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Hartley Oscillator-Working,Design using Op-Amp

August 21, 2015 By Administrator(https://www.electronicshub.org/author/elktros/)

The Hartley oscillator is one of the classical LC feedback circuits and used to generate high frequency waveforms or signals. As we
discussed in the LC oscillators article that if the reactance elements X1 and X2 are chosen as inductors and X3 as capacitor in the
feedback network, then the oscillator is called as Hartley oscillator.

These can be implemented by using different circuit configurations. The major parts of the Hartley oscillators are the amplifier section
and the tank section. The tank section consists of two inductors and one capacitor. Each section produces a phase shift of 180
degrees of the AC signal voltage and hence it produces a sine wave voltage.

Outline
Hartley Oscillator Circuit
Mutual Inductance in Hartley Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator Circuit Using Op-Amp
Example 1
Example 2
Advantages
Disadvantages

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Hartley Oscillator Circuit

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The circuit diagram of a Hartley oscillator is shown in figure below. An NPN transistor connected in common emitter configuration
serves as active device in amplifier stage. R1 and R2 are biasing resistors and RFC is the radio frequency choke which provides the
isolation between AC and DC operation.

At high frequencies, the reactance value of this choke is very high; hence it can be treated as open circuit. The reactance is zero for DC
condition hence causes no problem for DC capacitors. CE is the emitter bypass capacitor and RE is also a biasing resistor. Capacitors
CC1 and CC2 are the coupling capacitors.

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(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hartley-Oscillator-Circuit.jpg)

When the DC supply (Vcc) is given to the circuit, collector current starts raising and begins the charging of the capacitor C. Once C is
fully charged, it starts discharging through L1 and L2 and again starts charging.

This back-and-fourth voltage waveform is a sine wave which is a small and leads with its negative alteration. It will eventually die out
unless it is amplified.

Now the transistor comes into the picture. The sine wave generated by the tank circuit is coupled to the base of the transistor through
the capacitor CC1.

Since the transistor is configured as common-emitter, it takes the input from tank circuit and inverts it to a standard sine wave with a
leading positive alteration.
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3/16/23, 12:38 PM Hartley Oscillator-Working,Design using Op-Amp - Electronics Hub

Thus the transistor provides amplification as well as inversion to amplify and correct the signal generated by the tank circuit. The
 mutual inductance between the L1 and L2 provides the feedback of energy
 from collector-emitter circuit to base-emitter circuit.
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The frequency of oscillations of this circuit is

fo = 1/ (2π √ (Leq C))

Where Leq is the total inductance of coils in the tank circuit and is given as

Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

For a practical circuit, if L1 = L2 = L and the mutual inductance is neglected then the frequency of oscillations can be simplified as

fo = 1/ (2π √ (2 L C))

In some circuits, there exists mutual inductance between L1 and L2 of a transistorized Hartley oscillator as shown in figure below.

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(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Transistorized-Hartley-oscillator-with-mutual-inductance.jpg)

Mutual Inductance in Hartley Oscillator

The change in current through coil induces the current in other vicinity coil by the magnetic field is called as mutual inductance. It is
an additional amount of inductance caused in one inductor due to the magnetic flux of other inductor.

By considering the effect of mutual inductance, the total inductance of the coils can be calculated by the formula given below.

Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

Where M is the mutual inductance and its value depends on the effective coupling between the inductors, spacing between them,
dimensions of each coil, number of turns in each coil and type of material used for the common core.

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In radio frequency oscillators, depending on the North and south polarities of the fields generated by the closely coupled inductors,
 the total inductance of the circuit is determined. 
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If the fields generated by the individual coils are in the same direction, then the mutual inductance will add to the total inductance,
hence the total inductance is increased.

If the fields are in opposite direction, then the mutual inductance will reduce the total inductance. Therefore, the oscillator working
frequency will be increased.

The design of the Hartley oscillator considers this mutual effect of the two inductors. In practical, a common core is used for both
inductors, however depending on the coefficient of coupling the mutual inductance effect can be much greater.

This coefficient value is unity when there is hundred percent magnetic coupling between the inductors and its value is zero if there is
no magnetic coupling between the inductors.

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Hartley Oscillator Circuit Using Op-Amp

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A Hartley oscillator can be implemented by using an operational amplifier and its typical arrangement is shown in figure below. This
type of circuit facilitates the gain adjustment using the feedback resistance and input resistance.

In transistorized Hartley oscillator, the gain is depends on the tank circuit elements L1 and L2 whereas in Op-amp oscillator gain is
less depends on the tank circuit elements (https://www.electronicshub.org/basic-electrical-circuits-componentstypes/) and hence
provides great frequency stability.

(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hartley-Oscillator-Circuit-Using-Op-amp.jpg)

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The operation of this circuit is similar to the transistor version of Hartley oscillator. The sine wave generated by the feedback circuit is
 coupled with the op-amp section. Then this wave is stabilized and inverted
 by the amplifier.
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The frequency of the oscillator is varied by using variable capacitor in the tank circuit keeping the feedback ratio and amplitude of the
output constant for over a frequency range. The frequency of oscillations for this type of oscillator is same as that of above discussed
oscillator and is given as

fo = 1/ (2π √ (Leq C))

Where Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M or L1 + L2

To generate the oscillation from this circuit, the amplifier gain must be selected greater than or at least equal to the ratio of two
inductances.

Av = L1 / L2

If the mutual inductance exists between L1 and L2 because of the common core for these two coils, then the gain becomes

Av = (L1 + M) / (L2 + M)

Example 1
Consider that the transistorized Hartley oscillator consisting of the tank circuit has the capacitance of 100pF. The inductance between
the collector and tapping point is 30 µH and the value of the inductance between the tapping point and the transistor base is 1 × 10-8
H. Find out the frequency of oscillation. Neglect the mutual inductance.

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Given that
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C = 100pF = 100 × 10-12 F

L1 = 30 µH = 30 × 10-6 H

L2 = 30 µH = 1 × 10-8 H

The frequency of oscillations for a transistorized Hartley oscillator is given by

fo = 1/ (2π √ (L1 + L2) C))

= 1/ (2π √ ((30 × 10-6) + (1 × 10-8)) × 100 × 10-12))

= 2.9 × 106 Hz

= 2.9 MHz

Example 2
Consider the given figure, in which Hartley oscillator is constructed with operational amplifier and feedback LC network. By referring
the given values determine the operating frequency and maximum acceptable value of resistance R for oscillations to start.

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(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Hartley-oscillator-example.jpg)

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For Hartley oscillator, the frequency of oscillations is given by

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3/16/23, 12:38 PM Hartley Oscillator-Working,Design using Op-Amp - Electronics Hub

fo = 1/ (2π √ (Leq C))

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Where Leq = L1 + L2

Leq = 1.0 × 10-6 + 0.1 × 10-6

Leq = 1.1 × 10-6

The given capacitor value is C = 1 × 10-9 F

Therefore, fo = 1/ (2π √ (1.1 × 10-6 × 1 × 10-9)

= 4.799 MHz.

Feedback factor = L2 / L1

= 0.1 × 10-6 / 1.0 × 10-6

= 0.1

Therefore the minimum gain required = 10

But, gain= R2/R = 100 × 103/ R

Therefore, the maximum value of R = 100 × 103 / 10

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= 10 K ohm.
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Advantages
Instead of two separate coils as L1 and L2, a single coil of bare wire can be used and the coil grounded at any desired point along
it.
By using variable capacitor or by making core movable (varying the inductance), frequency of oscillations can be varied.
The amplitude of the output remains constant over the working frequency range.
Very few components are needed including either two fixed inductors or a tapped coil.

Disadvantages
It cannot be used as low frequency oscillator since the value of inductors become large and size of the inductors becomes bulky.
The harmonic content in the output of this oscillator is very high and hence it is not suitable for the applications which require
pure sine wave.

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