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PDF of Penyebab Potensi Banjir Di Daerah Aliran Sungai Deli Kota Medan Bernita Silalahi Mukhtar Efendi Harahap Full Chapter Ebook
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PDF of Penyebab Potensi Banjir Di Daerah Aliran Sungai Deli Kota Medan Bernita Silalahi Mukhtar Efendi Harahap Full Chapter Ebook
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Chapter V
VENETIAN AND FLORENTINE METAL-WORK
In Italy, many years ago, there originated the pretty household art
of making small objects from metal strips bent into graceful curves
and scrolls, and then banded together. During the past few years
American and English boys have taken up this Venetian and
Florentine metal-work, and to-day the materials may be purchased at
hardware stores in all the large cities.
The tools required are a pair of flat and a pair of round-nosed
pliers, or pincers, a pair of heavy shears, and a pair of wire-cutters; a
small bench-vise will also be useful.
The materials include a few sheets of thin stove-pipe iron of good
quality (it may be purchased from a tinsmith), several yards of fine,
soft iron wire, and some heavier wire for framework.
From the sheets of iron narrow strips are to be cut with the shears,
and for ordinary work they should be not more than three-sixteenths
of an inch in width; for heavier or lighter work the width may be
varied. If it is possible to obtain the prepared strips at a hardware
store, it will be better than making them at home, since it is a
tiresome task to cut many of the strips from sheet-iron. Soft, thin iron
that will bend easily is the only kind that is of use, as the hard or
brittle iron breaks off and it is impossible to bend it into uniform or
even scrolls.
A little patience and perseverance will be necessary at first until
the knack of forming scrolls has been mastered, but once learned it
will then be an easy matter to make many pretty and useful objects.
A Lamp-screen
Pattern-making
A Standard Screen
A Candlestick
To begin with, secure an old tin or brass candlestick and rip off the
bottom, leaving only the sheath and collar at the top. Have a tinsmith
cut the lower end away, leaving about two inches of the top, and
solder a bottom in it. Cut a pine stick about four inches long and not
more than three-sixteenths of an inch square, or the same thickness
as the width of the metal strips from which the scrolls are to be
formed. Punch a small hole in the bottom of the socket, and drive a
slim steel-wire nail down through it and into the middle of one end of
the stick, so that the attached pieces will appear as shown in Fig. 10.
The socket will hold a candle, and the stick will act as a centre staff
against which the four scroll sides are to be fastened.
A paper pattern should be used over which to bend the scrolls,
and across the bottom they should measure four and a half inches,
and five or six inches high. To the upper part of one side-scroll a
handle should be shaped and fastened, as shown in Fig. 9.
A Candelabra
Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16.
Lay out the plan of one side on paper, making the distance from
the stick to outer edge of the foot about four and a half inches. At the
narrowest place, near the top, the side should measure one and
three-quarter inches in width. The scrolls should be securely bound
to the wood frame with wire, and for candle sockets five six-pointed
stars should be cut from the pattern given in Fig. 16. They should be
two and a half inches in diameter, and bent to receive a standard-
sized candle. A small screw passed through a hole in the centre will
fasten them to the wood arms, and when placing them the wood
should extend entirely under each socket, as may be seen in Fig. 11.
Canopy shades and holders should be made or purchased, and
when complete with candles and shades this candelabra should
present a very pleasing appearance.
A Fairy Lamp
A Burned-match Holder
A Photograph-frame
Among the many pretty little objects that can be made from thin
metal strips, frames for small pictures are always serviceable and
attractive (Fig. 20). Black is not always a desirable color for a frame,
and there are several good enamel paints on sale. They may be
procured in almost any light shade, such as pink, blue, green, brown,
and the pale yellows or cream colors. Several successive thin coats
of these enamel paints will give the iron scrolls a pretty finish.
It is hardly necessary to lay down a size for this frame, as it can
readily be adapted to any photograph or small picture. The
proportions, however, should be followed as closely as possible, so
that the design will work out about as shown in the drawing.
This frame may be hung against the wall, or arranged as an easel
for a table, mantel-shelf, or wall-bracket. If the latter scheme is
preferred, a support may be made from narrow metal strips and
attached to the back of the frame with wire. This support should be
of the design shown in Fig. 20 A; it is attached by the top cross-bar
to the back of the frame. This cross-bar is of round iron, and the
projecting ends are to be caught with wire loops, which will allow the
back leg to act as if arranged on a hinge. To prevent it from going too
far back, a wire or string at the bottom will hold it the proper distance
from the frame.
Fig. 20. Fig. 20 A. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 23.
The frame proper is made from a strip of metal half an inch wide,
and bent in angular form, showing less than quarter of an inch on
each side of an L. In the strip cut angle-notches with a pair of
shears, as shown in Fig. 21, thus forming the corners. The notches
should be made half-way across the width of the metal, so that the
point of each angle will just reach the middle of a strip. With a flat-
nosed pair of pliers bend the strip in the form of the oblong, so that
each corner will appear like Fig. 22. Join the frame at the bottom,
allowing the metal to lap over an inch at the ends, and make the
union by punching little holes and passing through small copper
tacks that can be clinched or riveted.
With a small bench-vise and a hammer, or with two pairs of pliers,
grasp the strip forming the frame and bend it in the shape of an L all
around, as shown in Fig. 23, taking care to match the edges of each
notch so that they will form a mitre, as shown also in Fig. 23. Where
the scrolls are attached to the side of this frame, they may be held in
place by small copper tacks passed through holes made in both
scrolls and frame and riveted.
A Handkerchief-box
A Sign-board
A Moorish Lantern
At the top and bottom scrolls are to be formed of the stout wire
employed for the ribs or framework. Under the crown top, at the six
corners, brackets may extend out for a distance of five inches, from
which sconces for tapers or small candles may be hung. Or these
brackets may be omitted, and in place of the hooks a small scroll
may be formed at the extending ends. Each little sconce is two
inches deep and two and a half inches in diameter, and in them
candle-holders may be placed, over which colored glass globes will
appear to good advantage. From the top of the lower lobe six arms
support flower-drops four or five inches long, and from the extreme
bottom a pendant of flowers finishes off the whole. No matter what
size this lantern is made, the proportions should be carefully
preserved, or the effect will be spoiled.
A long chain made up of links and rings may be used to suspend
the lantern. Should a more secure anchorage be desired, four chains
may be attached at four places on the ceiling of a room, from which
anchorage they all meet at the top of the lantern.
The illustration shows the lantern in perspective, but it must be
borne in mind that it has six sides, and the patterns of the six sides,
of the top, middle section, and bottom are like those in the three front
sections that face the reader as he looks at the drawing.
Chapter VI
METAL-BOUND WORK
A Metal-bound Box