PRESENTATION

UBEDULLAH SOOMRO
LECTURER
Map
 Some thing drawn on paper

 Representation of earth on small paper

 Conversion of 3d structure of earth on the 2d surface of paper

 Connection between real world and piece of paper

 Representation of earth globe on flat paper .

 A representation of a region of three-dimensional space,

such as of the Earth or a part of the universe, usually on
a two-dimensional plane surface.
Map
 A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships
between elements of some space, such as objects,
regions, or themes.

 Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other

durable medium, while others are dynamic or
interactive. Although most commonly used to depict
geography, maps may represent any space, real or
fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in
brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network
topology mapping
 Essential of mapping
 Things required to create a map

 With the help of cartography process which things are

needed to draw/create a map on sheets

 maps provides lots of information but one must know to

read and understand. Certain maps are provided with tools
or aids to understand the are called essential features of
map

 Maps help people understand their place on Earth. Whether

you’re mapping geology, census data or watersheds, your
map’s purpose helps readers spatially understand a theme
or subject.
Requirements of good map
 Map Has a Clear Purpose
 Map Title Reflect the Author’s Intention
 Use the Appropriate Template
 Add Company and Client Logo
 Ensure Correct Map Extent and Coverage
 Define a Projection
 Display the Correct Content
 Give Perspective with an Inset Map
 Key Map – a Map Within a Map, Within a Map
 Decide Your Labeling/Annotation
 Glue Readers in with Neat Lines
 Order Layers by Importance
 View All Ingredients in Your Map
 Measure Length with Scale Bars
 Know the Date of Production
 Metadata is Your Map’s Narrator
 Orientate Yourself with a North Arrow
 Fill in the Surrounding Map Data
 Add Graticules as Handy Guiding Lines
 Ensure Standard Symbology is Used
 Use Appropriate Scale Symbology
 Select Colors that Reflect a Theme and Purpose
 Limit the Number of Features
 Beware of Overlapping Text
 Put Out the Author’s and Reviewer’s Name to the Map
 Run a Spell Check
 Features in Legend are Present and Singular
 Find Balance & Harmony
Essentials of Map
 Regardless of the cartographic style or content, most
maps have the following common elements. These are
the "Golden Rules of Cartography" – at least for
beginner cartographer
1. Tittle
2. Scale indicator
3. Orientation
4. Border
5. Legend
6. Map Credits
7. Locator Map
8. Visual hierarchy
9. Purpose
10. Symbolization
 Title :
The title should be in a large font, easily identifiable as the
title of the map and should include descriptive text as to
the location and purpose of the map. If the map is
thematic, the theme should be included in the title
 Scale Indicator
The scale of the map is typically indicated by a graphic bar
scale, a representative fraction or a verbal scale. The reader
must be able to determine the relationship between a unit
of measure on the map and a unit of measure in the real
world.
 Orientation
A map should indicate which way is north (and/or south,
east and west). Commonly this is done by a north arrow or
compass rose. Orientation may also be shown by graticule
or grid marks (e.g. lines of latitude and longitude).
 Border
A map border identifies exactly where the mapped area
stops and should be close to the edges of the mapped area.
 Legend
 Required if the map uses symbols or colors (including shades of gray
and patterns). Maps (and certain map features) do not need legends if
the symbology is so common or simple as to be easily understood by the
reader. However, it must be clear what each marker or line type, weight
and pattern represents.
Map Credits

 SOURCE OF DATA (especially on thematic maps)

 NAME of the cartographer

 DATE of the map creation/publication

 DATE of the map data

 Optional: PROJECTION of the map (especially for

small-scale maps)
 Locator Map
Inset Locator map is needed if the area of the map is not
easily recognizable or is of large scale. For example, for a
map of USA, there should be an inset map of Washington.
Inset Detail map(s) may also be used to show an area of
the map in greater detail
 Effective graphical design
The layout design is as important as effective sentence
structure is to written text. Design refers to the planning
and decision making processes involved in the visual
display of the spatial data. You can achieve balance by
rearranging the map elements (scale, north arrow, legend,
title, etc.) and changing size of the text, border. etc. The
map and map elements should be:

 Neat and clear

 Appropriately and consistently generalized
 Symmetrically balanced (avoid crowding, no large blank
areas)
 Without unnecessary clutter (keep it simple, be wary of
'artistic' detail
 Visual hierarchy
A hierarchy of symbology should be used for the lettering,
line weights and shading. More important features are
typically larger and/or darker, less important/background
information should be smaller and/or lighter. At the same
time, do not "over weight" or "under weight" features

 Purpose
All maps have a purpose which influences every element
of the map and the map layout. A cartographer should be
able to clearly articulate the purpose of their map and
should keep the audience (who the map is going to be used
by) and the client (who the maps is being produced for) in
mind
 Symbolization
A map symbol is a graphical device used to visually represent a real-
world phenomenon or a characteristic thereof on a map, working in the
same fashion as other forms of symbols. Map symbols may include
point markers, lines, regions, continuous fields, or text; these can be
modified visually in their shape, size, color, pattern, and other graphic
variables.
Map of Sindh
Map of Pakistan
World Map
Types of Map

Map can be classified by two ways

 On the behalf of scale

 On the behalf of functions

On scale basis map is divided into two categories

I. Cadastral Map
II. Atlas Map
Cadastral Map

• “Cadastral” comes from the word cadaster, meaning a

public record, survey, or map of the value, degree, and
ownership of land for purposes of taxation.

 Cadastral maps are much more detailed. The plans map

out individual properties providing details, such as,
boundary information when houses or land are surveyed,
and could be combined to build bigger cadastral maps.

 Cadastral mapping was among the earliest types of

mapping where the ancient Egyptians created cadastral
records to establish ownership of land just after flooding
from the Nile River
Cadastral Map
 Atlas Map
 An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of
maps of Earth or a region of Earth

 Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but

today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to
presenting geographic features and political boundaries,
many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and
economic statistics. They also have information about the
map and places in it.

 Maps with smallest scale .only provide geneall information

about area
 E.g.; o.oo1 inch to 1 Mile
Atlas Map
On the behalf of functions /Purpose
 On the function basis ,initially maps are divided as

A. Physical Maps
B. Cultural Maps

Physical Maps

Physical Maps show all the natural features of area.

Physical Maps are further classified as :

 Orographical Maps
Shows drainage system such as canal, lakes etc also called
relief map.
 Bathymetric Maps
These maps show the depth of oceans and sea.
 Geological Maps
geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map
made to show various geological features. Rock units or
geologic strata are shown by color or symbols.
 Weather Maps
Show the weather condition of the area
 Climate Maps
Shows the climatic condition of regions
 Vegetation Maps
Show different plans and vegetation of area.
 Cultural Maps
These maps shows all man mad features of an area. These are
future divided as:

 Ethnographic Maps
 Linguistic Maps
 Population Maps
 Political Maps
 Communication Maps
 Economic and statistical Maps