Review On Machines Pumps and Turbines, Efficiency

CEHDRA2
(Hydraulics 2)
Department of Civil Engineering

De La Salle University
Introduction:
Machines-Pumps and
Turbines, Efficiency
Week 1 Lecture
Meeting 2
RECALL: Mechanical Energy and Efficiency
◼ Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be
converted to mechanical work completely and directly by
an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass:
Flow energy + kinetic energy + potential energy

Mechanical energy change:
◼ The mechanical energy of a fluid does not change during

flow if its pressure, density, velocity, and elevation remain
constant.
◼ In the absence of any irreversible losses, the mechanical
energy change represents the mechanical work supplied
to the fluid (if emech > 0) or extracted from the fluid (if
emech < 0).
Mechanical energy is illustrated by an ideal hydraulic turbine coupled with an
ideal generator. In the absence of irreversible losses, the maximum produced
power is proportional to (a) the change in water surface elevation from the
upstream to the downstream reservoir or (b) (close-up view) the drop in water
pressure from just upstream to just downstream of the turbine.
The available mechanical energy of water at the bottom of a container is equal
to the available mechanical energy at any depth including the free surface of
the container.
eta
Shaft work: The transfer of mechanical energy is usually accomplished by a

rotating shaft, and thus mechanical work is often referred to as shaft work.
A pump or a fan receives shaft work (usually from an electric motor) and transfers
it to the fluid as mechanical energy (less frictional losses).
A turbine converts the mechanical energy of a fluid to shaft work.
Mechanical efficiency
of a device or process
The effectiveness of the conversion process between the mechanical work
supplied or extracted and the mechanical energy of the fluid is expressed by the
pump efficiency and turbine efficiency,
Mechanical Efficiency symbol η (eta)

Motor
efficiency
Generator
efficiency
Pump-Motor
overall efficiency
Turbine-Generator overall efficiency:
The overall efficiency of a turbine–

generator is the product of the
efficiency of the turbine and the
efficiency of the generator, and
represents the fraction of the
mechanical energy of the fluid
converted to electric energy. 7
• The efficiencies defined range between 0 and
100%.
• 0% corresponds to the conversion of the entire
mechanical or electric energy input to thermal
energy, and the device in this case functions like a
resistance heater.
• 100% corresponds to the case of perfect
conversion with no friction or other irreversibilities,
and thus no conversion of mechanical or electric
energy to thermal energy (no losses).
For systems that involve only mechanical forms of
energy and its transfer as shaft work, the
conservation of energy is
Emech, loss : The conversion of mechanical energy to

thermal energy due to irreversibilities such as friction.
Many fluid flow problems involve
mechanical forms of energy only, and
such problems are conveniently solved
by using a mechanical energy balance. 8
Power
◼ The power generated by the turbine with an efficiency of ηT is
simply
◼ The power generated by a pump with an efficiency of ηP is

simply
◼ We will calculate power in watts, ft-lb/sec, or horsepower.

Recall that one horsepower is equivalent to 746 W or 550 ft-
lb/sec.
Where:
𝑊ሶ𝑇 , 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 = Work rate resulting from rotating shafts such as that of a
pump or turbine, or the equivalent electric power.
𝑚ሶ = mass flux recall from conservation of mass
HP, HT = pump and turbine head, respectively
Hydraulic and
Energy Grade Line
RECALL: Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line
(EGL)
It is often convenient to represent the level of mechanical energy graphically using
heights to facilitate visualization of the various terms of the Bernoulli equation. Dividing
each term of the Bernoulli equation by g gives
P/g is the pressure head; it represents the height of a fluid column that produces the
static pressure P.
V2/2g is the velocity head; it represents the elevation needed for a fluid to reach the
velocity V during frictionless free fall.
z is the elevation head; it represents the potential energy of the fluid.
An alternative form of the

Bernoulli equation is expressed
in terms of heads as: The sum
of the pressure, velocity, and
elevation heads is constant
along a streamline.
Hydraulic grade line (HGL), P/g + z The line that represents the sum of the static
pressure and the elevation heads. (Piezometric Head)
Energy grade line (EGL), P/g + V2/2g + z The line that represents the total head of
the fluid.
Dynamic head, V2/2g The difference between the heights of EGL and HGL.
The hydraulic
grade line (HGL)
and the energy
grade line (EGL)
for free discharge
from a reservoir
through a
horizontal pipe
with a diffuser.
Notes on HGL and EGL
• For stationary bodies such as reservoirs or lakes, the EGL and HGL coincide with
the free surface of the liquid.
• The EGL is always a distance V2/2g above the HGL. These two curves approach
each other as the velocity decreases, and they diverge as the velocity increases.
• In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow, EGL is horizontal and its height remains
constant.
• For open-channel flow, the HGL coincides with the free surface of the liquid, and
the EGL is a distance V2/2g above the free surface.
• At a pipe exit, the pressure head is zero (atmospheric pressure) and thus the
HGL coincides with the pipe outlet.
• The mechanical energy loss due to frictional effects (conversion to thermal
energy) causes the EGL and HGL to slope downward in the direction of flow. The
slope is a measure of the head loss in the pipe. A component, such as a valve,
that generates significant frictional effects causes a sudden drop in both EGL and
HGL at that location.
• A steep jump/drop occurs in EGL and HGL whenever mechanical energy is
added or removed to or from the fluid (pump, turbine).
• The (gage) pressure of a fluid is zero at locations where the HGL intersects the
fluid. The pressure in a flow section that lies above the HGL is negative, and the
pressure in a section that lies below the HGL is positive.
In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow,
EGL is horizontal and its height A steep jump occurs in EGL and HGL
remains constant. But this is not whenever mechanical energy is added to
the case for HGL when the flow the fluid by a pump, and a steep drop
velocity varies along the flow. occurs whenever mechanical energy is
removed from the fluid by a turbine.
The gage pressure of a fluid is zero at

locations where the HGL intersects the
fluid, and the pressure is negative
(vacuum) in a flow section that lies
above the HGL.
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) and energy grade line (EGL) for a piping system with
reservoir.
◼ The hydraulic grade line (HGL), the dashed line

in the Figure, in a piping system is formed by
the locus of points located a distance p/γ above
the center of the pipe, or p/γ +z above a
reservoir.
◼ The energy grade line (EGL), the solid line in

the Figure, is formed by the locus of points a
distance V2/2g above the HGL, or the distance
V2/2g + p/γ +z above the datum; the liquid in a
reservoir.
◼ The following points are noted relating to the HGL and
the EGL:
1. As the velocity goes to zero, the HGL and the EGL
approach each other. Thus, in a reservoir, they are
identical and lie on the surface.
reservoir.
◼ The following points are noted relating to the HGL and the EGL:
2. The EGL and, consequently, the HGL slope downward in the
direction of the flow due to the head loss in the pipe. The
greater the loss per unit length, the greater the slope. As the
average velocity in the pipe increases, the loss per unit length
increases.
reservoir.
3. A sudden change occurs in the HGL and the EGL whenever a
loss occurs due to a sudden geometry change, as represented
by the valve or the sudden enlargement.
reservoir.
4. A jump occurs in the HGL and the EGL whenever useful energy
is added to the fluid, as occurs with a pump, and a drop occurs if
useful energy is extracted from the flow, as occurs with a turbine.
reservoir.
5. At points where the HGL passes through the centerline of the
pipe, the pressure is zero. If the pipe lies above the HGL, there is
a vacuum in the pipe, a condition that is often avoided, if possible, in
the design of piping systems; an exception would be in the design of
a siphon.
Simple Pipe System
with a Pump
◼ If a centrifugal pump is included in the piping
system and the flow rate is specified, the
solution is straightforward using the
techniques we have already developed.
◼ If, on the other hand, the flow rate is not

specified, as is often the case, a trial-and-error
solution involving the centrifugal pump results
since the head produced by a centrifugal pump
and its efficiency ηp depend on the discharge,
as shown by the pump characteristic curves,
the solid curves in the Figure.
Pump characteristic curves and the system demand curve.
◼ Companies furnish such characteristic curves
for each centrifugal pump manufactured.
◼ Such a curve provides one equation relating the
flow rate Q and pump head HP.
◼ The other equation is provided by the energy
equation, which can typically be written as (see
the energy equation in the following example)
Pump characteristic curves and the system demand curve.

◼ This is the system demand curve. This along
with the characteristic curve must be solved
simultaneously to yield the desired flow rate.
◼ To determine the power requirement of the
pump, the efficiency ηp must be used.
◼ Note that for the piping system, the required
pump energy head Hp, demanded by the
energy equation, increases with Q and from the
pump characteristic curve we see that Hp
decreases with Q; hence the two curves will
intersect at a point, called the operating point
of the system.
Example 1
◼ Water at 20°C flows between two reservoirs at the
rate of 0.06 m3/s as shown. What is the minimum
diameter DB allowed to avoid the occurrence of
cavitation?
Elev.=20m 1
DB
V V Datum Elev. = 0m
VB
20 cm Dia. 2
30 m 20 m
Example 1 Solution
Determining the friction factor (f) using Moody Diagram
𝑚2
𝑣= 10−6 @20°𝐶
𝑠
Q 0.06 𝑚
𝑄 = v𝐴; v = = 𝜋 = 1.9099
A 2 𝑠
4 ∗ 0.2
vD 1.9099 ∗ 0.2
Re = = −6 = 3.8197𝑥105
𝑣 10
Pipe material was assumed as “Cast Iron”
𝑒 0.26
= (𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 200
f = 0.022 e/D = 0.0013
Re = 3.8197x105
Example 1 Solution
𝑚2
𝑣= 10−6 @20°𝐶
𝑠
Q 0.06 𝑚
𝑄 = v𝐴; v = = 𝜋 = 1.9099
A 2 𝑠
4 ∗ 0.2
vD 1.9099 ∗ 0.2
Re = = −6 = 3.8197𝑥105
𝑣 10
Pipe material was assumed as “Cast Iron”
𝑒 0.26
= (𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 200
From Moody Diagram f1 = 0.022
Example 1 Solution
For Smaller Pipe
Q 0.06 0.0764
𝑄 = v𝐵 𝐴; vB = = 𝜋 = 2 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 1)
A 2
∗ 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵
4
vB DB 0.0764 DB 76394.3727
Re = = = (𝐸𝑞𝑛 2)
𝑣 𝐷𝐵2 10−6 DB
𝑒 0.26 0.00026
= = (𝐸𝑞𝑛 3)(𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵 ∗ 1000 𝐷𝐵
Using Energy Equation
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
P1 P2 vB2
+ 0 + z1 − z2 = + + hL
γ γ 2g
P1 P2 vB2 V2 V𝐵2 V𝐵2 L V2 L VB2
+ 0 + z1 = + + z2 + K entrance + K Cont + K exit + f1 + fB
γ γ 2g 2g 2g 2g D 2g D 2g
Example 1 Solution
Substitute Eqn 1
2
0.0764
101000 2450 𝐷𝐵2 1.90992 V𝐵2 V𝐵2
+ 0 + 20 = + + 0.5 + 0.25 + 1.0
9810 9810 2(9.81) 2(9.81) 2(9.81) 2(9.81)
30 1.90992 20 VB2
+0.022 + fB
0.2 2(9.81) DB 2(9.81)
Simplify:
2
0.0764
101000 2450 1.90992 30 1.90992 𝐷𝐵2 V𝐵2
+ 20 − − 0.5 − 0.022 = + 0.25
9810 9810 2 9.81 0.2 2 9.81 2 9.81 2 9.81
V𝐵2 20 VB2
+1.0 + fB
2(9.81) DB 2(9.81)
Example 1 Solution
Substitute Eqn 1
2 2
0.0764 0.0764
101000 2450 1.90992 30 1.90992 𝐷𝐵2 𝐷𝐵2
+ 20 − − 0.5 − 0.022 = + 0.25
9810 9810 2 9.81 0.2 2 9.81 2 9.81 2 9.81
2 2
0.0764 0.0764
2
𝐷𝐵 20 𝐷𝐵2
+1.0 + fB
2(9.81) DB 2(9.81)
Simplify:
1.25 20
98,619.3532 = 4 + fB 5 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 4)
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵
Example 1 Solution
Solve by “TRIAL AND ERROR”
Trial 1 Trial 2
Assume 𝐷𝐵 = 0.1 𝑚 Assume 𝐷𝐵 = 0.09 𝑚
From Eqn 2 From Eqn 2
76394.3727 76394.3727 76394.3727 76394.3727
Re = = Re = =
DB 0.1 DB 0.09
5 5
= 7.6394 𝑥10 = 8.4883 𝑥10
𝑒 0.00026 0.00026 𝑒 0.00026 0.00026
= = = 0.0026 = = = 0.0029
𝐷 𝐷𝐵 0.1 𝐷 𝐷𝐵 0.09
From Moody Diagram fB = 0.026 From Moody Diagram fB = 0.027
Checking the assumed DB, substitute DB =Checking the assumed DB, substitute DB =
0.1 m and fB = 0.026 to Eqn 4 0.09 m and fB = 0.027 to Eqn 4
1.25 20 1.25 20
98,619.3532 = + 0.026 98,619.3532 = + 0.027
0.14 0.15 0.094 0.095
98,619.3532 ≠ 64,500 98,619.3532 ≠ 110,501.448
Answer: DB = 0.1 m or 10 cm
Example 1 Solution DB is in between 0.09 and 0.1 m but
sizes at the market is usually 10 cm
Trial 1 𝐷𝑉 Trial 2 or 2.5 cm (for screwed pipes)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣
Assume 𝐷𝐵 = 0.1 𝑚 Assume 𝐷𝐵 = 0.09 𝑚
76394.3727 76394.3727 76394.3727 76394.3727
Re = = Re = =
DB 0.1 DB 0.09
5 5
= 7.6394 𝑥10 = 8.4883 𝑥10
𝑒 0.00026 0.00026 𝑒 0.00026 0.00026
= = = 0.0026 = = = 0.0029
𝐷 𝐷𝐵 0.1 𝐷 𝐷𝐵 0.09
From Moody Diagram fB = 0.026 From Moody Diagram fB = 0.027
Checking the assumed DB, substitute DB =Checking the assumed DB, substitute DB =
0.1 m and fB = 0.026 to Eqn 4 0.09 m and fB = 0.027 to Eqn 4
1.25 20 1.25 20
98,619.3532 = + 0.026 98,619.3532 = + 0.027
0.14 0.15 0.094 0.095
98,619.3532 ≠ 64,500 98,619.3532 ≠ 110,501.448
Example 2
◼ Estimate the flow rate in the simple piping system of

Fig. 1a if the pump characteristic curves are as shown
in Fig. 1b. Also, find the pump power requirement.
Figure 1
Example 2 Solution
𝑣@20° 𝐶 = 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑒 0.046
= = 0.00023 (𝑒 = 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.046 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 200
Re is assumed to be very large
e/D = 0.00023
f = 0.014
Example 2 Solution
𝑣@20° 𝐶 = 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑒 0.046
𝐷 200
From Moody Diagram f = 0.014
Example 2 Solution
Using Energy Equation: (Flow from 2 to 1)
P2 v22 P1 v12
+ + z2 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + z1 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
V2 L V2
0 + 0 + 60 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 0 + 0 + 90 + 0 + (K entrance +K exit ) + 𝑓
2g D 2g
L V2
Hpump = h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 90 − 60 + (K entrance +K exit + 𝑓 )
D 2g
Q
Recall: 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴; V = A ;
L Q2
Hpump = 90 − 60 + (K entrance +K exit + 𝑓 )
D 2gA2
400 Q2
Hpump = 30 + (0.5 + 1.0 + 0.014 )
0.2 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (π ∗ 0.1 2 )2
Hpump = 30 + 1523.43268𝑄2 (𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
76%
Example 2 Solution
Solve by “TRIAL AND ERROR” 0.175
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.2 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 90.9373 𝑚 Exceeds Hp curve
𝑠
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.15 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 64.2772 𝑚
𝑠
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.175 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 76.655 𝑚 This was chosen
𝑠
because Hp is in
𝑚3
Check Re use 𝑄 = 0.175 𝑠 Average of 0.2 and 0.15 between 90.9373
and 64.2772 m
𝑉𝐷 𝑄𝐷 0.175 ∗ 0.2
Re = = = 2 −6
= 1.1141𝑥106
𝑣 𝐴𝑣 π ∗ 0.1 ∗ 10
(𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 0.175 ∗ 9810 ∗ 76.655
𝑊ሶ𝑃 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝑾 𝒐𝒓𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 0.76
Example 3
◼ For the cast-iron piping shown, calculate the flow
rate and minimum pressure if:
a) H =10 m
b) H =20 m
c) H =30 m
Example 3 Solution
𝑒 0.26
= = 0.013 (𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷1 20
𝑒 0.26
= = 0.0065(𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷2 40
f = 0.041 e/D = 0.013
f = 0.033 e/D = 0.0065
Re = 3.5x105
Example 3 Solution
𝑒 0.26
= = 0.013 (𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷1 20
𝑒 0.26
= = 0.0065(𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.26 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷2 40
Example 3 Solution
a) H = 10 m
Using Energy Equation: (water surface at left reservoir to water surface at right reservoir)
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
0 + 0 + z1 + 0
v12 L v12 v22 L v22
= 0 + 0 + z2 + 0 + (K entrance +K valve ) + 𝑓1 + (K cont +K exit ) + 𝑓2
2g D 2g 2g D 2g
v12 L v12 v22 L v22
0 = z2 − z1 + (K entrance +K valve ) + 𝑓1 + (K cont +K exit ) + 𝑓2
2g D 2g 2g D 2g
v12 20 v12 v22
0 = −10 + 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
40 v22
+0.033
0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
v12 20 v12 v22
10 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
40 v22
+0.033 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 1)
0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
a) H = 10 m
Example 3 Solution
For K valve , extrapolate (round up, whole
number) Refer to W1-1 Substitute Eqn 2 to Eqn 1
K valve 2.0 ppt slide 25
look for angle 10
4.7 2.5 valve (fully 4v2 2 20 4v2 2
open) = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041
1.0 10 2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81
K valve − 4.7 2 − 2.5 v22 40 v22
= + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
4.7 − 1 2.5 − 10 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑚 𝑚
K valve = 4.9466 = 5.0 v2 = 0.502 ; v1 = 2.008
Refer to W1-1 ppt slide 27 look 𝑠 𝑠
For K cont for sudden enlargement π
Q1 = A1 v1 = 0.02 2 2.008
𝜋 2 4
2 2
𝐴1 2 𝒎𝟑
K cont = 1 − = 1−𝜋 4 = 0.56 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 −𝟒
𝐴2 4 2 𝒔
4
Continuity Equation:
Q1 = Q 2 ; A1 v1 = A2 v2
π 2
A2 4 2
v1 = v = π v2 = 4v2 (Eqn 2)
A1 2 4 2
Example 3 Solution
a) H = 10 m
Pressure at smallest pipe
Using Energy Equation: (from water surface at left reservoir to smallest pipe)
2
P1 v12 P𝑠𝑝 v𝑠𝑝
+ + z1 = + + z𝑠𝑝 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
2
P𝑠𝑝 v𝑠𝑝
0= + + hL + 𝑧𝑠𝑝 − 𝑧1 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧𝑠𝑝 − 𝑧1 = −𝐻 − 2
γ 2g
2
P𝑠𝑝 v𝑠𝑝 2
v𝑠𝑝 2
L v𝑠𝑝
0= + + (K entrance +K valve ) + 𝑓1 −H−2
γ 2g 2g D 2g
P𝑠𝑝 2.0082 2.0082 20 2.0082
0= + + (0.5 + 5.0) + 0.041 − 10 − 2
9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑷𝒔𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
b) H = 20 m
Example 3 Solution
Use Eqn 1
v12 20 v12 v22 40 v22
10 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 1)
v12 20 v12 v22 40 v22
20 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 3)
Substitute Eqn 2 to Eqn 3
4v2 2 20 4v2 2 v22 40 v22
20 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑚 𝑚
v2 = 0.7099 ; v1 = 2.8397
𝑠 𝑠
π 2
𝒎𝟑
Q1 = A1 v1 = 0.02 2.8397 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
4 𝒔
b) H = 20 m
Example 3 Solution
Using Energy Equation:
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + z2 + h𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
P1 v12
0= + + hL − H − 2
γ 2g
P1 v12 v12 L v12
γ 2g 2g D 2g
P1 2.83972 2.83972 20 2.83972
0= + + (0.5 + 5.0) + 0.041 − 20 − 2
9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
c) H = 30 m Example 3 Solution
Use Eqn 1
v12 20 v12 v22 40 v22
10 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 1)
v12 20 v12 v22 40 v22
30 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
(𝐸𝑞𝑛 4)
Substitute Eqn 2 to Eqn 4
4v2 2 20 4v2 2 v22 40 v22
30 = 0.5 + 5.0 + 0.041 + 0.56 + 1.0 + 0.033
2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.04 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑚 𝑚
v2 = 0.8695 ; v1 = 3.4780
𝑠 𝑠
𝟑
π 2
𝒎
Q1 = A1 v1 = 0.02 3.4780 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
4 𝒔
c) H = 30 m Example 3 Solution
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + z2 + h𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
P1 v12
0= + + hL − H − 2
γ 2g
P1 v12 v12 L v12
γ 2g 2g D 2g
P1 3.47802 3.47802 20 3.47802
0= + + (0.5 + 5.0) + 0.041 − 30 − 2
9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.02 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Example 4
◼ The pump has

characteristic curves
shown. Estimate the
flow rate and
a) Calculate the pump
power requirement.
b) Calculate the
pressure at the pump
inlet.
c) Calculate the
pressure at the pump
outlet.
Example 4 Solution
a) Calculate the pump power requirement.

𝑒 0.046
𝐷 160
f = 0.015 e/D = 0.00029
Example 4 Solution

𝑒 0.046
𝐷 160
From Moody Diagram f = 0.015
Example 4 Solution
Solving for the Demand Curve:
Using Energy Equation: (flow from right reservoir to left reservoir)

P2 v22 P1 v12
+ + z2 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + z1 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Q
Recall: Q = vA; v = A ;
L Q2
Hpump = 25 + (K entrance +2𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + K exit + 𝑓 )
D 2gA2
50 Q2
Hpump = 25 + (0.5 + 2 ∗ 0.4 + 1.0 + 0.015 )
0.16 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (π ∗ 0.16 2 )2
4
Hpump = 25 + 880.9741𝑄2 (𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
Example 4 Solution
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.3 𝑠 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 104.2877 𝑚 Exceeds Hp curve
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.25 𝑠 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 80.06 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑚3
Try 𝑄 = 0.23 𝑠
(𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 71.6035 𝑚 This was chosen
𝑚3 because Hp is in
use 𝑄 = 0.23 𝑠 Average of 0.25 and 0.20 between 80.06 and
60.23896 m
Example 4 Solution
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑚3
use 𝑄 = 0.23 𝑠 ; 𝜂𝑃 = 0.83
83%
𝛾𝑄𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 9.81 ∗ 0.23 ∗ 71.6035
ሶ
𝑊𝑃 = =
𝜂𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 0.83
= 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑾
0.23
Example 4 Solution
b) Calculate the pressure at the pump inlet.
Solving for velocity (v)
π
Q = Av = 0.16 2 v = 0.0201v
4
Q 0.23 𝑚
Q = vA; v = = π = 11.4428
A 0.16 2 𝑠
4
Pressure at inlet
P2 v22 P𝑖𝑛 v 2
+ + z2 = + + z𝑖𝑛 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Pin v 2
8= + + z𝑖𝑛 +hL
γ 2g
Pin v 2 v2 L v2
0= + + K entrance + 𝑓1 −8
γ 2g 2g D 2g
Pin 11.44282 11.44282 10 11.44282
0= + + (0.5) + (0.015) −8
9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.16 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑷𝒊𝒏 = −𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Example 4 Solution
c) Calculate the pressure at the pump outlet.
Pressure at pump outlet
P2 v22 2
P𝑜𝑢𝑡 v𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ + z2 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + z𝑜𝑢𝑡 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Pout v 2
h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + hL − 8
γ 2g
h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
Pout v 2 v2 L v2
71.6035 = + + K entrance + 𝑓1 −8
γ 2g 2g D 2g
Pout 11.44282 11.44282 10 11.44282
71.6035 = + + 0.5 + 0.015 −8
9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 0.16 2 ∗ 9.81
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Review On Machines Pumps and Turbines, Efficiency

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CEHDRA2

Department of Civil Engineering

Flow energy + kinetic energy + potential energy

◼ The mechanical energy of a fluid does not change during

Shaft work: The transfer of mechanical energy is usually accomplished by a

Mechanical Efficiency symbol η (eta)

Turbine-Generator overall efficiency:

The overall efficiency of a turbine–

Emech, loss : The conversion of mechanical energy to

◼ The power generated by a pump with an efficiency of ηP is

◼ We will calculate power in watts, ft-lb/sec, or horsepower.

An alternative form of the

The gage pressure of a fluid is zero at

◼ The hydraulic grade line (HGL), the dashed line

◼ The energy grade line (EGL), the solid line in

◼ If, on the other hand, the flow rate is not

Pump characteristic curves and the system demand curve.

◼ Estimate the flow rate in the simple piping system of

Solve by “TRIAL AND ERROR” 0.175

◼ The pump has

Determining the friction factor (f) using Moody Diagram

Determining the friction factor (f) using Moody Diagram

Solving for the Demand Curve:

Using Energy Equation: (flow from right reservoir to left reservoir)

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