu-MOF
with various shapes, viz., square, hexagon, and circle by direct ink
writing method for the fast removal of MB at pH 6.4. In this context,
hexagon-shaped MOF showed high MB removal of 99.8% due to its high
porosity when compared to square (96.6%) and circle (95.8%), showing
medium and low porosity, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium time
was found to be 20 min. The reusability of the 3D printed polymer
hexagon, square, and circular-shaped MOFs showed 82, 72, 64% MB
removal efficiencies after 10 cycles. The removal efficiency of such
G. Sriram et al.
material was significantly high when compared to the powder form of
Cu-MOF. It may be worthy to mention that reusability study with the
powder material could only be performed up to only third cycle. Thus,
polymer-based MOF could act as a potential adsorbent for the removal of
MB with high reusability.
In recent times, ionic liquid (IL) based solvents are gaining attention
because of their eco-friendliness and high solubility. They have found
applications in liquid-liquid extraction, removal of pollutants, catalysis,
separation, etc. [158–161]. In the context of removal of pollutants, IL
may be used to remove dyes from water. However, this might lead to the
loss of IL solvent. To avoid this problem, the surface modifications of
MOFs with IL are being carried out. In a study, Kavak et al. [162]
developed IL ([BMIM][PF6]) modified NH2-UiO-66 MOF using an
impregnation method for the removal of MB at pH 7. The modified
[BMIM][PF6]/NH2-UiO-66 MOF shows low surface area (5 m2g− 1).
Interestingly, high removal (95%) and high qmax (208.3 mgg− 1) were
achieved when compared to NH2-UiO-66 MOF (712 m2g− 1, 83%, 2 h,
151.5 mgg− 1). The authors proposed that IL modified MOF may act as a
potential candidate for the removal of MB at very low surface area. The
high removal could be the reason of the high anionic nature of IL.
Moreover, the reusability study showed that 94% MB removal efficiency
may be achieved after 2nd cycle. Recently, various ratios (0.5, 1.5, 3, 5,
10 wt%) of oxidized nanodiamond (OND) composite with UiO-66
(OND/UiO-66) was synthesized by solvothermal method for the
removal of MB [163]. The surface area and zeta potential values of
composites were found to be favorable for MB adsorption for 5 wt% of
OND/UiO-66 (902 m2g− 1 and − 0.75 mV) when compared to 0.5 wt%
(758 m2g− 1 and + 29.8 mV), 1.5 wt% (394 m2g− 1 and + 40.9 mV), 3 wt
% (601 m2g− 1 and + 37.1 mV), and 10 wt% (247 m2g− 1 and + 17.1 mV)
of OND/UiO-66. Therefore, the ratio 5 wt% of OND/UiO-66 showed
higher adsorption capacity (95.2 mgg− 1) when compared to 0.5, 1.5, 3
and 10 wt% of OND composite with MOFs showed less adsorption ca­
pacities 57.4, 46.5, 85.4, and 36.9 mgg− 1, respectively. The high
adsorption was due to the negatively charged surface (− 0.75 mV) and
high surface area (902 m2g− 1) of the 5 wt% of OND/UiO-66. In contrary,
UiO-66 shows very low removal (18%) even though it possessed a high
surface area (1276 m2g− 1) when compared to the MOFs composite.
Recently, Zr-MOF (UiO-66(10), (60), and (100) was synthesized with
variable amounts of water (10, 60, and 100 mL) by a heat treatment
process for the removal of MB at pH 10 [164]. The study found that the
morphology of UiO-66 was unstable with higher water content. In
addition, the surface area decreased with the increase in water content
in MOFs. The study showed that UiO-66(10), UiO-66(60) and UiO-66
(100) possessed the surface area of 1469.0 m2g− 1, 1364.1 m2g− 1 and
1162.5 m2g− 1, respectively when compared to the MOF prepared
without adding water of UiO-66 (1684.2 m2g− 1). The removal efficiency
of MB decreased with the increase of water contents. UiO-66 had MB
removal efficiency of 83% which was higher than UiO-66(10) (71%),
UiO-66(60) (50%) and UiO-66(100) (16%). In view of the above, the
authors concluded that decrease in the surface area and removal effi­
ciency were due to an increment of water contents in the synthesis of
UiO-66. This study showed equilibrium time of MB removal was 4 h for
UiO-66. The material showed moderate recyclability with 57% MB
removal efficiency after 5th cycle. The UiO-66 yielded a reasonable qmax
value of 543.4 mgg− 1.
Recently, Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted attention in the water
treatment due to its high surface area, aromatic configuration and easy
surface modification with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxides
groups which can easily be attached to MOFs surfaces for suitable ap­
plications [165,166]. Sun et al. [166] synthesized hydroxyl functional­
ized UiO-66 MOF composite with GO using the hydrothermal method
for the removal of MB at pH 7. The authors reported that both surface
functionalization and the addition of GO on MOF not only enhances the
dye removal but also enhances the stability of MOF in the water. The
composite material (UiO-66-(OH)2/GO) showed high MB removal
(99%) when compared to UiO-66-(OH)2 (75%) and UiO-66 (49%). This
9
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
could be due to the deprotonation (negative charge) on the composite
materials which attributed to attraction of positively charged MB dye at
mild alkaline pH (7). However, the qmax of the UiO-66-(OH)2/GO was
less (87.1 mgg− 1). Similarly, the recent study by Eltaweil et al. [167]
developed UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH binary MOF composite by
the sonication method for the enhancement of MB adsorption capacity at
pH 9. This material posed high surface area (917.2 m2g− 1), responsible
for high removal efficiency (99%), high qmax (448.7 mgg− 1), and better
reusability (71% removal efficiency after 7th cycle). The synthesis and
application of MB removal by UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH adsorbent
was illustrated in Fig. 8 (a-c). In another study, Mahmoodi et al. [168]
found highly efficient MB removal (99%) within 30 min at pH 6.5 using
MIL-101(Fe)/phosphotungstic acid (PA) composite. In this study, PA
with various ratios of 0, 0.347, 0.694 and 1.042 mmol was mixed with
MIL-101(Fe) to obtain adsorbents MIL, MP1, MP2, and MP3, respec­
tively. Among all the materials, MP2 showed a better MB removal effi­
ciency (99%) when compared to MIL (88%), MP1 (90%), and MP3
(18%). The PA modified MOF showed significant removal. This could be
due to the hydrophilic and high anionic properties of PA. However, at
higher ratios (MP3) it shows very low efficiency due to high encapsu­
lation of PA on MIL-101(Fe), thereby hiding the role of it for the
adsorption.
Kim et al. [169] performed comparative studies with various water-
stable MOFs, namely, UiO-66, UiO-67, and MIL-100(Fe) for the removal
of various dyes including MB. The removal of dyes were found to be
dependent on the surface area. UiO-67 with surface area of 2478 m2g− 1
shows high efficiency than MIL-100(Fe) (surface area = 1807 m2g− 1)
and UiO-66 (surface area = 1515 m2g− 1). The time required for the
adsorption was found to be 30 and 60 min which was sufficient to
remove almost all MB by UiO-66 and MIL-100(Fe), respectively. How­
ever, UiO-66 failed to remove even a partial amount of MB after 600
min. In conclusion, the study did not show any significant adsorption by
all three materials. Recently, Zr-based UiO-67 MOF was doped with Ce
(III) using a solvothermal method with a view to enhance the MB
adsorption capacity within 80 min at pH 7 [170]. The synthesis route
yielded comparatively low surface area for Ce(III)/UiO-67 (1911.9
m2g− 1) with respect to UiO-67 (2631.6 m2g-1). Interestingly, the surface
area did not play any major role in the adsorption by the aforementioned
materials. The surface charge of the materials played a pivotal role in the
enhancement of the adsorption of MB. Ce(III)/UiO-67 and UiO-67 had
surface charge of − 19.7 mV and + 8.5 mV, respectively. Based on
electric potential values, MB removal was found to be high for nega­
tively charged Ce(III)/UiO-67 and low for positively charged UiO-67.
The qmax values of Ce (III) doped UiO-67 was observed to be 398.9
mgg− 1 which was more than one fold higher than the bare UiO-67
(215.6 mgg− 1). Besides, the authors confirmed that the reusability of
Ce(III)/UiO-67 was better even after four cycles.
In another study, an attempt was made to enhance the MB removal
efficiency of MIL-100(Fe) by preparing a composite with SBA-15 (MIL-
100(Fe)/SBA-15) [171]. The morphology of SBA-15 particles modified
on the octahedral shape of MIL-100(Fe) was rope type. The surface area
of composite (700 m2g− 1) was comparatively low than bare adsorbents,
MIL-100(Fe) (1108 m2g− 1) and SBA-15 (797 m2g− 1). However, the
composite shows complete removal of MB instantly (100% within 1
min.) when compared to MIL-100(Fe) (94% within 40 min) and SBA-15
(91% within 30 min). Further, the reusability study confirms that better
MB removal efficiency (90% removal) was achieved after 3rd cycle with
the composite. In a similar kind of study, Mahmoudi et al. [172] syn­
thesized negatively charged MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15 MOF composite by
Reflux method for the removal of MB under wide range of pH. The high
surface area and negative charge of the MOF composite shows very fast
(removal within 0.5 min) and also highly selective removal of MB.
Moreover, the reusability of the composite was found to be promising
(90% MB removal efficiency after the 3rd cycle). However, the study
yielded qmax value of 62.9 mgg− 1 for MB removal. Further, MIL-68(Al)
@SBA-15 composite shows very fast removal compared to MIL-100
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Fig. 8. (a) Synthesis of UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH, and (b-c) their adsorbent dosage with MB removal percentage and recycle studies [167], Copyright 2020,
Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 9. (a) Synthesis of MIL-68(Al)/SBA-15, (b) UV–Vis absorption spectra of before and after MB adsorption, and (C) plot of time with removal efficiency for the
different dosage of MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15 [172], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

(Fe)/SBA-15 [171]. Additionally, the authors observed low adsorption
capacity (48.5 mgg− 1) for the solid-state grinding method that was used
to synthesize MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15 for MB dye. Fig. 9 (a-c) shows the
synthesis of MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15, an absorption spectra of MB removal
and MB removal efficiency as the function of time with variable dosages.
Polyoxometalates (POMs) materials are the one that possess
excellent physico-chemical properties, such as high electronegativity,
metal-oxygen clustered anions, high stability, high redox activity, etc.
[173]. The negatively charged POMs can be used for the removal of
positively charged dyes [174]. Additionally, it was used to encapsulate
the materials for the enhancement of dye removal and their stability.
[175] In this context, Jarrah et al. [176] studied encapsulation of POMs

10
G. Sriram et al.
(P2W18O62) onto Fe3O4/MIL-101(Fe) magnetic MOF for the efficient
removal of MB at pH 6 within 9 min. The surface area of the composite
materials P2W18O62@MIL-101(Fe) (201.4 m2g− 1) and
2 − 1
P2W18O62@Fe3O4-MIL-101(Fe) (57.9 m g ) were found to be lower
than MIL-101(Fe) (1697 m2g− 1). However, this study was enlightening
the removal of MB based on the adsorbent's surface charge (high nega­
tive charge) and not the surface area. The removal efficiency of mate­
rials was found to be high for P2W18O62@Fe3O4-MIL-101(Fe) (100%)
when compared to MIL-101(Fe) (29%), Fe3O4@MIL-101(Fe) (58%), and
P2W18O62 (68%). The recyclability was found significantly high (96%
MB removal efficiency after the 3rd cycle). However, this study yielded
low qmax value of 68.4 mgg− 1.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHS) are 2D clay materials that have a
highly positively charged hydroxide layer, anion-exchange ability, high
surface areas, low-cost and high adsorption capability [177,178]. Owing
to the aforementioned properties, LDH can be used as an adsorbent for
water treatment. Recently, a composite was formed from Co-Fe LDH and
amine-functionalized Zr-MOF (UiO-66/NH2) for the removal of MB at
pH 8 [179]. The Co-Fe/UiO-66-NH2 composite shows the surface area of
740 m2g− 1 which was less than amine-functionalized UiO-66 MOF (950
m2g− 1). The reduction in surface area was due to the blockage of pores
present in MOF while formation of composite with LDH. In the present
study, almost 99% MB removal was obtained within 10 min and the
composite yielded qmax value 555.6 mgg− 1. Additionally, the authors
conducted a desorption study in different solvents such as methanol,
ethanol, and acetonitrile. The efficiency of the solvents towards
desorption of MB show the following trends: acetonitrile > ethanol >
methanol.
In a recent study, Akbarbandari et al. [180] studied the synthesis of
activated carbon (AC)-metallic MOFs composites, such as mono (Ni-
MOF@AC), bi (Ni-Co-MOF@AC), and tri-metallic (Ni-Co-Cu-MOF@AC)
for the removal of MB at pH 6. Based on high surface areas of bi (292.1
m2g− 1) and tri (292.2 m2g− 1) metallic composites were chosen for
adsorption studies. However, these bi and tri metallic MOF composite
failed to produce impressive qmax values. The qmax values with bi and tri
metallic composites were found to be 66.5 mgg− 1 and 71.4 mgg− 1,
respectively and those values of qmax are very less when compared to
qmax value (555.2 mgg− 1) of earlier reported metallic composite with
MOFs (Co-Fe/UiO-66-NH2) [179]. Reusability study showed marginal
reduction in the qmax value after 6th cycles (64 mgg− 1) by tri metallic
MOF composite. In a similar study, another group of researchers studied
the synthesis of Ni and Co based MOFs and further its functionalization
with Fe3O4/GO magnetic composite, respectively, for the MB removal
[181]. The qmax values for the Ni and Co MOFs based magnetic
Fig. 10. (a) SEM images shows morphological transformation with increasing ratio of Ni/Fe and (b) adsorption capacity for organic dyes by the various ratio of FeNi-
BDC MOFs [182], Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
11
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
composite were observed to be 70.4 and 65.8 mgg− 1, respectively. The
data obtained in the present study were quiet similar to those obtained
in the previous study [143].
Wu et al. [182] studied various ratios (0:1, 1:5, 1:15 and 1:60) of Ni:
Fe was mixture with terephthalic acid (H2BDC) to synthesized bimetallic
MOF (NiFe-BDC) by solvothermal method for the removal of MB at pH
6.5. The synthesized various ratio of bimetallic MOFs NiFe0:1-BDC,
NiFe1:5-BDC, NiFe1:15-BDC, NiFe1:60-BDC of surface areas were found to
be 33.7, 95.2, 201.8, 105.1 m2g− 1, respectively. To this degree, the
surface areas were increased from ratios 0:1 to 1:15 of bimetallic MOFs
and later it was decreased at higher ratio (1:60). The authors claimed
that the reduced surface area was obtained at a higher ratio of Ni:Fe
(1:60), due to their surface morphological transformation (Fig. 10a).
Because of these reasons, the adsorption capacity increases (15 to 81
mgg− 1) with increasing concentration of Ni:Fe ratio (0:1 to 1:15), and
later it was decreased (50 mgg− 1) at a higher ratio (1:60) (Fig. 10b).
Therefore, this study was found that the optimal ratio of adsorbent
NiFe1/15-BDC showed better for MB adsorption and qmax value of this
was 114.8 mgg− 1.
Generally, MOFs are chemically modified with either other materials
or functional groups. The surface modification of MOFs eventually helps
in the enhancement of dye removal [5,135,166,167,179]. However, the
modification process is expensive, time consuming, and follows multiple
steps. To avoid these issues, Liu et al. [183] modified ZIF-67 MOF with
negatively charged sulfonate (-SO3− ) dye and the material was used for
the MB removal. The central theme of the study was to remove positively
charged tertiary amine (-N+(CH3)2) groups of MB by negatively charged
sulfonate dye modified MOF through the electrostatic interaction.
Several sulfonate group containing dye was modified on ZIF-67 through
the in-situ process. In these, the cotton blue dye modified ZIF-67 shows
high removal of MB when compared to other sulfonate dye modified ZIF-
67 MOF. The cotton blue modified MOF showed the highest qmax
(6004.9 mgg− 1) for MB removal when compared to other reported MOFs
for MB removal. In addition, the reusability of the material was prom­
ising; with 88% removal efficiency after the 5th cycle. Interestingly,
another study shows the synthesis of -SO3H group containing 1,3-pro­
panesultone functionalized on 4-aminopyridine modified HKUST
(HKUST-AMP-SO3H) for the removal of various dyes including MB at
pH 7 [184]. The adsorbent HKUST-AMP-SO3H possessed low surface
area (895.5 m2g− 1) when compared to HKUST (1363 m2g− 1). However,
MB removal efficiency was significantly high for modified HKUST
(97%), whereas unmodified HKUST showed only 64% removal even
with higher surface area. The equilibrium time was achieved within 30
min and the qmax value was found to be 833.3 mgg− 1 for modified
G. Sriram et al.
HKUST and 238.0 mgg− 1 for unmodified HKUST. The results clearly
indicated that surface functionalization was an effective way to remove
dyes from water. However, the adsorption capacity obtained for SO3H
functionalized HKUST-AMP adsorbent (833.3 mgg− 1) was significantly
low when compared to the -SO3− group of cotton blue modified ZIF-67
(6004.9 mgg− 1) for the removal of MB [183].
Materials such as nanoparticles, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes,
clays, biochar, graphene, MOFs, etc. have been used for the water
treatment. The materials show excellent adsorption capacity
[30,51–53,57,59,87,90,128,165]. However, separation of those mate­
rials following adsorption with a combination of two-step processes,
such as centrifugation and filtration remains quiet challenging. Most of
the adsorption studies were performed using MOFs in powder form.
However, these powdered materials may lead to sludge formation after
adsorption. On the other hand, adsorption on MOFs fiber adsorbent is
highly desirable when compared to the powdered form of MOFs as
sludge formation is not desired for water treatment. Nanofiber-based
MOFs are materials that possess high surface area, mechanical stabil­
ity, high flexibility, high hydrophilicity, high porosity, etc. [185]. Owing
to the aforementioned advantages of the nanofiber form of MOFs, Li
et al. studied synthesis of Bio-MOF/PAN fiber using electrospinning for
the removal of MB [186]. Further, Zn-MOF (Bio-MOF) was synthesized
by the solvothermal method and the prepared MOF was mixed with PAN
solution to fabricate flexible nanofiber (Bio-MOF/PAN) with high hy­
drophilicity by electrospinning (Fig. 11). Comparatively, Bio-MOF/PAN
shows higher removal percentage (74.6%), whereas PAN shows a very
less removal percentage (33.8%). These nanofiber-based MOFs shows
highly selective removal of MB from the mixture of various dye solution.
However, optimization of the ratio between polymer solution and ma­
terials is a challenging target as to avoid bead formation during the
fabrication of nanofiber. It may diminish the fiber performance for the
application. Recently, positively charged tin (Sn) based MOF has been
synthesized for the removal of various cationic dyes including MB [187].
However, the authors found that the synthesized MOF was not suitable
for cationic dyes. The material shows promising results for anionic dyes.
2.1.2. Malachite green
Malachite green (MG) is one of the hazardous dyes. It is highly sol­
uble in the water medium giving greenish-blue color. MG is used widely
Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of fabrication of Bio-MOF/PAN nanofiber and application in selective removal of cationic (MB) dye [186], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
12
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
in industries such as acrylic, food, paint, paper, pharmaceuticals,
pigment, leather, silk, textile, etc.[188]. Additionally, it is also used as a
fungicide and disinfectant material to treat the fungus and other bacteria
in aquaculture based industries [189]. The molecular weight of MG dye
is 365 gmol− 1 and its λmax is 617 nm. MG is not stable in both high acidic
and high alkaline media and λmax values may vary due to the changes in
the molecular structure of MG in an aqueous solution [25]. MG is
teratogenic, mutagenesis, carcinogenic, and also causes other side ef­
fects for humans and other living animals [190]. Hence, the main aim is
to remove MG from wastewater before releasing it into the environment.
In this context, Hassan et al. studied the preparation of Zn-MOF (ZIF-8)
for the removal of MG at pH 8 [191]. This study yielded low qmax (60.2
mgg− 1) value although MOF possessed high surface area (495.1 m2g− 1).
The low adsorption could be attributed to the presence of less surface
functional groups on ZIF-8 surface. The reusability of the MOF shows
62% removal of MG after the 3rd cycle. In another study, Mahmoodi
et al. [192] studied a three-cycle coating of ZIF-8 on chitosan/polyvinyl
alcohol (CS/PVA) nanofiber for the high removal of MG at pH 6. Also, as
authors have observed, ZIF-8 MOF particle sizes were increased and
uniformly covered on CS/PVA nanofiber due to two to three coatings of
ZIF-8 MOF. However, the optimized cycle 2 (92%) was found to be
better for MG adsorption compared to cycle 1 (74%), and cycle 3 (79%).
In comparison, CS/PVA and ZIF8 show only 5 and 68% removal effi­
ciency, respectively. The time required to reach the equilibrium was 2.5
h. The qmax value of the study was found to be high (1000 mgg− 1) and
better reusability of the material (90% MG removal efficiency after the
5th cycle) was achieved. Similarly, various wt% (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5) of ZIF-8
was modified on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol membrane for the removal
of MG at pH 6.1 [193]. The optimal 1 wt% of ZIF-8 modified membrane
showed high MB removal efficiency (84%) compared to modified
membranes with rest of the wt% of ZIF-8. The equilibrium was reached
within 2 h. The authors observed that the removal efficiency decreased
with the increase in wt% of MOF due to formation of agglomeration in
the membrane. Additionally, the study did not follow the trend of
increasing the surface area with increasing ZIF-8 loading capacity in the
membrane. Further, the study did not yield high qmax (62.1 mgg− 1) for
the optimal ratio of the adsorbent. For the removal of MG, another group
of researchers synthesized adipic acid/Zn carbon materials with various
ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8) of adipic acid and Zn carbon materials. Later,
G. Sriram et al.
ZIF-8 was synthesized on these carbon materials using ultrasonication
treatment. The synthesized materials were named as 11-ZIF8/C, 12-
ZIF8/C, 14-ZIF8/C, and 18-ZIF8/C [194]. The optimal adsorbent 14-
ZIF-8/C was found to be better for MG adsorption than the other ra­
tios of ZIF-8/C. The equilibrium was found to achieve in 2 h. interest­
ingly, the study yielded the qmax value of 3056.8 mgg− 1 for MG removal
which is on higher side when compared to others reported MOFs.
Recently, polyethersulfone (PES) beads/ZIF-8/ZIF-67 MOFs composites
shows high MG removal (99%) efficiency. Also, the obtained qmax value
was also high (613.2 mgg− 1) at pH 7 [195]. Further, the equilibrium was
achieved in 90 min. Additionally, excellent reusability was found for
polymer-MOFs composite (98% MG removal efficiency after 6th cycle).
Recently, Ma et al. [196] developed Fe3O4@Au@MIL-100(Fe) magnetic
nanocomposite which showed complete removal of MG within 10 min at
natural pH. The high removal by MOF composite could be due to the
electrostatic attractions between positively charged MG and negatively
charged Fe MOF composite. Another group developed an oxidized
nanodiamond (ND)/UiO-66 composite with high surface area (902
m2g− 1) using the solvothermal method. The MOF composite was not
highly effective for the MG adsorption (qmax = 32.2 mgg− 1) even after an
adsorption period of 2 h [197].
2.1.3. Rhodamine B
Rhodamine B (RhB) is one of the water-soluble cationic dyes used in
various industries such as leather, printing, textile, dyeing, food, paper,
jute, paints, etc.[198]. However, water contaminated with RhB causes
skin disease, eye irritation, vomiting, breathing problems, etc. Also, it is
highly carcinogenic to the living organisms [199]. Considering the
hazardous and harmful effects, RhB must be removed from wastewater
before releasing it into the freshwater sources. The molecular weight of
RhB is 479.02 gmol− 1 and its λmax is 553 nm. Recently, Cheng et al.
[200] studied agarose (AG) biomass composite with ZIF-67 and ZIF-8
MOFs, respectively, to synthesize ZIF-67/AG and ZIF-8/AG aerogel
MOFs for the removal of RhB. The surface area of ZIF-67 (1279 m2g− 1)
and ZIF-8 (1229 m2g− 1) were higher than corresponding aerogel sam­
ples, such as ZIF-67/AG (399 m2g− 1) and ZIF-8/AG (330 m2g− 1). The
low surface area obtained for the aerogel MOFs could be due to the
presence of less pores in AG. However, the adsorptive removal of RhB
was found to be dependent on surface functional groups of aerogel MOFs
samples; surface area of the adsorbents did not have any major role in
the adsorption in the current study. The results show that the rich
functional groups of ZIF-8/AG was efficient enough to adsorbed RhB in
large quantities when compared to less functional groups of ZIF-67/AG
(very less adsorption). Additionally, the reusability of ZIF-8/AG was
better (90% RhB removal efficiency after the 5th cycle) and the equi­
librium was reached after 40 min. In a similar study, Zhao et al. [201]
developed kapok fiber biomass composite with MIL-53 using simple
chemical method followed by carbonization to synthesize carbon aero­
gel based biomass@MIL-53 (Biomass-C-MIL-53-C) for the removal of
RhB. However, this study yielded less qmax (29.1 mgg− 1) value towards
RhB. Also, the authors conducted a synthesis of ZIF-8 MOFs named
Biomass-C-ZIF-8-C using a similar procedure which also yielded low
qmax (26.1 mgg− 1). Thus, it may be concluded that biomass-based MOF
composite may not be effective for RhB removal. Another group studied
the synthesis of oxidized corncob (P-OCB) composite with ZIF-8 (ZIF-8/
P-OCB) using soaking procedure. Next, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were
introduced on ZIF-8/P-OCB (Ag@ ZIF-8/P-OCB) using mechanical stir­
ring for the removal of RhB at pH 9 [202]. The surface area of bare P-
OCB (41.9 m2g− 1) was low and it was enhanced (224.5 m2g− 1) following
functionalization with particles (Ag@ZIF-8/P-OCB). It is worthy to
mention that the designed adsorbent even with a high surface area was
not effective in the adsorption of RhB (P-OCB (2.0 mgg− 1) and Ag@ZIF-
8/P-OCB (11.7 mgg− 1). The equilibrium was reached at 60 min. How­
ever, the material was found to be highly efficiency in the catalytic
reduction of RhB with sodium borohydrate (NaBH4) as the reducing
agent. The time required for complete reduction was around 8 min.
13
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
Recently, ZIF-8 was synthesized by converting ZnO nanoparticles using
a mechanochemical process. The authors compared this process with
conventional solvent-based processes that were studied for the
comparative removal of RhB [203]. The authors proved that mechano­
chemical process synthesized ZIF-8 with high surface area (1751
m2g− 1). The adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 5 min with high
removal efficiency (93.9%), whereas solvent-based processes showed
marginally low surface area (1698 m2g− 1). A very little removal was
achieved in 120 min with low removal efficiency (41.6%). Additionally,
the mechanochemical process might enhance the ZIF-8 surface func­
tional groups (hydroxyls and coordinated Zn atoms) when compared to
the solvent-based processes. Therefore, one may conclude that enhanced
functional groups and high surface area obtained by physical process
play an important role in the adsorption. Recently, the microwave
method was used to synthesize Cu-MOF for the removal of RhB at low
pH 3 [204]. The synthesized material has moderate surface area of 342.7
m2g− 1. Interestingly, the study yielded high adsorption capacity of 185
mgg− 1 which is the highest qmax value obtained for the removal of RhB.
The equilibrium was achieved after 80 min. Another group studied two
different MOFs with NH2 functionalization, namely, NH2-MIL-101(Fe)
and NH2-MIL-101(Al) using the hydrothermal method for the RhB
removal at natural pH [205]. The surface area of NH2-MIL-101(Fe) and
NH2-MIL-101(Al) MOFs were found to be 2572.3 and 2073.8 m2g− 1,
respectively. The dye removal in the present study was found to be
dependent on the surface area. Based on the surface area, the dye
removal was superior for NH2-MIL-101(Fe) (97% removal within 20
min) when compared to NH2-MIL-101(Al) which shows less removal
(60%). In a separate study, Navarathna et al. synthesized MIL-53-Fe
MOF and the material was further modified with Fe3O4/biochar com­
posite (MOF-MBC) [206]. The material was then utilized for the removal
of RhB at pH 6. The resultant MOF-MBC shows very low surface area (7
m2g− 1), however, the dye removal efficiency (71%) and qmax (55
mgg− 1) values were found to be moderate. Similarly, another studies
shows very low surface area (7.0 m2g− 1) and a very low qmax (16.1
mgg− 1) were obtained when there was a hybrid formation between Zn-
MOF and covalent organic framework (COF) [207]. The Zn-MOF/COF
hybrid shows high removal (70%) at pH 9.5 and the reusability of this
hybrid adsorbent shows high removal efficiency (89%) even after the
6th cycle. Table 2 shows various types of MOFs and their adsorption
parameters for the removal of cationic dyes.
2.1.4. Mechanism of cationic dyes adsorption
In view of the above discussions, it is necessary to discuss the
adsorption mechanism of cationic dye that adsorb on MOFs surface. The
adsorption process could be either slow or fast depending on the surface
functional groups of MOFs and the molecular structure of dye or the size
of dye. The probable adsorption of cationic dyes on MOFs surface may
occur by several ways, such as electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, π-π
stacking, pore-filling, hydrophobic interaction, cation-π interaction,
anion-π interaction, ion-exchange, etc.[143,150,167,208]. These
mechanisms play a key role in the removal of dyes from water. Thus,
adsorption mechanism of some important MOFs have been discussed in
this section. A very fast (within 5 min) adsorption process was found due
to the adsorption of positively charged MB+ electrostatically on nega­
tively charged nitrate moiety (NO3ˉ) containing Cu-MOF-1 [155].
However, with the same MOF, RhB shows slow (30 min) adsorption by
electrostatic attraction due to the size restrictions (size of the RhB is
bigger than MB) (Fig. 12a). In another study, cation of MB+ molecules
were very quickly (5 min) adsorbed on nucleophilic moiety of bipyridine
linker MOF (Co-MOF) through cation-π interaction (Fig. 12b) [147]. The
quick adsorption was found between UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH
and MB through various possible mechanisms, such as electrostatic
interaction (positively charged MB and negatively charged MOF),
hydrogen bonding (between nitrogen atoms of MB and -OH of MOF),
and π-π stacking (between aromatic ring structure of both MB and MOF)
[167]. Similarly, the higher MB removal by amine-functionalized MOF-
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Table 2
Various types of MOFs and its synthesis for the removal of cationic dye and their maximum adsorption capacity.
Adsorbents Methods cost S. Area Dye pH Time (min) Efficiency Reused qmax Ref.
(m2g− 1) (cycle) (mgg− 1)

Fe-BDC MOF Conventional solution Moderate 46.0 MB Natural 1440 Moderate – 8.6 [133]
NH2-Fe-MOF Solvothermal Low 16.3 MB 9.0 600 Very high 2 312.5 [134]
Fe- MOF 545(Fe) Heat treatment Moderate 2368.0 MB 9.0 20 Moderate 8 382.3 [135]
Zn-MOF 1 Solvothermal High 1056.7 MB Natural 1440 High – 328.0 [136]
ZJU-48 Solvothermal Low 1450.0 MB – 2880 Moderate – 582.4 [137]
Zn-H4bptc Solvothermal Moderate – MB – 720 Moderate – 97.0 [138]
Abim-Zn-MOF Conventional solution Low 1.4 MB 7.5 30 High 1 178.5 [139]
Cage like Zn-MOF Heat treatment High 613.9 MB Natural 1440 Low – 7.7 [140]
In-MOF-1 Heat treatment Moderate – MB Natural 480 Moderate – – [141]
Imide-In-MOF Solvothermal Low – MB Natural 5 Very high – 333 [142]
Cd-MOF Solvothermal High – MB Natural 300 Low – – [143]
Cd- MOF Heat treatment Moderate – MB 7.0 720 High 3 595.4 [144]
LYU-2 Solvothermal Moderate – MB Natural 1440 Moderate 1 95.5 [145]
Co-MOF Solvothermal Low – MB Natural 420 Moderate – – [146]
Co-MOF (HT-1) Solvothermal Low – MB 7.0 30 High 10 – [147]
Co/Fe-MOF Conventional solution Moderate – MB 4.0 1440 Low 6 2.9 [148]
Cu-MOF (MOF-1) Solvothermal Low – MB Natural 60 High – – [149]
Cu-btc-1 Solvothermal Low – MB 7.0 40 High 4 – [150]
Cu3(BTC)2⋅2H2O Water based synthesis Moderate 1562.3 MB 7.0 120 High – 173.8 [151]
Cu-BTC@microalgal Solvothermal Low 950.0 MB 10.0 40 Moderate 5 162 [152]
Cu-bpy Solvothermal Moderate – MB 7.0 110 Very high 5 – [153]
Cu-H2BDC Hydrothermal Low – MB 6.0 20 Moderate 4 41.0 [154]
Cu-MOF-1 Slow evaporation Moderate – MB 7.0 20 High 5 – [155]
GO-Cu-MOF Ultrasonication High – MB 3.0 720 High – 262 [156]
Cu-BTC/Sodium alginate-gelatin Direct ink writing Moderate – MB 6.4 20 Very high 10 – [157]
[BMIM][PF6]/NH2-UiO-66 Impregnation High 5.0 MB 7.0 30 Very high 2 208.3 [162]
5-OND/UiO-66 Solvothermal High – MB – 120 Moderate – – [163]
UiO-66 Heat treatment Low 1684.2 MB 10.0 220 Moderate 5 543.4 [164]
UiO-66-(OH)2-GO Hydrothermal High 239.5 MB 7.0 60 High – 87.1 [166]
UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH Solvothermal High 917.2 MB 9.0 30 High 7 448.7 [167]
MP2 Heat treatment Moderate – MB 6.5 30 High 3 244.0 [168]
UiO-67 Conventional solution Moderate 2478.0 MB – 30 High – – [169]
Ce(III)-UiO-67 Solvothermal Moderate 1911.9 MB 7.0 80 Very high 4 398.9 [170]
MIL-100(Fe)/SBA-15 Hydrothermal High 700.0 MB – 1.0 Very high 3 – [171]
MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15 Reflux High 947.0 MB Wide 0.5 Very high 3 62.9 [172]
P2W18O62@Fe3O4/MIL-101 (Fe) Hydrothermal High 57.9 MB 6.0 9 Very high 3 68.9 [176]
Co-Fe/UiO-66-NH2 Heat treatment Moderate 740 MB 8.0 10 Very high 12 555.6 [179]
Ni-Co-Cu-MOF@AC Conventional solution Moderate 292.2 MB 6.0 120 Moderate 6 71.4 [180]
Ni MOF-magnetic composite Heat treatment High – MB – – Moderate 1 70.4 [181]
FeNi1/15-BDC Solvothermal Moderate 201.8 MB 6.5 200 Moderate 5 114.8 [182]
CB@ZIF-67 Conventional solution Low 1445 MB – 30 High 5 6004.9 [183]
HKUST-AMP-SO3H Hydrothermal High 895.5 MB 7.0 30 Very high 4 833.3 [184]
Bio-MOF-1/PAN fiber Electrospin Moderate – MB – – Moderate 5 – [186]
ZIF-8 Conventional solution Low 495.1 MG 8 60 Moderate 3 60.2 [191]
ZIF-8-CS/PVA cycle 2 Electrospin Moderate – MG 6.0 150 Very high 5 1000.0 [192]
ZIF-8-chitosan/PVA-1 Electrospin Moderate 61.0 MG 6.1 120 High – 62.1 [193]
14-ZIF-8/C Ultrasonication Low 136.5 MG – 120 Very high 3 3056.0 [194]
PES/ZIF-8/ZIF-67 Phase inversion Moderate 450.2 MG 7.0 90 High 6 613.2 [195]
Fe3O4@Au@MIL-100(Fe) Conventional solution High – MG Natural 10 High – – [196]
ND/UiO-66 Solvothermal Moderate 902 MG Natural 120 Low – – [197]
ZIF-8/AG aerogel Freeze-drying Low 330.0 RhB – 40 Moderate 5 – [200]
Biomass-C-MIL-53-C aerogel Carbonization Moderate – RhB – – Low – 29.1 [201]
Ag@ZIF-8/P-OCB Mechanical stirring High 224.5 RhB 9.0 60 Low 8 11.7 [202]
ZIF-8 Mechanochemical Low 1751 RhB – 5 Very high – – [203]
Cu-MOF Microwave Low 342.7 RhB 3.0 80 Moderate – 185 [204]
NH2-MIL-101(Fe) Hydrothermal Moderate 2572.3 RhB Natural 20 High 5 – [205]
MOF-MBC Solvothermal Moderate 7.0 RhB 6 180 Moderate – 55 [206]
Zn-MOF/COF Solvothermal Moderate 7.0 RhB 9.5 8 Moderate 6 16.1 [207]

Fe was observed via several adsorption mechanisms, such as pore filling,
electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions [134]. Whereas,
MOF-Fe does not have much interaction with MB, due to the mechanism
of pore filling, π-π interactions, and electrostatic attractions cause a
lesser degree of MB removal (Fig. 12c). Rapid and high removal was
observed by electrostatic (positively charged MG+ attracted to nega­
tively charged MOF) and π-π stacking mechanisms (between benzene
ring structures of both MG and MOF) were involved in the removal of
MG by ZIF-8@CS/PVA nanofiber (Fig. 12d) [192]. In another study,
only the π-π stacking mechanism of adsorption was taking place between
aromatic ring structures of MG and imidazole ring structures in PES/ZIF-
8/ZIF-67 composite MOF made high dye removal (Fig. 12e) [195].
Based on dye structures, MB adsorption was higher than RhB by Cu-btc-
1 MOF due to the fact that RhB has large and non-linear structure, when
compared to MB which has smaller size and linear structure [150]. Thus,
the other mechanisms (electrostatic, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding) do
not play any significant roles in this study for both the dyes and the size
and structure of dyes are a major part of this study (Fig. 12f). In
conclusion, the adsorption mechanisms are dependent on different fac­
tors, such as functional groups of MOF, size, and structure of dye mol­
ecules. However, the fast and high adsorption mainly depends on the
electrostatic interaction mechanism. Moreover, metals have been used
as dopants to increase MOFs' surface areas and adsorption sites to
enhance rapid interaction. Recent studies have shown that Ce-doped

14
G. Sriram et al.
Fig. 12. Various mechanism of adsorption between dyes and MOFs. (a) MB with other dyes adsorption on Cu-MOF-1 [155], Copyright 2020, Royal Society of
Chemistry. (b) MB adsorption on Co based MOF [147], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) MB adsorption on NH2-MOF-Fe [134], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (d) MG
adsorption on ZIF-8@CS/PVA nanofiber [192], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (e) MG adsorption on PES/ZIF-8/ZIF-67 [195], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. and (f) MB and
RhB adsorption on Cu-btc-1 [150], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
UiO-66 MOFs enhance adsorption sites and influence π-π interaction
mechanism between the benzene ring of Ce-doped UiO-66 and the ar­
omatic ring of MB in order to yield a higher adsorption capacity and no
interaction between MB and pristine UiO-66 was observed [209]. In
another study, Ce-doped Zr-MOF was used to obtained faster removal
and higher adsorption capacity with MB via electrostatic interaction
[170]. Similarly, Fe-doped ZIF-67 MOFs, promote higher adsorption
capacity with RhB via electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and
π-π interactions when compared to pristine ZIF-67 [210]. Recently, Co-
doped Fe-MOF for the removal of MB was studied by another group. The
electrostatic interaction between positively charged MB and negatively
charged surface of adsorbent was the only mechanism observed [148].
In another study, positively charged Ti-doped UiO-66-n does not adsorb
to a positively charged RhB due to its electrostatic repelling properties
[211]. The fast removal and high adsorption capacity for MB were
observed in Cu-doped MOF due to the mechanism such as electrostatic
interaction, π-π interaction, and hydrogen bonding [212]. Therefore,
studies on the special class of metal doped MOFs suggest that they can be
an effective as well as potential adsorbent for the removal of organic
dyes.
Observation of cationic dye removal by MOFs from Table 2, the high
adsorption capacity was obtained for excellent MOFs such as ZJU-48,
Cd- MOF, UiO-66, UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe)-GOCOOH, Ce(III)-UiO-67, Co-
Fe/UiO-66-NH2, CB@ZIF-67, ZIF-8-CS/PVA cycle 2, 14-ZIF-8/C, and
PES/ZIF-8/ZIF-67 can be attributed to either the higher surface area or
the superior surface functionalities of those MOFs. In the case of MOFs
such as Fe-BDC MOFs, Cage like Zn-MOF, Co/Fe-MOF, Biomass-C-MIL-
53-C aerogel, Ag@ZIF-8/P-OCB, MOF-MBC and Zn-MOF/COF adsor­
bents have poor adsorption capacities, which could be the reason for
their less porous, less surface area, and ineffective surface
functionalities.
2.2. Anionic dyes
In aqueous media, anionic dyes are negatively charged. They can
have different functional groups, such as nitro (R − NO2), azo (R − N=N
− R), nitroso (R − N=O), sulfonate (R − SO3ˉ), triphenylmethane (R − N
(CH2CH3)2), etc. Importantly, anionic dye structures mostly contain azo
15
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
groups which is a chromophore, along with some aromatic and sulfonate
groups. Owing to the complex structures, it is difficult to degrade them
biologically in water medium. The presence of anionic dyes in the water
bodies lead to environmental pollution [213]. Anionic dyes are highly
soluble in water and they get adsorbed onto positively charged adsor­
bent surfaces via electrostatic or other mechanism of interaction
[214–216]. In this section, various types of anionic dye and their
adsorption by MOFs have been discussed.
2.2.1. Congo red
Congo Red (CR) is one of the harmful, benzidine-based dyes which is
a cancer causing agent for humans [217]. It is mostly used in textile,
paper, silk, dying, biochemistry, and printing based industries [44,218].
Due to the aromatic structure of CR, it is non-biodegradable, highly
stable under the sunlight and it causes skin allergy, nausea, diarrhea,
and vomiting [219]. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the water
contaminated with CR before discharging it into the freshwater. Now-a-
days, positively charged MOFs are being utilized to remove anionic dyes
from wastewater. Recently, Indium (In)-MOF (In-TATAB) with surface
area of 623 m2g− 1 was used for the removal of various anionic dyes
including CR [220]. Complete removal of CR was achieved in 6 min with
better qmax (299 mgg− 1). The high qmax value obtained in the present
study may be due to the presence of triazine ring, containing nitrogen,
and secondary amine in the designed MOF. In another study, nitrogen
and hydroxyl rich Zn-MOF was synthesized by mixing two ligand sys­
tems for the complete adsorption of CR (100% removal efficiency within
60 min). In addition, a high qmax (2348 mgg− 1) was obtained in the
study [221]. Recently, micro-wave assisted solvothermal method was
used to synthesize Zn-MOF (ZIF-8). The material possessed high surface
area (489 m2g− 1). The high surface area of the material was found to be
responsible for excellent removal of CR (99% removal within 60 min) at
pH 8 [222]. However, the study yielded a low qmax (167 mgg− 1) value.
Further, the reusability study confirmed that the material can remove
74.5% of CR even after the 4th cycle.
Recently, the efficient and fast removal (99.9% within 1 min) of CR
at pH 7 was obtained by super-magnetic property of Fe3O4 composite
with ZIF-8 (M-ZIF-8) [223]. However, moderate qmax (210.5 mgg− 1) was
achieved even though the composite material possessed high surface
G. Sriram et al.
area (958 m2g− 1). Recently, Panda et al. [224] synthesized Zr-MOF
(UiO-66) for the removal of CR. The material was not much effective
for the CR removal and a low qmax value of 80 mgg− 1 was obtained for
the removal of CR. Another group improved the removal of CR at pH 7
by doping Ce-III onto Zr MOF (Ce-III/UiO-67) using solvothermal
method [170]. The resultant MOF possessed a high surface area (1911.9
m2g− 1) and high qmax (799.6 mgg− 1). Therefore, it may be concluded
that Ce-III could be a potential material to enhance the dye removal
efficiency of Zr-MOF. Similarly, positively charged of Zr-MOF (TFMOF)
with tremella kind morphology was synthesized by solvothermal
method. The material yielded high qmax (254.1mgg− 1) at pH 4 for CR
removal even though the material possessed low surface area (89.9
m2g− 1) [214]. In addition, TFMOF shows poor reusability (124.3 mgg− 1
after the 3rd cycle). The efficient removal of CR at pH 7 has been
investigated by functionalization of Zr-MOF (N-UiO-67) with nitrogen
(N) containing sources (acetamide, thioacetamide, and urea) using sol­
vothermal method [225]. Urea treated UiO-67 possessed high surface
area (1259.7 m2g− 1). Consequently, high qmax (2360 mgg− 1) was ach­
ieved. Besides, superior reusability (92% adsorption capacity after 5th
cycle) was achieved for urea treated UiO-67, when compared to UiO-67
treated with other nitrogen sources.
In another study, Yang et al. [226] studied the synthesis of sulfo-
modfied metal-organic framework (MIL-101-SO3H) for the removal of
toxic dyes including CR. The free –SO3H groups were successfully
incorporated onto MIL-101(Cr) skeleton to modulate the adsorption
driving forces between the adsorbent and the toxic dyes. This was ach­
ieved by varying the molar ratios of monosodium 2-sulfoterephthalic
acid-to-terephthalic acid during the synthesis step. The adsorption
data shows that qmax value for the removal of CR was 2592.7 mg g− 1.
The qmax value obtained in the study was 89.6% higher than the un­
coated MIL-101. Recently, aminated Cr-MOF was hybrid with PVDF
(Polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane (NH2-MIL-101(Cr)/PVDF-4) using
the blending method [227]. This membrane-based MOF showed high CR
adsorption at pH 5. Also, high reusability (98% removal efficiency after
the 6th cycle) was achieved in the current study. However, this study
shows a slow adsorption process (350 min) due to the lesser surface area
(12.2 m2g− 1) of hybrid membrane/MOF. In another study, Zhang et al.
[215] studied the synthesis of amine (NH2) functionalized MIL-101(Cr)
MOF using the hydrothermal method. The material possessed high
surface area (3112.6 m2g− 1). Owing to the high surface area, the ma­
terial yielded high qmax (3040.6 mgg− 1) for the removal of CR at pH 7. It
is worthwhile to mention that the study yielded highest qmax value for
the removal of CR than the others reported MOF. Thus, it may be
concluded that NH2 groups may be responsible for the superior func­
tionality on the MOF surface to adsorb CR.
Recently, Zolgharnein et al. [218] synthesized Ni-MOF
Fig. 13. (a) Adsorption capacity of various Fe-MOFs and (b) schematic representation of the CR removal ranges by MOFs [229], Copyright 2020, American
Chemical Society.
16
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
sonochemically for the removal of CR at natural pH. The synthesized
MOF shows high removal (96% removal within 30 min) and obtained a
moderate qmax (242.1 mgg− 1) value. In a similar study, Mg-MOF was
synthesized with flower kind morphology by solvothermal method,
followed by carbonized (MgO/C) through the pyrolysis process [228].
MgO/C shows a high adsorption of CR with ultrahigh qmax (2937.8
mgg− 1). The observed high value was due to the highly porous structure
and highly positive charged MgO/C. Further, pyrolysis could be a better
method to tune the surface property of the adsorbents for the dye
removal.
Fe-MOF (MIL-100(Fe)) has been synthesized using tetramethy­
lammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), respec­
tively, by hydrothermal method [229]. The surface area of MIL-100(Fe)/
HF (1906.5 m2g− 1) was found to be greater than MIL-100(Fe) (1316.1
m2g− 1). However, MIL-100(Fe)/TMA had marginally low surface area
(1264.5 m2g− 1) than MIL-100(Fe). Interestingly, the removal of CR by
the adsorbents were found to be dependent on the surface charge of the
adsorbents. The surface charge of the adsorbents satisfied the following
order: MIL-100(Fe)/TMA (4.1 mV) > MIL-100(Fe) (2.7 mV) > MIL-100
(Fe)/HF (− 8.4 mV).
Therefore, the qmax values obtained for MIL-100(Fe)/TM, MIL-100
(Fe), MIL-100(Fe)/HF were 1790.5, 1640.2 and 1166.2 mgg− 1, respec­
tively. Thus, it may be concluded that chemical functionality on MOFs
played an important role in achieving high removal and high adsorption
capacity. Fig. 13 (a-b) shows adsorption capacity and schematic repre­
sentation of various ranges of CR removal by Fe-MOFs and their
composites.
Recently, Fe-MOF hybrid with diatom (MIL-100(Fe)-DE) having
decent surface area (364.0 m2g− 1) exhibited high removal of CR (98.1%)
at neutral pH [112]. The bare diatom showed low surface area (18
m2g− 1), resulting in less removal (7.9%). Further, the reusability of
hybrid MOF showed high CR removal (71% removal after the 5th cycle).
Therefore, one may conclude that Fe-MOF may act as a superior material
to enhance the surface functionality of the diatom particles for the high
removal of CR. Similarly, Fu et al. developed positively charged Fe-MOF
(Fe-MIL-88NH2) which showed fast and high removal of CR (87.2%
removal within 60 min) [219]. This kind of MOF yielded high qmax
(769.1 mgg− 1) and good reusability (83% removal after the 4th cycle)
was observed for the removal of CR. The high removal could be attrib­
uted to the presence of NH2 functional groups on the surface of designed
MOF.
A chitosan/UiO-66 monolith composite was fabricated by ice tem­
plating method which showed high removal of CR (90%) at neutral pH
[230]. The obtained chitosan/UiO-66 monolith exhibited high adsorp­
tion capacity (246.9 mgg− 1) when compared to UiO-66 (199.2 mgg− 1).
Furthermore, the hybrid MOF displayed better reusability even after
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Fig. 14. (a) Before and after adsorption of CR by chitosan/UiO-66 monolith and (b) reusability of UiO-66 MOF and chitosan/UiO-66 monolith [230], Copyright
2020, Elsevier.

four cycles compared to UiO-66. Thus, the monolith based adsorbents
could play a pivotal role for the removal of dyes. Fig. 14 (a-b) shows
before and after CR adsorption by chitosan/UiO-66 monolith and reus­
ability of UiO-66 and Chitosan/UiO-66 monolith.
In a separate study, sponge type Zn-MOF (ZIF-8)/chitosan (ZIF-8/
Chitosan) composite was synthesized and the synthesized material was
further applied for the removal of CR [231]. The composite showed
significantly high qmax (1221.0 mgg− 1) when compared to qmax value
(726.7 mgg− 1) obtained for ZIF-8. Besides, the designed sponge type
adsorbent exhibited high reusability (98% removal after 5th cycle) and
high selectivity towards CR removal. Therefore, the sponge like adsor­
bent may act as a superior candidate for the removal of potentially toxic
dyes. Interestingly, a composite comprised of ZIF-8 and Ni-Al LDH
showed very fast and high removal (100%) in the pH range between 3
and 8, even though the composite material possessed low surface area
(122.7 m2g− 1) [232].
Recently, similar precursors have been used to synthesized Co-MOF
and ZIF-67 in water and solvent, respectively, for the removal of CR
[233]. The obtained surface area and surface charge of ZIF-67 (1208.8
m2g− 1 and 29.7 mV) were higher than Co-MOF (10.4 m2g− 1 and 28.1

Fig. 15. (a-b) CR removal efficiency of Co-MOF and ZIF-67 and (c-d) reusability of MOFs for CR removal [233], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

17
G. Sriram et al.
mV). Based on surface area and surface charge, ZIF-67 showed high CR
removal (99.9%) and superior qmax (1044.5 mgg− 1) over Co-MOF
(99.4% and 1019.0 mgg− 1). Therefore, these results reveal that the
solvent based synthesis (Co-MOF) was attributed to significant removal
when compared to water based synthesis (ZIF-67). However, water-
based synthesis could be a better choice keeping environmental health
in mind. Fig. 15 (a-d) shows removal efficiency and reusability of Co-
MOF and ZIF-67 for the removal of CR. Recently, positively charged
Co-MOFs (OUC-1) was synthesized by the solvothermal method. The
synthesized material had moderate surface area (360.9 m2g− 1) to adsorb
high CR (99%) at pH 6 [216]. The material yielded high qmax (762.3
mgg− 1) and exhibited high reusability (90% removal after the 8th
cycle). Another group of researchers synthesized Co-based bulk and
nano MOFs by solvothermal and ultrasonication methods, respectively,
for the removal of CR [234]. However, there were insignificant amounts
of CR got adsorbed by the both MOFs. The qmax values obtained for both
the adsorbents were 22 and 21 mgg− 1, respectively. This is one of the
studies that shows the less adsorption of CR when compared to other
reported MOFs.
Recently, carbon-derived Co-MOF (C-MOF-74) was functionalized
with ZIF-67 (ZIF-67@C-MOF-74) using the solvothermal method which
shows fast and high removal efficiency (75% removal within 5 min)
[235]. Instead of high surface area (753 m2g− 1) of this ZIF-67@C-MOF-
74 composite, moderate qmax (180 mgg− 1) was achieved in this study.
Also, excellent reusability of the material for CR removal (95% removal
after the 5th cycle) was observed.
2.2.2. Acid dyes
Acid dyes (Acid blue 80 (AB80), Acid blue 92 (AB92), Acid red 57
(AR57), Acid red 26 (AR26), Acid red (18), Acid chrome blue K (ACBK),
Acid orange 7 (AO7)) are synthetic anionic dyes. They are present in the
wide range of colors. Besides, they are highly soluble in water. These
dyes are mostly used in industries, such as leather, nylon, food, silk,
pharmaceuticals, wool, textiles, cosmetics, etc. [30,236]. The presence
of sulfonic groups and aromatic molecular ring structures, makes acid
Fig. 16. (a-b) UV–Vis absorbance spectra of ACBK and AR26 with time and (c-d) Photo images of before and after dye adsorption of In-TATAB [220], Copyright
2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
18
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
dyes non-biodegradable in the water. Also, they have carcinogenic and
mutagenic effects for both human and environments [236]. Therefore,
wastewater containing acid dyes should be treated thoroughly before
being discharged into the freshwater. Recently, aluminum (Al) based
MOF was used to remove AB80 at neutral pH and it shows high qmax
(200 mgg− 1). High adsorption capacity could be attributed to the high
surface area (630 m2g− 1) and a high positive charge (12 mV) of the
adsorbent [208]. The reusability of MOF was better and was able to
remove 80% even after the 4th cycle. Another MOF based on Indium (In-
TATAB) received great attention due to high surface area (630 m2g− 1).
The material exhibited very fast (6 and 10 min), high removal (99.9 and
93%), with high qmax (343 and 259 mgg− 1) for ACBK and AR26 dyes,
respectively [220]. The fast removal was due to the H3TATAB ligand in
the MOF which has nitrogen and secondary amines (Positive charges) to
attract negatively charged anionic dyes (Fig. 16). Additionally, the
presence of -SO3ˉ groups was higher in ACBK than AR26, responsible for
high attraction with In-TATAB. Recently, the removal of AR18 at pH 7
was investigated using carbonized lanthanide MOF (C/La-MOF) through
the pyrolysis process [236]. The material showed low adsorption per­
formance and low qmax (47.3 mgg− 1) was achieved even though the
MOF possessed a high surface area (408 m2g− 1). Therefore, this
carbonized MOF may need further surface functionalization to remove
dye molecules with high qmax. Recently, Zr-MOF (UiO-66) was synthe­
sized by the solvothermal method to obtain an adsorbent with high
surface area (1215 m2g− 1) [237]. However, this study observed mod­
erate removal efficiency (77%), and obtained very low qmax (32.9
mgg− 1) for the removal of AB92 at pH 5. Another group of researchers
studied the synthesis of Ce-MOF and Zr-MOF with surface area of 1090
and 826 m2g− 1 for the removal of AO7. Ce-MOF and Zr-MOF yielded
qmax values of 427 and 332 mgg− 1, respectively, for the removal of AO7
[238]. For the removal of acid dyes, the highest qmax (427 mgg− 1) was
achieved for Ce-MOF when compared to other reported MOFs. Another
group studied the synthesis of a composite comprised of Fe3O4 and Zr-
MOF (UiO-67) for the removal of AO7. The composite had moderate
surface area value (339 m2g− 1). Consequently, a moderate qmax value of
G. Sriram et al.
1
170 mgg− was achieved [239].
2.2.3. Eriochrome Black T
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) is one of the anionic dyes and it is widely
used in silk, nylon, dyeing, wool, printing, cosmetics industries. Besides,
it is also used as a metal ion indicator in titrimetric analysis
[47,213,240]. EBT is a hazardous dye and they are carcinogenic for both
humans and aquatic life. Due to the concern of toxicity, it is very
essential to design a highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of EBT
from water. The molecular weight of EBT is 461.3 molg− 1 and λmax value
is 524 nm. Recently, composites made up of amine-treated Zr-MOF
(UiO-66-NH2) and GO with variable weight ratio of 2, 5, and 10 wt%
were synthesized using ultrasonication method for the removal of EBT
from wastewater at pH 1 [241]. The optimized ratio (5 wt%) GO
modified UiO-66-NH2 exhibited high surface area (740.3 m2g− 1) and
high qmax (263.1 mgg− 1) when compared to other composites
mentioned in this study. Bare UiO-66-NH2 shows comparatively less
surface area (675.3 m2g− 1) and low qmax value of 220.8 mgg− 1was
achieved. Therefore, GO could act as a potential material by enhancing
the surface area and adsorption capacity of UiO-66-NH2. However, the
selected pH (1.0) produces a highly acidic medium which is not safe for
environmental health.
In another study, for the first time, the combined electrocoagulation
(EC) and adsorption process had been used for the removal of EBT by Co-
MOF(ZIF-67) at pH 5 [242]. The combined process showed high
removal (99%) when compared to EC (89%) alone. A separate group
studied different precursors of Co and Zn which were used to synthesize
ZIF-67 and ZIF-8 MOFs, respectively, for EBT removal [243]. Depending
upon the precursors, the morphology of MOFs were varied. The cobalt
acetate precursor-based ZIF-67-OAc shows a high surface area (1300
m2g− 1) when compared to other precursors of ZIF-67 and ZIF-8 based
MOFs. Instead of high surface area, the EBT adsorption onto ZIF-67-OAc
was moderate with qmax value of 263.5 mgg− 1. Recently, a composite
made up of ZIF-8 (NP/MC/ZIF-8) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified
with mucilage (MC), extracted from basil seed was used for the removal
of EBT at pH 6 [244]. However, the bio-nanocomposite had low surface
area (7.1 m2g− 1) and qmax (8.1 mgg− 1) values. Thus, it may be concluded
that the bio-nanocomposite possessed very low adsorption capacity
when compared to other reported MOFs for EBT removal.
2.2.4. Methyl orange
Methyl orange (MO) is one of the anionic azo dyes. It possesses very
gorgeous color and is attracted by various industries such as food, rub­
ber, dyeing, textile, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, paper, printing, etc.
[245]. However, MO is biodegradable and it contains an azo group
which creates a problem for environmental health. The molecular
weight of MO is 327.3 gmol− 1 and λmax is 464 nm.[246] MO is
responsible for health issues such as asthma, vomiting, sweating, skin
irritation, nausea, diarrhea, and is also a highly carcinogenic dye [247].
Therefore, it is necessary to treat before releasing into the environment.
In a study, Fe modified 545(Fe)MOF with high surface area (2368
m2g− 1) was synthesized. The synthesized material yielded high qmax
(803.6 mgg− 1) for the removal of MO at pH 5 [135]. Recently, Zhang
et al. [248] had synthesized three MOFs MIL-101-Cr, MIL-53-Al, and ZIF-
8 for the removal of MO. The highest surface area and high qmax (2891
m2g− 1 and 196 mgg− 1) were observed for MIL-101-Cr when compared
to MIL-53-Al (1238 m2g− 1 and 100 mgg− 1) and ZIF-8 (1426 m2g− 1 and
5.2 mgg− 1). Even though, ZIF-8 showed high surface area, it showed
very less adsorption capacity when compared to MIL-53-Al due to the
fact that size of the dye molecules were bigger than the pore size of ZIF-
8. In a separate study, TiO2 modified MIL-101-Cr with different ratios of
TiO2 (10–40%) had been synthesized for the removal of MO at natural
pH [249]. TiO2 modified MOF with optimal ratio of 20% showed high
removal (93%) when compared to other ratios. The surface area (2223.2
m2g− 1) with the optimized ratio was higher than the other weight ratios,
such as 10 (2135.2 m2g− 1), 30 (1746.9 m2g− 1), and 40% (1725.4 m2g− 1)
19
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
TiO2 modified MOFs. Depending on the surface area, the experiments
were conducted only optimized ratio and it showed moderate qmax (242
mgg− 1) which is higher than the value obtained in the previous litera­
ture [248].
Another group observed a high qmax (617 mgg− 1) value for the
removal of MO at pH 6 by Co-MOF (ZIF-67) modified cellulose aerogel
(CA/ZIF-67) [250]. However, qmax value obtained for bare cellulose
aerogel was 127 mgg− 1. Therefore, it may be concluded that ZIF-67
played a pivotal role in enhancing the adsorption capacity of CA. In a
similar study, high qmax (1029.5 mgg− 1) value was obtained at pH 6 by
the ZIF-67 modified CoNi LDH synthesized by ultrasonication and even
though the hierarchical MOF/LDH shows the low surface area (172.3
m2g− 1) [251]. For the case of reusability, the hierarchical MOF/LDH
found to be high (850 mgg− 1 even after the 4th cycle). Another group of
researchers observed that ZIF-67 modified CoAl LDH showed low qmax
(180.5 mgg− 1) even though the material possessed a high surface area
(374.3 m2g− 1) [252]. The reusability of ZIF-67/LDH was found to be
moderate (74 mgg− 1 after 4th cycle). Recently, Sun et al. [253] devel­
oped SiO2@ZIF-67/CNTs composite using ultrasonication and followed
by calcination for the removal of MO at pH 7. This calcined composite
did not show much qmax (321.7 mgg− 1) at pH 7 even though it has a high
surface area (1135 m2g− 1). Whereas, un-calcined composite exhibited
comparatively low surface area (993 m2g− 1) and lesser qmax (111.5
mgg− 1). Therefore, one can say that calcination process influences the
surface properties of the adsorbent.
Recently, Cd-MOF showed a very slow adsorption (300 min) process
for MO at natural pH, even though the MOF is positively charged [143].
Hence, the designed MOF may not be suitable for MO removal and
therefore, the authors have claimed that slow adsorption was due to the
size restrictions (size of the MB molecule is bigger than the pore size of
MOF). Similar trend was also observed for bimetallic Cu-Zr MOF (PFC-
24-Zr). There was a very slow MO adsorption (24 h) process with
bimetallic Cu-Zr MOF (PFC-24-Zr). The study yielded very low qmax (12
mgg− 1) value [254]. The observed slow adsorption and low adsorption
capacity of this study could be due to low surface area (142 m2g− 1) of
bimetallic MOF. In contrast, effective removal (99.9%) of MO within 30
min at natural pH has been observed by high positively charged Zn-
MOF, synthesized by solvothermal method [255]. Recently, commer­
cially available Al-MOF (MIL-53(Al)) has been used to adsorb MO at pH
6 [256]. Even though, MIL-53(Al) is acts negatively charge at pH 6 to
obtained moderate qmax (182) for negatively charged MO. Fig. 17a-b
shows the effect of pH on adsorption of MO by MOF-53(Al) and its zero-
point measurement. Similarly, Another group observed even though
negatively charged Cu-MOF show higher removal (92.6%) of MO within
90 min [153].
Another group synthesized polythreaded manganese (Mn) MOF by
hydrothermal method. The material exhibited highest qmax (1574.8
mgg− 1) for the removal of MO at pH 7 [257]. The high adsorption was
due to the Mn2+ ions of the Mn-MOF that can easily attract more MOˉ
species. Thus, this MOF is much superior to other reported MOFs for MO
removal. Recently, ZIF-8 modified COOH-carbon fiber (CF/ZIF-8)
showed very low adsorption for MO at natural pH since CF/ZIF-8 is
highly negatively charged and it repels the negatively charged MO
molecules [258]. Fig. 18 shows a schematic diagram of the synthesis and
fabrication of carbon fiber/ZIF-8 composite and its application in dye
removal.
Solvothermal method was used to synthesize Co-MOF(HT-1) which
shows fast (30 min) MO adsorption with high removal efficiency
(86.6%) at pH 7 [147]. Another attempt was made to synthesize Ni
(HL5) and Co (HL6) MOFs hydrothermally for the removal of MO at
natural pH [259]. As observed, HL6 showed complete removal of MO
within 90 min when compared to HL5 which shows less removal.
Recently, highly positive charged Zr-MOF (UiO-66) has been synthe­
sized for the removal of MO at pH 5.5 [260]. The material has a high
surface area (1276 m2g− 1). The high surface area resulted in high qmax
(454.5 mgg− 1). The reusability of MOF was found to be good (74 mgg− 1
G. Sriram et al.
Fig. 17. (a) Effect of pH on adsorption of MO on MIL-53(Al) and (b) zero-point charge analysis of MIL-53(Al) [256], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 18. Schematic representation of fabrication of Carbon fiber (CF)/ZIF-8 composite and its dye removal application [258], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
adsorption capacity retention after 5th cycle.). Further, the material
exhibited high selectivity towards MO mixture with MB and MG.
Another group of researchers synthesized CNTs/UiO-66-NH2 com­
posite by three different routes, such as physical blending, chemical and
interfacial (solvothermal) methods for MO removal at natural pH [261].
The composite synthesized by interfacial method showed the highest
surface area (692 m2g− 1). Consequently, the composite showed high
qmax (593.5 mgg− 1) when compared to other two methods. Therefore,
the solvothermal method could be the best process for the enhancement
of adsorbent surface properties, responsible for the increased dye
adsorption. Another group synthesized MOF compounds by mixing two
linkers (H2BDC-NH2 and H2BDC) with Zr-MOF (UiO-66) in various ra­
tios (1:9, 2:8 and 3:7) by solvothermal method. The compounds are
termed as UiO-66-NH2-1, 2 and 3 [262]. The surface area of UiO-66-
NH2-1, 2, and 3 were found to be 1292.5, 1057.8, and 756.7 m2g− 1,
respectively. The optimal ratio of adsorbent was found to be UiO-66-
NH2-2 and its obtained high qmax (538.2 mgg− 1) at neutral pH when
compared to other ratios due to the presence of rich surface function­
ality, responsible for the enhancement of dye adsorption through
hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking between MO and UiO-66-NH2-2. The
reusability of such MOFs was found to be very poor (15% removal after
the 4th cycle). Recently, Nasehi et al. [263] synthesized acetic acid
functionalized UIO-66-NH2-MnFe2O4-TiO2-TiNT multi composites by
ultrasonication method to obtain higher surface area (983.6 m2g− 1).
However, this study failed to showcase much effective adsorption for
MO. The study yielded a qmax value of only 164 mgg− 1. However, the
reusability of MOF composite was good (89% removal after the 4th
cycle). Another study obtained a high qmax (617.8 mgg− 1) at pH 6.9 by
optimized ratio of FeNi1/15-BDC MOFs using the solvothermal method
[182]. The various ratio and their surface area of this FeNi-BDC MOFs
bimetallic has been discussed detailed in the section of MB removal.
20
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
2.2.5. Other anionic dyes
Orange II (OII), Direct Blue (DB), and Direct red (DR) are considered
to be carcinogenic and are used in various industries [264]. The pres­
ence of hazardous dyes in the water bodies may act as a threat to both
public and environmental health. This necessitates us to treat them
before releasing into environment. Thus, it is important to develop an
efficient adsorbent to absorb these toxic dyes. Nitrogen rich In-TATAB
MOF with high surface area (623 m2g− 1) has been used for the com­
plete adsorption of Orange II (OII) within 10 min at natural pH. A
moderate qmax (217 mgg− 1) value was obtained [220]. Recently, the
bimetallic-based zeolitic imidazole framework (BMZIF) has attracted
significant attention due to their water stability, high surface area,
simple synthesis protocols, etc. Soltani et al. [265] studied the synthesis
of Ni-Co LDH/BMZIF composite for the removal of OII at neutral pH. The
surface area (1700 m2g− 1) of BMZIF was higher than Ni-Co LDH (65
m2g− 1) and Ni-Co LDH/BMZIF (1282 m2g− 1). However, the obtained
qmax (1173 mgg− 1) of Ni-Co LDH/BMZIF was superior to Ni-Co LDH
(1123 mgg− 1) and BMZIF (1170 mgg− 1). It is interesting to note that Ni-
Co LDH also showed high adsorption capacity even though it has a very
low surface area (Fig. 19). Therefore, there was not much variation in
the adsorption capacity even BMZIF was composite with LDH. Recently,
two different Co-MOF composites, namely, Co-MOF (1 and 2) were
synthesized by adjusting their pH conditions (5.6 and 5), respectively,
using the solvothermal method [266]. MOF 1 is showed superior
removal (84.6% after 4 h) of OII when compared to MOF 2 which
showed less removal (80.2% after 4 h). The adsorption in such case was
dependent on the surface properties of the MOFs. It is worthy to note
that the synthesis at high pH (5.6) could enhance the surface property of
MOF 1 to adsorb dye in high quantities. Whereas, MOF 2 was synthe­
sized at comparative low pH (5.0). The synthesis at low pH may result in
the formation of less surface functional groups. Consequently, there was
G. Sriram et al.
Fig. 19. Synthesis process of LDH/BMZIF and their application in removal of O II and other pollutants [265], Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
less adsorption of dye molecules. Recently, high qmax (419.8 mgg− 1) at
pH 5 for Acid orange II (AOII) has been obtained by gold (Au) func­
tionalized NH2-MIL-101(Cr). The synthesized material was positively
charged and possessed higher surface area (916.7 m2g− 1) [267]. The
reusability study showed that the adsorbent was able to remove 90% of
AOII even after the 4th cycle.
Recently, a composite made up of Fe3O4 and ZIF-67 has been used for
the removal of direct blue 80 (DB80) at pH 7 [268]. The material has a
higher surface area (528.9 m2g− 1). However, the adsorption capacity
was found to be low (96.5 mgg− 1). Another effective In-TATAB MOF
show high surface area (623 m2g− 1) tends to complete removal (99.9%
within 10 min) of direct blue 38 (DB38) at natural pH [220]. Thus, it's
resulted in high qmax (242 mgg− 1). The indium-based MOF could be a
potential adsorbent for the removal of anionic dye DB38. Another MOF,
positive charged Zr-MOF(UiO-66) shows lesser qmax (31.2 mgg− 1) for
direct blue 2B (DB2B) at pH 5 even though the MOF has a higher surface
area (1215 m2g− 1) [237]. Hence, this designed adsorbent may be
needed further functionalization for the enhancement of DB2B removal.
Another group studied MIL-101(Cr) was composite with activated car­
bon (AC@MIL-101(Cr)) using the hydrothermal method [269]. How­
ever, this designed composite (500 mgg− 1) shows lesser performance
than control adsorbent MIL-101(Cr) (526.3 mgg− 1) for the removal of
DR31. This AC modified MOF does not show much effective than the
control MOF and therefore AC could not be an active adsorbent for MIL-
100(Cr). Similarly, Far et al. [270] observed the removal of DR31 by
Fe3O4@UiO-66@poly(propyleneimine) which shows lesser perfor­
mance (227.7 mgg− 1) than control adsorbent Fe3O4@UiO-66 (333
mgg− 1). Besides, the surface area of this composite (120 m2g− 1) was
found to be lesser than the control (507 m2g− 1) sample. Therefore, this
study also shows adsorbents in the form of composite did not play in the
removal of dyes. Table 3 shows various types of MOFs and their
adsorption parameters for the removal of cationic dyes.
Simlarly, the observation of anionic dye removal by MOFs from
Table 3, compared to some MOFs (Zr-MOF (UiO-66), Co-based bulk
MOF, C/La-MOF, Zr-MOF(UiO-66), NP/MC/ZIF-8, PFC-24-Zr, and Zr-
MOF (UiO-66)), most of the MOFs displayed higher adsorption capac­
ities. MOFs with high adsorption capacity has a very high surface area,
the surface functional groups are very effective and surface with high
positive charge was attributed to high efficiency, whereas MOFs with a
21
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
low adsorption capacity may have fewer pores, less positive charge on
their surface, and their surface functionality is not very effective, which
results in lower efficiency.
2.2.6. Mechanism of anionic dye adsorption
Any adsorption process is governed by several mechanisms, such as
hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, electrostatic, ion-exchange, hydro­
phobic, pore-filling, etc. These mechanisms play a crucial role in the
removal of anionic dyes from water using MOFs [208,271]. In general,
adsorption is mostly occurred by electrostatic interactions between
positively charged MOF and negatively charged anionic dye [214].
Depending upon the surface functional groups present on the surface of
MOFs, there might be single or multiple mechanisms [214,220]. Recent
reports showed that a combination of several mechanisms, such as
electrostatic (between opposite charges of dye and MOF), hydrogen
bonding (between hydrogen element in amine groups of dye and oxide
element of the linker in MOF), and hydrophobic interaction (aromatic
rings between the dye and MOF) were observed in the removal of AB80
by positively charged Al-MOF [208]. Similar mechanisms with addi­
tional pore-filling have been observed for MIL-100(Fe) towards the
removal of CR (Fig. 20a) [229]. Also, the rich functional surfaces of Ce-
UiO-66 MOF adsorbed AO7 through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding,
π-π stacking interactions. A combination of these three interactions
played a positive role toward high removal of the dye from the water
(Fig. 20b) [238]. The complete removal of ACBK dye by In-TATAB MOF
was due to a strong electrostatic, ion-exchange (NO3ˉ ions in the MOF
can be exchanged through other anions and hence, the negative charge
of ACBK could be adsorbed through the MOF by ion exchange), and
hydrogen bonding mechanisms [220]. The efficient adsorptive removal
of negatively charged MO by positively charged Cd-MOF were facili­
tated through electrostatic and ion-exchange-based mechanisms [143].
In another study, very less amount of dye removal was observed due to
similar charges of both dye and MOF [147]. Therefore, there was a weak
hydrogen bonding and cation-π interaction found between both negative
charged Co-MOF(HT-1) and MO (Fig. 20c). Another group observed π-π
stacking (dye and MOF both have similar charges) and electrostatic
interaction (dye and MOF both have opposite charges) between CR and
Co-MOF [272]. Similarly, π-π stacking and electrostatic mechanism were
responsible for the high removal of CR by ZIF-8@NiAl-LDHs and ZIF-8
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Table 3
Various types of MOFs, synthesis, adsorption properties for the removal of anionic dye and their maximum adsorption capacity.
Adsorbents Methods cost Surface area Dye pH Time Efficiency Reused qmax Ref.
(m2g− 1) (min) (Cycle) (mgg− 1)

In-TATAB Heat treatment High 623.0 CR Natural 6 High – 299.0 [220]

Zn-MOF Heat treatment Moderate – CR – 60 Very high 4 2348.0 [221]
Zn-MOF(ZIF-8) Solvothermal Low 489.0 CR 8.0 60 High 4 167.0 [222]
M-ZIF-8 Heat treatment High 958.0 CR 7.0 3 Very high – 210.5 [223]
Zr-MOF (UiO-66) Heat treatment Moderate – CR – 60 Low – 80.3 [224]
Ce-III doped UiO-67 Solvothermal Moderate 1911.9 CR 7.0 80 High 4 799.6 [170]
TFMOF Solvothermal Moderate 89.9 CR 4.0 8 High 3 254.1 [214]
NU-UiO-67 Solvothermal Moderate 1259.7 CR 7.0 350 Very high 5 2387.9 [225]
MIL-101-SO3H-1 Hydrothermal Low 2818.1 CR 7.0 80 Very high 5 2620.8 [226]
NH2-MIL-101(Cr)/ Blending Moderate 12.2 CR 5.0 180 Slow 6 – [227]
PVDF-4
MIL-101-NH2-1 Hydrothermal Low 3112.6 CR 7.0 80 Very high 4 3040.6 [215]
Ni-MOF Sonochemical Low – CR Natural – Moderate – 242.0 [218]
MgO/C pyrolysis Low 287.0 CR Natural 120 Very high – 2937.8 [228]
MIL-100(Fe)-TMA Hydrothermal High 1264.5 CR 7.0 80 High 3 1790.5 [229]
MIL-100(Fe)-DE Conventional Moderate 364.0 CR 7.0 – Very high 5 – [112]
solution
Fe-MIL-88NH2 Solvothermal Low – CR Natural 60 High 4 769.1 [219]
Chitosan/Uio-66 Ice template Moderate 122.0 CR 7.0 60 High 4 246.9 [230]
monolith
ZIF-8/Chitosan Freeze dry Low – CR Natural 1200 Very high 5 1221.0 [231]
ZIF-8/NiAl-LDHs Heat treatment Moderate 122.7 CR 3.0–8.0 – Very high 8 – [232]
ZIF-67 Hydrothermal Low 1208.8 CR – 30 High – 1044.5 [233]
Co-MOF (OUC-1) Solvothermal Moderate 360.9 CR 6.0 540 High 8 762.3 [216]
Co-based bulk MOF Solvothermal Low – CR Natural 15 Low – 22.3 [234]
Co-based nano MOF Ultrasonication Low – CR Natural 5 High – 21.6 [234]
ZIF-67@C-MOF-74 Solvothermal High 753.0 CR – 20 High 5 180.0 [235]
Al-MOF Commercial Moderate 630.0 AB80 7.0 30 High 4 200.0 [208]
In-TATAB Heat treatment High 623.0 ACBK Natural 6 Very high – 343.0 [220]
In-TATAB Heat treatment High 623.0 AR26 Natural 10 High 3 259.0 [220]
C/La-MOF Pyrolysis Moderate 408.0 AR18 7.0 30 Low – 47.3 [236]
Zr-MOF(UiO-66) Solvothermal Low 1215.0 AB92 5.0 40 Moderate – 32.9 [237]
Ce-MOF(UiO-66) Heat treatment Low 1090.0 AO7 – 40 High 4 427.0 [238]
Fe3O4@Zr-MOF Ultrasonication High 339.0 AO7 – – Moderate – 170.0 [239]
(UiO-67)
UiO-66-NH2/GO-5 wt Ultrasonication High 740.3 EBT 1.0 80 Moderate 3 263.1 [241]
%
ZIF-67 Conventional Low 1323.0 EBT 5.0 10 High – – [242]
solution
ZIF-67-Oac Hydrothermal Low 1300.0 EBT 6.8 40 High – 263.5 [243]
NP/MC/ZIF-8 Conventional High 7.1 EBT 6.0 120 Very low 4 8.1 [244]
solution
Fe-MOF 545(Fe) Heat treatment Moderate 2368.0 MO 5.0 60 High 8 803.6 [135]
MIL-101-Cr Solvothermal Low 2891.0 MO 7.0 < pH 30 Moderate – 196.0 [248]
TiO2/MIL-101(Cr) Hydrothermal Moderate 2223.2 MO Natural 80 High 5 242.0 [249]
ZIF-67@CA In-situ growth High – MO 6.0 60 High 5 617.0 [250]
ZIF-67@LDH Ultrasonication Moderate 172.3 MO 6.0 200 High 4 1029.5 [251]
ZIF-67@CoAl LDH In-situ growth High 374.3 MO Low pH 90 Moderate 4 180.5 [252]
C-SiO2@ZIF-67/CNTs Calcination High 1135.0 MO 7.0 480 Moderate 5 321.7 [253]
Cd-MOF Solvothermal High – MO Natural 300 Low – – [143]
PFC-24-Zr Solvothermal High 142.0 MO Natural 1440 Very low 3 12.0 [254]
Zn-MOF Solvothermal Moderate – MO Natural 35 Very high – 247.0 [255]
MIL-53(Al) Commercial Low – MO Natural 180 Moderate 4 182.5 [256]
Cu-MOF Solvothermal Moderate – MO 7.0 90 High – – [153]
Mn-MOF Hydrothermal Moderate – MO 7.0 240 Very high – 1574.8 [257]
CF/ZIF-8 Pressing Moderate 495.2 MO Natural 700 Low 5 – [258]
Co-MOF (HT-1) Solvothermal Low – MO 7.0 30 High – – [147]
Co-MOF(HL-6) Hydrothermal Low – MO Natural 90 Very high – – [259]
UiO-66 Solvothermal Low 1276 MO 5.5 30 High 3 454.5 [260]
CNTs@UiO-66-NH2 Solvothermal High 692.0 MO Natural 180 High 5 593.4 [261]
UiO-66-NH2-2 Solvothermal Low 1057.8 MO 7.0 80 High 4 538.2 [262]
UIO-66-NH2-
MnFe2O4- Ultrasonication High 983.6 MO 5.5 – Moderate 4 164.0 [263]
TiO2-TiNT
FeNi1/15-BDC Solvothermal Moderate 201.8 MO 6.9 200 Moderate – 617.8 [182]
In-TATAB Heat treatment High 623.0 OII Natural 10 High – 217.0 [220]
LDH/BMZIF Sonochemical Moderate 1282 OII 7.0 20 Very high – 1173.0 [265]
Co-MOF(1) Solvothermal Low – OII Natural 120 High 1 – [266]
NH2-MIL-101(Cr)
Reduction High 916.7 AOII 5 30 High 5 419.8 [267]
@Au
Conventional
Fe3O4/ZIF-67 Moderate 528.9 DB80 7 60 Low – 96.5 [268]
solution
In-TATAB Heat treatment High 623.0 DB38 Natural 10 High – 242.0 [220]
(continued on next page)

22
G. Sriram et al. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378

Table 3 (continued )
Adsorbents Methods cost Surface area Dye pH Time Efficiency Reused qmax Ref.
(m2g− 1) (min) (Cycle) (mgg− 1)

Zr-MOF(UiO-66) Solvothermal Low 1215.0 DR2B 5.0 40 Moderate – 31.2 [237]

AC@MIL-101(Cr) Hydrothermal High 2439.4 DR31 pH > 7 40 Very high – 500.0 [269]
Fe3O4@UiO-66@PPI Mechanical stirring High 120 DR31 5 40 High – 227.7 [270]

Fig. 20. Schematic representation of various mechanism of anionic dye adsorption on MOFs. (a) CR adsorption on MIL-100(Fe) [229], Copyright 2020, American
Chemical Society. (b) AO7 adsorption on Ce-UiO-66 [238], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) MO adsorption on HT-1 [147], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (d) CR adsorption
on ZIF-8@NiAl-LDH [232], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (e) CR adsorption on ZIF-8 [222], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (f) MO adsorption on CNTs@UiO-66/NH2 [261],
Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (g) MO adsorption on ZIF-67@CoNi LDH [251], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (h) DR31 adsorption on AC@MIL-101(CR)
[269], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (i) CR adsorption on MIL-101-NH2 [215], Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

(Fig. 20d-e) [222,232]. The high EBT adsorption by UiO-66-NH2/GO-2
was attributed to the combined effects of electrostatic, π-π stacking, and
hydrogen bonding mechanisms [241]. Similar mechanisms have been
observed in the high removal of MO by positive charged CNTs@UiO-66/
NH2 (Fig. 20f) [261]. In another study, negatively charged Zn-MOF
surface was able to attract negatively charged CR dye through
hydrogen boding (-NH2 groups of CR interaction with N-heterocyclic
and carbonyl groups of MOF) and π-π stacking (by aromatic rings of dye
and MOF) [221]. There was a strong electrostatic and hydrogen bond
formation between positively charged ZIF-67/LDH and negatively
charged MO dye to obtain high adsorption capacity (Fig. 20g) [251].
Interestingly, pH also plays an important role in altering the surface
charge of adsorbent to attract or repel the dyes. In this context, a recent
study shows that attraction or repulsion of DR31 dye by the surface of
AC@MIL-101(Cr) composite was dependent on changes in pH
conditions. Several mechanisms, such as π-π stacking interaction, elec­
trostatic attraction, and electrostatic repulsion had been proposed
(Fig. 20h) [269]. The high dye removal and high adsorption capacity
was due to the mechanisms of pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π
stacking, and electrostatic interactions between CR and MIL-101-NH2
have been observed (Fig. 20i) [215].
2.2.7. Similarities and differences between the adsorption mechanisms of
cationic and anionic dyes on MOFs
Generally, the mechanisms of cationic and anionic dye adsorption on
MOFs are electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, ion
exchange, pore filling, etc. Despite this, these mechanisms are only
promoting the interaction between the dye and MOFs, rather than
increasing the adsorption capacity. Undoubtedly, the adsorption ca­
pacity depends on the concentration of dye molecules, the amount of

23
G. Sriram et al.
solution, as well as the dosage of MOFs used. In the adsorption process,
MOFs interact with both cationic and anionic dye via electrostatic in­
teractions, and this is a key mechanism that is similar for both types of
dye. Additional mechanisms, including hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking
and ion exchange, which differ for both types of dye are determined by
the surface functional groups of the MOFs and the structure of dye
molecules. According to our knowledge, cationic and anionic dyes in
aqueous solutions are positively and negatively charged, respectively. In
all pH (acidic to basic), the complete adsorption of cationic and anionic
dye by MOFs via electrostatic interaction if MOFs are fully negative on
their surfaces (2 to 12) and positive on their surfaces (3 to 9) [273,274].
Therefore, MOFs have a surface charge characteristic that might affect
the interaction with dyes. Recent studies show that zero point charge of
the Co-MOFs and ZIF-67 MOFs are +11.8 mV and + 11.9 mV, respec­
tively and they showed with negatively charged CR, high removal was
observed due to electrostatic attraction, with positively charged MG,
high removal was observed due to π-π interaction, and with positively
charged RhB, low removal was observed due to electrostatic repulsion
[272]. Based on the obtained zero point charge of 5.8 for Ni-Zn MOF,
there are only electrostatic interactions [275]. It shows high adsorption
to CR at pH levels below 5.8 and low adsorption at pH values beyond 5.8
due to protonation (electrostatic interaction) and deprotonation (elec­
trostatic repulsion) of the MOF surfaces, respectively. Therefore, Ni-Zn
MOFs can be used for the adsorption of cationic dyes beyond pH 5.8.
Another study shows zero point charge of PCN-222 MOFs is 8.2 [276]. It
was found to be high adsorption with MB (electrostatic and π-π inter­
action due to deprotonation of MOFs and aromatic rings of dye,
respectively) at pH 9 and also high adsorption with MO (electrostatic
interaction due to protonation of MOFs) at pH 5 was observed.
Furthermore, the adsorption of dye molecules is also affected by the
presence of metal ions in MOFs [277]. As a result, negatively charged
MIL-100(Fe) had a greater ability to adsorb on positively charged MB
and negatively charged MO. While negatively charged MIL-100(Cr) can
only adsorb MB, and is not capable of adsorbing MO. By adding different
metal ions to the MIL-100, the dye adsorption activity can be changed.
As a result of studies, electrostatic mechanisms are the most common
means of removing cationic and anionic dyes, thereby improving the
performance of MOFs.
3. Conclusion and future prospective
The development of a new adsorbent with high adsorption capacity
for the dye removal applications is highly anticipated. In recent times,
MOFs based porous structured materials have shown potential in the
removal of toxic dyes. This present review focused on the removal of
both cationic and anionic dyes by various MOFs and their removal
mechanisms. Based on the literature, it may be concluded that MOF can
act as a superior adsorbent for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes
from water when compared to other porous adsorbents, such as acti­
vated carbon, silica, zeolite, bentonite, and polymers owing to their
higher surface area, pore geometries, ease of functionalization, etc.
Besides, MOFs can be useful in real-time application. MOFs synthesized
by solvothermal and hydrothermal methods possess high surface area
than MOFs synthesized by other chemical routes. It has to be noted that
hybrid MOFs show high removal efficiency and high adsorption capacity
when compared to bare MOFs. Further, the removal of dyes by MOFs
were discussed based on their surface area and surface charges, and the
results show that mostly surface charges on the MOFs play an important
role in the dye removal. Moreover, adsorption of cationic dyes on MOFs
was mostly observed in the solution pH of 6 and above due to the
deprotonation of MOFs surface, responsible for possible attraction. In
the removal of cationic dyes by MOFs, the order of adsorption capacities
for cationic dyes can be Methylene blue>Malachite green>Rhodamine
B. The above order is related to the variable molecular size of dye
molecules. Besides, MOFs show superior performances for the removal
of anionic dyes rather than the cationic dyes. Anionic dyes provide high
24
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
adsorption in the solution pH (either natural or neutral). In the mech­
anism of adsorption, electrostatic interaction plays a major role to
achieve high adsorption of dyes onto MOFs when compared to hydrogen
bonding, π-π stacking, pore filling, and hydrophobic interaction. Based
on the literature, the sponge and monolith-based MOFs show higher
reusability when compared to the powdered form of MOFs.
This review concludes that MOFs-based porous adsorbents are highly
efficient for anionic dyes when compared to cationic dyes. In view of
water treatment, water stability and reusability of MOFs should be
improved. Thus, it is important to develop MOF with high stability in
both acidic and basic conditions. It would be better to report with a
minimum of 5 reusability cycles for MOFs based adsorbents. Several
studies with MOFs have dealt with a detailed investigation on adsorp­
tion parameters (effect of pH, dosage, dye concentration, time and
temperature). However, there are only a few articles that had reported
adsorption parameters along with the regeneration, selectivity, and ef­
fect of salt for the adsorption studies using MOFs. Moreover, it is
necessary to give attention to the development of low-cost based syn­
thesis with minimal time requirements for the synthesis. Very few at­
tempts have been used for batch adsorption studies with real effluents
using MOFs as the adsorbent. Therefore, it is suggested to put more ef­
forts on real sample analysis using MOFs. Also, the disposal of spent
MOFs and unremoved dyes after adsorption should be seriously
considered. Furthermore, several challenges should be overcome, such
as production and regeneration costs, synthesis techniques, stability,
and real-time applications. In recent years, MOFs and their hybrids have
been extensively studied for dye removal applications, and they have
shown excellent performance. However, the future advances of MOFs as
adsorbents in the water treatment should be covered research in the
direction of synthesis of smart and simple MOFs with a green approach,
large-scale production, ultra-high surface area, and active sites, high
stability, high selectivity, ultra-fast (in seconds) removal, high adsorp­
tion capacity, high reusability, real-time based applications, etc. So,
there is a possibility for MOFs to be synthesized using a simple, low-cost
method as well as a potential candidate for real-time use. For research
and development in this field to go forward, environmental researchers
have a crucial role to play and to enhance the understanding of the MOFs
surface properties, and other surface functional matters. In conclusion,
MOFs are potential candidates in the domain of water treatment. MOFs
can be modified with other low-cost less porous materials via simple
methods that could facilitate water purification. Hence, in near future,
MOFs and their new hybrid structures could act as the most potential
adsorbent for wastewater treatment-based industries.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely acknowledge DST, India (DST/BDTD/EAG/
2019) for the financial provision for the work. Also, we sincerely
acknowledge Jain University, India for providing infrastructure and
various facilities.
References
[1] T. Luo, R. Young, P. Reig, Aqueduct Projected Water Stress Country Rankings,
Technical Note, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C, 2015. https://www.
wri.org/publication/aqueduct-projected-water-stress-country-rankings (Accessed
2021).
[2] Q. Gao, J. Xu, X.-H. Bu, Recent advances about metal–organic frameworks in the
removal of pollutants from wastewater, Coord. Chem. Rev. 378 (2019) 17–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.015.
[3] G. Sriram, M. Kigga, U.T. Uthappa, R.M. Rego, V. Thendral, T. Kumeria, H.-
Y. Jung, M.D. Kurkuri, Naturally available diatomite and their surface
modification for the removal of hazardous dye and metal ions: A review, Adv.
G. Sriram et al.
Colloid Interf. Sci. 282 (2020), 102198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cis.2020.102198.
[4] G. Sriram, A. Bendre, T. Altalhi, H.-Y. Jung, G. Hegde, M. Kurkuri, Surface
engineering of silica based materials with Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide for the
efficient removal of methyl orange: isotherms, kinetics, mechanism and high
selectivity studies, Chemosphere 287 (2022), 131976, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2021.131976.
[5] S.N. Tambat, P.K. Sane, S. Suresh, N. Varadan, A.B. Pandit, S.M. Sontakke,
Hydrothermal synthesis of NH2-UiO-66 and its application for adsorptive removal
of dye, Adv. Powder Technol. 29 (11) (2018) 2626–2632, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.apt.2018.07.010.
[6] S. Supriya, G. Sriram, Z. Ngaini, C. Kavitha, M. Kurkuri, I.P. De Padova, G. Hegde,
The role of temperature on physical–chemical properties of green synthesized
porous carbon nanoparticles, Waste and Biomass Valorization 11 (7) (2020)
3821–3831, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00675-0.
[7] T. Kumeria, J. Yu, M. Alsawat, M.D. Kurkuri, A. Santos, A.D. Abell, D. Losic,
Photoswitchable membranes based on peptide-modified nanoporous anodic
alumina: toward smart membranes for on-demand molecular transport, Adv.
Mater. 27 (19) (2015) 3019–3024, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500473.
[8] M.D. Kurkuri, A.R. Kulkarni, M.Y. Kariduraganavar, T.M. Aminabhavi, In vitro
release study of verapamil hydrochloride through sodium alginate
interpenetrating monolithic membranes, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 27 (10) (2001)
1107–1114, https://doi.org/10.1081/DDC-100108373.
[9] U.T. Uthappa, M. Kigga, G. Sriram, K.V. Ajeya, H.-Y. Jung, G.M. Neelgund, M.
D. Kurkuri, Facile green synthetic approach of bio inspired polydopamine coated
diatoms as a drug vehicle for controlled drug release and active catalyst for dye
degradation, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 288 (2019), 109572, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109572.
[10] E. Anglin, R. Davey, M. Herrid, S. Hope, M. Kurkuri, P. Pasic, M. Hor, M. Fenech,
H. Thissen, N.H. Voelcker, Cell microarrays for the screening of factors that allow
the enrichment of bovine testicular cells, Cytometry Part A 77A (9) (2010)
881–889, https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.20913.
[11] U.T. Uthappa, O.R. Arvind, G. Sriram, D. Losic, J. Ho Young, M. Kigga, M.
D. Kurkuri, Nanodiamonds and their surface modification strategies for drug
delivery applications, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 60 (2020), 101993, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101993.
[12] G. Sriram, S. Supriya, M. Kurkuri, G. Hegde, Efficient CO2 adsorption using
mesoporous carbons from biowastes, Mater. Res. Express 7 (1) (2019), 015605,
https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5f2c.
[13] G. Sriram, P. Patil, M.P. Bhat, R.M. Hegde, K.V. Ajeya, I. Udachyan, M.B. Bhavya,
M.G. Gatti, U.T. Uthappa, G.M. Neelgund, H.-Y. Jung, T. Altalhi, M.D.
Kurkuri Madhuprasad, Current trends in nanoporous anodized alumina platforms
for biosensing applications, J. Nanomater. (2016) (2016) 1753574, https://doi.
org/10.1155/2016/1753574.
[14] N. Nithyavathy, S. Arunmetha, M. Vinoth, G. Sriram, V. Rajendran, Fabrication of
nanocomposites of SnO2 and MgAl2O4 for gas sensing applications, J. Electron.
Mater. 45 (4) (2016) 2193–2205, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-4261-z.
[15] V.S. Bhat, P. Kanagavalli, G. Sriram, R.P. B, N.S. John, M. Veerapandian,
M. Kurkuri, G. Hegde, Low cost, catalyst free, high performance supercapacitors
based on porous nano carbon derived from agriculture waste, J. Energy Storage
32 (2020), 101829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101829.
[16] L. Arunraja, P. Thirumoorthy, A. Karthik, G. Sriram, V. Rajendran, L. Edwinpaul,
Structural and electrical properties of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles: a simple
chemical route, Synth. React. Inorg., Met.-Org., Nano-Met. Chem 46 (11) (2016)
1642–1646, https://doi.org/10.1080/15533174.2015.1137037.
[17] L. Shreenivasa, R. Viswanatha, S. Ganesan, Y. Kalegowda, M.D. Kurkuri,
S. Ashoka, Scalable chemical approach to prepare crystalline Mn2V2O7
nanoparticles: introducing a new long-term cycling cathode material for lithium-
ion battery, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31 (22) (2020) 19638–19646, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04490-5.
[18] L. Shreenivasa, R.T. Yogeeshwari, R. Viswanatha, G. Sriram, Y. Kalegowda, M.
D. Kurkuri, S. Ashoka, An introduction of new nanostructured Zn0.29V2O5 cathode
material for lithium ion battery: a detailed studies on synthesis, characterization
and lithium uptake, Mater. Res. Express 6 (11) (2019), 115035, https://doi.org/
10.1088/2053-1591/ab4572.
[19] U.T. Uthappa, V. Brahmkhatri, G. Sriram, H.-Y. Jung, J. Yu, N. Kurkuri, T.
M. Aminabhavi, T. Altalhi, G.M. Neelgund, M.D. Kurkuri, Nature engineered
diatom biosilica as drug delivery systems, J. Control. Release 281 (2018) 70–83,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.013.
[20] U.T. Uthappa, G. Sriram, V. Brahmkhatri, M. Kigga, H.-Y. Jung, T. Altalhi, G.
M. Neelgund, M.D. Kurkuri, Xerogel modified diatomaceous earth microparticles
for controlled drug release studies, New J. Chem. 42 (14) (2018) 11964–11971,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ01238E.
[21] G. Sriram, N. Dhineshbabu, N. Nithyavathy, K. Saminathan, K. Kaler,
V. Rajendran, Sensitivity and response of polyvinyl alcohol/tin oxide
nanocomposite multilayer thin film sensors, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16 (1)
(2016) 1008–1017, https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.10669.
[22] S. Sankar, S.K. Sharma, N. An, H. Lee, D.Y. Kim, Y.B. Im, Y.D. Cho, R.S. Ganesh,
S. Ponnusamy, P. Raji, L.P. Purohit, Photocatalytic properties of Mn-doped NiO
spherical nanoparticles synthesized from sol-gel method, Optik 127 (22) (2016)
10727–10734, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.08.126.
[23] P. Kumar, A. Pournara, K.-H. Kim, V. Bansal, S. Rapti, M.J. Manos, Metal-organic
frameworks: challenges and opportunities for ion-exchange/sorption
applications, Prog. Mater. Sci. 86 (2017) 25–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
pmatsci.2017.01.002.
25
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
[24] S. Rojas, P. Horcajada, Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of emerging
organic contaminants in water, Chem. Rev. 120 (16) (2020) 8378–8415, https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00797.
[25] G. Sriram, U.T. Uthappa, M. Kigga, H.-Y. Jung, T. Altalhi, V. Brahmkhatri, M.
D. Kurkuri, Xerogel activated diatoms as an effective hybrid adsorbent for the
efficient removal of malachite green, New J. Chem. 43 (9) (2019) 3810–3820,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ00015A.
[26] J. Li, H. Wang, X. Yuan, J. Zhang, J.W. Chew, Metal-organic framework
membranes for wastewater treatment and water regeneration, Coord. Chem. Rev.
404 (2020), 213116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213116.
[27] K. Vikrant, B.S. Giri, N. Raza, K. Roy, K.-H. Kim, B.N. Rai, R.S. Singh, Recent
advancements in bioremediation of dye: current status and challenges, Bioresour.
Technol. 253 (2018) 355–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.029.
[28] V. Katheresan, J. Kansedo, S.Y. Lau, Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye
removal methods: A review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6 (4) (2018) 4676–4697,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060.
[29] G. Sriram, M.P. Bhat, P. Patil, U.T. Uthappa, H.-Y. Jung, T. Altalhi, T. Kumeria, T.
M. Aminabhavi, R.K. Pai, M.D. Kurkuri Madhuprasad, Paper-based microfluidic
analytical devices for colorimetric detection of toxic ions: a review, TrAC Trends
Anal. Chem. 93 (2017) 212–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.06.005.
[30] V.K. Gupta, Suhas, Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – a review,
J. Environ. Manag. 90 (8) (2009) 2313–2342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jenvman.2008.11.017.
[31] R.M. Rego, G. Sriram, K.V. Ajeya, H.-Y. Jung, M.D. Kurkuri, M. Kigga, Cerium
based UiO-66 MOF as a multipollutant adsorbent for universal water purification,
J. Hazard. Mater. 416 (2021), 125941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jhazmat.2021.125941.
[32] P. Patil, K.V. Ajeya, M.P. Bhat, G. Sriram, J. Yu, H.-Y. Jung, T. Altalhi, M. Kigga,
M.D. Kurkuri, Real-time probe for the efficient sensing of inorganic fluoride and
copper ions in aqueous media, ChemistrySelect 3 (41) (2018) 11593–11600,
https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201802411.
[33] W. Fu, J. Yi, M. Cheng, Y. Liu, G. Zhang, L. Li, L. Du, B. Li, G. Wang, X. Yang,
When bimetallic oxides and their complexes meet Fenton-like process, J. Hazard.
Mater. 424 (2022), 127419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127419.
[34] S. Sekar, I. Rabani, C. Bathula, S. Kumar, S. Govindaraju, K. Yun, Y.-S. Seo, D.
Y. Kim, S. Lee, Graphitic carbon-encapsulated V2O5 nanocomposites as a superb
photocatalyst for crystal violet degradation, Environ. Res. (2021), 112201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112201.
[35] G. Crini, E. Lichtfouse, Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for
wastewater treatment, Environ. Chem. Lett. 17 (1) (2019) 145–155, https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9.
[36] N.A.A. Qasem, R.H. Mohammed, D.U. Lawal, Removal of heavy metal ions from
wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review, npj Clean Water 4 (1) (2021)
36, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0.
[37] V. Selvaraj, T. Swarna Karthika, C. Mansiya, M. Alagar, An over review on
recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediate involved in the
advanced azo dye degradation for industrial applications, J. Mol. Struct. 1224
(2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129195, 129195.
[38] A. Saravanan, P. Senthil Kumar, S. Jeevanantham, S. Karishma, B. Tajsabreen, P.
R. Yaashikaa, B. Reshma, Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies
for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable
development, Chemosphere 280 (2021) 130595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2021.130595.
[39] S. Velusamy, A. Roy, S. Sundaram, T. Kumar Mallick, A review on heavy metal
ions and containing dyes removal through graphene oxide-based adsorption
strategies for textile wastewater treatment, Chem. Rec. 21 (7) (2021) 1570–1610,
https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202000153.
[40] F.S.A. Khan, N.M. Mubarak, Y.H. Tan, M. Khalid, R.R. Karri, R. Walvekar, E.
C. Abdullah, S. Nizamuddin, S.A. Mazari, A comprehensive review on magnetic
carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-based buckypaper for removal of heavy
metals and dyes, J. Hazard. Mater. 413 (2021), 125375, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125375.
[41] R.M. Rego, G. Kuriya, M.D. Kurkuri, M. Kigga, MOF based engineered materials in
water remediation: Recent trends, J. Hazard. Mater. 403 (2021), 123605, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123605.
[42] G. Sriram, U.T. Uthappa, R.M. Rego, M. Kigga, T. Kumeria, H.-Y. Jung, M.
D. Kurkuri, Ceria decorated porous diatom-xerogel as an effective adsorbent for
the efficient removal of Eriochrome Black T, Chemosphere 238 (2020) 124692,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124692.
[43] M.T. Yagub, T.K. Sen, S. Afroze, H.M. Ang, Dye and its removal from aqueous
solution by adsorption: A review, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 209 (2014) 172–184,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002.
[44] G. Sriram, U. Uthappa, D. Losic, M. Kigga, H.-Y. Jung, M.D. Kurkuri, Mg–Al-
Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) modified diatoms for highly efficient removal
of congo red from aqueous solution, Appl. Sci. 10 (7) (2020) 2285, https://doi.
org/10.3390/app10072285.
[45] Y. Zhou, J. Lu, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, Recent advances for dyes removal using novel
adsorbents: A review, Environ. Pollut. 252 (2019) 352–365, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.072.
[46] C.J. Ogugbue, T. Sawidis, Bioremediation and detoxification of synthetic
wastewater containing triarylmethane dyes by Aeromonas hydrophila isolated
from industrial effluent, Biotechnol. Res. Int. (2011) (2011), https://doi.org/
10.4061/2011/967925.
[47] G. Sriram, M.P. Bhat, M. Kigga, U.T. Uthappa, H.-Y. Jung, T. Kumeria, M.
D. Kurkuri, Amine activated diatom xerogel hybrid material for efficient removal
G. Sriram et al.
of hazardous dye, Mater. Chem. Phys. 235 (2019), 121738, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.121738.
[48] S. Rahimi, A. Poormohammadi, B. Salmani, M. Ahmadian, M. Rezaei, Comparing
the photocatalytic process efficiency using batch and tubular reactors in removal
of methylene blue dye and COD from simulated textile wastewater, J. Water
Reuse Desalin. 6 (4) (2016) 574–582, https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.190.
[49] K. Kadirvelu, M. Kavipriya, C. Karthika, M. Radhika, N. Vennilamani, S. Pattabhi,
Utilization of various agricultural wastes for activated carbon preparation and
application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solutions,
Bioresour. Technol. 87 (1) (2003) 129–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-
8524(02)00201-8.
[50] K.B. Tan, M. Vakili, B.A. Horri, P.E. Poh, A.Z. Abdullah, B. Salamatinia,
Adsorption of dyes by nanomaterials: recent developments and adsorption
mechanisms, Sep. Purif. Technol. 150 (2015) 229–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.seppur.2015.07.009.
[51] M. Momina, S. Shahadat, Isamil, Regeneration performance of clay-based
adsorbents for the removal of industrial dyes: a review, RSC Adv. 8 (43) (2018)
24571–24587, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA04290J.
[52] R.E. Abouzeid, R. Khiari, N. El-Wakil, A. Dufresne, Current state and new trends
in the use of cellulose nanomaterials for wastewater treatment,
Biomacromolecules 20 (2) (2019) 573–597, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.
biomac.8b00839.
[53] H. Sadegh, G.A.M. Ali, V.K. Gupta, A.S.H. Makhlouf, R. Shahryari-ghoshekandi,
M.N. Nadagouda, M. Sillanpää, E. Megiel, The role of nanomaterials as effective
adsorbents and their applications in wastewater treatment, J. Nanostruct. Chem.
7 (1) (2017) 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-017-0219-4.
[54] S. Olivera, H.B. Muralidhara, K. Venkatesh, V.K. Guna, K. Gopalakrishna,
Y. Kumar, Potential applications of cellulose and chitosan nanoparticles/
composites in wastewater treatment: a review, Carbohydr. Polym. 153 (2016)
600–618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.017.
[55] P. Sharma, H. Kaur, M. Sharma, V. Sahore, A review on applicability of naturally
available adsorbents for the removal of hazardous dyes from aqueous waste,
Environ. Monit. Assess. 183 (1–4) (2011) 151–195, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10661-011-1914-0.
[56] S. Thakur, B. Sharma, A. Verma, J. Chaudhary, S. Tamulevicius, V.K. Thakur,
Recent progress in sodium alginate based sustainable hydrogels for
environmental applications, J. Clean. Prod. 198 (2018) 143–159, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.259.
[57] K.S.D. Premarathna, A.U. Rajapaksha, B. Sarkar, E.E. Kwon, A. Bhatnagar, Y.
S. Ok, M. Vithanage, Biochar-based engineered composites for sorptive
decontamination of water: a review, Chem. Eng. J. 372 (2019) 536–550, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.097.
[58] K. Vikrant, K.-H. Kim, Nanomaterials for the adsorptive treatment of Hg(II) ions
from water, Chem. Eng. J. 358 (2019) 264–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cej.2018.10.022.
[59] N.B. Singh, G. Nagpal, S. Agrawal, Rachna, Water purification by using
adsorbents: a review, Environ. Technol. Innov. 11 (2018) 187–240, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006.
[60] P.N.E. Diagboya, E.D. Dikio, Silica-based mesoporous materials; emerging
designer adsorbents for aqueous pollutants removal and water treatment,
Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 266 (2018) 252–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.micromeso.2018.03.008.
[61] N. Stock, S. Biswas, Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): routes to
various MOF topologies, morphologies, and composites, Chem. Rev. 112 (2)
(2012) 933–969, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200304e.
[62] O.M. Yaghi, H. Li, Hydrothermal synthesis of a metal-organic framework
containing large rectangular channels, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (41) (1995)
10401–10402, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00146a033.
[63] F.W. Knobloch, W.H. Rauscher, Coordination polymers of copper(II) prepared at
liquid- liquid interfaces, J. Polym. Sci. 38 (1959) 261, https://doi.org/10.1002/
pol.1959.1203813324.
[64] H. Li, M. Eddaoudi, M. O'Keeffe, O.M. Yaghi, Design and synthesis of an
exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-organic framework, Nature 402
(6759) (1999) 276–279, https://doi.org/10.1038/46248.
[65] Y.-Q. Tian, C.-X. Cai, Y. Ji, X.-Z. You, S.-M. Peng, G.-H. Lee, [Co5(im)10⋅2 MB]∞:
a metal-organic open-framework with zeolite-like topology, Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 41 (8) (2002) 1384–1386, 10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1384::AID-
ANIE1384>3.0.CO;2–6.
[66] Q. Pang, B. Tu, Q. Li, Metal–organic frameworks with multicomponents in order,
Coord. Chem. Rev. 388 (2019) 107–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ccr.2019.02.022.
[67] P.Z. Moghadam, A. Li, S.B. Wiggin, A. Tao, A.G.P. Maloney, P.A. Wood, S.
C. Ward, D. Fairen-Jimenez, Development of a Cambridge structural database
subset: a collection of metal–organic frameworks for past, present, and future,
Chem. Mater. 29 (7) (2017) 2618–2625, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.
chemmater.7b00441.
[68] A. Bieniek, A.P. Terzyk, M. Wiśniewski, K. Roszek, P. Kowalczyk, L. Sarkisov,
S. Keskin, K. Kaneko, MOF materials as therapeutic agents, drug carriers, imaging
agents and biosensors in cancer biomedicine: recent advances and perspectives,
Prog. Mater. Sci. (2020), 100743, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
pmatsci.2020.100743.
[69] D. Haldar, P. Duarah, M.K. Purkait, MOFs for the treatment of arsenic, fluoride
and iron contaminated drinking water: a review, Chemosphere 251 (2020)
126388, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126388.
[70] O.K. Farha, I. Eryazici, N.C. Jeong, B.G. Hauser, C.E. Wilmer, A.A. Sarjeant, R.
Q. Snurr, S.T. Nguyen, A.Ö. Yazaydın, J.T. Hupp, Metal–organic framework
26
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
materials with ultrahigh surface areas: is the sky the limit? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134
(36) (2012) 15016–15021, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3055639.
[71] D. Li, H.-Q. Xu, L. Jiao, H.-L. Jiang, Metal-organic frameworks for catalysis: State
of the art, challenges, and opportunities, EnergyChem 1 (1) (2019), 100005,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enchem.2019.100005.
[72] D. Huang, G. Zhang, J. Yi, M. Cheng, C. Lai, P. Xu, C. Zhang, Y. Liu, C. Zhou,
W. Xue, R. Wang, Z. Li, S. Chen, Progress and challenges of metal-organic
frameworks-based materials for SR-AOPs applications in water treatment,
Chemosphere 263 (2021), 127672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2020.127672.
[73] Y. Wang, J. Yan, N. Wen, H. Xiong, S. Cai, Q. He, Y. Hu, D. Peng, Z. Liu, Y. Liu,
Metal- organic frameworks for stimuli-responsive drug delivery, Biomaterials 230
(2020) 119619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119619.
[74] F. Boorboor Ajdari, E. Kowsari, M. Niknam Shahrak, A. Ehsani, Z. Kiaei,
H. Torkzaban, M. Ershadi, S. Kholghi Eshkalak, V. Haddadi-Asl, A. Chinnappan,
S. Ramakrishna, A review on the field patents and recent developments over the
application of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in supercapacitors, Coord.
Chem. Rev. 422 (2020), 213441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213441.
[75] X. Zhang, B. Wang, A. Alsalme, S. Xiang, Z. Zhang, B. Chen, Design and
applications of water-stable metal-organic frameworks: status and challenges,
Coord. Chem. Rev. 423 (2020), 213507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ccr.2020.213507.
[76] H.-Y. Li, S.-N. Zhao, S.-Q. Zang, J. Li, Functional metal–organic frameworks as
effective sensors of gases and volatile compounds, Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 (17) (2020)
6364–6401, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00778D.
[77] S.A.A. Razavi, A. Morsali, Metal ion detection using luminescent-MOFs:
principles, strategies and roadmap, Coord. Chem. Rev. 415 (2020), 213299,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213299.
[78] T. Qiu, Z. Liang, W. Guo, H. Tabassum, S. Gao, R. Zou, Metal–organic framework-
based materials for energy conversion and storage, ACS Energy Lett. 5 (2) (2020)
520–532, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02625.
[79] X. Wen, Q. Zhang, J. Guan, Applications of metal–organic framework-derived
materials in fuel cells and metal-air batteries, Coord. Chem. Rev. 409 (2020),
213214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213214.
[80] S.M. Lashgari, H. Yari, M. Mahdavian, B. Ramezanzadeh, G. Bahlakeh,
M. Ramezanzadeh, Application of nanoporous cobalt-based ZIF-67 metal-organic
framework (MOF) for construction of an epoxy-composite coating with superior
anti-corrosion properties, Corros. Sci. 178 (2021), 109099, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109099.
[81] M. Kaur, S.K. Mehta, S.K. Kansal, Amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic
framework (NH2-MIL-125(Ti)): A novel fluorescent sensor for the highly selective
sensing of copper ions, Mater. Chem. Phys. 254 (2020), 123539, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123539.
[82] S. Kim, J.C. Muñoz-Senmache, B.-M. Jun, C.M. Park, A. Jang, M. Yu, A.
J. Hernández- Maldonado, Y. Yoon, A metal organic framework-ultrafiltration
hybrid system for removing selected pharmaceuticals and natural organic matter,
Chem. Eng. J. 382 (2020), 122920, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122920.
[83] P.S. Sharanyakanth, M. Radhakrishnan, Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks
(MOFs) and its application in food packaging: a critical review, Trends Food Sci.
Technol. 104 (2020) 102–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.004.
[84] D. Li, M. Kassymova, X. Cai, S.-Q. Zang, H.-L. Jiang, Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
over metal-organic framework-based materials, Coord. Chem. Rev. 412 (2020),
213262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213262.
[85] W. Xiang, Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, C.-j. Liu, X. Tu, Synthesis, characterization and
application of defective metal–organic frameworks: current status and
perspectives, J. Mater.Chem. A 8 (41) (2020) 21526–21546, https://doi.org/
10.1039/D0TA08009H.
[86] N.A. Khan, Z. Hasan, S.H. Jhung, Adsorptive removal of hazardous materials
using metal- organic frameworks (MOFs): a review, J. Hazard. Mater. (2013)
244–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.011, 444–456.
[87] Y. Gao, G. Liu, M. Gao, X. Huang, D. Xu, Recent advances and applications of
magnetic metal-organic frameworks in adsorption and enrichment removal of
food and environmental pollutants, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 50 (5) (2020)
472–484, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2019.1653166.
[88] Q. Wang, Q. Gao, A.M. Al-Enizi, A. Nafady, S. Ma, Recent advances in MOF-based
photocatalysis: environmental remediation under visible light, Inorg. Chem.
Front. 7 (2) (2020) 300–339, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QI01120J.
[89] L. Li, Y. Chen, L. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liu, Recent advances in applications of metal–
organic frameworks for sample preparation in pharmaceutical analysis, Coord.
Chem. Rev. 411 (2020), 213235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213235.
[90] N.S. Bobbitt, M.L. Mendonca, A.J. Howarth, T. Islamoglu, J.T. Hupp, O.K. Farha,
R.Q. Snurr, Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of toxic industrial
chemicals and chemical warfare agents, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (11) (2017)
3357–3385, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00108H.
[91] G. Wang, C.-T. He, R. Huang, J. Mao, D. Wang, Y. Li, Photoinduction of Cu single
atoms decorated on UiO-66-NH2 for enhanced photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to
liquid fuels, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (45) (2020) 19339–19345, https://doi.org/
10.1021/jacs.0c09599.
[92] G. Singh, J. Lee, A. Karakoti, R. Bahadur, J. Yi, D. Zhao, K. AlBahily, A. Vinu,
Emerging trends in porous materials for CO2 capture and conversion, Chem. Soc.
Rev. 49 (13) (2020) 4360–4404, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00075B.
[93] M. Ding, R.W. Flaig, H.-L. Jiang, O.M. Yaghi, Carbon capture and conversion
using metal–organic frameworks and MOF-based materials, Chem. Soc. Rev. 48
(10) (2019) 2783–2828, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00829A.
G. Sriram et al.
[94] H. Furukawa, K.E. Cordova, M. O’Keeffe, O.M. Yaghi, The chemistry and
applications of metal-organic frameworks, Science 341 (6149) (2013) 1230444,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230444.
[95] J. Li, X. Wang, G. Zhao, C. Chen, Z. Chai, A. Alsaedi, T. Hayat, X. Wang,
Metal–organic framework-based materials: superior adsorbents for the capture of
toxic and radioactive metal ions, Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 (7) (2018) 2322–2356,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00543A.
[96] Y. Liu, H. Cheng, M. Cheng, Z. Liu, D. Huang, G. Zhang, B. Shao, Q. Liang, S. Luo,
T. Wu, S. Xiao, The application of Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and
their derivatives based materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and
pollutants treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 417 (2021), 127914, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cej.2020.127914.
[97] Y. Liu, D. Huang, M. Cheng, Z. Liu, C. Lai, C. Zhang, C. Zhou, W. Xiong, L. Qin,
B. Shao, Q. Liang, Metal sulfide/MOF-based composites as visible-light-driven
photocatalysts for enhanced hydrogen production from water splitting, Coord.
Chem. Rev. 409 (2020), 213220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213220.
[98] Y. Liu, C. Tang, M. Cheng, M. Chen, S. Chen, L. Lei, Y. Chen, H. Yi, Y. Fu, L. Li,
Polyoxometalate@Metal–organic framework composites as effective
photocatalysts, ACS Catal. 11 (21) (2021) 13374–13396, https://doi.org/
10.1021/acscatal.1c03866.
[99] M.R. Ryder, J.C. Tan, Nanoporous metal organic framework materials for smart
applications, Mater. Sci. Technol. 30 (13) (2014) 1598–1612, https://doi.org/
10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000550.
[100] U. Ryu, S. Jee, P.C. Rao, J. Shin, C. Ko, M. Yoon, K.S. Park, K.M. Choi, Recent
advances in process engineering and upcoming applications of metal–organic
frameworks, Coord. Chem. Rev. 426 (2021), 213544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ccr.2020.213544.
[101] T.N. Tu, H.T.D. Nguyen, N.T. Tran, Tailoring the pore size and shape of the one-
dimensional channels in iron-based MOFs for enhancing the methane storage
capacity, Inorg. Chem. Front. 6 (9) (2019) 2441–2447, https://doi.org/10.1039/
C9QI00543A.
[102] M. Zhao, Y. Huang, Y. Peng, Z. Huang, Q. Ma, H. Zhang, Two-dimensional
metal–organic framework nanosheets: synthesis and applications, Chem. Soc.
Rev. 47 (16) (2018) 6267–6295, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00268A.
[103] H. Li, M. Li, W. Li, Q. Yang, Y. Li, Z. Gu, Y. Song, Three dimensional MOF–sponge
for fast dynamic adsorption, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 (8) (2017) 5746–5752,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP06617H.
[104] J. Duan, Y. Sun, S. Chen, X. Chen, C. Zhao, A zero-dimensional nickel,
iron–metal–organic framework (MOF) for synergistic N2 electrofixation, J. Mater.
Chem. A 8 (36) (2020) 18810–18815, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA05010E.
[105] J.H. Cavka, S. Jakobsen, U. Olsbye, N. Guillou, C. Lamberti, S. Bordiga, K.
P. Lillerud, A new zirconium inorganic building brick forming metal organic
frameworks with exceptional stability, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (42) (2008)
13850–13851, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja8057953.
[106] K. Tan, N. Nijem, Y. Gao, S. Zuluaga, J. Li, T. Thonhauser, Y.J. Chabal, Water
interactions in metal organic frameworks, CrystEngComm 17 (2) (2015)
247–260, https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CE01406E.
[107] M. Shahnawaz Khan, M. Khalid, M. Shahid, What triggers dye adsorption by
metal organic frameworks? The current perspectives, Mater. Adv. 1 (6) (2020)
1575–1601, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00291G.
[108] A.J. Howarth, Y. Liu, P. Li, Z. Li, T.C. Wang, J.T. Hupp, O.K. Farha, Chemical,
thermal and mechanical stabilities of metal–organic frameworks, Nat. Rev. Mater.
1 (3) (2016) 15018, https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2015.18.
[109] T. Rasheed, A.A. Hassan, M. Bilal, T. Hussain, K. Rizwan, Metal-organic
frameworks based adsorbents: a review from removal perspective of various
environmental contaminants from wastewater, Chemosphere 259 (2020),
127369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127369.
[110] C.R. Marshall, S.A. Staudhammer, C.K. Brozek, Size control over metal–organic
framework porous nanocrystals, Chem. Sci. 10 (41) (2019) 9396–9408, https://
doi.org/10.1039/C9SC03802G.
[111] E. Haque, J.E. Lee, I.T. Jang, Y.K. Hwang, J.-S. Chang, J. Jegal, S.H. Jhung,
Adsorptive removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution with metal-organic
frameworks, porous chromium-benzenedicarboxylates, J. Hazard. Mater. 181 (1)
(2010) 535–542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.047.
[112] U.T. Uthappa, G. Sriram, O.R. Arvind, S. Kumar, J. Ho Young, G.M. Neelgund,
D. Losic, M.D. Kurkuri, Engineering MIL-100(Fe) on 3D porous natural diatoms as
a versatile high performing platform for controlled isoniazid drug release,
Fenton’s catalysis for malachite green dye degradation and environmental
adsorbents for Pb2+ removal and dyes, Appl. Surf. Sci. 528 (2020), 146974,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146974.
[113] A. Srivastava, B. Gupta, A. Majumder, A.K. Gupta, S.K. Nimbhorkar,
A comprehensive review on the synthesis, performance, modifications, and
regeneration of activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of various water
pollutants, J. Environ. Chem. Eng 9 (5) (2021), 106177, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jece.2021.106177.
[114] L. Roshanfekr Rad, M. Anbia, Zeolite-based composites for the adsorption of toxic
matters from water: a review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng 9 (5) (2021), 106088,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106088.
[115] S. Ramanayaka, M. Vithanage, A. Sarmah, T. An, K.-H. Kim, Y.S. Ok, Performance
of metal–organic frameworks for the adsorptive removal of potentially toxic
elements in a water system: a critical review, RSC Adv. 9 (59) (2019)
34359–34376, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA06879A.
[116] M.J. Uddin, R.E. Ampiaw, W. Lee, Adsorptive removal of dyes from wastewater
using a metal-organic framework: a review, Chemosphere 284 (2021), 131314,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131314.
27
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
[117] N. Yuan, X. Zhang, L. Wang, The marriage of metal–organic frameworks and silica
materials for advanced applications, Coord. Chem. Rev. 421 (2020), 213442,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213442.
[118] B.E. Meteku, J. Huang, J. Zeng, F. Subhan, F. Feng, Y. Zhang, Z. Qiu, S. Aslam,
G. Li, Z. Yan, Magnetic metal–organic framework composites for environmental
monitoring and remediation, Coord. Chem. Rev. 413 (2020), 213261, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213261.
[119] S. Kumar, S. Jain, M. Nehra, N. Dilbaghi, G. Marrazza, K.-H. Kim, Green synthesis
of metal–organic frameworks: a state-of-the-art review of potential environmental
and medical applications, Coord. Chem. Rev. 420 (2020), 213407, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213407.
[120] H.E. Emam, R.M. Abdelhameed, H.B. Ahmed, Adsorptive performance of MOFs
and MOF containing composites for clean energy and safe environment,
J. Environ. Chem. Eng 8 (5) (2020), 104386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jece.2020.104386.
[121] G.-R. Xu, Z.-H. An, K. Xu, Q. Liu, R. Das, H.-L. Zhao, Metal organic framework
(MOF)-based micro/nanoscaled materials for heavy metal ions removal: The
cutting-edge study on designs, synthesis, and applications, Coord. Chem. Rev. 427
(2021), 213554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213554.
[122] K. Ahmad, M.A. Nazir, A.K. Qureshi, E. Hussain, T. Najam, M.S. Javed, S.S.
A. Shah, M.K. Tufail, S. Hussain, N.A. Khan, H.-U.-R. Shah, M. Ashfaq,
Engineering of Zirconium based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) as efficient
adsorbents, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 262 (2020), 114766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mseb.2020.114766.
[123] Y. He, Z. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Wang, G. Zeng, P. Xu, D. Huang, M. Chen, B. Song,
H. Qin, Y. Zhao, Metal-organic framework-derived nanomaterials in environment
related fields: fundamentals, properties and applications, Coord. Chem. Rev.
(2020), 213618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213618.
[124] V.K.-M. Au, Recent advances in the use of metal-organic frameworks for dye
adsorption, Front. Chem. 8 (708) (2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/
fchem.2020.00708.
[125] B. Parmar, K.K. Bisht, G. Rajput, E. Suresh, Recent advances in metal–organic
frameworks as adsorbent materials for hazardous dye molecules, Dalton Trans. 50
(9) (2021) 3083–3108, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT03824E.
[126] A. Tchinsa, M.F. Hossain, T. Wang, Y. Zhou, Removal of organic pollutants from
aqueous solution using metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-based adsorbents: a
review, Chemosphere 284 (2021), 131393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2021.131393.
[127] S. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Ma, L. Huang, S. Yu, L. Chen, G. Song, M. Qiu,
X. Wang, Applications of water-stable metal-organic frameworks in the removal
of water pollutants: a review, Environ. Pollut. 291 (2021), 118076, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118076.
[128] V.K. Gupta, R. Kumar, A. Nayak, T.A. Saleh, M.A. Barakat, Adsorptive removal of
dyes from aqueous solution onto carbon nanotubes: a review, Adv. Colloid Interf.
Sci. 193–194 (2013) 24–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.003.
[129] M.A.M. Salleh, D.K. Mahmoud, W.A.W.A. Karim, A. Idris, Cationic and anionic
dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review,
Desalination 280 (1) (2011) 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.07.019.
[130] A. Kausar, M. Iqbal, A. Javed, K. Aftab, Z.-I.-H. Nazli, H.N. Bhatti, S. Nouren, Dyes
adsorption using clay and modified clay: A review, J. Mol. Liq. 256 (2018)
395–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.034.
[131] M.T. Uddin, M.A. Rahman, M. Rukanuzzaman, M.A. Islam, A potential low cost
adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions, Appl Water Sci
7 (6) (2017) 2831–2842, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0542-4.
[132] M. Rafatullah, O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, A. Ahmad, Adsorption of methylene blue
on low-cost adsorbents: a review, J. Hazard. Mater. 177 (1) (2010) 70–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.047.
[133] C. Arora, S. Soni, S. Sahu, J. Mittal, P. Kumar, P.K. Bajpai, Iron based metal
organic framework for efficient removal of methylene blue dye from industrial
waste, J. Mol. Liq. 284 (2019) 343–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
molliq.2019.04.012.
[134] S.H. Paiman, M.A. Rahman, T. Uchikoshi, N. Abdullah, M.H.D. Othman, J. Jaafar,
K.H. Abas, A.F. Ismail, Functionalization effect of Fe-type MOF for methylene
blue adsorption, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 24 (11) (2020) 896–905, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jscs.2020.09.006.
[135] C. Zhang, H. Li, C. Li, Z. Li, Fe-loaded MOF-545(Fe): peroxidase-like activity for
dye degradation dyes and high adsorption for the removal of dyes from
wastewater, Molecules 25 (1) (2020) 168, https://doi.org/10.3390/
molecules25010168.
[136] Y.-S. Hong, S.-L. Sun, Q. Sun, E.-Q. Gao, M. Ye, Tuning adsorption capacity
through ligand pre-modification in functionalized Zn-MOF analogues, Mater.
Chem. Phys. 243 (2020), 122601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2019.122601.
[137] X. Xie, X. Huang, W. Lin, Y. Chen, X. Lang, Y. Wang, L. Gao, H. Zhu, J. Chen,
Selective adsorption of cationic dyes for stable metal–organic framework ZJU-48,
ACS Omega 5 (23) (2020) 13595–13600, https://doi.org/10.1021/
acsomega.0c00385.
[138] L. Qin, Q.-M. Zheng, Q. Hu, Y. Dou, G. Ni, T.-Q. Ye, M.-D. Zhang, Selectively
sensing and dye adsorption properties of one Zn(II) architecture based on a rigid
biphenyltetracarboxylate ligand, J. Solid State Chem. 284 (2020), 121216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121216.
[139] B. Sherino, S.N. Abdul Halim, S. Shahabuddin, S. Mohamad, Simultaneous
removal of carcinogenic anionic and cationic dyes from environmental water
using a new Zn-based metal–organic framework, Sep. Sci. Technol. 56 (2) (2021)
330–343, https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2020.1713815.
G. Sriram et al.
[140] Y.-Z. Li, G.-D. Wang, H.-Y. Yang, L. Hou, Y.-Y. Wang, Z. Zhu, Novel cage-like MOF
for gas separation, CO2 conversion and selective adsorption of an organic dye,
Inorg. Chem. Front. 7 (3) (2020) 746–755, https://doi.org/10.1039/
C9QI01262A.
[141] X. Duan, Z. Shi, C. Wang, Z. Kong, A new anionic metal–organic framework with
suitable pore and PtS-type topology for selective adsorption and separation of
cationic dyes, Chem. Pap. 74 (11) (2020) 4003–4008, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11696-020-01209-y.
[142] S. Wan, L. Li, J. Liu, B. Liu, G. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, An imide-decorated indium-
organic framework for efficient and selective capture of carcinogenic dyes with
diverse adsorption interactions, Cryst. Growth Des. 20 (5) (2020) 3199–3207,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00066.
[143] L. Yang, Y.-L. Liu, C.-G. Liu, Y. Fu, F. Ye, A cationic metal-organic framework for
dye adsorption and separation based on column-chromatography, J. Mol. Liq. 300
(2020), 112311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112311.
[144] M. Xiao, H.-D. Yue, X.-J. Feng, Y.-T. Wang, M.-Y. He, Q. Chen, Z.-H. Zhang,
A double-layered neutral cadmium-organic framework for selective adsorption of
cationic organic dyes through electrostatic affinity, J. Solid State Chem. 288
(2020), 121376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121376.
[145] X. Liu, C. Hao, L. Cui, Y. Wang, An anionic cadmium-organic framework with an
uncommon 3,3,4,8-c network for efficient organic dye separation, Polyhedron
188 (2020), 114685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114685.
[146] C. Cao, Z.-Z. Li, Z.-Q. Zhang, X.-H. Chen, A new porous cationic metal–organic
framework: selective sorption of organic dyes and treatment on neural stem cells
during spinal cord injury treatment, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 17 (11) (2020)
2933–2942, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01969-0.
[147] H.A.M. Saleh, I. Mantasha, K.M.A. Qasem, M. Shahid, M.N. Akhtar, M.
A. AlDamen, M. Ahmad, A two dimensional Co(II) metal–organic framework with
bey topology for excellent dye adsorption and separation: exploring kinetics and
mechanism of adsorption, Inorg. Chim. Acta 512 (2020), 119900, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ica.2020.119900.
[148] S. Soni, P.K. Bajpai, J. Mittal, C. Arora, Utilisation of cobalt doped Iron based
MOF for enhanced removal and recovery of methylene blue dye from waste
water, J. Mol. Liq. 314 (2020), 113642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
molliq.2020.113642.
[149] A. Mariyam, M. Shahid, M. I, M.S. Khan, M.S. Ahmad, Tetrazole based porous
metal organic framework (MOF): topological analysis and dye adsorption
properties, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (6) (2020) 1935–1943, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01334-6.
[150] M. I, H.A.M. Saleh, K.M.A. Qasem, M. Shahid, M. Mehtab, M. Ahmad, Efficient
and selective adsorption and separation of methylene blue (MB) from mixture of
dyes in aqueous environment employing a Cu(II) based metal organic framework,
Inorg. Chim. Acta 511 (2020), 119787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ica.2020.119787.
[151] G.I. Dzhardimalieva, R.K. Baimuratova, E.I. Knerelman, G.I. Davydova, S.
E. Kudaibergenov, O.V. Kharissova, V.A. Zhinzhilo, I.E. Uflyand, Synthesis of
copper(II) trimesinate coordination polymer and its use as a sorbent for organic
dyes and a precursor for nanostructured material, Polymers 12 (5) (2020) 1024,
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051024.
[152] R.M. Abdelhameed, E. Alzahrani, A.A. Shaltout, R.M. Moghazy, Development of
biological macroalgae lignins using copper based metal-organic framework for
selective adsorption of cationic dye from mixed dyes, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 165
(2020) 2984–2993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.157.
[153] I. Mantasha, S. Hussain, M. Ahmad, M. Shahid, Two dimensional (2D) molecular
frameworks for rapid and selective adsorption of hazardous aromatic dyes from
aqueous phase, Sep. Purif. Technol. 238 (2020), 116413, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116413.
[154] V.D. Doan, T.L. Do, T.M.T. Ho, V.T. Le, H.T. Nguyen, Utilization of waste plastic
pet bottles to prepare copper-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate metal-organic framework
for methylene blue removal, Sep. Sci. Technol. 55 (3) (2020) 444–455, https://
doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1577266.
[155] M. I, M. Shahid, H.A.M. Saleh, K.M.A. Qasem, M. Ahmad, A novel sustainable
metal organic framework as the ultimate aqueous phase sensor for natural
hazards: detection of nitrobenzene and F− at the ppb level and rapid and selective
adsorption of methylene blue, CrystEngComm 22 (22) (2020) 3891–3909,
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CE00356E.
[156] M. Dadashi Firouzjaei, F. Akbari Afkhami, M. Rabbani Esfahani, C.H. Turner,
S. Nejati, Experimental and molecular dynamics study on dye removal from water
by a graphene oxide-copper-metal organic framework nanocomposite, J. Water
Process. Eng. 34 (2020), 101180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101180.
[157] R. Pei, L. Fan, F. Zhao, J. Xiao, Y. Yang, A. Lai, S.-F. Zhou, G. Zhan, 3D-Printed
metal-organic frameworks within biocompatible polymers as excellent adsorbents
for organic dyes removal, J. Hazard. Mater 384 (2020), 121418, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121418.
[158] L. Vidal, M.-L. Riekkola, A. Canals, Ionic liquid-modified materials for solid-phase
extraction and separation: a review, Anal. Chim. Acta 715 (2012) 19–41, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.050.
[159] R. Zambare, X. Song, S. Bhuvana, J.S. Antony Prince, P. Nemade, Ultrafast dye
removal using ionic liquid–graphene oxide sponge, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5 (7)
(2017) 6026–6035, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00867.
[160] P. Isosaari, V. Srivastava, M. Sillanpää, Ionic liquid-based water treatment
technologies for organic pollutants: Current status and future prospects of ionic
liquid mediated technologies, Sci. Total Environ. 690 (2019) 604–619, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.421.
[161] M. Tian, L. Fang, X. Yan, W. Xiao, K.H. Row, Determination of heavy metal ions
and organic pollutants in water samples using ionic liquids and ionic liquid-
28
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
modified sorbents, J. Anal. Methods Chem. (2019) (2019) 1948965, https://doi.
org/10.1155/2019/1948965.
[162] S. Kavak, H. Kulak, H.M. Polat, S. Keskin, A. Uzun, Fast and selective adsorption
of methylene blue from water using [BMIM][PF6]-incorporated UiO-66 and NH2-
UiO-66, Cryst. Growth Des. 20 (6) (2020) 3590–3595, https://doi.org/10.1021/
acs.cgd.0c00309.
[163] M. Neshastehgar, P. Rahmani, A. Shojaei, H. Molavi, Enhanced adsorption
removal performance of UiO-66 by rational hybridization with nanodiamond,
Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 296 (2020), 110008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
micromeso.2020.110008.
[164] X. Song, P. Yang, D. Wu, P. Zhao, X. Zhao, L. Yang, Y. Zhou, Facile synthesis of
metal-organic framework UiO-66 for adsorptive removal of methylene blue from
water, Chem. Phys. 531 (2020), 110655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemphys.2019.110655.
[165] F. Liu, S. Chung, G. Oh, T.S. Seo, Three-dimensional graphene oxide
nanostructure for fast and efficient water-soluble dye removal, ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces 4 (2) (2012) 922–927, https://doi.org/10.1021/am201590z.
[166] Y. Sun, M. Chen, H. Liu, Y. Zhu, D. Wang, M. Yan, Adsorptive removal of dye and
antibiotic from water with functionalized zirconium-based metal organic
framework and graphene oxide composite nanomaterial Uio-66-(OH)2/GO, Appl.
Surf. Sci. 525 (2020), 146614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146614.
[167] A.S. Eltaweil, E.M. Abd El-Monaem, G.M. El-Subruiti, M.M. Abd El-Latif, A.
M. Omer, Fabrication of UiO-66/MIL-101(Fe) binary MOF/carboxylated-GO
composite for adsorptive removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions,
RSC Adv. 10 (32) (2020) 19008–19019, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA02424D.
[168] N.M. Mahmoodi, M. Oveisi, A. Panahdar, B. Hayati, K. Nasiri, Synthesis of porous
metal-organic framework composite adsorbents and pollutant removal from
multicomponent systems, Mater. Chem. Phys. 243 (2020), 122572, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122572.
[169] S. Kim, J. Lee, Y. Son, M. Yoon, Study of the dye adsorption kinetics of
metal–organic frameworks in aqueous media, Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc. 41 (8) (2020)
843–850, https://doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.12076.
[170] J.-M. Yang, B.-C. Yang, Y. Zhang, R.-N. Yang, S.-S. Ji, Q. Wang, S. Quan, R.-
Z. Zhang, Rapid adsorptive removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous
solution by a Ce(III)-doped Zr-based metal–organic framework, Microporous
Mesoporous Mater. 292 (2020), 109764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
micromeso.2019.109764.
[171] F. Mahmoudi, M.M. Amini, M. Sillanpää, Synthesis of MIL-100(Fe)/SBA-15
composite as a novel and ultrafast adsorbent for removal of methylene blue dye
from aqueous solution, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 118 (2020), 108032, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108032.
[172] F. Mahmoudi, M.M. Amini, Confined crystallization of microporous metal-organic
framework within mesoporous silica with enhanced hydrostability: ultrafast
removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions by MIL-68(Al)@SBA-15
composite, J. Water Process. Eng. 35 (2020), 101227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jwpe.2020.101227.
[173] X.-J. Dui, W.-B. Yang, X.-Y. Wu, X. Kuang, J.-Z. Liao, R. Yu, C.-Z. Lu, Two novel
POM-based inorganic–organic hybrid compounds: synthesis, structures, magnetic
properties, photodegradation and selective absorption of organic dyes, Dalton
Trans. 44 (20) (2015) 9496–9505, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT01042J.
[174] X. Liu, W. Gong, J. Luo, C. Zou, Y. Yang, S. Yang, Selective adsorption of cationic
dyes from aqueous solution by polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework
composite, Appl. Surf. Sci. 362 (2016) 517–524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apsusc.2015.11.151.
[175] J.-W. Sun, P.-F. Yan, G.-H. An, J.-Q. Sha, G.-M. Li, G.-Y. Yang, Immobilization of
polyoxometalate in the metal-organic framework rht-MOF-1: towards a highly
effective heterogeneous catalyst and dye scavenger, Sci. Rep. 6 (1) (2016) 25595,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25595.
[176] A. Jarrah, S. Farhadi, Encapsulation of K6P2W18O62 into magnetic nanoporous
Fe3O4/MIL-101 (Fe) for highly enhanced removal of organic dyes, J. Solid State
Chem. 285 (2020), 121264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121264.
[177] Y. Lu, B. Jiang, L. Fang, F. Ling, J. Gao, F. Wu, X. Zhang, High performance NiFe
layered double hydroxide for methyl orange dye and Cr(VI) adsorption,
Chemosphere 152 (2016) 415–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2016.03.015.
[178] M. Zubair, M. Daud, G. McKay, F. Shehzad, M.A. Al-Harthi, Recent progress in
layered double hydroxides (LDH)-containing hybrids as adsorbents for water
remediation, Appl. Clay Sci. 143 (2017) 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
clay.2017.04.002.
[179] M. Khajeh, A.R. Oveisi, A. Barkhordar, Z. Sorinezami, Co-Fe-layered double
hydroxide decorated amino-functionalized zirconium terephthalate metal-organic
framework for removal of organic dyes from water samples, Spectrochim. Acta,
Part A 234 (2020), 118270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118270.
[180] F. Akbarbandari, M. Zabihi, M. Faghihi, Synthesis of the magnetic core–shell bi-
metallic and tri-metallic metal–organic framework nanocomposites for dye
adsorption, Water Environ. Res. 93 (2020) 906–920, https://doi.org/10.1002/
wer.1481.
[181] K. Ventura, R.A. Arrieta, M. Marcos-Hernández, V. Jabbari, C.D. Powell,
R. Turley, A.W. Lounsbury, J.B. Zimmerman, J. Gardea-Torresdey, M.S. Wong,
D. Villagrán, Superparamagnetic MOF@GO Ni and Co based hybrid
nanocomposites as efficient water pollutant adsorbents, Sci. Total Environ. 738
(2020), 139213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139213.
[182] Q. Wu, M.S. Siddique, W. Yu, Iron-nickel bimetallic metal-organic frameworks as
bifunctional Fenton-like catalysts for enhanced adsorption and degradation of
organic contaminants under visible light: kinetics and mechanistic studies,
G. Sriram et al.
J. Hazard. Mater. 401 (2021), 123261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jhazmat.2020.123261.
[183] Y. Liu, D. Lin, W. Yang, X. An, A. Sun, X. Fan, Q. Pan, In situ modification of ZIF-
67 with multi-sulfonated dyes for great enhanced methylene blue adsorption via
synergistic effect, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 303 (2020), 110304, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110304.
[184] M. Saghian, S. Dehghanpour, M. Sharbatdaran, Unique and efficient adsorbents
for highly selective and reverse adsorption and separation of dyes via the
introduction of SO3H functional groups into a metal–organic framework, RSC
Adv. 10 (16) (2020) 9369–9377, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10840H.
[185] M. Armstrong, P. Sirous, B. Shan, R. Wang, C. Zhong, J. Liu, B. Mu, Prolonged
HKUST-1 functionality under extreme hydrothermal conditions by
electrospinning polystyrene fibers as a new coating method, Microporous
Mesoporous Mater. 270 (2018) 34–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
micromeso.2018.05.004.
[186] T. Li, L. Liu, Z. Zhang, Z. Han, Preparation of nanofibrous metal-organic
framework filter for rapid adsorption and selective separation of cationic dye
from aqueous solution, Sep. Purif. Technol. 237 (2020), 116360, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116360.
[187] A. Ghosh, G. Das, Green synthesis of Sn(II)-BDC MOF: preferential and efficient
adsorption of anionic dyes, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 297 (2020), 110039,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110039.
[188] N.P. Raval, P.U. Shah, N.K. Shah, Malachite green “a cationic dye” and its
removal from aqueous solution by adsorption, Appl Water Sci 7 (7) (2017)
3407–3445, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0512-2.
[189] E. Altintig, M. Onaran, A. Sarı, H. Altundag, M. Tuzen, Preparation,
characterization and evaluation of bio-based magnetic activated carbon for
effective adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution, Mater. Chem.
Phys. 220 (2018) 313–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2018.05.077.
[190] X. Zhang, Q. Lin, S. Luo, K. Ruan, K. Peng, Preparation of novel oxidized
mesoporous carbon with excellent adsorption performance for removal of
malachite green and lead ion, Appl. Surf. Sci. 442 (2018) 322–331, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.148.
[191] N. Hassan, A. Shahat, A. El-Didamony, M. El-Desouky, A.A. El-Bindary,
Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of cationic dyes
from aqueous solution using ZIF-8, Moroccan J. Chem 8 (3) (2020) 627–637,
https://doi.org/10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v8i3.21127.
[192] N.M. Mahmoodi, M. Oveisi, A. Taghizadeh, M. Taghizadeh, Synthesis of pearl
necklace-like ZIF-8@chitosan/PVA nanofiber with synergistic effect for recycling
aqueous dye removal, Carbohydr. Polym. 227 (2020), 115364, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115364.
[193] M. Khajavian, E. Salehi, V. Vatanpour, Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol thin
membrane adsorbents modified with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)
nanostructures: batch adsorption and optimization, Sep. Purif. Technol. 241
(2020), 116759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116759.
[194] Y. Li, X. Yan, X. Hu, R. Feng, M. Zhou, D. Han, In situ growth of ZIF-8 onto porous
carbons as an efficient adsorbent for malachite green removal, J. Porous. Mater.
27 (4) (2020) 1109–1117, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-020-00887-z.
[195] J. Abdi, H. Abedini, MOF-based polymeric nanocomposite beads as an efficient
adsorbent for wastewater treatment in batch and continuous systems: modelling
and experiment, Chem. Eng. J. 400 (2020), 125862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cej.2020.125862.
[196] X. Ma, H. Liu, S. Wen, Q. Xie, L. Li, J. Jin, X. Wang, B. Zhao, W. Song, Ultra-
sensitive SERS detection, rapid selective adsorption and degradation of cationic
dyes on multifunctional magnetic metal-organic framework-based composite,
Nanotechnology 31 (31) (2020), 315501, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/
ab8a8f.
[197] H. Molavi, M. Neshastehgar, A. Shojaei, H. Ghashghaeinejad, Ultrafast and
simultaneous removal of anionic and cationic dyes by nanodiamond/UiO-66
hybrid nanocomposite, Chemosphere 247 (2020), 125882, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125882.
[198] H.M.H. Gad, A.A. El-Sayed, Activated carbon from agricultural by-products for
the removal of Rhodamine-B from aqueous solution, J. Hazard. Mater. 168 (2)
(2009) 1070–1081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.155.
[199] R. Jain, M. Mathur, S. Sikarwar, A. Mittal, Removal of the hazardous dye
rhodamine B through photocatalytic and adsorption treatments, J. Environ.
Manag. 85 (4) (2007) 956–964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.002.
[200] P. Cheng, M. Kim, H. Lim, J. Lin, N.L. Torad, X. Zhang, M.S.A. Hossain, C.-W. Wu,
C. Wang, J. Na, Y. Yamauchi, A General Approach to Shaped MOF-Containing
Aerogels toward Practical Water Treatment Application, Adv. Sustainable Syst. 4
(8) (2020) 2000060, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000060.
[201] Y. Zhao, J. Shi, X. Wang, W. Li, Y. Wu, Z. Jiang, Biomass@MOF-derived carbon
aerogels with a hierarchically structured surface for treating organic pollutants,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 59 (39) (2020) 17529–17536, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.
iecr.0c01149.
[202] X. Meng, C. Duan, Y. Zhang, W. Lu, W. Wang, Y. Ni, Corncob-supported Ag NPs@
ZIF-8 nanohybrids as multifunction biosorbents for wastewater remediation:
robust adsorption, catalysis and antibacterial activity, Compos. Sci. Technol. 200
(2020), 108384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108384.
[203] M. Taheri, I.D. Bernardo, A. Lowe, D.R. Nisbet, T. Tsuzuki, Green full conversion
of ZnO nanopowders to well-dispersed zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)
nanopowders via a stoichiometric mechanochemical reaction for fast dye
adsorption, Cryst. Growth Des. 20 (4) (2020) 2761–2773, https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00129.
29
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
[204] S. Zhao, S. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Su, Y. Long, Z. Zheng, D. Cui, Y. Liu, C. Wang, X. Zhang,
Z. Zhang, Microwave-assisted hydrothermal assembly of 2D copper-porphyrin
metal-organic frameworks for the removal of dyes and antibiotics from water,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (31) (2020) 39186–39197, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11356-020-09865-z.
[205] A.A. Taha, L. Huang, S. Ramakrishna, Y. Liu, MOF [NH2-MIL-101(Fe)] as a
powerful and reusable Fenton-like catalyst, J. Water Process. Eng. 33 (2020),
101004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101004.
[206] C.M. Navarathna, N.B. Dewage, A.G. Karunanayake, E.L. Farmer, F. Perez, E.
B. Hassan, T.E. Mlsna, C.U. Pittman, Rhodamine B adsorptive removal and
photocatalytic degradation on MIL-53-Fe MOF/magnetic magnetite/biochar
composites, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (1) (2020) 214–229, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019- 01322-w.
[207] M. Firoozi, Z. Rafiee, K. Dashtian, New MOF/COF hybrid as a robust adsorbent for
simultaneous removal of auramine O and rhodamine B dyes, ACS Omega 5 (16)
(2020) 9420–9428, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00539.
[208] B.-M. Jun, J. Heo, N. Taheri-Qazvini, C.M. Park, Y. Yoon, Adsorption of selected
dyes on Ti3C2Tx MXene and Al-based metal-organic framework, Ceram. Int. 46
(3) (2020) 2960–2968, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.293.
[209] J.-M. Yang, R.-J. Ying, C.-X. Han, Q.-T. Hu, H.-M. Xu, J.-H. Li, Q. Wang, W. Zhang,
Adsorptive removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution by a Zr-based
metal–organic framework: effects of Ce(iii) doping, Dalton Trans. 47 (11) (2018)
3913–3920, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT00217G.
[210] M.A. Nazir, M.S. Bashir, M. Jamshaid, A. Anum, T. Najam, K. Shahzad, M. Imran,
S.S.A. Shah, A.U. Rehman, Synthesis of porous secondary metal-doped MOFs for
removal of Rhodamine B from water: Role of secondary metal on efficiency and
kinetics, Surf. Interfaces 25 (2021), 101261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
surfin.2021.101261.
[211] Y. Han, M. Liu, K. Li, Q. Sun, W. Zhang, C. Song, G. Zhang, Z. Conrad Zhang,
X. Guo, In situ synthesis of titanium doped hybrid metal–organic framework UiO-
66 with enhanced adsorption capacity for organic dyes, Inorg. Chem. Front. 4
(11) (2017) 1870–1880, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7QI00437K.
[212] M.Ş.A. Eren, H. Arslanoğlu, H. Çiftçi, Production of microporous Cu-doped BTC
(Cu- BTC) metal-organic framework composite materials, superior adsorbents for
the removal of methylene blue (Basic Blue 9), J. Environ. Chem. Eng 8 (5) (2020),
104247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104247.
[213] P. Veerakumar, T. Jeyapragasam, K. Salamalai Surabhi, T. Maiyalagan, K.-C. Lin,
Functionalized mesoporous carbon nanostructures for efficient removal of
eriochrome Black-T from aqueous solution, J. Chem. Eng. Data 64 (4) (2019)
1305–1321, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.8b00878.
[214] J. Liu, H. Yu, L. Wang, Superior absorption capacity of tremella like ferrocene
based metal-organic framework in removal of organic dye from water, J. Hazard.
Mater. 392 (2020), 122274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122274.
[215] W. Zhang, R.-Z. Zhang, Y. Yin, J.-M. Yang, Superior selective adsorption of
anionic organic dyes by MIL-101 analogs: regulation of adsorption driving forces
by free amino groups in pore channels, J. Mol. Liq. 302 (2020), 112616, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112616.
[216] W. Liu, C. Fan, Z. Zong, N. Li, K. Ma, B. Zhu, X. Zhang, Y. Fan, Two Co(II)-based
metal organic frameworks for highly efficient removal of azo dyes from aqueous
environment: synthesis, selective adsorption and adsorption mechanism, Colloids
Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 603 (2020) 125236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
colsurfa.2020.125236.
[217] K. Litefti, M.S. Freire, M. Stitou, J. González-Álvarez, Adsorption of an anionic
dye (Congo red) from aqueous solutions by pine bark, Sci. Rep. 9 (1) (2019)
16530, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53046-z.
[218] J. Zolgharnein, S. Dermanaki Farahani, M. Bagtash, S. Amani, Application of a
new metal- organic framework of [Ni2F2(4,4′ -bipy)2(H2O)2](VO3)2.8H2O as an
efficient adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye using experimental design
optimization, Environ. Res. 82 (2020), 109054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envres.2019.109054.
[219] Q. Fu, J. Lou, R. Zhang, L. Peng, S. Zhou, W. Yan, C. Mo, J. Luo, Highly effective
and fast removal of Congo red from wastewater with metal-organic framework
Fe-MIL- 88NH2, J. Solid State Chem. 294 (2021), 121836, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121836.
[220] X. Liu, B. Liu, J.F. Eubank, Y. Liu, Highly effective and fast removal of anionic
carcinogenic dyes via an In3-cluster-based cationic metal–organic framework
with nitrogen-rich ligand, Mater. Chem. Front. 4 (1) (2020) 182–188, https://doi.
org/10.1039/C9QM00644C.
[221] Y. Mao, Q. Wang, L. Yu, H. Qian, S. Deng, W. Xiao, D. Zhao, C. Chen, A 2-fold
interpenetrated nitrogen-rich metal–organic framework for rapid and selective
adsorption of Congo red, Inorg. Chem. 59 (12) (2020) 8213–8219, https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00567.
[222] T.V. Tran, H. Nguyen, P.H.A. Le, D.T.C. Nguyen, T.T. Nguyen, C.V. Nguyen, D.-V.
N. Vo, T.D. Nguyen, Microwave-assisted solvothermal fabrication of hybrid
zeolitic– imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) for optimizing dyes adsorption efficiency
using response surface methodology, J. Environ. Chem. Eng 8 (4) (2020), 104189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104189.
[223] X. Chen, X. Lei, H. Zheng, X. Jiang, B. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Lu, Q. Zhang, Facile
one- step synthesis of magnetic Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for ultra fast
removal of Congo red from water, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 311 (2021),
110712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110712.
[224] J. Panda, S.N. Sahu, J.K. Sahoo, S.P. Biswal, S.K. Pattanayak, R. Samantaray,
R. Sahu, Efficient removal of two anionic dyes by a highly robust zirconium based
metal organic framework from aqueous medium: Experimental findings with
molecular docking study, Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 14 (2020),
100340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100340.
G. Sriram et al.
[225] X. Dong, Y. Lin, Y. Ma, L. Zhao, N-contaning UiO-67 derived multifunctional
hybrid materials as highly effective adsorbents for removal of Congo red, Inorg.
Chim. Acta 510 (2020), 119748, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2020.119748.
[226] J.-M. Yang, W. Zhang, R.-Z. Zhang, M.-X. Tong, Modulation of the driving forces
for adsorption on MIL-101 analogues by decoration with sulfonic acid functional
groups: superior selective adsorption of hazardous anionic dyes, Dalton Trans. 49
(20) (2020) 6651–6660, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT00978D.
[227] Y. Tan, Z. Sun, H. Meng, Y. Han, J. Wu, J. Xu, Y. Xu, X. Zhang, Aminated metal-
organic framework (NH2-MIL-101(Cr)) incorporated polyvinylidene (PVDF)
hybrid membranes: synthesis and application in efficient removal of Congo red
from aqueous solution, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 34 (1) (2020), e5281, https://
doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5281.
[228] P. Li, Y. Lin, R. Chen, W. Li, Construction of a hierarchical-structured MgO-carbon
nanocomposite from a metal–organic complex for efficient CO2 capture and
organic pollutant removal, Dalton Trans. 49 (16) (2020) 5183–5191, https://doi.
org/10.1039/D0DT00722F.
[229] X.-Z. Guo, S.-S. Han, J.-M. Yang, X.-M. Wang, S.-S. Chen, S. Quan, Effect of
synergistic interplay between surface charge, crystalline defects, and pore volume
of MIL-100(Fe) on adsorption of aqueous organic dyes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 59
(5) (2020) 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05715.
[230] L. Wen, X. Chen, C. Chen, R. Yang, M. Gong, Y. Zhang, Q. Fu, Ice-templated
porous polymer/UiO-66 monolith for Congo Red adsorptive removal, Arab. J.
Chem. 13 (6) (2020) 5669–5678, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.04.007.
[231] L. Liu, Y. Ma, W. Yang, C. Chen, M. Li, D. Lin, Q. Pan, Reusable ZIF-8@chitosan
sponge for the efficient and selective removal of congo red, New J. Chem. 44 (36)
(2020) 15459–15466, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ02699A.
[232] Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Improved performance of 3D hierarchical NiAl-LDHs micro-
flowers via a surface anchored ZIF-8 for rapid multiple-pollutants simultaneous
removal and residues monitoring, J. Hazard. Mater. 395 (2020), 122635, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122635.
[233] M. Davoodi, F. Davar, M.R. Rezayat, M.T. Jafari, A.E. Shalan, Cobalt
metal–organic framework-based ZIF-67 for the trace determination of herbicide
molinate by ion mobility spectrometry: investigation of different morphologies,
RSC Adv. 11 (5) (2021) 2643–2655, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09298C.
[234] F. Zarekarizi, A. Morsali, Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of nano-sized metal-
organic framework; a simple method to explore selective and fast Congo Red
adsorption, Ultrason. Sonochem. 69 (2020), 105246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ultsonch.2020.105246.
[235] M. del Rio, G. Turnes Palomino, C. Palomino Cabello, Metal–organic
Framework@Carbon hybrid magnetic material as an efficient adsorbent for
pollutant extraction, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (5) (2020) 6419–6425,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19722.
[236] K. Cendrowski, K. Opała, E. Mijowska, Carbonized lanthanum-based metal-
organic framework with parallel arranged channels for azo-dye adsorption,
Nanomaterials 10 (6) (2020) 1053, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061053.
[237] M. Hasanzadeh, A. Simchi, H.S. Far, Kinetics and adsorptive study of organic dye
removal using water-stable nanoscale metal organic frameworks, Mater. Chem.
Phys. 233 (2019) 267–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2019.05.050.
[238] D. Zhao, C. Cai, Cerium-based UiO-66 metal-organic framework for synergistic
dye adsorption and photodegradation: A discussion of the mechanism, Dyes
Pigments 185 (2021), 108957, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108957.
[239] X.-Q. Zhan, Y. Zhang, L. Xie, H.-L. Liu, X.-K. Zhang, B. Ruan, H. Ding, J. Wu,
D. Shi, T. Jiang, N. Ma, F.-C. Tsai, Magnetically treated Zr-based UiO-type porous
coordination polymers study on adsorption of azo dye, Microporous Mesoporous
Mater. 306 (2020), 110291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110291.
[240] A. Khalid, M. Zubair, Ihsanullah, A comparative study on the adsorption of
eriochrome Black T dye from aqueous solution on graphene and acid-modified
graphene, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 43 (5) (2018) 2167–2179, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13369-017-2543-x.
[241] J. Bu, L. Yuan, Y. Ren, Y. Lv, Y. Meng, X. Peng, Enhanced removal of Eriochrome
Black T in wastewater by zirconium-based MOF/graphene oxide, Can. J. Chem.
98 (2) (2020) 90–97, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0368.
[242] H. Balouchi, M. Baziar, A. Dehghan, H. Alidadi, M. Shams, Combination of
electrocoagulation and MOF adsorption systems for EBT removal from water, Int.
J. Environ. Anal. Chem. (2020) 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1080/
03067319.2020.1737035.
[243] G.A. Haghighat, S. Sadeghi, M.H. Saghi, S.K. Ghadiri, I. Anastopoulos, D.
A. Giannakoudakis, J.C. Colmenares, M. Shams, Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
(ZIFs) of various morphologies against eriochrome black-T (EBT): optimizing the
key physicochemical features by process modeling, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem.
Eng. Asp. 606 (2020) 125391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125391.
[244] M. Mahmoodi, V. Javanbakht, Fabrication of Zn-based magnetic zeolitic
imidazolate framework bionanocomposite using basil seed mucilage for removal
of azo cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution, Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
167 (2021) 1076–1090, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.062.
[245] R. Lafi, A. Hafiane, Removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution using
cationic surfactants modified coffee waste (MCWs), J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 58
(2016) 424–433, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.06.035.
[246] V.S. Munagapati, V. Yarramuthi, D.-S. Kim, Methyl orange removal from aqueous
solution using goethite, chitosan beads and goethite impregnated with chitosan
beads, J. Mol. Liq. 240 (2017) 329–339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
molliq.2017.05.099.
[247] S. Bao, K. Li, P. Ning, J. Peng, X. Jin, L. Tang, Synthesis of amino-
functionalization magnetic multi-metal organic framework (Fe3O4/MIL-101
(Al0.9Fe0.1)/NH2) for efficient removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution,
30
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 87 (2018) 64–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jtice.2018.03.009.
[248] X. Zhang, L. Qian, S. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Xiong, J. Li, P. Fang, C. He, Comparative
studies of methyl orange adsorption in various metal-organic frameworks by
nitrogen adsorption and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, Microporous
Mesoporous Mater. 296 (2020), 109993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
micromeso.2019.109993.
[249] W. Wu, T. Yao, Y. Xiang, H. Zou, Y. Zhou, Efficient removal of methyl orange by a
flower-like TiO2/MIL-101(Cr) composite nanomaterial, Dalton Trans. 49 (17)
(2020) 5722–5729, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT00778A.
[250] W. Song, M. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Y. Zhao, M. Yang, Z. Miao, H. Ren, Q. Ma, L. Qian,
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 functionalized cellulose hybrid aerogel: an
environmentally friendly candidate for dye removal, Cellulose 27 (4) (2020)
2161–2172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02883-2.
[251] S. Saghir, Z. Xiao, Hierarchical mesoporous ZIF-67@LDH for efficient adsorption
of aqueous Methyl Orange and Alizarine Red S, Powder Technol. 377 (2021)
453–463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.006.
[252] M.A. Nazir, N.A. Khan, C. Cheng, S.S.A. Shah, T. Najam, M. Arshad, A. Sharif,
S. Akhtar, A.U. Rehman, Surface induced growth of ZIF-67 at Co-layered double
hydroxide: Removal of methylene blue and methyl orange from water, Appl. Clay
Sci. 190 (2020), 105564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105564.
[253] H. Sun, C. Ju, Y. Zhao, C. Wang, X. Peng, Y. Wu, Preparation of SiO2@ZIF-67/
CNTs and research on its adsorption performance at low-temperature, Colloids
Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 603 (2020) 125205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
colsurfa.2020.125205.
[254] H. Xue, X.-S. Huang, Q. Yin, X.-J. Hu, H.-Q. Zheng, G. Huang, T.-F. Liu, Bimetallic
cationic metal–organic frameworks for selective dye adsorption and effective
Cr2O72– removal, Cryst. Growth Des. 20 (8) (2020) 4861–4866, https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00239.
[255] L. Zhao, L. Meng, X. Liu, G. Guo, H. Jing, A multifunctional metal–organic
framework containing chiral centers for effectively and rapid removing anionic
dye from aqueous solution, J. Solid State Chem. 283 (2020), 121141, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jssc.2019.121141.
[256] M. Al Sharabati, R. Sabouni, Selective removal of dual dyes from aqueous
solutions using a metal organic framework (MIL-53(Al)), Polyhedron 190 (2020),
114762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114762.
[257] J. Liu, Z. Wang, R. Bi, F. Mao, K. Wang, H. Wu, X. Wang, A polythreaded MnII-
MOF and its super-performances for dye adsorption and supercapacitors, Inorg.
Chem. Front. 7 (3) (2020) 718–730, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QI01204D.
[258] L. Yin, Z. Liu, Y. Yang, Y. Guo, G. Zhang, F. Gai, Y. Ao, J. Liu, B. Xin, Y. Liu,
Structured carbon fiber cloth-templated ZIF-8 by binder-free method for efficient
dyes removal from water, Mater. Chem. Phys. 242 (2020), 122563, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122563.
[259] H. Hu, D. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Jin, J. Gao, Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, L. Geng, S. Liu,
R. Zhang, Two isostructural Ni(II)/Co(II)-based metal-organic frameworks for
selective dye adsorption and catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides, Chin.
Chem. Lett. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.028.
[260] F. Ahmadijokani, R. Mohammadkhani, S. Ahmadipouya, A. Shokrgozar,
M. Rezakazemi, H. Molavi, T.M. Aminabhavi, M. Arjmand, Superior chemical
stability of UiO-66 metal- organic frameworks (MOFs) for selective dye
adsorption, Chem. Eng. J. 399 (2020), 125346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cej.2020.125346.
[261] X. Sang, Q. Zha, X. Nie, D. Liu, Y. Guo, X. Shi, C. Ni, Interfacial growth of
metal–organic framework on carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes for
efficient dye adsorption and separation, Anal. Methods 12 (37) (2020)
4534–4540, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01249A.
[262] Y.-Z. Zhang, X.-S. Song, J.-M. Yang, Modulation of driving forces fo UiO-66
analog adsorbents by decoration with amino functional groups: Superior
adsorption of hazardous dyes, J. Mol. Struct. 1220 (2020), 128716, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128716.
[263] P. Nasehi, S.F. Abbaspour, M. Rafiee, M.S. Moghaddam, Synthesis of novel acid-
promoted UIO-66-NH2-MnFe2O4-TiO2-TiNT nanocomposite for high synchronous
adsorption of cadmium and methyl orange and conditions optimization by
response surface methodology, Sep. Sci. Technol. (2020) 1–19, https://doi.org/
10.1080/01496395.2020.1746806.
[264] B. Shen, H.-C. Liu, W.-B. Ou, G. Eilers, S.-M. Zhou, F.-G. Meng, C.-Q. Li, Y.-Q. Li,
Toxicity induced by Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 in zebrafish
larvae, J. Appl. Toxicol. 35 (12) (2015) 1473–1480, https://doi.org/10.1002/
jat.3134.
[265] R. Soltani, A. Marjani, S. Shirazian, A hierarchical LDH/MOF nanocomposite:
single, simultaneous and consecutive adsorption of a reactive dye and Cr(VI),
Dalton Trans. 49 (16) (2020) 5323–5335, https://doi.org/10.1039/
D0DT00680G.
[266] L. Zhu, N. Liu, L. Yu, X. Jiang, X., Li, pH-dependent synthesis of two three-
dimensional cobalt-based metal organic frameworks with antibacterial activity
and dye adsorption, Inorg. Chim. Acta 510 (2020), 119728, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ica.2020.119728.
[267] Q. Wang, Z. Shi, Z. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Li, H. Hu, Y. Bai, Z. Xu, H. Zhangsun,
L. Wang, Rapid simultaneous adsorption and SERS detection of acid orange II
using versatile gold nanoparticles decorated NH2-MIL-101(Cr), Anal. Chim. Acta
1129 (2020) 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.015.
[268] M. Li, D. Gao, S. Cui, Y. Shi, N. Liu, Fabrication of Fe3O4/ZIF-67 composite for
removal of direct blue 80 from water, Water Environ. Res. 92 (5) (2020) 740–748,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1269.
[269] M. Hasanzadeh, A. Simchi, H. Shahriyari Far, Nanoporous composites of activated
carbon- metal organic frameworks for organic dye adsorption: synthesis,
G. Sriram et al.
adsorption mechanism and kinetics studies, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 81 (2020)
405–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.031.
[270] H.S. Far, M. Hasanzadeh, M.S. Nashtaei, M. Rabbani, A. Haji, B. Hadavi
Moghadam, PPI- dendrimer-functionalized magnetic metal–organic framework
(Fe3O4@MOF@PPI) with high adsorption capacity for sustainable wastewater
treatment, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (22) (2020) 25294–25303, https://doi.
org/10.1021/acsami.0c04953.
[271] C. Sophia, E.C. Lima, Removal of emerging contaminants from the environment
by adsorption, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 150 (2018) 1–17, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.026.
[272] X. Guo, L. Kong, Y. Ruan, Z. Diao, K. Shih, M. Su, L.A. Hou, D. Chen, Green and
facile synthesis of cobalt-based metal–organic frameworks for the efficient
removal of Congo red from aqueous solution, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 578 (2020)
500–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.126.
[273] B.-M. Jun, J. Heo, C.M. Park, Y. Yoon, Comprehensive evaluation of the removal
mechanism of carbamazepine and ibuprofen by metal organic framework,
31
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 31 (2022) e00378
Chemosphere 235 (2019) 527–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2019.06.208.
[274] B. Azhar, A.E. Angkawijaya, S.P. Santoso, C. Gunarto, A. Ayucitra, A.W. Go, P.
L. Tran- Nguyen, S. Ismadji, Y.-H. Ju, Aqueous synthesis of highly adsorptive
copper–gallic acid metal–organic framework, Sci. Rep. 10 (1) (2020) 19212,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75927-4.
[275] M. Yang, Q. Bai, Flower-like hierarchical Ni-Zn MOF microspheres: Efficient
adsorbents for dye removal, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 582 (2019),
123795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123795.
[276] H. Li, X. Cao, C. Zhang, Q. Yu, Z. Zhao, X. Niu, X. Sun, Y. Liu, L. Ma, Z. Li,
Enhanced adsorptive removal of anionic and cationic dyes from single or mixed
dye solutions using MOF PCN-222, RSC Adv. 7 (27) (2017) 16273–16281,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01647F.
[277] M. Tong, D. Liu, Q. Yang, S. Devautour-Vinot, G. Maurin, C. Zhong, Influence of
framework metal ions on the dye capture behavior of MIL-100 (Fe, Cr) MOF type
solids, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (30) (2013) 8534–8537, https://doi.org/10.1039/
C3TA11807J.