Water Recycling Innovation For Greener Future in Taguig City University

Taguig City University
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Water Recycling Innovation for Greener

Future in Taguig City University
Buenaobra, Olga M.
Floralde, Angelica
Panoy, Jester R.
Salvador, Sheila Mae C.
Siscar, Carl Nilson E.
Approval Sheet
2
This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read

the study prepared by Cantor, Anyza Mane F., Malsada, Lady Zairene D.
Montes Adrian, Murillo, Arien Shin Murillo F. Rolegio, Mark D,and Zacarias,
Dexter Ann G Entitled Green Building Design: Proposed Sustainable Two-
Storey Engineering Laboratory Building in Taguig City University and that the
said study has been submitted for final examination by Oral Examination
Committee.
Dr. Esterlina. Pepito

Thesis Adviser
As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we

have examined this thesis, presented before the committee on May 17, 2023,
and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the requirements
for the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Major in Structural
Engineering.
Engr, Gelli Baluis, RCE Engr. Amiel Dela Cruz) RCE

Panel Member Panel Member
Engr. Chernie R. Sotero, RCE, MP

Technical Adviser
Engr. Dents Abesamis, MSIEM

Chairman Panel Member
This study is hereby approved and accepted by Taguig City University as

fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering Major in Structural Engineering.
Dr. Esterlina. Pepito

College Dean
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Acknowledgment
With boundless love and appreciation, we would like to acknowledge

and extend our heartfell gratitude to the people who assisted and supported
us in making this paper into reality, without them this paper would be
impossible
To our College Dean. Dr. Esterlina Pepito, for enabling us to conduct the
study. We are extremely appreciative for her undying trust and support.
To our Thesis Adviser Prof John Renor P. Villarino, for directing and
supporting us to achieve this study. Likewise, his exertion of giving valuable
remarks all through the span of our study improves this thesis paper.
To our Technical Adviser, Engr. Chernie R. Sotero, for her consistent

assistance, suggestions, expertise, ample time spent and advises throughout
the project study.
To our Subject Teachers, for being considerate during the times that we are
very busy while conducting this study.
To our Panel of Examiners. Engr. Gelli Baluis, Engr. Amiel Dela Cruz and
Engr. Dennis Abesamis, for their constructive comments, suggestions and
critiques.
To our parents, family members and friends, for being there to motivate
and encourage us achieve this thesis paper.
-The Researchers
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Dedication
We dedicate this Research Paper, to our Almighty Creator Yahweh, You have
been witnessing our battles not just in CE Project 2 but also in our everyday
living. Without you, this research would be impossible. We enormously owe
you. Much obliged to you. Bringing back the Glory and Honor to your name.
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TABLE OF THE CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication iv
Table of Contents v
List of Table vi-vii
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS 1
BACKGROUND
Introduction 7
Background of the Study 8
General Objectives 11
Specific Objective 11
Research Paradigm 12
Statement of the Problem 12
Scope and Limitation 13
Significance of the Study 14
Definition of Terms 15
CHAPTER
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 17
AND STUDIES
Synthesis
CHAPTER
3 METHODOLOGY 25
Research Design 25
Research Method Used 25
Population and Sample 26
Respondents of the Study 28
Setting of the Study / Research Locale 29
Research Instrument 30
Data Gathering 30
Statistical Treatment 31
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APPENDICES
APPENDICES
APPENDICES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page

No.
Table 1 Findings of total sample 28
Table 2 Four point scale 32
Table 3 Demand Water Supply of Water Closet in Academic 34
Building and Registrar Office
Table 4 Discharge Water Supply Of Water Closet in 35
Academic Building and Registrar Office
Table 5 Excess Treated Water 35
Table 6 Weighted Mean of Malfunction and broken fixture that 36
cause of wastewater.
Table 7 Weighted Mean of lack of water pressure that cause 38
weak discharge.
Table 8 Weighted Mean of Excessive usage of water. 40
Table 9 Weighted Mean of Water recycle rate. 42
Table 10 Weighted Mean of Water quality 45
Table 11 Weighted Mean of Cost savings 47
Table 12 Weighted Mean of Promoted Green Practices 49
Table 13 Weighted Mean of Technology Development 51
Table 14 Weighted Mean of Cost-Effective solution 53
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure No. Description Page

Figure 1 Research Paradigm 12
Figure 2 Research Method Used 29
Figure 3 Process Flow 33
Figure 4 Probability of Simultaneous use of Fixtures 35
CHAPTER 1
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PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Water recycling innovation holds the promise of a greener, more
sustainable future. Taguig City University faces increasing environmental
challenges, the conservation and responsible use of water have become
paramount. Water recycling innovations are at the forefront of this mission,
offering creative and efficient solutions to mitigate the strain on our freshwater
resources while reducing environmental impact. In this introduction, we will
delve into the transformative world of water recycling innovations, exploring
their potential to usher in a cleaner, more sustainable future for generations to
come.
Water reuse is the method of recycling treated wastewater for
beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial
processes, toilet flushing, and groundwater replenishing (EPA, 2004).
Wastewater treatment facilities can produce energy via co-generation to
supply some of their energy needs and offset their carbon footprint.
Communities may consider alternative water supplies, such as storm water
capture, or water reuse to increase water supply reliability and resiliency to
prepare for the future. (Holmer, 2018).
Water recycling innovation is at the forefront of addressing one of the
most pressing challenges of our time ensuring a sustainable and secure water
supply. With the growing global demand for freshwater and increasing
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concerns about water scarcity, innovative technologies and practices are
emerging to reclaim and purify water, making it safe for various uses. These
advancements not only help conserve precious water resources but also
contribute to environmental preservation and long-term resilience in the face
of water-related issues. In this introduction, we will explore some of the
remarkable innovations in water recycling, showcasing how they are
revolutionizing the way we manage and utilize this invaluable resources.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Upon the conversion of Municipality of Taguig to "cityhood" on
December 8, 2004, a local university in the Taguig City by the name of
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Taguig (PLT), later renamed as Taguig City
University (TCU), was established through ordinance no. 29 series of 2004 of
Sangguniang Bayan ng Taguig enacted on September 6, 2004 at Municipal
Government of Taguig and written by our current TCU President an Early in
2011. Education Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Technology and Computer
Sciences, Management, Entrepreneurship and Criminology are the four
schools that Bro. Rolando Dizon founded. Ever since the Taguig City
University resulted in high water consumption and inefficient use of water.
It appears that the university's development is not keeping up with
demand for some amenities, such as classrooms, restrooms, and its water
supply, which are all in high demand, considering that the institution has
seven (7) colleges and a large number of students. As a result, the researcher
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decides to suggest a water recycling system that will meet needs as a solution
for the university's water shortage issue.
Water recycling innovation is a crucial step towards achieving a
greener future and sustainable water treatment practices. With increasing
water scarcity and environmental concerns, it is imperative to explore
innovative solutions that can conserve water resources and minimize the
impact on the environment. Recycled water helps conserve freshwater
resources by providing an alternative source for non-potable uses, such as
irrigation and toilet flushing. Treating and reusing wastewater for various
purposes, such as irrigation, industrial processes, or even potable water
supply. By implementing advanced water treatment technologies, we can
transform wastewater into a valuable resource, reducing the strain on
freshwater sources and promoting a more sustainable approach to water
management.
University of the Witwatersrand (2015) state that addressing the
objectives particularly valuable for South Africa due to the growing interest in
greywater reuse (especially for irrigation, toilet flushing and a variety of non-
domestic applications), the scarcity of guideline documents to facilitate
optimal GWR, and the proliferation of package plants purporting to treat
grey/waste water to acceptable quality for use in certain non-potable
applications. Affordable and effective domestic wastewater treatment is a
critical issue in public health and disease prevention around the world,
particularly so in developing countries which often lack the financial and

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technical resources necessary for proper treatment facilities. This practical
guide provides state-of-the-art coverage of methods for domestic wastewater
treatment and provides a foundation to the practical design of wastewater
treatment and re-use systems. The emphasis is on low-cost, low-energy, low-
maintenance, high-performance natural systems that contribute to
environmental sustainability by producing effluents that can be safely and
profitably used in agriculture for crop irrigation and/or in aquaculture, for fish
and aquatic vegetable pond fertilization. Modern design methodologies, with
worked design examples, are described for waste stabilization ponds,
wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs; constructed wetlands, up flow
anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, bio filters, aerated lagoons and oxidation
ditches (Routledge, 2013)
According to VICKERS (2001), Waterless Urinal System appeared in
Switzerland in 1890 and several different types of this system have been used
in Europe since 1960. Since the early 1990’s this system is being
commercially used in USA. It was found that merely reducing the number of
times a urinal could be flushed to 3 times per day could save approximately
18 ML of water annually.
Additionally, the University of Cape Town requires 3,600 kg of fertilizer
for its sports fields, while the urine collected in waterless systems has the
potential to produce 6 700 kg of fertilizer. This work has shown that a
significant amount of water can be saved by installing waterless urinals in
public institutions such as a university. It also shows that there is potential to

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recover valuable resources from our 'waste' streams, thus closing various
nutrient cycles through on-site fertilizer production. (University of Cape Town,
2019)
A major issue in water resources management is the reduction of water
losses and the improvement of water use efficiency. Tzanakakis et al., (2020)
state that. This issue is becoming more challenging nowadays due to
population growth, need for economic recovery, and climate change.
Therefore, we engineering student proposed a study that would benefit the
future student of the university to have a sustainable water development by
proposing a water recycling innovation for greener future in Taguig City
University. This will benefit not only students, faculties, and staff, but also the
city government, and it will also help to reduce water consumption and reduce
waste water.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The main goal of this study is to innovate the water cycling for a
greener future in Taguig City University to address and mitigate excessive
water usage, to ensure sustainable water management and preserve the well-
being of both present and future generations.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study:
1. To promote sustainable water development.

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2. To increase the use of recycled water.
3. To reduce over consumption of fresh water.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Input: Process:
Output:
 Investigating the  Data Collection
Fixture
 Determining the
 Assessment on Fixtures Innovation of Water
water usage and Recycling for Greener
 Flow Chart of Future in Taguig City
sustainability
sewage treatment University.
 Water recycling plant
innovation
Figure 1 shows the procedure in which the researcher provides assessments
on water usage and investigates the fixtures to make the water recycle
innovated for a greener future to do the improvements such as the
sustainable water, water conservation and cost saving.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to address water sustainability and environmental
concerns, it seek to answers for the following problem:
1. How do the respondents cope or deal with the following.
1.1 Malfunction and broken fixture that cause of wasted water.
1.2 Lack of water pressure that cause weak water discharge.

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1.3 Excessive usage of water.
2. To what level of extent do respondents assess the usage and sustainability
of water management in Taguig City University in terms of :
2.1 Water Recycling Rate
2.2 Water Quality
2.3 Cost Saving
3. How do the respondents perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in terms
of :
3.1 Promote Green Practices
3.2 Technology development
3.3 Cost - effective solutions
4. Based on the results of the study, what water recycling innovation on be
proposed for future greener impact?
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is based on Water Recycling Innovation for a
Greener Future in Taguig City University.
The research will only focus on collecting and segregating of greywater
to reduce freshwater consumption by using recycled water for flushing.

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This study will not cover the other problems that are not necessarily
connected and not have any connection with black water and greywater.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Taguig City University. Conducting this study can benefit the Taguig
City University for water conservation and cost saving.
LGU (Local Government Unit). Proposing water treatment in Taguig
City University can benefit our local community in a number of ways,
including reducing water costs, alleviating water shortages, and
providing a model for other local government units to follow.
Teaching personnel. Since the research will produce a setting that is
more appropriate and conducive to learning, it will have a substantial
impact on the professor's capacity to instruct.
Non-Teaching personnel. By encouraging students to know how to
use fresh water properly. This project will benefit the university
administration by encouraging students to produce more water
conservation gains and energy conservation through assessing the
water use efficiency.
To the Guest. They will benefit from it by gaining trustworthy
information that can be utilized as a guide for others who are still
unsure of the value of waste water.

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Students. With the research projects we provide, students will be more
equipped to put their knowledge and abilities into practise, increasing
their level of competition, self-assurance, and satisfaction with the
career path they have chosen.
To the Future of the Researcher. This study will be used as a
resource for upcoming researchers who will carry out the identical
investigation, giving them using more sources, increasing its validity
and reliability.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The researchers defined these terms using technical definitions.
Energy Efficiency - is the use of less energy to perform the same task or
produce the same result.
Excessive - more than is necessary, normal, or desirable; immoderate.
General Services Office – providing services to the local government unit
pertaining supplies, equipment, etc.
Greener Future - the ending the overuse of natural resources, reducing
consumption, and maximizing recycling.
Innovate - make changes in something established, especially by introducing
new methods, ideas, or products.
Innovation - new method, idea, product.
Maintenance – an individual who performs inspections and resolutions for
facilities, machinery, equipment and infrastructure for a company.
Malfunction - a failure to function in a normal or satisfactory manner.

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Mitigate - make less severe, serious, or painful.
Potable Water - supplied to plumbing fixtures that provide water for drinking,
bathing or culinary purposes.
Scalability - the capacity to be changed in size or scale.
Storm water - rainwater produced by a storm.
Technology Development - A systematic process of advancing and
improving existing technologies or creating entirely new ones through
research, experimentation, and innovation.
Water Consumption - The volume of potable water consumed by residential,
commercial, and industrial users as measured by potable water meters.
Water Cost-saving - is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce
unnecessary water usage.
Water Quality - the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and
biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular
purpose such as drinking or swimming.
Water Sustainability- refers to the availability of fresh water for human
consumption and use in agriculture and industrial processes. Sea water is by
far the most abundant resource on the planet, covering more than 70% of the
Earth's surface, but it cannot be used as drinking water without desalination.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This study used a thematic review of related literature by topic or variable.
WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is a huge problem and is been consistently increasing
every year. Many of the water systems that keep ecosystems flourishing and
feed a growing human population became stressed. Ocean, river, lake,
streams are too much polluted. A lot of technologies are available on water
recycling. Greywater is around 50% of household water usage but unfailing
information relating to both the characteristics of greywater and the variety of
recycling technologies are not available. In this review paper we have
discussed the relative merits of different options available in greywater
recycling and viability of onsite recycling systems. Anuja, J., Darshan, B. M.,
Saraswathi, G., & Meyyappan, N. (2021)
GREYWATER
The generation rates are mostly influenced by lifestyle, types of fixtures
used and climatic conditions. Contaminants found in greywater are largely
associated with the type of detergent used and influenced by other household
practices. Many of the treatment systems reviewed were unable to provide
total treatment as each system has its unique strength in removing a group of
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targeted pollutants. The review revealed that some naturally occurring
materials such as Moringa oleifera, sawdust, can be used to remove targeted
pollutants in greywater. The study further showed that user perceptions
towards greywater treatment and reuse were only favorable towards non-
potable purposes, mostly due to perceived contamination or lack of trust in the
level of treatment offered by the treatment system. (Michael Oteng-Peprah,
2018).
Recognizing greywater as a relevant secondary source of water and
nutrients represents an important chance for the sustainable management of
water resource. In the last two decades, many studies analyze the
environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of the reuse of greywater
treated by nature-based solutions (NBS). This work reviews existing case
studies of traditional constructed wetlands and new integrated technologies
(e.g., green roofs and green walls) for greywater treatment and reuse, with a
specific focus on their treatment performance as a function of hydraulic
operating parameters. The aim of this work is to understand if the application
of NBS can represent a valid alternative to conventional treatment
technologies, providing quantitative indications for their design. Specifically,
indications concerning threshold values of hydraulic design parameters to
guarantee high removal performance are suggested. Finally, the existing
literature on life cycle analysis of NBS for greywater treatment has been
examined, confirming the provided environmental benefits. (Ashantha
Goonetilleke, 2020).
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RECYCLED WATER
Water is one of the vital needs of people for survival. In the Philippines,
water usage increases up to 91% of its estimated 100.7 million population
with access to basic water services. The researcher aimed to construct
equipment or system that will allow the extraction of used water from
restrooms, sinks, and garage drainage that can be used again for other
cleaning purposes, such as cleaning vehicles, watering the garden, etc. The
researchers constructed a miniature water recycling system to determine the
level of acceptability. Quantitative research was used as the research design.
A purposive sampling technique was used to choose respondents. Using a
questionnaire, the researchers conducted a survey to determine whether the
proposed project is acceptable in terms of presentation, the material used,
and the quality of the filtration system. The results of the study in terms of
presentation, the material used, and the quality of the filtration system were
acceptable, as assessed by a plumber and 4th-year mechanical students of
Sto. Thomas University. The results indicated no significant difference
between the assessments of the two groups of respondents in terms of the
cited variables. The plumber obtained an overall weighted mean of 2.19,
which was interpreted as moderately acceptable, with a variance of 0.0052.
Meanwhile, 4th-year Mechanical Engineering students obtained an overall
weighted mean of 2.93, which was interpreted as acceptable, with a variance

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of0.0189. Both groups had the t-computed value of 0.831 and a degree of
freedom of 18 with a value of 1.734. The t-computed value was larger than
the t-critical one. As a result, the assessments of the two groups of
respondents were accepted. The subsequent discussions forwarded by the
two groups of respondents are as follows: use hose instead of a PVC pipe to
be used on the tube and act as a conductor for a presentable appearance;
refer to different laws, design guidelines, and construction codes apply to the
miniature; and researchers should pay more time on the material used for
higher quality functions. Palomo , J. ., Maloloy On, P. ., Maloloy On Jr., V.,
Isidro, C. M. ., Cruz, R. ., Mitra III, C. ., & Asuncion, E. . (2020).
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Effective management of wastewater remains a persistent problem in
East Asia. with discharge of untreated wastewater from domestic, industrial,
and agricultural sources a common occurrence. Across Asia, a majority of
sewage still finds its way to the rivers, lakes, coastal zones and oceans
without any treatment. The impacts on freshwater, coastal and marine
ecosystems and communities have been significant, including hypoxia, loss of
fisheries productivity and biodiversity, and impacts on human health. Proper
wastewater management in river basins and coastal areas presents a
complex challenge involving aspects of policy, governance, behavior and
investment. Investing in wastewater treatment facilities, however, can be
profitable. New technologies are available to extract water, energy and
nutrients from wastewater streams. Products derived from these can be

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marketed to make the treatment of wastewater —a service each municipal
government should provide to its citizens and each industry should actively
implement — a profitable business not depending only on government taxes
and tariffs. Indeed, combining wastewater treatment with recovering water,
energy and nutrients has the potential to provide commercially acceptable
returns on investments. While the business case for recovering resources
from wastewater has been proven in particular cases at demonstration, pilot
and full-scale applications, there is a need to further understand the potential
for wastewater treatment and resource recovery in East Asia. To that end,
country overviews of wastewater management and resource recovery have
been prepared for three countries in East Asia: the Philippines, Vietnam and
Indonesia. This report, focuses on the Philippines, and aims to improve the
understanding of its urban and industrial wastewater sector as a basis for
further analyzing opportunities to invest in wastewater treatment and resource
recovery. It thus forms an initial step in the potential mobilization of public and
private investments in wastewater treatment and resource recovery in the
Philippines. (ARCOWA, 2018).
Nourredine et al. (2023) State that the management of water resources
is crucial for sustainable development, necessitating innovative solutions to
address the increasing demand for safe water. Alternative approaches must
be adopted to effectively engage young generations in understanding the
importance of water resources. This chapter reports on an experiment that
aimed to promote sustainability education by linking wastewater treatment

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and reuse with an educational garden. In particular, an undertaking was
executed to establish a decentralized wastewater treatment system wherein
purified water was employed for the purpose of irrigation. The study’s primary
focus is on the association between urban water management, wastewater
recycling, and environmental education. The study has two distinct
components. The first segment discusses three examples of projects that
have employed urban wastewater treatment and reuse to generate
environmental education materials using various approaches. The second
component features a case study of a public high school in Casablanca,
where students participated in a questionnaire and participatory workshops to
design an educational garden. The study’s outcomes include a proposed
educational garden design that will be presented to the relevant authorities
and project partners.
WATER POLLUTION
Innovation for New Anaerobic Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Recycling System in Developing Countries Over the years, the spate of water
pollution has assumed an alarming dimension globally because of rapid
urbanization, aggressive economic development and geometric population
growth. This has given rise to acute shortage of freshwater resources. The
need for appropriate and efficient treatment technologies to achieve effluent
quality that complies with acceptable standard has become imperative.
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not only costly to build,
but also have combined functional and maintenance problem. As a result,

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forward-looking innovative technologies which are cost effective such as
Domestic Multi-Recycler (DMR) is desperately needed to restore poor water
pollution that poses serious health threat to most people in developing
countries and to improve the soundness of water and wastewater recycling
system. Also enhance the quality of treated water discharged from the source
to the municipal in a wastewater treatment method anaerobically without
requiring electricity and the sludge generated is utilize as fertilizer. Since
functional wastewater collection and treatment are of vital importance from the
perspective of both environmental and public health. In this paper, the
technology application is aimed at contributing immensely to attain goal 6 of
sustainable development goals (SDGs). “Ensuring availability and sustainable
management of clean water and sanitation for all.” (FD et al., 2019).
WATER CONSUMPTION
The usual perception of consumers regarding water consumption is
that their bills do not match their actual water consumption. However, this
mismatch has been insufficiently studied; particularly for cases related to
specific water-use patterns, water conservation practices, and user socio-
demographics. In this study, a total of 776 households in 16 villages situated
in the rural Wei River Basin are investigated to address the gap in the
literature. Questionnaires and 3-day water diaries are used for data collection
and comparison. Results show that significant relations exist between
perceived water consumption and actual water consumption. Participants
have different perceptions of specific water-use patterns. Participants tend to

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underestimate their outdoor and kitchen water consumption and overestimate
their indoor water consumption. Females and elder consumers accurately
estimate their water consumption, whereas consumers with high education
levels and incomes underestimate their actual water consumption. The groups
who can accurately estimate water consumption have better water
conservation consciousness and water conservation practices than those who
underestimate their water consumption. The huge disparities highlighted by
the results suggest that community policies and programs to improve public
water conservation consciousness or practices must be implemented to
enhance consumer understanding of water consumption.
SYNTHESIS
Water scarcity is a serious issue that has been getting worse every
year. With the numerous water systems that support thriving ecosystems and
provide for an expanding human population and the routine discharge of
untreated wastewater from home, industrial, and agricultural sources,
effective wastewater management continues to be a challenge.
Grey water is often safer to handle as well as simple to treat and reuse
on-site for uses like toilet flushing, landscaping or crop irrigation, and other
non-potable uses since it contains less pathogens than residential
wastewater. A significant opportunity for the sustainable management of
water resources is the recognition of greywater as a useful supplementary
source of water. Makes it feasible to cut back on both freshwater use and
wastewater generation while also lowering water costs. Greywater recycling is

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a constant and dependable water resource because it is not reliant on the
time of year or the fluctuation of rainfall like rainwater collection does.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
This research is using descriptive quantitative design. Descriptive
Quantitative Design involves test, survey, interview and observation to
describe status or characteristics by a phenomenon or situation (Eggen &
Kauchak, 2010). This method is used to gather about varying subject and is
undertaken when the investigator is probing or exploring areas where little is
known about the research problem.
RESEARCH METHOD USED
The research methodology of this study is shown in figure 2, illustrate
the process of Water Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in Taguig City
University.
First, the researchers identify the problem in making this project
proposal. Next, the selection and investigation of the site location where this
project will be constructed. Then, the planning of the plumbing and sewage
treatment plant (STP) will be designed, and analyze the fixture to have a
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proper management of fresh water and greywater. Afterwards, material
selection will be done for the estimate and costing of the project proposal and
scheduling and planning will be followed.
Finally, the outcome process of the design is to propose a water
treatment plant to recycle the greywater in Taguig City University to reduce
the high cost and excessive use of water.
Population and Sample
A. Population
It defined that the larger group which the generalization is made is
called a population. A population defined as all members of a well-
defined class of people, events, or things. A population, therefore
consists of objects and subjects with specific areas, quantities, and
characteristics, determined by the researcher for the study and
perfection. In relation to the statement, population is not only a set of
existing objects and subjects, but also includes their properties. The
population of this study was all the Maintenance and General Service
Officer (GSO).
B. Sample
The techniques for selecting sample that was use by the researcher
was stratified sampling. Stratified random sampling is a method of
sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller
subgroups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or

27
stratification, the strata are formed based on members' shared
attributes or characteristics.
In measuring the number of samples in this study, the researcher used
Slovin’s Formula with a standard error of 5% or 0.05. The total sample
of this research was 50 that consist of which 25 form Maintenance and
25 from General Service Officer. This formula used to determine the
number of sample from population.
The Slovin’s Formula shown as followed.
N
n= 2
1+ N e
n = Sample size
N = Population
e = Standard error (10% = 0.1)
Here is the calculation by using the Slovin’s Formula for measuring the
sample of the research:
148
n= 2
1+(148)(0.1 )
148
n=
1+1.48
148
n=
2.48
n=59.68∨60
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TABLE 1.
Respondents Population Percentage No. of Sample
Maintenance 23 15% 9
GSO 125 85% 51
TOTAL 148 100% 60
After finding 134 respondents from the total sample, the researcher
divided the sample into two, which include Maintenance and GSO.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
The respondent of the study is composed of GSO and Technical in the Taguig
City University year 2024. One of the vital processes to keep this study
successful. All of these participants was selected through random sampling.
This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has
a capability to become part of the sample. The chosen respondents are
containing of fifty (50) respondents from selected GSO and Technical in

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Taguig City University. The GSO and Technical was chosen by the
researchers because they are suitable and applicable to the study.
SETTING OF THE STUDY
The study will take place at Taguig City University in Taguig City,
Philippines, under the supervision of Engr. Chernie R. Sotero, our technical
adviser, and the CET Department Dean and Professors.
Moreover, the desired location for the implementation of Waste Water
Treatment process that conserve and uses fresh water efficiently within
academic building and the six (6) storey on-going construction TCU annex.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS
LOCATION AND INVESTIGATION
PROCESS OFSEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT
MATERIALS SELECTION
ESTIMATE AND COSTING

30
Water Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in Taguig

City University
Figure 2: Research Method Used
Instrument Used
The instrument that will be used in this research is a questionnaire
made by the researcher. The survey questionnaire is designed to gather data and
information to identify the Water Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in
Taguig City University.
1. Questionnaire
In this questionnaire, researchers provide selected respondents with four
response choices when completing the questionnaire. These are strongly
agree=4, agree=3, strongly disagree=2, disagree=1.
2. Validation
The questionnaire is first evaluated by the research professor, and then the
researchers discuss it with the respondents to determine the understanding of
the questionnaire content. If most of the respondents understand the
questionnaire well, they concluded that the questionnaire was ready,
validated, and distributed to respondents.
DATA GATHERING
31
In gathering the data, “the approach to take in data collection involves
systematically gathering information and recording it in such a way that it can
be preserved and analyzed by the researchers.” The following data sources
involve measuring and analyzing numerical data, such as the amount of water
used and recycled in the academic building, admin building and registrar
office, the energy savings from water recycling and the environmental impact
of water recycling.
Statistical Treatment
The statistics used are percentages to obtain the results of this study.
Based on the numbered responses of respondents to each question, the
prevalence of each number of responses can be seen. The researchers used
different statistical tools in evaluating the results of the collected information,
which included a weighted mean, percentage, and 4-point rating scale. These
statistical tools were very helpful in analyzing and summarizing the opinions of
the respondents in the proposed application.
Frequency and Percentage
The frequency presented the actual responses of the respondents. A
percentage was used in presenting the age, of the respondents. The formula
below was used.
f
p= (100)
n
Where:
32
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
n = Total number of respondents
Weighted Mean
The average of the answers to the various options was calculated usin
g this.The weight (1 to 4) was multiplied by the number of responses for each
category to determine the weighted average. The resulting products were the
n summed and divided by the total number of responses as follows:
WA=
∑ fx
n
WA = Weighted Mean
∑ fx = The sum of the product of f and x, f being the frequency of each

weight
X = as the weight of the operation
n = Total number of the respondents
Four Point Scale, This is used to interpret the result of the weighted mean
TABLE 2
Scale Range Verbal Interpretation 2nd Verbal
Interpretation
4 3.36-4.00 Strongly Agree Verbal High Extent
3 2.51-3.35 Agree High Extent
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree Less Extent
1 1.0-1.75 Strongly Disagree No Extent
33
PROJECT DESIGN
Initial plan for process flow of Sewage Treatment Plant as Water

Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in Taguig City University is shown in
figure 3.
Figure 3: Process of Flow

34
DEMAND WATER SUPPLY OF WATER CLOSET IN ACADEMIC
BUILDING AND REGISTRAR OFFICE
In this table shows the grand total of water supply fixture units and
grand total of maximum demand gallon per minute in academic building and
registrar office.
TABLE 3
DISCHARGE WATER SUPPLY OF WATER CLOSET IN ACADEMIC
BUILDING AND REGISTRAR OFFICE

35
In this table shows the grand total of demand fixture units and grand
total of fixture discharge, gallon per minute in Taguig City University.
TABLE 4
36
RNPCP [Table 13.1]
PROBABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF FIXTURES
Figure 4: Probability of simultaneous use of fixtures
In this table shows the data of total demand for flushing in academic building
and registrar office and also shows the total treated water, and total excess
treated water.
TABLE 5
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA.

37
This chapter present the analysis and interpretation of gathered data
for the better understanding of this study. The data found in this chapter were
arranged according to the problem stated in chapter 1.
1. How do the respondents cope or deal with the following.
TABLE 6.
W.M D.I RANK

QUERIES
STRONGLY
1. A faulty faucet
requires repair or
3.38 1
replacement. AGREE
2. A faucet handle
can become loose 3.05
AGREE 3
over time.
3. Faucet leaks are

caused by a faulty 3.17
AGREE 2
valve.
OVERALL WEIGHTED 3.2 AGREE

MEAN
TABLE 3. Show how respondents cope or deal with the malfunction
and broken fixtures that cause waste water. The highest rank with a mean
of 3.38 is “A faulty faucet requires repair or replacement.” The verbal
interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The second rank has a mean of
3.17 is “Faucet leaks are caused by a faulty valve.” The verbal
interpretation is AGREE. The lowest rank has a mean of 3.05 is “A faucet

38
handle can become loose over time ”The verbal interpretation is AGREE.
Respondents agreed that the malfunction and broken fixture are cause of
wasted water, as indicated by the overall weighted mean of 3.2
Planning and carrying out actions to guarantee a sufficient and high-
quality supply of water for activities requiring water usage, such as the
supply of plumbing systems in buildings, constitutes water resource
management. Improper management of water usage leads to serious
issues, like improper repair and upkeep of plumbing fixtures in public
buildings. Analyzing potential statistical relationships between water usage
information and plumbing fixture working conditions in public
administration buildings is the goal of this project. While conducting this
study, researchers visited ten public buildings in Brazil to ascertain the
average water usage, flow rates, and plumbing fixture operating
conditions. Gravimetric measurements were used to collect flow rate data
in the field, and the results were compared to the values. (Felipe
Goncalvez 2018)

39
TABLE 7.
QUERIES W.M D.I RANK
1. Faulty pressure
regulator cause a
2
decrease in water AGREE
pressure and weak
water discharge. 3.35
2. Malfunction water
pressure tank result STRONGLY
3.57 1
in low water AGREE
pressure.
3. Leak in the plumbing

system can result in
3.17 3
a loss of water AGREE
pressure.
OVERALL WEIGHTED
3.36 AGREE
MEAN
TABLE 4. Show how respondents cope or deal with Lack of water
pressure that cause weak water discharge. The highest rank with a mean
of 3.57 is “Malfunction water pressure tank result in low water pressure.”
The verbal interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The second rank has a
mean of 3.35 is “Faulty pressure regulator cause a decrease in water
pressure and weak water discharge.” The verbal interpretation is AGREE.
The lowest rank has a mean of 3.17 is “Leak in the plumbing system can
result in a loss of water pressure.” The verbal interpretation is AGREE.

40
Respondents agreed that lack of water pressure that cause weak water
discharge as indicated by the overall weighted mean of 3.36.
According to Vasileios A. Tzanakakis (2020), an overview of the
Special Issue on water scarcity and supply is given in this document.
Reviews on water history, water management challenges in water-scarce
regimes, rainwater harvesting, water quality and degradation, and the
effects of climate variability on water resources are among the works that
have been chosen for publication. The problem emphasizes the necessity
for updated water management in general, particularly in places vulnerable
to climate change and experiencing population growth, in order to provide
a secure and sustainable supply of water. In addition, broad principles and
potential remedies—such as implementing cutting-edge technology and
practices to enhance water efficiency and using alternative, non-
conventional water sources—are emphasized and explored in order to
address the escalating environmental and health concerns as well as to
lessen the emergence of conflicts among water users.

41
TABLE 8.
1. Promoting
awareness about
STRONGLY
water conservation is 1
AGREE
important for 4
enhancing water
sustainability.
2. Disregarding water
3.85 STRONGLY
quality and pollution 2
AGREE
that impact water
sustainability efforts.
3. Water management
and conservation
STRONGLY
practices are key 3
3.8 AGREE
components of
enhancing water
sustainability.
OVERALL WEIGHTED STRONGLY
3.88
MEAN AGREE
In TABLE 5. Show how respondents cope or deal with excessive usage of
water. The highest rank with a mean of 4 is “Promoting awareness about
water conservation is important for enhancing water sustainability.” The verbal
interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The second rank has a mean of 3.85 is
“Disregarding water quality and pollution that impact water sustainability
efforts” The verbal interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The lowest rank has
a mean of 3.8 is “Water management and conservation practices are key
components of enhancing water sustainability.” The verbal interpretation is
STRONGLY AGREE. Respondents strongly agreed that the excessive usage
of water, as indicated by the overall weighted mean of 3.88.

42
Wastewater management is becoming very popular over the last few
decades of research since the amount of wastewater is increasing year by
year due to extensive urbanization and high industrialization. In this study the
effects of wastewater treatment on human health were investigated in both
geographical and thematic coverage, balancing out the benefits and the risks
of wastewater to a wide range of water applications where water safety and
hygiene provision are of utmost priority, e.g., soil quality, crop production, and
food security. The study revealed that wastewater management sustains
some benefits, such as improving soil quality, providing nutrients for plants,
and saving expenses of diverting freshwater for irrigation. However, there are
concurring negative impacts on the environment, society, and humanity. All
these issues were systematically and critically approached, while future
research orientations they were also signified (Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos
2023)
of water management in Taguig City University in terms of

43
2.1 Water Recycling Rate.
TABLE 9.
1. Water recycling
HIGH
contributes to 2.72 3
EXTENT
reducing water
scarcity.
2. Water recycling
should be HIGH
2.83 2
implemented an EXTENT
individual household
level.
3. Public awareness
was raised about the
HIGH
benefits of water 1
2.88 EXTENT
recycling through
educational
campaigns.
OVERALL WEIGHTED HIGH
2.81
MEAN EXTENT
TABLE 6. Show how respondents assess the usage and sustainability
of water management at Taguig City University in terms of Water Recycling
Rate. The highest rank with a mean of 2.88 is “Public awareness was raised
about the benefits of water recycling through educational campaigns.” The
verbal interpretation is HIGH EXTENT. The second rank with a mean of 2.83
is "Water recycling should be implemented at an individual household level.
The verbal interpretation is HIGH EXTENT. The lowest rank with a mean of
2.72 is "Water recycling contributes to reducing water scarcity." The verbal

44
interpretation is HIGH EXTENT. Respondents has high extent with the level of
extent to which respondents assess the usage and sustainability of water
management at Taguig City University in terms of water recycling rate, as
indicated by the overall weighted mean of 2.81.
According to Evaristo Fernandes (2023) In the last three decades, water
shortages have become more common and have left an increasing and
significant mark on the world economy. The lack of water in arid and semi-arid
regions, along with the interest in water security in areas where the demand
for water exceeds its availability, has caused water reuse to be considered as
an alternative source in these areas and has prompted the authorities to
change from the usual linear, take–make–use management approach to the
circular management of resource preservation. This new approach to
sustainable management, using the management of reduction, reuse,
recycling, and recovery, is called the circular economy (CE). However,
although the potential for the reuse of treated wastewater is still insipient, CE
in the water sector has gained a lot of attention lately. The aim of this paper is
to systematically examine existing research published in the last five years on
CE implementation in the water and wastewater sector. A sample of 64
articles was found through interactive keyword selection. Using the dynamic
reading technique, data were extracted, and articles were classified according
to five research motivations, which include, political, economic, legal,
institutional, technical, and environmental. Most publications were from

45
institutions in Europe, followed by North America and Asia. A similar trend
was observed in terms of the distribution by authors, countries, and regions.
2.2 Water Quality
TABLE 10.
1. Water Quality can be

affected by seasonal 3.57 VERY HIGH 1
changes EXTENT
2. Ensuring clean water

quality is crucial for
2
safeguarding public HIGH
health and preserving 2.68 EXTENT
ecosystems.
3. Public awareness and

education play a vital
role in promoting
responsible
HIGH 3
water use and
2.60 EXTENT
conservation to protect
water quality for future
generations.
OVERALL WEIGHTED HIGH
2.95
MEAN EXTENT
TABLE 7. Shows how the respondents assess the usage and
sustainability of water management at Taguig City University in terms of water
quality. The highest rank with a mean of 3.57 is “Water Quality can be
affected by seasonal changes." The verbal interpretation is VERY HIGH
EXTENT. The second rank with a mean of 2.68 is "Ensuring clean water
quality is crucial for safeguarding public health and preserving ecosystems.

46
The verbal interpretation is HIGH EXTENT. The lowest rank with a mean of
2.60 is "Public awareness and education play a vital role in promoting
responsible water use and conservation to protect water quality for future
generations." The verbal interpretation is HIGH EXTENT. Respondents has
high extent that the respondents assess the usage and sustainability of water
management at Taguig City University in terms of water quality, as indicated
by the overall weighted mean of 2.95.
According to Zuhal Habdul Hadi Hamza (2024), the quality of the water
in the Shatt Al-Arab River in southern Iraq's Basrah governorate between
2017 and 2022. Water resources should be kept in good shape and their
quality should be evaluated on a regular basis. The Water Quality Index is the
most widely used analytical technique for characterizing and evaluating
overall water quality (WQI). For the current investigation, a number of
physicochemical characteristics are taken into account, including pH, total
dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and total
alkalinity. These data are assessed using the Weighted Arithmetic Water
Quality Index Technique. WHO is used to verify that the parameters are
portable and fall within the permissible range? The aforementioned analysis
indicates that the quality is significantly lower when compared to the WQI
score. Additionally, it was noted that the water needed to be processed before
usage because it was deemed unsafe for human consumption and
detrimental to health. Policymakers will benefit from this study's identification
and provision of particular data regarding water quality in the form of a value.
47
2.3 Cost Saving
TABLE 11.
1. Fixing water leaks in

industrial facilities is
crucial for achieving 3.83 VERY HIGH 1
cost savings in water EXTENT
management.
2. Regular maintenance
of water distribution
infrastructure
2
contributes to cost VERY HIGH
savings by preventing 3.75 EXTENT
system inefficiencies.
3. Implementing a water
recycling system
results in cost saving
3.73 VERY HIGH 3
for industrial water
EXTENT
usage.
OVERALL WEIGHTED VERY HIGH

3.77
MEAN EXTENT
TABLE 8. Shows how the respondents assess the usage and
sustainability of water management at Taguig City University in terms of cost
saving. The highest rank with a mean of 3.83 is “Fixing water leaks in
industrial facilities is crucial for achieving cost savings in water management."
The verbal interpretation is VERY HIGH EXTENT. The second rank with a
48
mean of 3.75 is "Regular maintenance of water distribution infrastructure
contributes to cost savings by preventing system inefficiencies. The verbal
interpretation is VERY HIGH EXTENT. The lowest rank with a mean of 3.73 is
"Implementing a water recycling system results in cost saving for industrial
water usage.” The verbal interpretation is VERY HIGH EXTENT. Respondents
has Very High Extent that the respondents assess the usage and sustainability
of water management at Taguig City University in terms of cost saving, as
indicated by the overall weighted mean of 3.77.
According to Manish Yadav & B.B. Vashisht (2024), A growing global
concern, water scarcity presents major obstacles for the agricultural sector.
Reassessing the water consumption efficiency of main field crops is
necessary due to changing climate patterns and the requirement to feed an
expanding population. In rural areas, where agriculture frequently constitutes
the main economic activity, water efficiency in agriculture is an essential
component of sustainable water management. Effective agricultural water
management is essential to ensuring food security, economic stability, and
environmental sustainability in rural areas, where water resources are
frequently scarce. We have covered a number of strategies to increase
agricultural systems' production or water usage efficiency in this assessment.
Using techniques to increase water productivity at the plant and field level
could involve conserving soil moisture and collecting rainwater in rural areas.
Techniques such as conservation agriculture, crop residue retention,
mulching, irrigation scheduling, and better use of stored soil moisture through
49
optimal crop management interventions combine to form integrated farming
systems, which combine multiple uses of water in agriculture, such as crop
production, dairy, and fisheries. In addition to this, examine the global water
consumption efficiency of major field crops. The review also covered the
importance of public policies, in particular watershed management in rural
areas, in creating the ideal socioeconomic framework for increasing WUE in
agriculture.
3. How do the respondents perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in
terms of:
3.1 Promote Green Practices.

50
TABLE 12.
1. Water recycling contributes 3.55 STRONGLY 2

to reducing water scarcity.
AGREE
2. Water recycling should be

implemented an individual 3.58
1
household level. STRONGLY
AGREE
3. Public awareness was

raised about the benefits of
3.43 STRONGLY 3
water recycling through
AGREE
educational campaigns.

3.54
MEAN AGREE
TABLE 9. Show how perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in terms
of promote green practices. The highest rank with a mean of 3.58 is " Water
recycling should be implemented an individual household level." The verbal
interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The second rank has a mean of 3.55 is
"Water recycling contributes to reducing water scarcity.” The verbal
interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The lowest rank has a mean of 3.43 is
"Public awareness was raised about the benefits of water recycling through
educational campaigns.” The verbal interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE.
The respondent strongly agreed that perceive the Water Recycling Innovation
in terms of promote green practices by the overall weighted mean of 3.54.

51
The nation's youth are becoming more environmentally conscious, yet
this does not encourage them to recycle or use eco-friendly products in their
daily lives. Therefore, the primary goals of this study are to investigate
students' recycling habits and comprehend students' awareness of
environmentally friendly items. Understanding recycling and the usage of eco-
friendly products among students enables creative marketing communications
to improve the nation's environmental culture. 36 respondents from six
residential colleges in the Bangi area were interviewed. The results
demonstrate the necessity to improve recycling practices in order to instill
them in the next generation of people. Respondents have a solid
understanding of what is meant by the term "green."(Faridah Che In & Afham
Zulhusmi Ahmad, 2017)
3.2 Technology development
TABLE 13.
52
1. Designing water
management system with
AGREE 3
modular components 3.17
facilitates scalability to meet
changing demands.
2. Scalability in water
management systems is
STRONGLY
crucial for effectively 2
AGREE
addressing future water 3.45
scarcity challenges
3. Incorporating modular
components in water
management systems
STRONGLY
makes them more 1
AGREE
adaptable to future 3.47
technological
advancements.
3.36
MEAN AGREE
TABLE 10. Show how respondents perceive the Water Recycling
Innovation in terms of technology development. The highest rank with a mean
of 3.47 is "Incorporating modular components in water management systems
makes them more adaptable to future technological advancements." The
verbal interpretation is STRONGLY AGREE. The second rank has a mean of
3.45 is "Scalability in water management systems is crucial for effectively
addressing future water scarcity challenges.” The verbal interpretation is
STRONGLY AGREE. The lowest rank has a mean of 3.17 is "Designing water
53
management system with modular components facilitates scalability to meet
changing demands.” The verbal interpretation is AGREE. The respondents
strongly agreed that perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in terms of
technology development by the overall weighted mean of 3.36.
Over the years, the spate of water pollution has assumed an alarming
dimension globally because of rapid urbanization, aggressive economic
development and geometric population growth. This has given rise to acute
shortage of freshwater resources. The need for appropriate and efficient
treatment technologies to achieve effluent quality that complies with
acceptable standard has become imperative. Conventional wastewater
treatment technologies are not only costly to build, but also have combined
functional and maintenance problem. As a result, forward-looking innovative
technologies which are cost effective such as Domestic Multi-Recycler (DMR)
is desperately needed to restore poor water pollution that poses serious
health threat to most people in developing countries and to improve the
soundness of water and wastewater recycling system. Also enhance the
quality of treated water discharged from the source to the municipal in a
wastewater treatment method anaerobically without requiring electricity and
the sludge generated is utilize as fertilizer. Since functional wastewater
collection and treatment are of vital importance from the perspective of both
environmental and public health. In this paper, the technology application is
aimed at contributing immensely to attain goal. Uzuh FD, Toyoda H,
Matsubara S (2019).
54
3.3 Cost - effective solutions
TABLE 14.
1. Reducing water 2.58 2

consumption is a cost- AGREE
effective solution.
2. Installing low-flow
showerheads and faucets
can be a cost – effective 3
solution for reducing water 2.07 DISAGREE
consumption.
3. Implementing water-
saving practices in
2.67 AGREE 1
landscaping leads to cost
savings.
OVERALL WEIGHTED
2.44 DISAGREE
MEAN
TABLE 11. Show how respondents perceive the Water Recycling
Innovation in terms of cost – effective solution. The highest rank with a mean
of 2.67 is ". Implementing water-saving practices in landscaping leads to cost
savings.” The verbal interpretation is AGREE. The second rank has a mean of
2.58 is ". Reducing water consumption is a cost-effective solution.” The verbal
interpretation is AGREE. The lowest rank has a mean of 2.07 is “Installing
low-flow showerheads and faucets can be a cost – effective solution for

55
reducing water consumption.” The verbal interpretation is DISAGREE. The
respondents disagreed that perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in terms
of Cost-effective solution by the overall weighted mean of 2.67.
According to R Paul, S Kenway, P Mukheibir (2019) The shortage of
freshwater, population growth, urbanization, and climate change, many
communities are turning to using more recycled water to meet their water
needs. Recycling water uses a lot of energy. Water companies are having a
difficult time continuing to provide dependable and affordable water services
in the face of growing energy costs.
4. Based on the results of the study, what water recycling innovation to
be proposed for future greener impact?

56
Receiving Chamber
The initial point where untreated wastewater, also known as influent,
enters the treatment process. The main purpose of the receiving chamber is
to allow the sludge to settle down, and the untreated wastewater flows to a
fine screen. The sludge that settles down will go into the sludge drying bed.
Fine Screen
Small objects and other debris are removed by passing the wastewater
through screens.
Grit Removal
Untreated wastewater may undergo grit removal. Grit consists of
heavy particles such as sand, gravel, and other abrasive materials. Grit
removal is often achieved by allowing the wastewater to flow slowly through
the chamber, allowing the grit to settle to the bottom where it can be
mechanically or hydraulically removed. The sludge that will be removed will
go to the sludge drying bed.
Primary Clarifier
The wastewater is held in large tanks where heavier solids settle to the
bottom as sludge, and lighter materials float to the top as scum. These are
removed for further processing and go to the sludge drying bed.
Aeration
57
Oxygen is introduced into the wastewater to support the growth of
aerobic bacteria that consume organic pollutants.
Secondary Clarifier
Chemicals like chlorine will be used for disinfection. The mixture is
allowed to settle, and the remaining solids are removed as sludge. The sludge
will go to the drying bed.
Storage Tank
Storage tank used to store the treated water and supply the water
closet for academic building and registrar.
Application for process flow of Sewage Treatment Plant as Water
Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in Taguig City University
Greywater Collection.
Greywater would be collected from floor drain, lavatories, and slop sink
in Taguig City University. This could be done through a separate sanitary
system that directs greywater to a treatment unit.
Treatment Unit
58
A compact and efficient treatment unit would be installed on-site to
treat the collected greywater. The treatment process could involve filtration,
sequential batch reactor, pressure sand filter, activated carbon filter, and
disinfection (using chlorine) to remove contaminants and pathogens.
Storage and Distribution
Treated greywater would be stored in a separate tank and then
distributed for various non-potable use. It could be used for flushing toilets.
Monitoring and Maintenance
The system would include sensors and monitoring devices to ensure
that water quality meets the required standards for the intended use. Regular
maintenance would also be necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the
treatment unit and prevent any issues that could affect water quality.
Education and Adoption
Public education campaigns and incentives could be implemented to
encourage the adoption of decentralized greywater recycling systems. This
could include providing information on the benefits of water recycling, offering
financial incentives for installation, and working with local communities to
address any concerns or barriers to adoption.

59
Implementing decentralized greywater recycling systems could help reduce
the demand for potable resources, decrease the strain on centralized
wastewater treatment plants, and contribute to overall water conservation
efforts. Additionally, it could provide a sustainable solution for water
management in areas where water scarcity is a growing concern.
According to Françoise Bichai etal., (2017) the difficulty of ensuring an
adequate supply of high-quality water to meet rising needs in arid regions,
where water resources are under increasing strain, necessitates creative
solutions that include better wastewater treatment and diversification of water
supply sources. In dry nations, water recycling is a disruptive invention that
can assist in achieving this objective if the necessary administrative and
technological impediments are removed. Important questions about the nature
of the process and the temporal dynamics of a move toward decentralized
wastewater infrastructure continue to be raised in the literature on water
innovation.
60
CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary or the research work
undertaken, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made as an
outgrowth of this study. The Water Recycling Innovation for Greener Future in
Taguig City University was researched with the aim of tackling issues related
to water sustainability and environmental worries.
The location of investigation is Taguig City University. The
Academic Building, Registrar and Circular. The population of this study was
all the Maintenance and General Service Officer (GSO). A quantitative
approach was use in this study, Utilized a survey method for data collection
based on the results of the data gathered from the respondent's

61
questionnaires. An analysis of the content was done with the use of statistical
tools as weighted mean, percentage and four-point rating scale.
Specifically, this research sought to answer the following
questions:
1. How do the respondents cope or deal with the following:
of water management in Taguig City University in terms of:
2.2 Water Quality
2.3 Cost Saving
3. How do the respondents perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in terms
of:
3.1Environmental impact
3.2Technology development
3.3Cost - effective solutions
4. Based on the results of the study, what water recycling innovation to be
Summary of Findings
62
In accordance with the findings presented in Chapter 4, the following findings
have been identified.
1. How do the respondents cope or deal with the following:
1.1. Malfunction and broken fixture that cause wasted water.
The findings showed an average weighted mean of 3.2 revealed that
the respondents agreed with the idea that malfunction and broken fixtures
are the cause of wasted water.
Planning and carrying out actions to guarantee a sufficient and high-quality
supply of water for activities requiring water usage, such as the supply of
plumbing systems in buildings, constitutes water resource management.
Improper management of water usage leads to serious issues, like
improper repair and upkeep of plumbing fixtures in public buildings.
Analyzing potential statistical relationships between water usage
information and plumbing fixture working conditions in public
administration buildings is the goal of this project. While conducting this
study, researchers visited ten public buildings in Brazil to ascertain the
average water usage, flow rates, and plumbing fixture operating
conditions. Gravimetric measurements were used to collect flow rate data
in the field, and the results were compared to the values. (Felipe
Goncalvez 2018)
1.2 Lack of water pressure that causes weak water discharge.

63
the respondents agreed with the idea that malfunction and broken fixtures
are the cause of wasted water.
According to Vasileios A. Tzanakakis (2020), an overview of the Special
Issue on water scarcity and supply is given in this document. Reviews on
water history, water management challenges in water-scarce regimes,
rainwater harvesting, water quality and degradation, and the effects of
climate variability on water resources are among the works that have been
chosen for publication. The problem emphasizes the necessity for updated
water management in general, particularly in places vulnerable to climate
change and experiencing population growth, in order to provide a secure
and sustainable supply of water. In addition, broad principles and potential
remedies—such as implementing cutting-edge technology and practices to
enhance water efficiency and using alternative, non-conventional water
sources—are emphasized and explored in order to address the escalating
environmental and health concerns as well as to lessen the emergence of
conflicts among water users.
the respondents strongly agree on strategies to address excessive water
usage.
64
Wastewater management is becoming very popular over the last few
decades of research since the amount of wastewater is increasing year by
year due to extensive urbanization and high industrialization. In this study
the effects of wastewater treatment on human health were investigated in
both geographical and thematic coverage, balancing out the benefits and
the risks of wastewater to a wide range of water applications where water
safety and hygiene provision are of utmost priority, e.g., soil quality, crop
production, and food security. The study revealed that wastewater
management sustains some benefits, such as improving soil quality,
providing nutrients for plants, and saving expenses of diverting freshwater
for irrigation. However, there are concurring negative impacts on the
environment, society, and humanity. All these issues were systematically
and critically approached, while future research orientations they were also
signified. (Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos 2023)
2. To what level of extent do respondents assess the usage and
sustainability of water management in Taguig City University in terms
of:
the respondents agreed with the level to which they assessed the usage and
sustainability of water management at Taguig City University in terms of water
recycling rate.
65
According to Evaristo Fernandes (2023) in the last three decades, water
shortages have become more common and have left an increasing and
significant mark on the world economy. The lack of water in arid and semi-arid
regions, along with the interest in water security in areas where the demand
for water exceeds its availability, has caused water reuse to be considered as
an alternative source in these areas and has prompted the authorities to
change from the usual linear, take–make–use management approach to the
circular management of resource preservation. This new approach to
sustainable management, using the management of reduction, reuse,
recycling, and recovery, is called the circular economy (CE). However,
although the potential for the reuse of treated wastewater is still insipient, CE
in the water sector has gained a lot of attention lately. The aim of this paper is
to systematically examine existing research published in the last five years on
CE implementation in the water and wastewater sector. A sample of 64
articles was found through interactive keyword selection. Using the dynamic
reading technique, data were extracted, and articles were classified according
to five research motivations, which include, political, economic, legal,
institutional, technical, and environmental. Most publications were from
institutions in Europe, followed by North America and Asia. A similar trend
was observed in terms of the distribution by authors, countries, and regions.
2.2 Water Quality
the respondents strongly agree with the level to which they assessed the
66
usage and sustainability of water management at Taguig City University in
terms of water quality.
According to Zuhal Habdul Hadi Hamza (2024), the quality of the water in the
Shatt Al-Arab River in southern Iraq's Basrah governorate between 2017 and
2022. Water resources should be kept in good shape and their quality should
be evaluated on a regular basis. The Water Quality Index is the most widely
used analytical technique for characterizing and evaluating overall water
quality (WQI). For the current investigation, a number of physicochemical
characteristics are taken into account, including pH, total dissolved solids,
total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and total alkalinity. These data
are assessed using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique.
WHO is used to verify that the parameters are portable and fall within the
permissible range. The aforementioned analysis indicates that the quality is
significantly lower when compared to the WQI score. Additionally, it was noted
that the water needed to be processed before usage because it was deemed
unsafe for human consumption and detrimental to health. Policymakers will
benefit from this study's identification and provision of particular data
regarding water quality in the form of a value.
2.3 Cost Saving
the respondents strongly agree with the level to which they assessed the
usage and sustainability of water management at Taguig City University in
terms of cost-saving.
67
According to Manish Yadav & B.B. Vashisht (2024), a growing global concern,
water scarcity presents major obstacles for the agricultural sector.
Reassessing the water consumption efficiency of main field crops is
necessary due to changing climate patterns and the requirement to feed an
expanding population. In rural areas, where agriculture frequently constitutes
the main economic activity, water efficiency in agriculture is an essential
component of sustainable water management. Effective agricultural water
management is essential to ensuring food security, economic stability, and
environmental sustainability in rural areas, where water resources are
frequently scarce. We have covered a number of strategies to increase
agricultural systems' production or water usage efficiency in this assessment.
Using techniques to increase water productivity at the plant and field level
could involve conserving soil moisture and collecting rainwater in rural areas.
Techniques such as conservation agriculture, crop residue retention,
mulching, irrigation scheduling, and better use of stored soil moisture through
optimal crop management interventions combine to form integrated farming
systems, which combine multiple uses of water in agriculture, such as crop
production, dairy, and fisheries. In addition to this, examine the global water
consumption efficiency of major field crops. The review also covered the
importance of public policies, in particular watershed management in rural
areas, in creating the ideal socioeconomic framework for increasing WUE in
agriculture.
68
3. How do the respondents perceive the Water Recycling Innovation in
terms of:
3.1 Promote Green Practices
the respondents agreed with coping or dealing with the water recycling
innovation in terms of promoting green practices.
The nation's youth are becoming more environmentally conscious, yet this
does not encourage them to recycle or use eco-friendly products in their daily
lives. Therefore, the primary goals of this study are to investigate students'
recycling habits and comprehend students' awareness of environmentally
friendly items. Understanding recycling and the usage of eco-friendly products
among students enables creative marketing communications to improve the
nation's environmental culture. 36 respondents from six residential colleges in
the Bangi area were interviewed. The results demonstrate the necessity to
improve recycling practices in order to instill them in the next generation of
people. Respondents have a solid understanding of what is meant by the term
"green."(Faridah Che In & Afham Zulhusmi Ahmad, 2017)
3.2 Technology Development
the respondents still agreed with coping or dealing with water recycling
innovation in terms of technology development.

69
Over the years, the spate of water pollution has assumed an alarming
dimension globally because of rapid urbanization, aggressive economic
development and geometric population growth. This has given rise to acute
shortage of freshwater resources. The need for appropriate and efficient
treatment technologies to achieve effluent quality that complies with
acceptable standard has become imperative. Conventional wastewater
treatment technologies are not only costly to build, but also have combined
functional and maintenance problem. As a result, forward-looking innovative
technologies which are cost effective such as Domestic Multi-Recycler (DMR)
is desperately needed to restore poor water pollution that poses serious
health threat to most people in developing countries and to improve the
soundness of water and wastewater recycling system. Also enhance the
quality of treated water discharged from the source to the municipal in a
wastewater treatment method anaerobically without requiring electricity and
the sludge generated is utilize as fertilizer. Since functional wastewater
collection and treatment are of vital importance from the perspective of both
environmental and public health. In this paper, the technology application is
aimed at contributing immensely to attain goal. Uzuh FD, Toyoda H,
Matsubara S (2019).
3.3 Cost effective Solutions
the respondents still agreed with coping or dealing with water recycling
innovation in terms of cost-effective solutions.

70
According to R Paul, S Kenway, P Mukheibir (2019) The shortage of
freshwater, population growth, urbanization, and climate change, many
communities are turning to using more recycled water to meet their water
needs. Recycling water uses a lot of energy. Water companies are having a
difficult time continuing to provide dependable and affordable water services
in the face of growing energy costs.
4. Based on the results of the study, what water recycling innovation to be
Innovate the water recycling by implementing the following:
 Greywater Collection
 Treatment Unit
 Storage and Distribution
 Monitoring and Maintenance
According to Françoise Bichai etal., (2017) the difficulty of ensuring an
adequate supply of high-quality water to meet rising needs in arid regions,
where water resources are under increasing strain, necessitates creative
solutions that include better wastewater treatment and diversification of
water supply sources. In dry nations, water recycling is a disruptive
invention that can assist in achieving this objective if the necessary
administrative and technological impediments are removed. Important
questions about the nature of the process and the temporal dynamics of a
move toward decentralized wastewater infrastructure continue to be raised
in the literature on water innovation.

71
Conclusion
In the light of the above findings of the study, the following conclusions
were derived:
1. The respondents believe that malfunctioning and damaged fixtures lead to
wasted water. They understand the importance of fixing or replacing faulty
faucets, and they see these issues as major reasons for water wastage. A
weak water discharge rate, which is often the cause of lack of water pressure,
can result in a number of problems. It reduced its effectiveness, making daily
tasks more difficult. Participants agree on ways to manage excessive water
usage, highlighting the need for public awareness, education, and individual
responsibility in promoting water conservation.
2. The water recycling rate study concludes by highlighting the substantial
potential for recycling-related water resource conservation. Demonstrating a
positive trend in the direction of sustainable water management techniques.
Raising public awareness, making infrastructural investments, and putting
innovative innovations into practice are essential measures to pushing water
recycling rates even higher and guaranteeing a sustainable water supply for
coming generations. Respondents don’t see that the water recycling systems
and frequent maintenance of water infrastructure really save money. This
suggests that there might be a lack of knowledge or awareness about the
advantages of these technologies.

72
3. The survey shows that people do recognize the significance of managing
and conserving water in order to promote environmentally friendly practices.
This underscores the importance of education and awareness in encouraging
the sustainable use of water. In the field of technology development, the
survey among respondents is that efforts in water recycling are not meeting
their expectations, especially in terms of scalability and readiness for future
advancements. Respondents are also expressing doubt towards certain
strategies like cutting down on water usage and adopting water-saving
methods for flashing method. This indicates a possible gap in understanding
and promotion of the advantages of these approaches.
4. Decentralized greywater recycling systems offer a promising solution to
address water scarcity and wastewater management challenges. By collecting
and treating greywater at the source, these systems provide a sustainable
way to reuse water for non-potable purpose such as toilet flushing. With
proper implementation, monitoring, and public education, decentralized
greywater recycling has the potential to significantly reduce potable water
demand. Embracing this innovation can lead to more resilient and sustainable
water management practices, ensuring a brighter and more water-secure for
greener future.
The researcher concluded that people have different views on water
management and sustainability. Some agree on certain methods and new
ideas, but others disagree on why water is being wasted and if current
practices work well, especially at Taguig City University. More education and
73
awareness are necessary to spread sustainable water management practices
and correct.
Recommendations
Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the researchers
would recommend the following:
1. Improve how water is managed at Taguig City University by identifying and
addressing issues with water quality and finding ways to save money.
2. Promote the use of affordable and environmentally-friendly methods for
managing water to support sustainability and minimize waste.
3. Promote educational campaigns to inform people about the reasons behind
water wastage and the advantages of conserving water.
4. Separate the sanitary system of greywater and black water in Taguig City
University.
5. Water Recycling Innovation may be adopted to promote water
conservation.
References
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Taguig City University

Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City

Water Recycling Innovation for Greener

This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read

Dr. Esterlina. Pepito

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we

Engr, Gelli Baluis, RCE Engr. Amiel Dela Cruz) RCE

Engr. Chernie R. Sotero, RCE, MP

Engr. Dents Abesamis, MSIEM

This study is hereby approved and accepted by Taguig City University as

Dr. Esterlina. Pepito

With boundless love and appreciation, we would like to acknowledge

To our Technical Adviser, Engr. Chernie R. Sotero, for her consistent

TABLE OF THE CONTENTS

Table Description Page

Figure No. Description Page

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Water recycling innovation holds the promise of a greener, more

sustainable future. Taguig City University faces increasing environmental

challenges, the conservation and responsible use of water have become

paramount. Water recycling innovations are at the forefront of this mission,

resources while reducing environmental impact. In this introduction, we will

delve into the transformative world of water recycling innovations, exploring

their potential to usher in a cleaner, more sustainable future for generations to

Water reuse is the method of recycling treated wastewater for

beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial

processes, toilet flushing, and groundwater replenishing (EPA, 2004).

Wastewater treatment facilities can produce energy via co-generation to

Communities may consider alternative water supplies, such as storm water

capture, or water reuse to increase water supply reliability and resiliency to

prepare for the future. (Holmer, 2018).

Water recycling innovation is at the forefront of addressing one of the

concerns about water scarcity, innovative technologies and practices are

contribute to environmental preservation and long-term resilience in the face

of water-related issues. In this introduction, we will explore some of the

remarkable innovations in water recycling, showcasing how they are

revolutionizing the way we manage and utilize this invaluable resources.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Upon the conversion of Municipality of Taguig to "cityhood" on

December 8, 2004, a local university in the Taguig City by the name of

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Taguig (PLT), later renamed as Taguig City

University (TCU), was established through ordinance no. 29 series of 2004 of

Sangguniang Bayan ng Taguig enacted on September 6, 2004 at Municipal

Government of Taguig and written by our current TCU President an Early in

2011. Education Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Technology and Computer

Sciences, Management, Entrepreneurship and Criminology are the four

University resulted in high water consumption and inefficient use of water.

It appears that the university's development is not keeping up with

for the university's water shortage issue.

Water recycling innovation is a crucial step towards achieving a

greener future and sustainable water treatment practices. With increasing

water scarcity and environmental concerns, it is imperative to explore

impact on the environment. Recycled water helps conserve freshwater

resources by providing an alternative source for non-potable uses, such as

purposes, such as irrigation, industrial processes, or even potable water

supply. By implementing advanced water treatment technologies, we can

transform wastewater into a valuable resource, reducing the strain on

freshwater sources and promoting a more sustainable approach to water