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    CWCT Standard For Curtain Walling

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    Structural Tender

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Oe ES Tim Ky OR GEA = =o son oe & gag OO on oS Soom eel CE tes C2 emg wn CWICT OA CENTRE FOR WINDOW a = = CLADDING TECHNOLOGY ‘Standard for curtain wal This document was written and revised by representative members of the Gentre for Window & Cladding Technology. The document was reviewed by all the members. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means including photocopying and recording without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the publisher. Such written permission must be oblained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. Centre for Window & Cladding Technology August 1996 ISBN 1 874003 12.2 Published by e Centre for Window & Cladding Technology University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY Sponsors Bish Stee pic Council for Aluminium in Building Deceuninek Ltd Glass & Glazing Federation Kawneer Europe (Ove Arup Partnership Pilkington Glass Ltd Schiico international Toywood Engineering Lid © University of Bath f Standard for curtain walling ‘This document was written under the guidance of the Centre for Window & Cladding Technology Standards committee comprised of: David Anderson, Ove Arup & Partners ‘Andrew Brown, Sheppard Robson Roger Browne, Taywood Engineering Ltd (Chairman) Michael Bury, Taywood Engineering Lid | John Campbell, Tey Farrell & Co Ray Elliott, Taywood Engineering Ltd Richard Harris, CWCT Barry Jackson Barry Josey, Bickerdike Allen & Partners Laurie Marley, Kawneer Alan Mayo, Building Research Establishment ‘Stephen Ledbetter, CWCT Bob Lilly, CWCT Art Muschenheim, Skidmore Owings & Merit Pat Pinnington, Council for Aluminium in Buiding Elizabeth Randall, Schal international John Stamp, Schtico international Graham Roberts Tony Vickers, Clactix Jan Walker, Skidmore Owings & Merril Tony Willmott, Messrs Sandberg Brian Yoxon, Glass & Glazing Federation i Further guidance was given by Michael Clarke David Fisher Steve Green 2 Matthew Locke John Martin Nigel Swaffield AA Sakhanovsky Standard for curtain walling: Foreword FOREWORD ‘The contents of this document were first published as part of ‘Standard & Guide to Good Practice for Curtain Walling’ in 1993. The second edition comprises three volumes: Standard for curtain walling Guide to good practice for facades Test methods for curtain walling For ease of reference, the original numbering system has been retained. The aim of these documents is to assist those who specify, design, manufacture or install curtain walling ‘They set performance criteria in a rational framework and provide a means for the consistent specification Of curtain wall performance. The documents are nat a design guide and are intended for use by experienced designers, Designers may wish to seek guidance from BS 8200 ‘Code of Practice for the design of non-loadlbearing external vertical enclosures of buildings’ Each document should be read in conjunction with the other volumes. Standard for curtain walling sets out a framework for the specification of a curtain wall, establishes specific requirements for its performance and defines the tests by which compliance with particular aspects of these requirements may be demonstrated. The text in the left-hand column is prescriptive, ‘while that in the right hand column gives background information or guidance on interpretation of the clause against which itis placed. ‘The Standard introduces the concept of classifying proprietary curtain walls according to their ability to achieve performance targets. Generally, the performance will be assessed by tests on specimens of the curtain wall tis felt that such grading wil be of benefit fo both manufacturers and specifiers ale by providing a rational basis for the comparison of one system with another. Guide to good practice for facades gives advice on the choice of materials, components and finishes, as well as quality assurance, fabrication, transportation, storage and installation and maintenance. It is intended that the Guide should apply to many different types of facade and amendments covering issues relevant to other types of facade wall be published in due course. Test methods for curtain walling describes test procedures by which compliance with particular aspects of the ‘Standard for curtain waling’ may be demonstrated. However, there are many aspects of a curtain wall that cannot be evaluated by these tests alone and so the testing requirements in the Standard should not be regarded as a substitute for proper assessment of a curtain wall, ‘The documents use the words ‘shall’ and ‘should’ in their text. In ‘Standard for curtain walling’ and ‘Test methods for curtain walling’ the word ‘shall is used throughout as the requirements for performance criteria and testing are mandatory and must be complied with. Hl \ Standard for curtain walling: Foreword | ‘Guide to good practice for facades’ is written as a guidance document giving recommendations as to best current practice and the user may or may not decide to follow the advice given; hence the word ‘should’ is generaly used. However, where an operation or material is selected and itis considered Unacceptable to offer a lower standard then the word ‘shal has been used. In drafting these documents, it has been assumed that the provisions will be applied inteligently, that the ‘design will be undertaken by appropriately qualified and experienced designers, and the construction will be cartied out by trained operators under the direction of qualified supervisors. Changes from the first edition ‘Standard & Guide to Good Practice for Curtain Waling’, 1993, are indicated by a vertical line in the margin. ‘ad eon BRGRE 24 22 23 2.4 26 26 27 28 29 2.10 21 2.42 2.43 2.14 2.45 2.46 217 2.18 2.49 2.20 2.21 34 32 3.3 34 35 36 37 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.1 3.12 3.13 CONTENTS Introduction Scope Exclusions Terminology Testing Test Classification Performance Criteria Introduction Scope Fixings Wind loads Dead loads and live loads ‘Accommodation of movement gonerally ‘Accommodation of thermal movernent ‘Accommodation of moisture movement Noise Air permeability Water penetration resistance Wind resistance - Serviceabilty Wind resistance - Safety Thermal properties Condensation Acoustic properties Fire performance Electrical continuity and earth bonding Opening lights ‘Appearance, ft and position Durability Testing ‘Scope and requirements Testing Authority Performance testing of specimens Air permeability tests Watertightness tests Wind resistance tests Erection and dismantiing Test sequence Discretionary test procedures ‘Sequence for discretionary tests Site water tests Additonal tests Reporting Specifiers’ Checklist Referenced Standards Standard for curtain walling Brcoo 16 15 15 16 18 19 20 20 20 22 23. 26 26 28 28 31 32 35 39 39 40 a 44 42 42 42 43 45 46 a7 a7 51 Standard for curtain walling INTRODUCTION Standard for curtain walling: Introduction 1 1.2 le ‘ ‘Scope The Standard is concemed primarily with vertical metal-framed curtain walls, but the principles and criteria set out may also be applied 10 cladcing systems formed of, or incorporating, other materials, Exclusions The following are excluded: a) Internal vertical enclosures. b). Glazing systems with a slope of less than 758 from the horizontal. ©) Patent Glazing @) Structural glass assemblies. ©) Precast concrete cladding. f) Rainscreen overciadding 4) Doors used for regular pedestrian access. ‘Specifiers may consider parts of this Standard to bbe relevant to the excluded systems. Detailed consideration of the different requirements is, however, considered to be outside the scope of this Standard, Terminology Curtain walling Curtain walling is a form of vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its ‘own weight and the environmental forces which act upon it. The term embraces many diferent Construction methods and materials, generally Comprising one of the following: Adkitiona detaled consideration of drainage ‘sytem, condensation, snow loads, and other ‘teria may be requted for systems sloped between 0" and 15° from the vertical Al the exclude forms of construction quire ‘ther the dolotion of existing clausos which are rot relevant or the akon of ceuses fo cover Specific characteristics which are outside the ‘bape of this Standard. For example @) Internal vertical enclosures, Evaluation, and probable deletion, of some of the clauses relating fo weather resistance requied. 1b) Sting glazing systems. ‘Adltional taled consideration of drainage systems, condensation, snow loads, and other tera requred. )_ Patent gazing fs unikay to comply with some of the perfomance citera and testing clauses, ‘though others, and some ofthe materials Clauses, may be relevant. )__ Structural lass assembes. ‘Aakdiana detailed consideration eating to ‘sctural criteria. and the specication of tho glazing required. @)_ Precast concrete clang. ‘Aakstonal information on materials requir, ‘though many of the performance criteria and Testing causes aro robovant. 1) ainscreen overcading, The testng section, and sore ofthe pertermance enter, wi not be evant gh Doors, ‘re uni to compy wth some of tho ppertarmance enter, although others, and some fhe materials clauses, may be relevant. Bors tehich are exnocted fo comply with the pertarmance entora should be specified In this context non foaobeanng meane that, Lunike a conventional brick or masonry wal ‘curtain wal ¢ not intended fo asst 8 ‘antag the structural ntcyity ofthe ‘using, Dead ads (ther than the curtain wal’s own sof weight) and ive oad are not ‘expected tobe transfored to tard thus transmitted to the foundaons. 1.32 133 1.34 135 136 a) Aight carter framework of site-assembled ‘components which support pre-assembled ‘opaque, translucent, oF transparent infil panels b)_ Sections of prefabricated wall which are transported to ste as unitised frames, often pre-glazed, and hoisted into place ‘on the building's facade. ©) Prefabricated unitised frames, often pre- glazed, hung onto a site-assembled carrier framework Throughout this Standard the term curtain waling shall be deemed to include all brackets, anchors, closers, lashings, gutters and copings necessary to complete the assembly. Proprietary curtain walling Walls constructed of components, the design and detaling of which is standardised by the manufacturer. Custom curtain walling a) Systems purpose-designed for a particular project. b) Proprietary systems, modified for a particular project in such a way that available test data isnot applicable. ‘The Specifier The individual or organisation responsible to the ‘employer for the preparation of the specification. ‘The Curtain Wall Contractor ‘The company responsible under the contract for the detailed design, manufacture, supply and installation of the curtain wall. Test pressures Testing shall be conducted by the curtain wall Contractor or by an independent testing laboratory identified by the curtain wall Contractor and approved by the Specifier. ‘All measurement devices used in the tests should be calibrated and traceable to National Standards. ‘The Spector is most tka tobe the Architect, ‘Structural Engnoer, or Cladding Consultant Standard for curtain walling: Introduction ‘An independent testing laboratory undertaking the tests shall be accredited for the required tests to an appropriate national body (UKAS in the UK), where applicable. Witnessing and certification ofthe testing, when. r not undertaken by an acoredited independent | testing laboratory, shall be undertaken by an . appropriately qualified independent consultant or by the specifier. U ‘The independent testing authority is the body witnessing or certifying the test, 1.3.7 Positive Pressure and Negative Pressure ‘These terms, as used throughout this Standard, I refer to the ar pressure differential applied to the Ss curtain wal. A positive pressure is one where the pressure on the external face fs greater than that E Satis Riese fal Coster reeei E pressure is one where the pressure on the intemal face is areter than that on the extemal face | 1.3.8 Reduction in performance ‘reduction in the specified performance shall k include: i 8) Failure to comply with the performance Eb ‘specified in any clause of Section 2. b)_ Joint and/or component failure, including any reduction in the performance of gaskets, ‘ seals, and sealants. ) Any reduction in the edge clearance between glass and metal framing below the values given in BS 6262. 14 Testing 1.4.1 General 2naeton It is fundamental to the use of this Standard that a representative sample of the curtain ‘wall shall be tested for air tightness, water penetration resistance, and wind resistance, prior to installation, Testing is intended to demonstrate that the sign of he curtan walls capable of ‘comping with the specified performance ‘itera. However testing doesnot eiminate Lunsutable designs or determine longevty, ror ‘can uy snulate the woathor. Passing any of the specified tests not a guarantee thatthe ‘curtain wal wil peor sadctactony in use, and should not be accepted as such. The Specifer's assessment ofthe test resus, i Cconunetion wth al other relevant entra, is ‘essential to the over evaluation process. In crcumstances where specters co not have the expertise to undertake the requited ‘assastmont, tho adce ofa specials consultant shouts be sought Standard for curtain walling: Introduction 14.2 Test pressures The peak test pressures are to be selected Fer hater hfomaton one steed test from the table below, related to the design presse eves, reef te flowing ces: wind pressure calculated as clause 2.4. eee 2.11.22 Water Resistance 2.19.22 Wind Resistance - Sooty. Nacmumcaladsed wna ‘| Despre oes) ‘ar Tost Water Test | Wes ‘Ws Salty presse pease | praare” | Saeceatay | Test presse Prpstay | Custom estes Upto ec0 Pe 00 Ps wrasnamm | aoaveoora | a00Pe 1.00 1509 calodsed wind ‘2010 1200 Pa ro00ra | pressuetutret| sone00r= | 300 Par estar 0008! 1201 1600 Pa 1600 Fa eonr00Pa | 450 Par 1001 16 2000 2000Pa sonr900%= | é00 Pa 2001 102400 Pa 200 Pa eno Pa (Over 2400 Pa ‘scalodsed 02% 028 “Petr toe rote one 2.1122 1.4.3 Use of previous results The Specifier may decide, with the Client, that In pate, spocters may wish to seek expert testing of a particular application is unnecessary acco asf ha extort of macatons tat may provided that: ouirg sirens meena a} the system has already been tested in Test ruts ae fal to be inva untess: accordance with this Standard to pressures 9) The dtaded cholgn of te prolect arian not less than those applicable to the ‘ra, cucg the meio ofjantng, ft particular location, and seaing, arc gana, 8 dentca to tho Consitiction ofthe curtain wal specimen on which the tests were canted out b) the system is to be used with spans, support rt b) The curate and degree of and rtation of conditions and supporting structural frames by Mocuvenre anda an rota ‘similar to those originally tested. ‘greater than those in the curtain wall specimen Sn which tho fests wore cared aut 154 152 Test Classification Introduction ‘The purpose of the Test Classification system is, to provide a framework for the consistent presentation of the test results relating to proprietary curtain wating, ‘The Test Classification system is applicable only ‘to proprietary curtain walls with a design wind pressure up to and including 2400 Pascals. ‘Only performance criteria which are capable of being tested in accordance with a recognised and established procedure are included in the Test Classification system. Performance criteria and presentation ‘The Test Ciassification shall be expressed in terms of the pressures achieved in the air Permeability, water penetration, and wind resistance serviceability tests, as follows: Air #8 Mater iit Wind iit Where ### is the relevant peak test pressure level from the Table to clause 1.4.2. ‘The test sample shall pass both the Wind Resistance-Serviceabilty and Wind Resistance- Safety tests, at the relevant peak test pressures, to achieve a Test Classification for wind resistance. tis emphasised thatthe Test Cassiation “system & intended anly as a means of ensuring thet proprietary curtain wats are performance testad toa consistent series of vals. ‘The Test Classifcaton systam wil 4) provide a consistent basis forthe economic ‘Comparison of ferent proprietary curtain wale, 1) _facitate tho systematic matching ofthe ‘performance criteria fora particular project with the test results fr proprietary curtan wat systems avalabe onthe market. minimise the necessiy for testing Propietary curtan wals when applied 0a particular project, The Specie's assessment ofthe test rests, in Conjunction with al other relevant criteria, ‘essential fo te overal evaluation process. Fler to the notes to Clauses 1.4.9 For example: ‘Av 900/Water 600/Wind 2000, represents a curtain wal satstactoiy tested, in ‘accordance with tis Stand ‘500 Pascal for Ar Parmoabity, 0 {600 Pascal for Water Resistance, to £2000 Pascals for Wind Resistance - Seviceabity and, by mpication, 10 [5000 Pascais for Wind Fesistance - Safety. itis intend that turer performance ‘charactors wal be added fo the tact Cclasifcation system as universaly accepted esting methods are estabfished. ‘Standard for curtain walling: Introduction f 24 22 23 24 244 Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 2 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Introduction ‘The performance criteria shall be agreed by the Specifier and Curtain Wall Contractor prior to award of the contract for the curtain walling works. Scope ‘The performance criteria set out in this Section are applicable to the entire curtain wall, assembly, including all materials, components and sub-assembiies, and all junctions between it and interfacing building elements. Fixings Fixings shall comply with Section 2 of Approved Document A of the Building Regulations, and any subsequent amendments thereto. Wind Loads Calculated wind pressures Wind pressures on the curtain wall shall be calculated in accordance with the current national code for the determination of wind loading on buildings. The maximum calculated wind pressures given in the table to Clause 1.4.2 are related to OPS Chapter V, Part 2 and BS 6399 Part 2 ‘The performance criteria recommenced horain should be used only conjunction wih a proper assessment ofthe neads ofthe individual bailing by the Specter. The Specifier may fh, folowing tvs assessment, thal upward adjustment of the performance citer and ‘subsequent testing is necessary. This Standard recommends that miner performance eons are establish by the ‘Specie rior to tender, but requires tat these are agreed prior to award ofthe Contract. Knowiedge of the antojated win pressures i fundamental tothe design ofthe curtan wal and fo he establishment ofthe peak fest pressures {0 be used when testing tis recommended thatthe specter shoud festanish ihe calculated wind pressure, 0 association with the project structural engines, land specty the miu vote(s) fo Be used the design ofthe curtan wall, When using CP3 Chapter V, Part 2, the ‘maximum calculate wind pressures gen i the {able fo Cause 1.4.2 relate fo a three secon (ust, estimatad to be excaeded on average ony ‘nce 50 years Won using BS 6398: Part 2, the maximum calculated wind pressures given inthe fale to (Cause 1.4.2 reat to the calculated external wind pressure for @ pane! of claganal mension Smotres. The probabity of exceedance in any (one year should be taken as 0.02 i [ f Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 24.2 244 25 254 Allowance for shape When assessing wind pressures, allowance shall be made for pressure variations over the various elements of the curtain walls’ exterior surface, full account being taken of the building's shape. Appropriate allowance shall be made for all relevant intemal pressures, including those associated with the presence of a dominant opening Zoning Under normal circumstances, there shall be no horizontal zoning of wind pressures to give lower design loads on the curtain wall nearer the ‘ground. Horizontal zoning may be permitted in Certain circumstances, including exceptionally tall buildings or complex geometry, or where wind tunnel tests have been carried out to establish maximum wind pressures on the cladding. Design wind pressures ‘The design wind pressure is derived from the maximum calculated wind pressure as follows: Masirumcsledsted: Desa Proprtary Cum UptomoPascle ——aC0 Pascal Mavirumcacubted 0110 1200Paecale—1200Panoae wind precoune but mat 1201 to T600Paccols 1600 Pascale kee ran B00 Pa 1801 te 2000 Pca 2000 Paocaé 2001 1 2400Paccals 2400 Pascale ver 2400 Pesca Aa cdoates Dead load and live loads Calculating loads ‘When calculating loads, it shall be assumed: a). that dead loads, including loads due to fixtures and fitings, act concurrently with the maximum wind load. )_ that ive loads do not act concurrently with the maximum wind load, ft should be noted that wind speeds can Increase considerably at comers of buidings and ‘at parapets. The pressure generated by the wind and ts vaable nature can cause variable loadings over storey height assembles, and over the whe facade. A dominant pening can -lonifcantly increase the total oad acing on the curtain wat 1his recommended that wind tunnel testing be ‘camied out on bulangs of camplex shape or ‘unusual aspect ration order fo assess propery the eistrbuton and magnitude of surface pressures, ‘The Bish wind foacing code BS 6298: Part 2 ‘permits horizontal zoning for tal bulking ofined as those whose heghts greater than Tour tines ther maxim horizontal dimension. Fr these buscings, the lowest zone shoul have ‘2 height Jour ties the maximesm horzontal plan ‘dimension and use the reference wind speed at ‘hat height. Above that eight there is no ‘estfiction on the number of zones used, but in ‘al cases for clang desi the reference wind Speed Used should be that atthe tp ofthe zene. Up to and including 2400 Pa, catuated wind ‘pressures are ‘banded to one ofthe five design tnd pressures inicatod. The facts tho eterminaton of the peak test pressures as set ‘urn the Tab 0 clause 14.2. t — ° 25.2 f L 253 ‘Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria Dead Loads ‘The curtain wall shail transmit safely all dead Joads likely to be placed on it to the building’s structure via the points of support provided for the purpose. ‘The curtain wall shall be capable of accommodating the folowing dead loads ‘without any reduction in the performance: a) The curtain wall's own dead load shall be accommodated locally, and without causing deflections or movements which affect infil panels and/or glass. b) The dead loads derived from permanent fixtures, or services, attached to either the intemal or external surfaces. Liveloads /“PAeRIER leads ‘The curtain wall shail transmit safely alive loads likely to be placad on it to the building's structure Via the points of support provided for the purpose. The curtain wall shall be capable of ‘accommodating the following live loads without any reduction in the performance: a) Horizontally applied loads acting on the surface of framing members and non-glass infil panels arising from maintenance. The curtain wall shall sustain safely, without reduction in performance and without Permanent deformation to any component, a static SOON load applied horizontally through, a square of 100 mm sides on any part of the framing b)Ahnorizontal live load of 0.74 kN/m due to the occupants, acting at a height of (2) 1100.mm above the finished internal floor level ©) Impact loads, or transferred impact loads, that occur during its service lf, without deterioration in its performance and without sustaining non-repairable damage. & 1o Ho Five FPL Ae Te Oem Tis sub-clause isto quard against flection of ‘members which may then apply unacoaptabie loads to othe elements ofthe construction, such as glazng unis. Care must be taken to ensure that permanent firtres, or services, attached tothe wal do not ‘cause deflection of a order that would place int panels and glass at risk. important that ‘any such fixures aro included inte fest Specimen, Tha loads set out here are maintenance loads, 2 ‘race resting against the wall ora person ‘Standing on afer loaning against tha wal Tis clause ftom the Bung Reguistons, Approved Document K2is nuded to counter ‘accidental lading by an occupant who may, for instance, push a desk or ting cabinet aganst tho wal. Where crowd loacing s anticipated, ‘additonal protacton may be reared. The specifer should stata the impact oc requirements, including that ram access cradles and the tke. Guidance on zoning areas for 'ncidenes of lacing, appropriate loads and test (tora are sat out in BS 8200. Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 25.4 26 26.4 )_The loads created by snow or ice shall be accommodated safely, without detriment to the overall structural integrity and. performance of the curtain wall. ‘Thermal-induced loads Materials and components used in the curtain vwall shall be capable of accommodating internal loads generated by differential temperatures. Calculations shall be performed to establish maximum stresses developed in all britie materials (especially glass) and all composite ‘materials and components as a result of temperature gradients within the materials or ‘components. These calculations shall prove that the strength of the materials and components is adequate to prevent failure due to thermal- induced stresses. Accommodation of movement generally Requirements: ‘The curtain wall shall be capable of ‘accommodating the following movernents without any reduction in the specified performance: ) due to deflection under design loads, b) due to the effects of repeated wind loading, c) due to changes in dimension and shape of ‘components arising from building movements, including settlement, creep, twisting, and racking, ‘d) due to the movernent of any joint whether designed to permit movernent or not Due account shouts be taken of snow and ioe ‘on ecges and projections on the face ofthe ‘curtain wal, This cause is requted to show that components 0 not falas a resi of intemal temperature gradients. Where a temperature gradient exists there wil be diferente stresses with the component, and these sresses may lead to failure of the component. The machanism of falure may be facture, in biti materia, or {dolaminaton in composite materas and ‘components. may be necessary to conser temperate ‘gradients from centre-to-edge of arge panels, as wal as from warm-sde-to-col- ste. ‘Where the component is a a uniform femperature and free to expand or contract, thereby roieving intemal stresses, reference ‘should be made fo clause 2 7 The test sequences described in closes 2.8 and 3:10 of tis Standard alow assessment of taco factors by testing the curtain wal for ar and water leakage, folowing wind oad resistance tes, The Spocier sha state al antjpated bulking ‘movernents inccating te locaton, curation ‘820 and airaction of movement. The Specter hal state whether tho movement occurs once- ‘ony, oF 5 recuring and, Fonce-only, whether 's atioated thatthe movement wil occur ‘bolo or after ihe rection ofthe cutan wat, This information wil ganeraly be provided by the ‘Structural Consutant The influence of buicing movamants may be assessed by the procedre described incluso 3a 2rd eon 27 274 2.72 2a etton Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria Accommodation of thermal movement Requirements The curtain wall shail be capable of accommodating changes in dimension and shape ofits components resuiting from changes in service temperatures and from differential service temperatures between the inside and ‘outside ofthe building without any reduction in the specified performance, Service temperature ranges The following examples of annual service temperature ranges for materials used in normal circumstances in the United Kingdom shall be considered when designing curtain walls: External surface temperatures: Cladding, waling and roofing: Heavyweight, light colour Heavyweight, dark colour Lightweight (insulated), light colour Lightweight (insulated), dark colour Giass: Clear Coloured or solar-control Internal temperatures: Building empty or out of use: Building in normal use: -20°C to +50°C -20°C to +65°C “25°C to +80°C “28°C to +80°C “25°C to +40°C -25°C to 490°C “5°C to 435°C +10°C to +30°C Diferentia temperatures between the side anc the outside can lad toa breakdown i te band between components of composite panes, Unless appropriate adhesives and core maleriats are used. Al designs of curtain wal require evaluation of the tke intusnce of thermal movement onthe ‘ai permeabity and water penetration resistance. (Cartan wats ofan unusual ar compicated design may havo these assessments supplemented by carrying out the ternal oysing test dascnbod in cause 3.9.2. These figures are taken trom BRE Digest 228. Te examples are for normal bulings and Condons ony. More extreme temperatures can ‘be expected in exceptional creumstances such as dark surfaces under glass, matarais in cod ‘rooms or stoves, and materials accent to heating or cooing systems. Components such as glazing gaskots and int ‘sealants should be able to withstand these temperature ranges, and thermal movements ‘Should be estimated for these ranges, unless Calculation or maasurament sows that some ‘other range of temperatures is more appropriate, ‘The service temperature range is afected by air temperature, solar racaton fwrich may depend (the ovintation of the surface and ary shading devices, inclacing acfacent buiaings), and by effects such as clear right sky raat ‘coong. Ganeraly the range wil be fom a winter right tine minemim to a sure cyte ‘maximum, representing annual extremes. Gtass "ermal stress calculations wil be based on ‘maximum daly variation, and reference shoud bbe made fo clause 2.5.4 for brite materials and composite materas/companents Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 2.8.4 29 29.4 2.10 2.10.4 2.10.41.1 2.40.1.2 Accommodation of moisture movement Requirements ‘The curtain wall shall be capabie of accommodating the following movernents without any reduction in the specified performance: a) due to changes in the moisture content ofits ‘components, resulting from variations in the moisture content of the air, either inside or outside the building, 'b) due to the expansion of absorbed or retained moisture due to freezing. Noise Requirements Loads, movements, and changes in the environmental conditions, shall be ‘accommodated without levels of noise likely to be intrusive in and around the completed building, Air permeability Requirements: ‘The curtain wall shall be designed to prevent air flow, from the exterior surface to the interior surface, through the joints of the curtain wall, in the interests of ‘@) Occupier comfort. b)_ Limitation of heat loss. ©) Reduction of wind noise. ‘The curtain wall shall comply with the requirements of the Building Regulations Approved Document F Part F1 Means of Ventilation. However, any background ventilation openings should be closed prior to testing for air permeability. Curtain wats can be subject to creaking, Cicking, and grinding notes as thermal ‘movements cecur unless connections are designed o parm noiseless movements Wind and ar movements can cause rating and \whisting noises, often emanating rom external Cover sips and ventas. Al systems ry on good a seals. High ar leakage rates under lest inicate thal te systom IS nox parting satstactoniy. This fs particule important for pressure-equafed systems where high ai leakage rates may ncieate thatthe system il not parton satisfactory fr water penetration resistence. @ Ts = = ages = { 2101.8 2.10.2 210.24 2.10.22 2.10.3 2.10.3.4 2.10.3.2 ‘Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria There shall be no regions of concentrated air fiow through the curtain wall its closures, or any opening light or smoke ventilator fitted into the curtain wall. Testing: Test method. Refer to clause 3.4. Test pressure. The peak test pressure shall be either: a) 300 Pascal. b) 600 Pascals. ©) 0.25 x the design wind pressure, in accordance with the Table to clause 1.4.2, Performance criteria under test: At the peak test pressure, the permissible air leakage rate through the sample shall not exceed: 1.5 m'/hr/m for fixed lights. 2.0 m*/twilin.m. for opening lights, The permissible air leakage rate through a specimen consisting of both fixed and opening lights shal be determined by the formula described in Test Methods for curtain waling. ‘The permissible air leakage rate at any intermediate pressure pn shall be determined using the following formula: pats Qn = Qo} po where Qn is the permissible leakage rate at the required pressure pn and Qo is the permissible leakage rate at the peak test pressure po, ‘This clause not intended to precuce the provision of ‘rick’ ventators, but spoctons ‘Should ensure that any curtain wal system Incorporating these comptes with specied at leakage rates when they are closed. “Attenton must be given to maitaning the Continuity of the ait soals nthe cutan wal, particulary atthe comers of gaskets. The selection ofa suitable poak test pressure Is dependant primary on the environmental ‘conditions requred wihin the bung, and not (n the degree of exposure tothe wear. Te ‘Specifier must decile the level of arighiness, _appromviato for the particular bulcng nating that, In general, wals capable of passing the spectiod test at 600 Pascat and above wil be mere ‘expensive than walls Capable of passing the lest ony at 200 Pascats. In general, the 300 Pascal evel wil be “appropriate for warehousing, ‘superstores’ and ‘simior bultings. The 600 Pascal vel wil be appropriate for ai-conltoned ofce bung, hhospla, laboratories, and simiorbuicings. For opening lights, the langth of int shat be defo as tho ath of nt betwoan the Bec {fame and the frame enclosing ihe opening fight when vewod rom outsce the Bulg. ‘Spooiers should be aware that at leakage is ‘associated primary wit ot length and ths ‘shouldbe taken no account when {he elevation. The designer ofthe heating and \vontiatng system wa, however, be generaly ‘concerned only with the overal ar eokage ofthe ‘compote facade. This can be determined most ‘easily using rates por unt area The rates stated a based on whats ‘conamicaty achievable n curent practice and ‘may be used during design fo assess the ‘implications of vaning elevation) treatment (tis emphasised that comptance with this ‘requirement is equaly as important as ‘compliance with clause 2.10.31. ‘Many curtain wats havo a signficant cat sealng ‘action as pressure ncreases but performance at ‘ower pressures ts equaly as mootant as pportormance at higher pressures, Figure 1 shows tho permissine a lonkage rates rosted to peak fst pressures of 300 Pa and 600 Pa | Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria FIXED PANELS ao 200 soo E 1400 f as | 3 f oxo 2s ° 1 7 70 “wo ps eo OPENING LIGHTS f 00 00 0 17s r e10 f 2s ; 1.00 03s ° 10 mo wo “00 ‘wo ‘eo Presere Pa Figure 1 B 21038 toparnsstie a lakage rates in cass agate ree scx 2.10.3.1 and 2.10.3. are applicable only to postive pressures. positive external pressures (infitration) Gaskets and seas may perf diferent uncer postive and negative pressures 2.11 Water penetration resistance t 2.11.1 Requirement 2.11.11 The curtain wall, and any incorporated opening lights, shall be designed to prevent leakage of 5 water onto the internal face of the curtain wall 2.11.1. The curtain wall, and any incorporated opening lights, shall be designed to prevent water entry into those parts of the curtain wall that would be adversely affected by the presence of water 2.11.2 Testing: 2.11.21. Test method: Refer to clause 3.5, ‘Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 2.11.22 211.3 211.34 2118.2 2412 2424 2.12.2 21224 ‘anaetton Test pressure. The peak test pressure shall be either: @) 800 Pascals. b) 450 Pascals ©) 600 Pascals. 4d) 0.25 x the design wind pressure. in accordance with the Table to clause 1.4.2. Performance criteria under test: ‘There shall be no leakage onto the intemal face of the curtain wall at any time during the test. At the complation ofthe test there shall be no standing water in locations intended to remain ayy. Wind resistance - Serviceability Requirements: The curtain wall shall be capable of ‘accommodating the design loads without any reduction in the specified performance. Testing: Test method Refer to clause 3.6 The selection ofthe test pressure is based on the degree of exposure io the weather. Where stifle the Specifier may wish to fest curtain \waling 10a higher pressures than inoicated in the Table to clause 142, ‘Tis apples for al the specified water penetration tests. [A view may be taken by the Testing Authority that Fone or two smal roplets of water start to Jor during the tes, but that these droplets do ‘ot start to run or flow, then such leakage may ‘ot constitute fare. which case, the Testing ‘Authority may decide to continue with that test ‘and reserve judgement as to whether the ‘specimen has passed or fled The specimen shoutd be cartuly examine to determine the tkely cause of any such leakage. The Tasting Authority may then decide whether the specimen requres modifeation and r= testing or & deemed to have passed. This cause intended to cover inte voids and cavities within the wal where damoness maybe present after tho tet. The presence of Signifeant quantities of water would ntcate that the pemnary external sal was not working, and that foakage past the outer face of th wal was ‘not craning rom the system. As wi the clause ‘above, careful examration fs necessary during the eismanting, inspection, and reporting process. li ‘Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 2.12.2.2 Test pressure. ‘The peak test pressure shall be equal to the design wind pressure and in accordance with the Table to clause 1.4.2. 2.12.3 Performance criteria under test: 2.12.3.1| Framing members generally | At both positive and negative applications of the. ~, peak test pressure, the maximum frontal deflection shall not exceed: 1/200 of the span of the member measured between points of attachment to the building, or 20 mm, whichever is the lesser. 2.12.3.2 Framing members supporting single glazing: Datisction its are governed primary by lass ‘behaviour and not by the Raming material. Tis valu is taken tram BS 6262, Code of Practice ‘At both positive and negative applications of the Grote for beddings A aierent lvoe gen peak test pressure, the maximum deflection shall 985818, Sructural uso of atuninum. not excead! 1/125 of their length measured along the pane edge. 2.12.3.) Framing members supporting double glazing DDatoction imi ae governed primary by ass units: bohawou and not byte raming materia. This ® vali taken ffom BS 6262, Code of Practice forging for bigs. A cferentvalvo given ‘At both positive and negative applications of the in 8118, Sructral us of ataniniam. peak test pressure, the maximum deflection shall ot exceod! 1/175 of their length measured along the unit edge, or 15 mm, whichever is the lesser, or more restrictive limits if set by the unit manufacturer. 2.12.3.4 Framing members supporting sealed multiple glazing units incorporating three or more panes of glass: ‘At both positive and negative applications of the peak test pressure, the maximum deflection shall not exceed: ‘The deffection limits agreed with the unit manutacturer. Pa 2a ction 2123.6 2.12.86 2128.7 2124 242.44 2124.2 2rseatton ‘Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria Surfaces and framing members to which brittle ‘materials such as plasterboard or natural stone units are to be fixed; ‘At both positive and negative applications of the peak test pressure, the maximum deflection shall not exceed: ‘The deflection imits agreed with the material supplier. ‘Spandrel systems spanning horizontally between horizontal load-resisting attachments to the main building frame: ‘At both positive and negative applications of the ‘peak test pressure, the maximum deflection shall not exceed: 5 mm at the head and/or sill of the spandrel panel After loading to the peak test pressure and Unloading, permanent deformation to framing ‘members shall nowhere be more than 1 mm with one hour being allowed for recovery. This requirement applies separately to both positive and negative pressures. Design calculations: ‘When calculating deflections and stresses, it shall be normal practice to take no account of the additional stitiness imparted by doublo- glazing units, spandre! panels, glazing beads, ressure-plates, decorative capping pieces, etc. In exceptional circumstances, to be agreed between the specifier and the curtain wall supplier, clause 2.12.4.1 may be disregarded and the additional stiness imparted by certain of these elements included when calculating deflections and stresses, In these circumstances, the calculations shall be verified by testing of the project specific application. Where heating pane's or other services applances are fo be ited to the curtain wal, ‘acceptable defection fs shout be festabistied by the spectra th te of tance, ‘in conjunction wit the services consultant, In the absence of specited information the ‘oowing detault vats are recommended: Brit materials such as plasterboart: 11360 ofthe span measured between the points Ofattactenent ofthe board, or 1mm, whichever 's tho bse, ‘Natural stone units: 1/360 of thar length measured along the stone ‘edge, or Sim, whichever isthe lesser (smaler elections mey be eprropriste depencing on tne sa of stone and method of tang). ‘This requirements not related to structural ‘requirements, but tothe need to have care for intemal frishes ane the fing of window systems and seat betwoon spancros. Whe these components impart adstional ‘ifn there is no practical method of ‘calculstng i Indeed, many such components {are secured by wedge nferock orntermitent ‘ing, making assessment of thar effect, impossbe CCortan pane, or uniize tram, systems may be designed mare econamicaly when these factors fare taken nto account Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria 13 2438.4 213.2 213.24 2.18.2.2 213.3 2.13.8.4 2.13.3.2 244 2444 Wind resistance - Safety Requirement The curtain wall shall transmit the static and dynamic design loads to the building's structure via the points of support provided for the Purpose with an adequate margin of safety. Testing: Test method, Refer to clause 3.6. Test pressure. ‘The peak test pressure shall be 1.5 times the design wind pressure and in accordance with the Table to clause 1.4.2. Performance criteria under test: ‘At both positive and negative applications of the peak test pressure, there shall be no permanent damage to framing members, panels, or anchors. Framing members shall not be buckled. Panels, glazing beads, and decorative capping pieces shall remain securely held, and gaskets shall not be displaced. Atter joading to the posttive and negative peak test pressure, permanent deformation to wall framing members shall not exceed 1/500 of the span measured between points of attachment to the building one hour after the loading has been removed. ‘Thermal properties Objectives ‘Thermal properties shall be selected in order to achieve the following objectives: a) reduction in the energy consumption of the building, b) The avoidance of condensation ‘Att at this pressure mutts has been ‘Standard practice nthe USA, and wih a ‘umbor of Bish consultants, for many yeas. The design of most cutan wal is determing ‘by deflection entra rater than stress ctoa ‘and iho test 6 usualy sly satisfied. 1a pane of lass breaks at or before the peak lest pressure, the specinen should be cartuly ‘examined 10 estabish the cause, I the breakage was caused by deflection or faire ofthe ‘Supporting rame of the giass, oosenng or ‘alure of fasteners of lerlrence between the lass and ts supporting aloments, the fest Should be curt, I the breakage was not ‘caused by any ofthe above faut, the pane may be replaced and the test restart aftr adequate curing of sealants, ary Energy conservation is usualy associated with reducing heat laads. Far ai-condtoned bulge, consideration must also be given to minimising coating loads Caused by sola Neat gains: © 214.2 2143 2.144 2145 andextion Standard for curtain walling: Performance Criteria ‘Thermal properties ‘The curtain wall shall have its thermal properties determined by: a). reference to the total energy requirements of the building, or b)__U-values calculated in accordance with Approved Document L of the Building Regulations, 1995 edition, and any subsequent additions thereto. U-values ‘The U-value of the wall as a whole shall be calculated using the elemental area method, such that ye Eiee EA, U-values of the various elements of the wall shall be assessed by measurement in a hot-box ‘operated in accordance with BS 874 Part 3, or ‘by any suitable calculation or computer ‘simulation procedure which takes account of the lateral heat flow (edge effects) associated with the framing. Thermal breaks ‘The thermal performance of a component may ‘be modified by the inclusion of thermal breaks. which reduce heat transfer by conduction through the component. When thermal breaks are utlised, they shall be located as close as possible to the outside face of the component. Conductive components Particular attention shall be given to conductive ‘components which penetrate the plane of the ‘cladding system, particularly in respect of their ‘offect on the overall thermal characteristics of the system and any associated risks of condensation, Any such components shall be insulated or isolated, as necessary, to avoid any ‘compromise to the function of the curtain wall. ‘The Buleing Rogutatons curenty alow a ‘umber of methods for proving compliance, and ‘ny ofthese may be used. ‘Te elomantal area method is only poseable it the component U-values, Uy ave been

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