CAPE BIOLOGY

UNIT 1
MODULE 1

1
Sucrose is much
less reactive than
glucose due to its
glycosidic bond.
However, it is
very soluble.

2
The numerous
glycosidic
linkages and
hydrogen bonds
linking the
thousands of
beta-glucose
molecules makes
cellulose very
sturdy.

3
4
The H and OH are
inverted in alpha
and beta glucose
isomers.

5
Purple colour
in biuret test
indicates
presence of
protein.

Brick-red
colour change
in HCl +
Benedict’s
solution test
indicates
presence of
non-reducing
sugar.

6
7
The thylakoids are
the site of the
light-dependent
reaction and stroma
is the site of the
light-independent
reaction.

8
The Golgi apparatus
allows transport of
vesicles containing
new cell wall
components.

9
Channel proteins
are typically
transmembrane
(integral
proteins).

10
X is the phloem,
which is a tissue
because it
comprises many
types of cells (e.g.
sieve tube
elements,
companion cells).

11
H is +ve and O is
-ve, so a weak
hydrogen bond is
formed.

12
Both active
transport and
exocytosis
require ATP.

13
Alkaline pH’s
exceed 7.

14
The Vmax value
would remain
unchanged, but
the rate of
reaction would be
lower.

15
Seems like
common sense to
me?

16
Hydrogen bonds
form between the
+ve H atoms and
the -ve O atoms.

17
These are 3
amino acids
linked by two C-N
peptide bonds.

18
C1 and C4 are
similar for alpha
glucose.

C1 is inverted for
beta glucose.

19
Triglycerides have
long fatty acid
tails consisting of
carbon atoms
bonded to each
other.

When these are

broken, energy is
released.

20
Sucrose is less
reactive than
glucose, but more
mobile and
soluble than
starch.

21
Lysosomes
usually carry the
roles of the
‘janitors’ of the
cells.

22
23
Water flows from
higher to lower
(less negative to
more negative)
water potential in
osmosis.

Water flows from

the solution and
into the plant
cell.

24
Two amino acids
are linked via a
condensation
reaction to form a
dipeptide.

25
B is the phloem,
which transports
sucrose (formed
from glucose, a
product of
photosynthesis).

26
Cristae are
embedded with
ATPases, which
assist in ATP
synthesis, and
ribosomes, which
assist in protein
synthesis.

27
28
Facilitated
diffusion requires
the use of
channel proteins
without the use
of ATP.

This is used to
transport larger,
polar molecules
(e.g. glucose).

29
Enzymes lower
the amount of
activation energy
required for a
chemical
reaction.

30
31
The HCl is
required to break
the glycosidic
bond in sucrose
to allow reaction
with the
Benedict’s
reagent.

Amylase
hydrolyses starch
into maltose so
that it can react
with Benedict’s.
32
33
Bacterial cells are
prokaryotic and
thus, would not
have a nucleus
(or nuclear
membrane).

34
35
Prokaryotic cells
have cell walls, but
usually made up of
peptidoglycan, not
cellulose..

36
Cell-cell
recognition is
usually done by
pre-existing
structures on
peripheral or
integral proteins,
such as the
glycocalyx.

37
38
The ER and
mitochondria are
membrane-bound
organelles.

39
I is
alpha-glucose.

II is
beta-glucose.

40
Pepsin is a
protease
secreted in the
stomach,
which has an
acidic pH of
about 2.

41
Direct proportionality
is usually indicated by
the line penetrating
the graph’s origin.

42
Glucose is a
monomer.

43
Olive oil
contains
triglycerides,
which would
have long
carbon chains
in their fatty
acids. Each
carbon would
have H atoms
bonded to it.

44
Disulphide
bonds are
found in some
tertiary
structures.

45
Mag = 50/10

= 5.

46
Centrioles are
only found in
animal cells.

Plants have
MTOC’s that
aid with
mitosis and
cytokinesis.

47
Haemoglobin
consists of
multiple
beta-globin
structures and
prosthetic
haem groups.

48
III and IV
indicate
losses in
mass so
those must
be
hypertonic
solutions
(high
solute).

0.4M would
be III and
0.8M would
be IV.
49
For it to be true, it would read as: Many bacteria are similar in structure to chloroplasts
and mitochondria, found in eukaryotes.

50
51
A is a nucleotide

B is amylose

C is a phospholipid.

52
These are two amino acids, which would eventually undergo a condensation
reaction to form a C-N peptide bond. 53
54
55
Prokaryotic
ribosomes are
70S.

Eukaryotic
ribosomes are
80S.

56
Endocytosis
requires the
use of ATP for
formation of
vesicles, so it is
an active
process.

57
The amount of
substrate goes
down as the
amount of
product goes
up.

58
59
Reaction with a
competitive
inhibitor
reduces initial
rate of reaction
but Vmax does
not change.

Vmax changes
with a
non-competitiv
e inhibitor.

60
High cohesion allows bodies of water to have high surface tension.

61
62
Insulin is a peptide hormone that has many tertiary
protein structures.

63
64
Eukaryotic cells
have 80S
ribosomes, not
70S.

65
Osmosis allows
flow from
higher to lower
water
potential.

Water would
flow out of the
plant cell and
into solution A
(lower water
potential).

66
Seawater has a lower
water potential than
freshwater fishes’
cells.

So water would flow

out of the fish and
into the surrounding
seawater, thus
dehydrating the cells.

Also Bobby is a
psychopath.

67
Cellulose are
comprised of
long chains of
beta-glucose
monomers.

68
A large amount of
excess energy is
stored in the C-H
bonds of
triglycerides.

69
Collagen forms a
triple helix of
repeated
polypeptide
chains.

70
71
72
73
Endocytosis
allows bulk
movement of
materials into a
cell via the
formation of
vesicles.

74
Anabolic
reactions are
those that
construct
polymers from
monomers.

75
Bonds are
broken at X,
allowing the
enzyme to lose
its specificity
as its active
site changes
shape.

76
Glucose is a
very reactive
molecule, since
it is a
monomer.

77
This question is
asking us to
assume this
coupling
cannot
undergo the
induced fit
mechanism.

78
No idea what
this is doing in
Unit 1, but
okay.

79
The
phospholipid
heads are
hydrophilic and
the fatty acid
tails are
hydrophobic.

80
Region I is a
nuclear pore.

81
82
II is the
phloem.

83
84
85
CAPE BIOLOGY
UNIT 1
MODULE 2

86
87
88
The haploid
number would
represent half
the parent cell
chromosome
number, so half
of 4 = 2.

89
Really tricky question.

We’re assuming the longer

boxes are purines (A, G) and
the shorter ones are
pyrimidines (C, T).

Cytosine has 3 hydrogen

bonds with guanine, thus X
should be cytosine (being
the shorter box).

90
Random fusion does
contribute to
heritable variation
by forming many
haploid gametes of
varied DNA…

it’s odd that all of

the above isn’t an
option.

91
92
93
All you have to
do is locate the
CCGG target
site for HpaI,

and the
GTTAAC site for
HpaII.

94
Think of DNA
ligase as genetic
glue and
restriction
enzymes as
genetic scissors.

95
Mitosis can
only produce
clones, not
new varieties.

96
Incomplete
dominance
results in the
dilution of a
phenotype as it
is influenced
by another
phenotype.

Red is diluted
by white to
form pink.

97
98
Seasonal is also
called
temporal
isolation.

99
Substitution or
point mutations
only change a
replace a single
base pair with
another, so the
number of bases is
unaltered.

100
101
On the 3’ to 5’
strand, replace
every T with a
U.

102
Amino acids
are delivered
during
translation to
form proteins.

103
104
Observe the area where
the second and third
chromatids cross.

The left chromatid

would have ABc and the
right chromatid would
have abC.

105
106
A dihybrid cross
between two
homozygous
genotypes will always
yield a 1:1:1:1 ratio.

107
108
109
The chromatids are just
about to be pulled apart
to the poles of the cell,
so it’s very early
anaphase, just after late
metaphase.

110
111
112
DNA is duplicated
during DNA synthesis
(4n).

It returns to 2n during
mitosis, and halves to n
during meiosis.

At B, two haploid cells

fuse to form a 2n zygote
(fertilization).

113
114
Non-disjunctions occur
when the
chromosomes are
unevenly divided
during meiosis.

In the case of Turner

Syndrome, one gamete
only has XX while
another has none. An
X-chromosome sperm
cell fertilizes the
X-absent egg cell.

115
Height is typically
an advantageous
trait in most
environments, for
both predators and
prey.

Sorry, manlets.

116
It’s literally the
word. Imagine
getting this wrong.

117
An example is
Golden Rice, which
contains
beta-carotene.

118
Fun fact: Allopatric
is Latin for “other
fatherland”.

119
Fun fact: CXC
is trying to
kill my eyes.

Anyhow, CGC
pairs with
GCG.

GG, EZ.

120
Terrible
diagram. Kind
of looks like
Sans from
Undertale if
you look at it
closely.

121
I - Interphase
II - Anaphase
III - Prophase
IV - Late
Anaphase

Interphase isn’t
a stage in
mitosis,
though…

122
Homologous
chromosomes are
similar-shaped and
have the same
number of loci, but
may not have the
same alleles in each
locus.

123
The mutation
would occur during
meiosis.

124
125
By replica-plating
with the
tetracycline
antibiotic, the
observer can
identify which
bacteria took up
the recombinant
plasmids.

126
DNA ligase allows
the human
insulin-producing
gene to bind to the
E. coli plasmid.

127
Sickle cell anaemia
is caused by a
substitution (point)
mutation.

128
129
The RNA copy
would read as:

UAC
CGG
UUA
CCA
CUA

130
Each species’ DNA
would comprise of
the same
nucleotides and
types of codons and
would have its own
unique genome.

131
III is RNA.
IV is DNA.

132
133
134
Phosphodiester
bonds, to be more
precise.

135
L + ratio
kind of question.

136
Populations are
dynamic and each
current population
may consist of
dwindling numbers of
organisms that are
not adapted to
existing
environmental
conditions.

137
Malformed protein
structures would be
formed during
translation.

Most copying errors

that result in
mutations,
however, occur
during DNA
replication.

138
I is ribose, because
it has an extra
oxygen.

II is deoxyribose.

139
140
141
142
Think of restriction
enzymes as genetic
scissors specific to
certain outlines
(represented by
palindromic genetic
sequences).

143
144
145
146
A is seasonal/temporal.
B is ecological.
C is mechanical.
D is behavioural.

147
I represents that
each old strand has
duplicated to form
a complementary
new strand.

148
149
150
Used to treat
disorder such as
SCID and cystic
fibrosis.

151
152
DNA RNA Amino
ATA - UAU - Tyr
GTA - CAU - His
TTT - AAA - Lys
CGA - GCU - Ala
AAG - UUC - Phe
AGA - UCU - Ser

153
Inversion flips the
base pair but does
not result in a
change in number
of base pairs.

154
155
156
The biological
concept states that
members of two of
the same species
can reproduce and
produce fertile
offspring.

D relates to a
limitation of the
phylogenetic
species concept.

157
I - Metaphase I
II - Anaphase I
III - Prophase I
IV - Anaphase II
V - Early prophase I

158
Homologous
chromosomes can
have different
alleles, in
heterozygous
genotypes.

159
GAA - CUU
AAA - TTT
CAA - GUU

A to U in RNA.
T to A
C to G
G to C

160
CAPE BIOLOGY
UNIT 1
MODULE 3

161
Sertoli cells are also
called ‘nurse cells’
because of their
role.

162
The funicle attaches
the ovule to the
placenta. It is part
of the gynoecium.

163
Basic knowledge.

164
Meiosis
occurs at 1 to
form four
haploid cells.

Those
undergo
growth (2)
and mitosis
(3) until 8
haploid cells
are formed.
Two polar
nuclei fuse to
form a
diploid cell at
4. 165
166
IV is the site of
dehiscence.
Here, the
membranes
are less
fibrous and
this allows the
anther to split
and release
pollen grains.

167
During double fertilization, one male haploid gamete fuses with the egg to form a
zygote, while the other fuses with the polar nuclei (2n) to form the endosperm (3n).

168
169
The Graafian follicle
increases in size as
the antrum grows
(I).

Ovulation (IV)
allows follicle to
rupture and release
secondary oocyte.

Corpus luteum (II) is

formed from the
ruptured follicle.

170
Microtubules form
filaments that
extend to the
spermatozoon
flagellum.

171
172
173
The trophoblast is
the outermost layer
of the blastocyst,
which differentiates
into the
extra-embryonic
membranes.

174
175
The
definition is
correct, but
Hibiscus and
Flamboyant
reproduce
sexually.

176
The stamens are
the male parts of
the flower,
consisting of
anthers and
filaments.

177
IV are pollen
mother cells.

178
179
The two male
gametes go on to
form the zygote and
endosperm in the
female embryo sac.

180
III is the exine and
are typically unique
to each flower
species.

It actually comes in
really important in
palynology and
solving crimes.

181
X represents the
integuments.

182
183
III is the epididymis.

184
Progesterone levels climb around Day 13, which is when the corpus luteum is
formed after the follicle releases the secondary oocyte. Ovulation would occur 185
shortly before that period, so within 24 hours.
III are
Sertoli
cells.

F”S”H -
“S”ertoli

“L”H -
Leydig

186
IV is the amniotic
fluid, contained
within the amnion.

187
188
This question is
banking on you
mixing up testa
(seed coat) with
testes (balls).

189
190
A carpel is the
basic unit of the
gynoecium. A
carpel has a
stigma, style and
ovary.

So the ovary is
best described as
the swollen base
of a single carpel.

191
The tapetum
is used for
nourishment
of the pollen
mother cells.

Fun fact:
“Tapetum” is
Latin for
carpet.
*shrug*

192
The mature human
ovum is the biggest
cell in the body.

But it’s closer to

about 100
micrometres.

193
194
195
The endometrium is
the uterine lining.

196
197
198
Literally in the
name, though a
female can use it up
to 3 days after
intercourse.

199
200
Generative nucleus
would work here as
well.

The tube nucleus

absorbs sugars and
undergoes
elongation for
movement
(chemotaxis) and
delivery of male
gamete to the
embryo sac.

201
202
203
During capacitation,
the acrosomal
membranes begin
to break down to
allow penetration
of the egg’s zona
pellucida.

204
The polar body is
not viable and is
only present to
discard 23
chromosomes.

205
206
See previous question for diagram.

207
208
209
Dioecious plants
have separate male
and female flowers,
so self-fertilization
is not possible.

210
211
212
213
214
215
216
II is the Fallopian
tube, where the
sperm cells typically
meet with the
secondary oocyte..

217
218
hCG is secreted by
the placenta, and
the placenta does
not form unless
implantation has
occurred.

219
220
221
Don’t confuse
cytokinins with
cytokines.

222
I like to dissect
Paper 1’s… did you
know I’m utterly
insane?

223
224
The ovum is only
formed after fusion
with the sperm
nucleus occurs.

225
The ovum contains food
stores in the form of lipid
droplets in its cytoplasm.
This is to help with
nourishment if fertilization
occurs, until implantation
and extra-embryonic
development can happen.

226
1 (prostate gland)
and 4 (seminal
vesicles) assist in
production of
semen.

227
There is a phase
where positive
feedback occurs to
cause the LH
spike… but in this
case, the negative
feedback results in
decreases of GnRH,
FSH and LH.

228
The mammalian
placenta produces
hCG.

229
230
Only the
organisms best
adapted to
survive the
infection would
be able to
mature and
reproduce..

231
Cleistogamous
flowers have their
petals closed in to
facilitate
self-pollination.

232
233
234
Fellas would know
about a thing called
“shrinkage” when
they take a cold
shower.

235
Amniocentesis is a
procedure where
amniotic fluid is
removed for
testing.

236
Oestrogen
facilitates
proliferation of
endometrial cells,
while
progesterone
maintains it.

Ovulation occurs
within 24 hours of
the peak of the LH
surge.

237
I is the primary oocyte,
which hasn’t finished
Meiosis I (arrested at
Prophase I).

II, III and IV are

secondary oocytes after
having completed
Meiosis I, so they are all
haploid.

238