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Thomas M. Klapötke
Energetic Materials Encyclopedia
Also of interest

The Properties of Energetic Materials.

Sensitivity, Physical and Thermodynamic
Properties
M. H. Keshavarz, T. M. Klapötke, 2018
ISBN 978-3-11-052187-0, e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-
052188-7,
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-052195-5

Combustible Organic Materials.

Determination and Prediction of Combustion
Properties
Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, 2018
ISBN 978-3-11-057220-9, e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-
057222-3,
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-057233-9
Chemistry of High-Energy Materials
Thomas M. Klapötke, 2019
ISBN 978-3-11-062438-0, e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-
062457-1,
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-062469-4

High Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics

Ernst-Christian Koch, 2021
ISBN 978-3-11-066052-4, e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-
066056-2,
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-066059-3

Energetic Compounds.
Methods for Prediction of their Performance
M. H. Keshavarz, T. M. Klapötke, 2020
ISBN 978-3-11-067764-5, e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-
067765-2,
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067775-1
Author
Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Klapötke
Department of Chemistry
Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
Butenandstr. 5-13 (Building D)
81377 Munich, Germany
tmk@cup.uni-muenchen.de
and
Department of Chemistry
University of Rhode Island
Beaupre Center
140 Flagg Road
Kingston, RI 02881
USA

ISBN 978-3-11-067245-9
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067255-8
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067271-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020949508

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet
at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Cover image: ThomasVogel/iStock/Getty Images Plus

www.degruyter.com
Contents
O
Octanitrocubane
Octanitroterphenyl
Octogen
6-Oxo-2,5,7-trinitro-2,5,7,9-tetraazabicyclo[4.3.0]n
onane-8-one

P
Pentaammine(5-cyanotetrazolato-N2)cobalt(III) pe
rchlorate
Pentaerythritol trinitrate
Pentaerythrityl tetranitramine
Pentanitroaniline
Pentanitrobenzene
PETN
Picramic acid
Picric acid
4-Picrylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene
5-Picrylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole
3-Picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole
Poly-3-azidomethyl-3-methyl-oxetane
Poly-3,3-bis-(azidomethyl)-oxetane
Poly-GLYN
Poly(3‐nitratomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane)
Polynitropolyphenylene
Polyvinyl nitrate
Potassium 5-aminotetrazolate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium dinitramide
Potassium 1,1ʹ-dinitramino-5,5ʹ-bistetrazolate
Potassium dinitrobenzfuroxan
Potassium 5,7-dinitro-[2,1,3]-benzoxadiazol-4-olat
e 3-oxide
Potassium nitrate
Potassium 5-nitrotetrazolate
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium picrate
Potassium tetrazolate
Propyleneglycol dinitrate
Propyl nitrate
Propyl nitroguanidine
PYX

S
Silver azide
Silver fulminate
Sixolite
Sixonite
Silver nitrotetrazolate
Sodium 5-aminotetrazolate trihydrate
Sodium azide
Sodium chlorate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium 5-nitrotetrazolate dihydrate
Sodium perchlorate
Strontium nitrate
Styphnic acid
Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine

T
Tacot
TATP
Tetraamine-cis-bis(5-nitro-2H-tetrazolato) cobalt(II
I) perchlorate
3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-Tetrafurazano-1,2,5,6,910,13,1
4-octaazacyclohexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octane-
1,10-dioxide
Tetramethylammonium nitrate
Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide
2,2,5,5-Tetramethylolcyclopentanol pentanitrate
Tetramethylolcyclopentanone tetranitrate
Tetranitroacetimidic acid
2,3,4,6-Tetranitroaniline
Tetranitrobenzene
Tetranitro-bicyclo-nonanone
Tetranitrocarbazole
1,1,3,3-Tetranitrocyclobutane
Tetranitroethane
N,Nʹ,Nʺ,Nʹʺ-Tetranitro-1,1,2,2-ethanetetramine
Tetranitroglycolurile
1,3,5,5-Tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine
Tetranitromethane
Tetranitronaphthalene
2,4,2’,4’-Tetranitrooxanilide
2,4,6,8-Tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]non
ane-3,7-dione
2,5,7,9-Tetranitro-2,5,7,9-tetraazabicyclo[4.3.0]non
ane-8-one
2,4,6,8-Tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct
ane-3-one
Tetranitrotoluene
Tetrazene
6,6’-{1,2,4,5-Tetrazine-3,6-diylbis[(4H,8H-bis[1,2,5]o
xadiazolo[3,4-b:3’,4’-e]
pyrazine-8,4-diyl)]}bis(2,4-dioxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-
amine)
Tetrazino-tetrazine-1,3,6,8-tetroxide
Tetrazole
Tetrazolium dinitramide
1,4H-Tetrazolium perchlorate
1-[(2E)-3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)triaz-2-en-1-ylidene]met
hanediamine
Tetryl
2,4,6-Triamino-3,5-dinitropyridine
Triaminoguanidinium 1-aminotetrazol-5-oneate
Triaminoguanidinium dinitramide
Triaminoguanidinium nitrate
Triaminoguanidinium nitroformate
1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
Triazidopentaerythrite-acetate
Triazidopivalic-acid-ethylester
1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
Triethyleneglycol dinitrate
Trimethylammonium nitrate
Trimethyleneglycol dinitrate
Trinitroaniline
Trinitroanisole
Trinitroazetidine
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzamide
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzoic acid
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzyl nitrate
Trinitrochlorobenzene
2,4,6-Trinitrocresol
2,2,2-Trinitroethyl formate
2,2,2-Trinitroethyl nitrocarbamate
Trinitroethyltrinitrobutyrate
1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydropyrimidine
Trinitromethane
Trinitronaphthalene
Trinitrophenoxyethyl nitrate
2,4,6-Trinitrophenylnitraminoethyl nitrate
1,3,5-Trinitro-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene
Trinitropyridine
Trinitropyridine-N-oxide
2,4,6-Trinitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]-octane-
3-one
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Trinitroxylene
Tripentaerythritol octanitrate
Tripentanone triperoxide
1,3,5-Tripicrylbenzene
N2,N4,N6-Tripicrylmelamine
2,4,6-Tripicryl-s-triazine
2,4,6-Tris(3’,5’-diamino-2’,4’,6’-trinitrophenylamino)
-1,3,5-triazene
Tris-hydrazinenickel(II) nitrate
2,4,6-Tris(2,2,2-trinitroethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine

U
Uronium nitrate
Urotropinium dinitrate

X
Xylitol pentanitrate
O
Octanitrocubane

Name [German, Octanitrocubane [octanitrocuban,

acronym]: ONC]
Main (potential) Insensitive (high) explosive,
use: patented as potential oxidizer in
PBXs[9]
Structural
formula:
Thermal stability Little known about long-term storage
behavior[12], at least one sample
sealed in glass tube survived
unchanged for 14 months[12]
Enthalpy of 220.63 (calcd.)[13]
sublimation [kJ/mol]
Activation energy for 155.30 (calcd.)[13]
pyrolysis initiation
reaction [kJ/mol]
Heat capacity Calcd. standard molar heat capacity, T
[J•mol−1•K−1] in K, data from[13]:
 ONC[4]
Chemical formula C8N8O16
Molecular weight [g 130.06
mol−1]
Crystal system Monoclinic
Space group C2/c (No. 15)
a [Å] 12.785(1)
b [Å] 8.840(1)
c [Å] 13.924(1)
α [°] 90
β [°] 98.03
γ [°] 90
V [Å3] 1,558.17
Z 4
ρcalc [g cm−3] 1.978
T [K] 283–303

Solvent-free crystals from trifluoroacetic acid, fuming

acid/sulfuric acid or anhydrous cyclohexane.[12]
[1] Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development
(ACD/Labs) Software V11.02 (© 1994–2017 ACD/ Labs).
[2] P. E. Eaton, M. X. Zhang, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics,
2002, 27, 1–6.
[3] J. P. Lu, Evaluation of the Thermochemical Code - CHEETAH 2.0
for Modelling Explosives Performance, in, DTIC Document,
2001.
[4] P. E. Eaton, M. X. Zhang, R. Gilardi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.,
2000, 39, 401–404.
[5] M. H. Keshavarz, J. Haz. Mat., 2009, 166, 762–769.
[6] A. Smirnov, D. Lempert, T. Pivina, D. Khakimov, Central Eur. J.
Energ. Mat., 2011, 8, 223–247.
[7] P. W. Cooper, Explosives Engineering, Wiley-VCH, New York,
1996.
[8] J. Alster, S. Iyer, O. Sandus, Molecular Architecture Versus
Chemistry and Physics of Energetic Materials, in Chemistry and
Physics of Energetic Materials, NATO ASI Series, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, vol. 309, Suraya N. Bulusu (ed.), 1990.
[9] S. Daoud, T. R. Berger, M. J. Villeburn, Explosive Compositions
and Methods for Fabricating Explosive Compositions, US
Patent 8,172,965 B2, May 8th 2012.
[10] A. M. Astakhov, R. S. Stepanov, A. Y. Babushkin, Combust.,
Explosion, Shock Waves, 1998, 34, 85–87.
[11] M. H. Keshavarz, H. Motamedoshariati, R. Moghayadnia, M.
Ghanbarzadeh, J. Azarniamehraban, Propellants, Explosives,
Pyrotechnics, 2013, 38, 95–102.
[12] P. E. Eaton, M. – X. Zhang, R. Gilardi, N. Gelber, S. Iyer, R.
Surapaneni, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2002, 27, 1–
6.
[13] J. Zhang, H. Xiao, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 116, 10674–10683.
Octanitroterphenyl

Name 2,2I,4,4I,4II,6,6I,6II-Octanitro-m-
[German, terphenyl, 2,2ʹʹ,4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,6,6ʹ,6ʹʹ-
acronym]: octanitro-1,1ʹ:3ʹ,1ʹʹ-terphenyl [oktanit,
ONT]
Main Thermally highly stable secondary
(potential) explosive, components of perforators or
use: detonators in downhole well
applications, possible spacecraft
applications
Structural
formula:
 ONT[7]
Chemical formula C16H6N8O16
Molecular weight [g mol−1] 590.31
Crystal system Orthorhombic
Space group P212121
a [Å] 11.4131(9)
b [Å] 11.4128(5)
c [Å] 16.4168(12)
α [°] 90
β [°] 90
γ [°] 90
V [Å3] 2,138.4
Z 4
ρcalc [g cm−3] 1.834
T [K] 150

[1] F. Hosoya, K. Shiino, K. Itabashi, Propellants, Explosives,

Pyrotechnics, 1991, 16, 119–122.
[2] J. F. Baytos, High-Temperature Vacuum Thermal Stability Tests
of Explosives, LA-5829-MS, LANL, January 1975.
[3] P. E. Rouse, J. Chem. Engineering Data, 1976, 12, 16–20.
[4] L. R. Rothstein, Propellants and Explosives, 1981, 6, 91–93.
[5] E. G. Kayser, J. Energet. Mater., 1983, 1:3, 251–273.
[6] J. R. Stine, J. Energet. Mater., 1990, 8, 41–73.
[7] S. Zeman, M. Roháč, Z. Friedl, A. Růžička, A. Lyčka,
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2010, 35, 130–135.
[8] S. Zeman, M. Roháč, Chinese J. Energet. Mater., 2006, 14,
361–366.
[9] A. Smirnov, M. Kuklja, M. Makhov, V. Pepkin, Methodical
Problems of Experimental Definition of Heat of Explosive
Transformation, ICT 2017, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 15-1–15-
11.
[10] E. G. Kayser, Analysis Methods for Explosive Materials – I.
Polynitro Compounds, NSWC TR 81–123, Naval Surface
Weapons Center, Maryland, USA, 3rd March 1962.
[11] W.-P. Lai, P. Lian, B.-Z. Wang, Z.-X. Ge, J. Energet. Mater.,
2010, 28, 45–76.
[12] S. Zeman, Z. Friedl, M. Roháč, Thermochim. Acta, 2006, 451,
105–114.
[13] W. Yang, R. A. Parrott, L. A. Behrmann, W. E. Voreck, P.
Kneisel, High Temperature Explosives for Downhole Well
Applications, US Patent US 2002/0129940 A1, 19th
September 2002.
[14] B. Nazari, M. H. Keshavarz, M. Hamadanian, S. Mosavi, A. R.
Ghaedsharafi, H. R. Pouretedal, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2016,
408, 248–258.
[15] LASL Explosive Property Data, T. R. Gibbs, A. Popolato (eds.),
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1980.
[16] E. E. Kilmer, A Characterization Study of Several Heat Resistant
Explosives, NOLTR 74-177, Naval Ordnance Laboratory,
White Oak, Maryland, USA, 4th October 1974.
Octogen

Name β-Octogen,
[German, tetramethylenetetranitramine, 1,3,5,7-
acronym]: tetraza-1,3,5,7-tetranitrocyclooctane,
cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine,
octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-
tetrazocine, 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-
tetrazacyclooctane, homocyclonite [β-
HMX]*
*(Values given are for β-HMX unless
otherwise stated: Note - although values
have been included for γ-HMX, it is has
been determined that γ-HMX is in fact a
hydrate and not a true polymorph of
HMX).
Main Secondary (high) explosive, high
(potential) performance solid propellant, ingredient
use: in plastic-bonded explosives†, explosive
charge when desensitized[16], booster
charge with TNT in Octols[16], oxidizer in
solid rocket and gun propellants[16]
Structural
formula:
†
Military-grade HMX consists of only the β-polymorph[16]
Another random document with
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 LARGE ENGLISH
Prunus domestica

1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 443. 1881. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 429,
433. 1889.
Englische Zwetsche 2. Grosse Englische Zwetsche 2. Grosse Englische
Zwetsche 1, 2. Grosse Englische Pflaumen Zwetsche 2. Grosse
Zwetsche? 2. Schweizer Zwetsche 2 incor.

This appears to be a most excellent plum closely resembling the

Italian Prune and surpassing that well-known variety in some
respects. As compared with Italian Prune, the fruit of Large English
runs larger, is slightly more conical, having the ventral swelling near
the base, thus giving it more of a shoulder. The flavor is sweeter and
richer than that of the Italian Prune. There appear to be practically no
differences between the trees, the foliage and the flowers of the two
kinds. Wherever the Italian is successfully grown it may be well
worth while to try the Large English. The relation the word English
has to this prune is unknown. Oberdieck, in 1881, wrote that this
variety resembled the Italian Prune in fruit, but differed in that it had
a noticeably broader leaf; he adds “it has been incorrectly called the
Swiss Prune and is much spread in Germany under the name of
Italian Prune.” E. R. Lake, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, brought it to America, in 1901, from the Pomological
Institute, Reutlingen, Wurtemburg, Germany. Lake’s stock was
tested at this Station and the variety agrees with Oberdieck’s
description.

Tree of average size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped,

productive; branchlets with, long internodes; leaf-scars enlarged; leaves
folded upward, oval or obovate, nearly one and three-quarters inches
wide, three and one-half inches long, thick, rugose; margin crenate or
almost serrate, eglandular or with small dark glands; petiole pubescent,
tinged red, with from two to four globose glands; blooming season
intermediate in time, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch
across; petals long, narrow, white, in the buds tipped with yellow; borne
singly or in pairs; stamens tend to become petals.
 Fruit late, season of medium length; one and three-quarters inches by
one and one-half inches in size, long-ovate, purplish-black, with thick
bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous; flesh yellowish with a trace of red at
full maturity at both skin and stone, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, with a
pleasant flavor; very good to best; stone free, the cavity larger than the pit,
often brownish-red, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, irregular-oval,
flattened, with an oblique apex; ventral suture prominent, usually with a
distinct wing; dorsal suture with a wide, deep groove.

LATE MIRABELLE
Prunus insititia

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 150. 1831. 2. Barry Fr. Garden 339. 1851. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 388. 1857. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 353. 1866. 5.
Downing Fr. Trees. Am. 901. 1869. 6. Pom. France 7: No. 20. 1871. 7.
Mas Le Verger 6:7. 1866-73. 8. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 352. 1887. 9.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 442, 449. 1889. 10. Guide Prat. 162, 360. 1895. 11.
Baltet Cult. Fr. 493. 1908.
Bricette 9. Bricetta 5. Bricet 5, 9. Bricette 6, 8, 10. Brisette 6, 7, 10.
Bricette 4. Die Brisette 9. Kleine Brisette 9. La Bricette 9. Mirabelle Tardive
1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11. Mirabelle Tardive 4, 5, 6, 9. Mirabelle d’Octobre 2.
Mirabelle d’Octobre 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. October Mirabelle 9. Petit Bricette 5,
9. Petite Bricette 4, 6, 10. Runde Brisette 9. Späte Mirabelle 6, 8, 9, 10.

In France, where all of the Mirabelles are highly esteemed, the

Late Mirabelle is much grown because of its season. The variety is
practically unknown in America, but, judging from its behavior at
Geneva, well deserves widespread trial, as do all the Mirabelles. The
history of this variety is unknown other than that it is an old sort,
having been mentioned in the London Horticultural Society catalog
as long ago as 1831. In 1851, Barry, of Rochester, New York,
described the Mirabelle d’Octobre, which is identical with Late
Mirabelle, and said that it had been recently introduced from France.

Tree medium in size and vigor, very hardy, productive; branches

smooth; leaves small, oval, one and one-quarter inches wide, two inches
long; margin finely serrate, with few, dark glands; petiole slender,
glandless or with one or two glands at the base of the leaf.
 Fruit late; small, roundish-oval, greenish-yellow, often with a light blush
on the sunny side, covered with thin bloom; stem short, slender; flesh
yellow, very juicy, aromatic, sweet; good; stone semi-free.

LATE MUSCATELLE
Prunus domestica
 1. Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 470. 1894. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser.
3:53. 1900. 3. U. S. D. A. Div. Pom. Bul. 10:22. 1901.
Late Muscatel 2. Späte Muskateller 3. Späte Muskatellerpflaume 1.

This variety was obtained by the United States Department of

Agriculture from the Pomological Institute at Reutlingen, Germany, in
1900, and was soon after sent to this Station to test. In some
respects, in fruit-characters in particular, the variety is promising, but
not sufficiently so to recommend it to fruit-growers, even for trial.

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, productive;

branchlets thick; with short internodes, pubescent; leaf-scars prominent;
leaves drooping, folded upward, obovate, one and five-eighths inches
wide, three and three-eighths inches long, leathery; margin crenate,
eglandular or with few, small, dark glands; petiole thick, pubescent,
glandless or with from one to three glands; blooming season intermediate
in time; and length; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch across;
borne in scattering clusters, singly or in pairs; petals white, creamy-white
as they open; anthers tinged red.
Fruit late, season short; medium in size, roundish, slightly truncate,
purplish-brown, splashed and mottled with russet about the base,
overspread with thick bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet; good to very
good; stone often reddish, clinging, three-quarters inch by one-half inch in
size, somewhat flat, irregular-oval, with slightly pitted surfaces.

LATE ORLEANS
 LATE ORLEANS

Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 151. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 164. 1843. 3. Jour.
Hort. N. S. 15:301. 1868. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 927. 1869. 5. Guide
Prat. 161, 360. 1895. 6. Garden 49:268. 1896. 7. Rivers Cat. 33. 1898.
 Black Orleans 1, 2, 5. Late Black Orleans 3, 4. Late Black Orleans 5.
Late Orleans 5. Monsieur Noir Tardif 5. Orleans Late Black 5.

This is another variety having only a European reputation to

recommend it in America. The fruits of Late Orleans are handsome
in color and shape, but are not large enough to enable them to
compete in the markets with other late purple plums and are so poor
in quality as to be worthless as dessert fruits. In Europe the variety is
rated high for culinary purposes and fruit-growers there like it
because it hangs well to the tree and keeps and ships well. The
trees are very satisfactory in practically all respects. It is doubtful if
the variety is worth further trial in America.
Late Orleans was mentioned in the catalog of the Horticultural
Society of London in 1831, but was not described. No account
seems to have ever been published of its origin, but it is probably
related to or descended from the Orleans since they are very similar
in tree and shape of fruit, differing only in size and color of fruit.

Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, hardy, very productive; branches

smooth, dark ash-gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets medium
to slender, with long internodes, greenish-red changing to dull reddish-
brown, dull, pubescent, marked with gray scarf-skin and with small
lenticels; leaf-buds intermediate in size and length, conical, appressed.
Leaves flattened, oval or obovate, one and one-quarter inches wide, two
and one-quarter inches long; upper surface sparingly pubescent, with a
deeply grooved midrib; lower surface heavily pubescent along the midrib;
apex abruptly pointed, base broadly cuneate, margin finely crenate, with
small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, pubescent, faintly
tinged with red, glandless or with from one to four small, globose,
yellowish glands usually on the stalk.
Flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch across, white; borne on
lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube, green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
obtuse, pubescent, glandular-serrate and with marginal hairs, erect; petals
roundish or broadly ovate, entire, short-clawed; anthers yellow with a
reddish tinge; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
 Fruit late, season long; about one and one-half inches in diameter,
roundish, slightly compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow,
flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; color dark purple, overspread with
thick bloom; dots few, reddish-brown; stem three-quarters inch long,
pubescent at the base, adhering well to the fruit; skin toughish, slightly
astringent, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow, dry, tender, sweet, mild;
fair in quality; stone clinging, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval,
flattened, slightly roughened, blunt at the base and apex; ventral suture
rather narrow, blunt; dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

LAWRENCE
Prunus domestica

1. Cultivator 10:167. 1843. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 3. Elliott Fr.
Book 412. 1854. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 928. 1869. 5. Pom. France 7:
No. 29. 1871. 6. Mas Le Verger 6:75. 1866-73. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 710.
1884. 8. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 349. 1887. 9. Guide Prat. 364. 1895. 10.
Waugh Plum Cult. 112. 1901.
Favorite de Lawrence 6, 9. Lawrence Favorite 5. Lawrences Reine
Claude 9. Lawrence’s Favorite 1, 2, 3, 4, 7. Lawrence’s Gage 1, 3, 4, 6, 7,
9. Lawrence’s Favorite 6, 8, 9, 10. Lawrence Gage 8. Prune Lawrence
Gage 5. Reine-Claude de Lawrence 6, 9. Reine-Claude de Lawrence 4, 5,
8.

This variety is surpassed in the quality of its fruits by few plums.

The trees bear young and abundantly and the fruit hangs well on the
tree; unfortunately, the plums do not ship nor keep well and the
variety thus fails as a market sort. It is, however, a delicious dessert
fruit, deserving to be grown in every plum connoisseur’s garden.
Lawrence is a seedling of Reine Claude, and was grown by L. V.
Lawrence of Hudson, New York, some time during the second
quarter of the last century. As its large size and superior quality
became known its popularity increased, until it was cultivated not
only in America, but to some extent throughout western Europe.
During the last twenty-five years, however, it has waned in
popularity, having been superseded by better commercial varieties,
though it still ranks high as a dessert plum. The American
Pomological Society placed Lawrence in its catalog in 1852, and
retained it there until 1899.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk and branches

rough, with large lenticels; branchlets brash, dark reddish-brown,
pubescent; leaves folded upward, oval, two inches wide, three and three-
quarters inches long, thick, leathery, rugose; margin doubly serrate, with
small glands; petiole pubescent, usually with two small glands.
Fruit medium early; one and three-eighths inches in diameter, roundish,
greenish-yellow, covered with thin bloom; skin thin, tender, slightly
astringent; flesh yellowish, fibrous, tender, sweet, aromatic; very good;
stone free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval, turgid,
nearly smooth.

LINCOLN
Prunus domestica

1. Lovett Cat. fig. 44. 1890-1900. 2. Rural N. Y. 56:595 fig. 253, 598.
1897. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:242, 246. 1899. 4. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:159.
1899. 5. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:53. 1900. 6. Waugh Plum Cult.
114. 1901. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 317, 318 fig. 1903. 8. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 254. 1903. 9. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:236, 238 fig., 256, 257.
1905. 10. Mass. Sta. An. Rpt. 17:159. 1905.

Lincoln has never been popular in New York, but in Pennsylvania

and New Jersey it is well thought of for home use and the markets.
The trees in this State grow slowly and when fully grown are rather
inferior. This is one of the sorts recommended to be top-worked on
better growing varieties but, as has been said before in these notes,
top-working in New York is far more often a failure than a success
with plums. The fruit of this variety is unusually attractive in size and
color and for quality it may be named among the best of the red
plums. Unfortunately, the variety is readily infected by the brown-rot
which when epidemic cannot be controlled. Lincoln has been so well
tested in New York without becoming popular with plum-growers that
it is hardly worth recommending for further trial, though the fruits in
particular have much merit.
 This plum originated in York County, Pennsylvania, about forty-five
years ago, supposedly from seed of the Reine Claude, and was
named after Abraham Lincoln. If it be a Reine Claude seedling it
comes from a cross with some other variety, since it shows many
characters not in Reine Claude. Lincoln was introduced by J. T.
Lovett and Company, Little Silver, New Jersey.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, but somewhat

variable in habit, dense-topped, hardy, productive; branches ash-gray,
rough; branchlets somewhat slender, short, with long internodes,
greenish-red changing to brownish-red, dull, sparingly pubescent
throughout the season, overspread with thin bloom, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels; leaf-buds large, long, pointed, free; leaf-scars
prominent.
Leaves somewhat folded backward, oval or obovate, two inches wide,
four inches long, rather stiff; upper surface slightly rugose, pubescent only
in the shallow, grooved midrib; lower surface silvery-green, pubescent;
apex abruptly pointed, base acute, margin doubly crenate, with small, dark
glands; petiole nearly one inch long, pubescent, reddish, with from one to
four rather large, globose or reniform, yellowish glands variable in position.
Season of bloom medium; flowers appearing after the leaves, over one
inch across, white; borne on lateral spurs and buds, singly or in pairs;
pedicels about seven-eighths inch long, slender, pubescent, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, thinly pubescent; calyx-lobes broad,
acute, somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, with
marginal hairs, reflexed; petals oval, crenate, with claws of medium width;
anthers yellow; filaments three-eighths inch or more in length; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit early, season short; somewhat variable but averaging about two
inches by one and five-eighths inches in size, oblong-oval, slightly necked,
halves usually equal; cavity very shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow;
apex roundish or depressed; color light or dark red over a yellow ground,
overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, light russet; stem one
inch long, lightly pubescent, adhering poorly to the fruit; skin thick, rather
sour, separating readily; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, coarse and fibrous,
firm but tender, sweet, mild, pleasant; good to very good; stone nearly
free, one and one-eighth inches by five-eighths inch in size, long-oval,
flattened, necked at the base, blunt at the apex, with markedly rough and
deeply pitted surfaces; ventral suture narrow, distinctly furrowed, with a
short wing; dorsal suture with a narrow groove of medium depth.
 LOMBARD

LOMBARD

Prunus domestica
 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 268. 1832. 2. Ibid. 224. 1841. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 303 fig. 124. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 345 fig. 265.
1849. 5. Goodrich N. Fr. Cult. 84. 1849. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 412. 1854. 7.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 190, 210. 1856. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 929 fig.
1869. 9. Mas Le Verger 6:151, fig. 76. 1866-73. 10. Country Gent. 48:981.
1883. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889. 12. Guide Prat. 160, 359. 1895.
13. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:242, 246. 1899. 14. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:279. 1900. 15.
Waugh Plum Cult. 114 fig. 1901. 16. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:34. 1903. 17.
Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:240, 256, 257. 1905.
Beekman’s Scarlet 3, 6, 8, 11, 12. Bleecker’s Scarlet 3, 4, 6, 8, 12.
Bleeker’s Scarlet 11. Bleeker’s Rotepflaume 11. Bleekers Rothe Pflaume
12. Bleeckers Rothe Pflaume 9. Lombard 11. Lombard Plum 1.
Montgomery Prune 8, 11. Prune Rouge De Bleeker 9, 11. Rouge de
Bleecker 12. Spanish King? 14, 15. Variegated Plum 1.

The Lombard plum is known by all. It is not as largely planted in

New York as a few other varieties, but it is probably more widely
grown than any other plum if the whole continent be considered. The
preeminently meritorious characters which enable it to take first
place in American plum-growing are: The elasticity of its constitution
whereby it adapts itself to widely different soils and climates; the
robustness, healthiness, productiveness and regularity in bearing of
its trees; the fact that the fruits are comparatively free from the
scourge of the crescent sign, plum-curculio; and, lastly, its showy
fruits tempting to the eye and readily salable. The tree-characters of
Lombard are all good, making so superior a tree that it, more than
any other variety, is recommended as a stock upon which to graft
weak-growing plums. It is a virile variety and from it have come a
considerable number of offspring mostly from self-fertilized seeds
which have given us several nearly related varieties and strains.
There are also a few very good cross-bred plums of which Lombard
was one parent. Lombard would be preeminently the plum “for the
millions” were it not for a fatal fault—it is very poor in quality.
Canned, cooked, preserved or spiced, it does very well, but as a
dessert fruit it falls in a category with the Ben Davis apple and Kieffer
pear, “good-looking but poor.” The variety ripens so early as to come
in direct competition with the peach and this hurts it not a little as a
market plum. To be at its best the crop should be thinned and should
be allowed to ripen fully on the trees. Lombard is now much used in
the canneries in New York and is also planted in home orchards
where only hardy plums stand the climate. In the markets it is usually
a low-priced plum.
Lombard was raised by Judge Platt, Whitesboro, New York, from
seed received from Amsterdam (References, 2). Another writer
(References, 10) reports that the trees were brought over from
Holland by some of the earliest Dutch settlers of Utica and
Whitesboro. The name was given to the plum about 1830 by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society in honor of Daniel Lombard of
Springfield, who was the first to propagate the variety in that state. It
was previously well known in New York as Bleecker’s Scarlet
(References, 3), but was never formally described under that name
which must, therefore, though the older, be discarded. In 1856, it
was placed on the recommended list by the American Pomological
Society. Several varieties, as Communia, Tatge, Spanish King and
Odell, are very similar, if not identical to the Lombard and,
consequently, have caused much confusion in the nomenclature of
the variety. This similarity is probably explained by the fact that the
Lombard produces seedlings very nearly true to type. Professor J. L.
Budd, in a letter written in 1898 to this Station, says, “The fruit of
Communia is much like that of Lombard, but this can be said of a
hundred or more east European varieties.” Professor Budd had
traveled much in Europe and knew plums very well. His statement,
therefore, is entitled to credence and indicates, together with other
circumstances, that Lombard is one of an old group of plums the
varieties of which are very similar.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, very hardy, productive; branches

stocky, dark ash-gray, smooth, with few, small lenticels; branchlets thick,
medium to long, with long internodes, greenish-red changing to dull
brownish-red, marked with gray scarf-skin, glabrous early in the season,
becoming pubescent at maturity, with a few, inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds of medium size and length, conical, appressed; leaf-
scars prominent.
Leaves long-oval or long-obovate, one and five-eighths inches wide,
three and one-half inches long, medium to thick; upper surface dark
 green, thinly pubescent, with a grooved midrib; lower surface silvery-
green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base somewhat tapering, margin
often doubly serrate, eglandular or with small, dark glands; petiole one-
half inch long, thick, tinged red, pubescent, glandless or with one or two
globose, yellowish-green glands usually at the base of the leaf.
Blooming season short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch
across, the buds creamy-yellow, changing to white on expanding; borne in
clusters on short, lateral spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels nine-sixteenths
inch long, slender, nearly glabrous; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate,
pubescent only at the base; calyx-lobes obtuse, pubescent on both
surfaces, glandular-serrate, strongly reflexed; petals oval, entire or
occasionally notched at the apex, short-clawed; anthers yellow; filaments
five-sixteenths inch long; pistil pubescent only on the ovary, longer than
the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period long; one and three-quarters inches
by one and five-eighths inches in size, oval or roundish-oval, slightly
compressed, halves unequal; cavity narrow, abrupt, roundish; suture
usually a line; apex roundish or flattened; color light to dark purplish-red,
overspread with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, light russet; stem
slender, three-quarters inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separating readily; flesh yellowish, juicy, slightly fibrous, firm and
sweet, mild; inferior in quality; stone semi-free to free, one inch by five-
eighths inch in size, dark colored, oval, flattened, roughened; base and
apex acute; ventral suture slightly furrowed, acute; dorsal suture widely
and rather deeply grooved.

LONG FRUIT
Prunus triflora

1. Wild Bros. Cat. 27. 1892. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:26. 1894. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1897-99. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 138. 1901.
Long Fruited 1.

Long Fruit is noted among the leading varieties of plums in The

Plums of New York chiefly to condemn it. On the grounds of this
Station and elsewhere in New York where tested, the trees are
unproductive, the crop drops badly and the fruits are small and poor
in quality. The variety was imported from Japan in 1885 by Luther
Burbank.

Tree large, vigorous, vasiform to spreading, unproductive; branches

roughened by numerous raised lenticels; branchlets slender, with short
internodes, glabrous, marked by scarf-skin; leaves oblanceolate,
somewhat peach-like, one inch wide, two and one-half inches long, thin;
margin finely crenate, with small, amber glands; petiole slender, tinged
with red, glandless or with from one to five small glands usually on the
stalk; blooming season early; flowers appearing after the leaves, seven-
eighths inch across; borne singly or in pairs; calyx-tube much swollen at
the base.
Fruit early; one inch by one and one-eighth inches in size, roundish-
oblate; cavity deep; color dark red over a yellow ground, covered with thin
bloom; stem slender, adhering poorly to the fruit; skin thick, somewhat
astringent; flesh greenish-yellow or pale yellow, tender, sweet, mild; poor
in quality; stone semi-clinging, small, one-half inch by three-eighths inch in
size, roundish-oval, turgid, blunt at the base, the apex terminating abruptly
in a small, sharp point, with smooth surfaces.

LUCOMBE
Prunus domestica

1. Pom. Mag. 3:99. 1830. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 281. 1845. 3. Floy-
Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 284, 383. 1846. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 222.
1858. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 711. 1884. 6. Guide Prat. 163, 358. 1895. 7.
Waugh Plum Cult. 117. 1901. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 320. 1903.
Incomparable de Lucombe 6. Lucombe’s Nonesuch 2, 3, 5. Lucombe’s
Nonsuch 1, 4. Lucombe’s Nonsuch 6, 7. Lucombe’s Unvergleichliche 6.
Lucombe’s Nonesuch 8. Luccombe’s Nonesuch 3. Nonsuch 7. Nonesuch
8.

This old plum has a reputation of high excellence and is well

entitled to it. Despite the fact that it must compete for favor with such
estimable plums as Reine Claude, Washington and Hand, belonging
to the same group with these, it is still much grown in England and is
well thought of for home use in America. Hardly in accordance with
its reputation, it was rejected by the American Pomological Society in
1858 for a place in its list of fruits. Lucombe originated as a seedling
about 1825 with a Mr. Lucombe of Lucombe, Prince and Company,
nurserymen, at Exeter, England, and was first described by Lindley
in 1830 in the Pomological Magazine.

Tree large, of medium vigor, upright-spreading, productive; branches

covered with numerous fruit-spurs; twigs very short, with heavy
pubescence; leaves one and three-quarters inches wide, three and one-
quarter inches long, dark green; margin finely serrate or crenate, with
small, dark glands; petiole pubescent, glandless or with one or two small
glands usually at the base of the leaf; blooming season intermediate,
short; flowers appearing after the leaves; petals with a yellowish tinge as
the buds unfold; borne on long naked spurs with tufts of leaves and
flowers at the ends, singly or in pairs.
Fruit mid-season, period of ripening long; one and three-eighths inches
by one and one-half inches in size, roundish-oblate or roundish-obovate,
greenish-yellow, becoming golden-yellow, indistinctly splashed and
streaked with green, covered with thin bloom; flesh golden-yellow, firm,
sweet, pleasant, mild; very good; stone free, three-quarters inch by five-
eighths inch in size, roundish, slightly necked, with pitted surfaces.

MAQUOKETA
 MAQUOKETA

Prunus hortulana mineri

1. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 290. 1889. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55, 85. 1890.
3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:40. 1892. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:53. 1895. 5. Ibid.
123:20. 1895. 6. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:346. 1895. 7. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:46. 1897.
 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 298. 1903. 9. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:277. 1904.
10. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:256, 257. 1905.

Maquoketa is distinguished as one of the best of the native plums

for culinary purposes. Nearly all of the plums brought in from the wild
in America have so much astringency, most of it coming from the
skins, that they are impalatable to some. Now and then a variety is
nearly free from this disagreeable taste and Maquoketa is one of
these. The quality, as a dessert fruit, is very good for a native and
the fruits keep and ship well. In the South the plums are subject to
both curculio and brown-rot. The trees, like those of nearly all of the
Miner-like plums, are rather better formed and more adaptable to
orchard conditions than those of other species. After the Americana
and Nigra plums, Maquoketa is one of the hardiest of our native
varieties, growing even in Minnesota. The variety belongs in the
South and Middle West and there are few, if any, places in New York
where it is worth growing.
The origin of this plum is uncertain. It is reported in the references
given as a native found on the banks of the Maquoketa River in
eastern Iowa and also as a Miner seedling grown under cultivation. It
has been known to fruit-growers since about 1889.

Tree of medium size and vigor, spreading, low-topped, open, hardy,

variable in productiveness, susceptible to attacks of shot-hole fungus, the
trunk shaggy; branches slender, rough, zigzag, with few thorns, dark, dull
ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, with
internodes of medium length, green, changing to dull reddish-brown,
glabrous, with numerous, conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels; leaf-
buds very small, short, obtuse, appressed.
Leaves falling early, folded upward, broadly lanceolate, peach-like, one
and three-quarters inches wide, four and one-half inches long; upper
surface light green, changing to a dull red late in the fall, glossy, glabrous,
with a narrowly grooved midrib and veins; lower surface silvery-green,
thinly pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base rather abrupt; margin with
serrations in two series, with very small, black glands; petiole five-eighths
inch long, tinged with dull red, hairy, with from one to four globose, rather
large, dark brownish-yellow glands.
 Blooming season late and of medium length; flowers appearing after the
leaves, one inch across, yellowish as the buds begin to open, changing to
white, with a disagreeable odor; borne in clusters on lateral spurs and
buds, varying from two to four flowers in a cluster; pedicels five-eighths
inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, narrowly
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, slightly obtuse, nearly
glabrous on the outer surface, but pubescent within, serrate, with dark
colored glands and marginal hairs, reflexed; petals oval or ovate, with
long, tapering claws of medium width, sparingly hairy at the base; anthers
yellowish; filaments seven-sixteenths inch in length; pistil glabrous,
slender, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit late, ripening period short; below medium in size, ovate or
roundish-ovate, halves equal; cavity shallow, rather wide, rounded, flaring;
suture a distinct line; apex roundish or slightly pointed; colors some time
before fully ripe becoming dark carmine, covered with thin bloom; dots
numerous, small to medium, light brown, clustered about the apex; stem
rather slender, glabrous, parting readily; skin thick, tough, astringent,
semi-adherent, removing a thin layer of pulp when detached; flesh deep
yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, nearly melting next to the skin, becoming
firmer toward the center, sweet at first but astringent near the pit, with a
strong flavor; inferior in quality; stone adhering, of medium size, oval,
turgid, bluntly pointed at the base and apex, with slightly roughened
surfaces; ventral suture acute, ridged; dorsal suture a narrow, shallow
groove.

MARIANNA
 MARIANNA

Prunus cerasifera × ?

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1886. 2. Gard. Mon. 29:148. 1887. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1889. 4. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 56. 1889. 5. Ill. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 63. 1890. 6. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:66, fig., 71, 83, 86. 1892. 7.
 Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:479, 480 fig. 1894. 8. Rev. Hort. 278. 1894. 9. Rural N. Y.
54:600. 1895. 10. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:210. 1898. 11. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits
208, 213. 1898. 12. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:336-369. 1900. 13. Waugh Plum
Cult. 36, 232. 1901. 14. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:277. 1904. 15. S. Dak. Sta. Bul.
93:67. 1905.

Marianna has little or no value for its fruit. It is illustrated and

discussed at length in The Plums of New York for two reasons. First,
because it has long been an enigma which has baffled both
horticulturists and botanists; second, because it is extensively used
as a stock upon which other kinds of plums are propagated. In 1884,
a plum of unknown species was introduced to the trade. Some said
the new variety belonged to Prunus cerasifera and others that it was
an offspring of some native species. The characters of the first
named species are so apparent in Marianna that all are now agreed
that this variety is from either a self or a cross-fertilized seed of
Prunus cerasifera; if the latter the other parent must have been some
native species, the particular variety possibly being Wild Goose, one
of the Munsoniana plums. Its behavior on these grounds, its
robustness and semi-sterility and its not fitting exactly into any
known species, mark it as a hybrid. A curious character peculiar to
this variety is that it grows very readily from cuttings and for this
reason it is a cheap stock for plums of all kinds and is used even for
peaches and apricots. Besides rooting readily, the Marianna does
not sprout and may be budded as late or later than the peach. It is
chiefly used in propagation in the South, but, for reasons stated in
the discussion of stocks in Chapter II, the Marianna is not now
employed by nurserymen as largely as formerly, though there are
still conditions in which it is the best of stocks. The tree is a
handsome ornamental at any season of the year and its broad,
spreading top makes it a good shade tree.
Marianna originated as a seedling in a mixed orchard belonging to
Charles G. Fitze, Marianna, Polk County, Texas; its parentage is
unknown. The originator considered it a seedling of Wild Goose, but,
it is probably an offspring of DeCaradeuc and, as stated in the
foregoing paragraph, undoubtedly a hybrid. In 1884, Charles N. Eley,
Smith Point, Texas, introduced the Marianna to fruit-growers; in 1889