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Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
HERBAL
MEDICINE
ENC YCLOPEDIA OF
HERBAL
MEDICINE
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Do not try self-diagnosis or attempt self-treatment for serious or long-term problems without first consulting
a qualified medical herbalist or medical practitioner as appropriate. Do not take any herb without first
checking the cautions in the relevant herb entry (see pp. 56–283) and the Essential Information on
pp. 298–299. Do not exceed any dosages recommended. Always consult a professional practitioner if
symptoms persist. If taking prescribed medicines, seek professional medical advice before using herbal
remedies. Take care to correctly identify plants and do not harvest restricted or banned species. So far as the
author is aware, the information given is correct and up to date as of July 2016. Practice, laws, and regulations
all change, and the reader should obtain up-to-date professional advice on any such issues. In addition, this
book contains general information on growing cannabis, which is a controlled substance in North America
and throughout much of the world. As the use and cultivation of cannabis and its derivative products can
carry heavy penalties, you should research your local laws before using the information in this book. The
author and the publisher expressly disclaim any liability, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred
as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book.
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Contents
6 Introduction
Plant Medicines
The variety and sheer number of plants with therapeutic properties are quite astonishing.
Some 50,000 to 70,000 plant species, from lichens to towering trees, have been used at
one time or another for medicinal purposes. Today, Western herbal medicine still makes use
of hundreds of native European plants, as well as many hundreds of species from other
continents. In Ayurveda (traditional Indian medicine) about 2,000 plant species are
considered to have medicinal value, while the Chinese Pharmacopoeia lists over 5,700
traditional medicines, mostly of plant origin.
About 500 herbs are still employed within conventional medicine, although whole plants are
rarely used. In general, the herbs provide the starting material for the isolation or synthesis
of conventional drugs. Digoxin, for example, which is used for heart failure, was isolated
from common foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202), and the contraceptive pill was
synthesized from constituents found in wild yam (Dioscorea villosa, p. 91).
Ecological Factors
The increased use of medicinal herbs has important environmental implications. Growing
herbs as an organic crop offers new opportunities for farmers, and sometimes, especially
in developing countries, opportunities for whole communities. In northeastern Brazil,
for example, community-run herb gardens grow medicinal herbs that are sold to local hospitals.
Doctors at the hospital then prescribe these medicines for their patients.
The rise in popularity of herbal medicines, however, also directly threatens the survival
of some wild species. Demand for goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105) has become so
great that it now fetches around $140 a pound (£170 a kilo). It was a common plant in the
woodlands of northern America two centuries ago, but is now an endangered species, with
its survival in the wild threatened by overcollection. This example is by no means unique,
and, sadly, many species are similarly threatened across the planet. The extinction of plant
species as a result of over-intensive collecting is nothing new. The herb silphion, a member
of the carrot family, was used extensively as a contraceptive by the women of ancient Rome.
6
Silphion proved difficult to cultivate and was gathered from the wild in such large quantities
that it became extinct during the 3rd century ce.
Today, if herbal medicine continues to grow at its present rate, it is imperative that
manufacturers, suppliers, practitioners, and the public use only produce that has been
cultivated or wildcrafted in an ecologically sensitive manner.
7
The
developmenT
of herbal
medicine
From the earliest times, herbs have been prized for their pain-relieving and
healing abilities, and today we still rely on the curative properties of plants
in about 75 percent of our medicines. Over the centuries, societies around
the world have developed their own traditions to make sense of medicinal
plants and their uses. Some of these traditions and medicinal practices may
seem strange and magical, others appear rational and sensible, but all are
attempts to overcome illness and suffering, and to enhance quality of life.
Many of the thousands of plant species growing throughout the world have medicinal
uses, containing active constituents that have a direct action on the body. They are used
both in herbal and conventional medicine and offer benefits that pharmaceutical drugs
often lack, helping to combat illness and support the body’s efforts to regain good health.
There is no doubt that in extreme situations, the treatments Today, herbal remedies are coming back into prominence
devised by modern medicine can offer an unparalleled because the efficacy of conventional medicines such as
opportunity to relieve symptoms and save lives. A newspaper antibiotics, which once had near-universal effectiveness against
article in 1993 described the terrible conditions in a hospital serious infections, is on the wane. Over the years, infectious
in war-torn Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. organisms have developed resistance to synthesized drugs,
Deprived of conventional medical supplies and drugs, the and the herb sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua, p. 67) and
doctors were forced to use a well-known European herb, its active constituent artemisinin, for example, are now the
valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148), as a painkiller for the standard treatment for malaria in tropical areas where
wounded and as an anesthetic. Valerian is an effective herbal the protozoa causing the infection no longer respond to
medicine for anxiety and nervous tension, but it is woefully conventional treatment.
inadequate as an analgesic or anesthetic. Herbal medicine often complements conventional
Orthodox pharmaceutical medicines sustain life and counter treatments, providing safe, well-tolerated remedies for chronic
infections in situations where other types of treatment illnesses. It is experiencing a dramatic renaissance in Western
may have little to offer. Modern surgical techniques, such as countries, partly because no effective conventional treatment
keyhole surgery and plastic surgery, and the whole range of as yet exists for many chronic illnesses, such as asthma,
diagnostics and of life-support machinery now available, can arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, concern
all be used to improve the chances of recovery from serious over the side effects of biomedicine is encouraging people
illness or injury. to look for more gentle forms of treatment. It is estimated
that 10–20% of hospital patients in the West are there due
The Benefits of Herbal Medicine to the side effects of conventional medical treatment.
Yet despite the dramatic advances and advantages of
conventional medicine, or biomedicine as it is also known, Using Herbs Wisely
it is clear that herbal medicine has much to offer. We tend Most commonly used herbs are extremely safe to use.
to forget that in all but the past 70 years or so, humans But some plants can produce side effects and, like all
have relied almost entirely on plants to treat all manner medicines, herbal remedies must be treated with respect.
of illnesses, from minor problems such as coughs and colds It is essential to take or use certain plants only under the
to life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria. guidance of a well-trained practitioner, to avoid adverse
consequences. Ma huang (Ephedra sinica, p. 95), for example,
can be extremely toxic at the wrong dosage, and comfrey
(Symphytum officinale, p. 138), a very popular herb in the
past, is thought to cause severe or even fatal liver damage
in rare circumstances. When an herbal medicine is used
correctly, however, the chances of developing a serious side
effect are remote.
Rosemary
Immune system (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Immune modulators, e.g., echinacea (Echinacea
spp. p. 92) and pau d’arco (Tabebuia spp., Circulation & heart
p. 139), encourage the immune system to Cardiotonics, e.g., dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza,
ward off infection. p. 130), vary in action. Some slow heartbeat
rate, while others increase it. Some improve
Echinacea the regularity and strength of the heart’s
(Echinacea spp.)
contractions. Circulatory stimulants, e.g., cayenne
(Capsicum frutescens, p. 74), improve the
Respiratory system
circulation of blood to the extremities.
Antiseptics and antibiotics, e.g., garlic (Allium
Diaphoretics, e.g., ju hua (Chrysanthemum x
sativum, p. 59), help the lungs resist infection.
Expectorants, e.g., elecampane (Inula helenium, morifolium, p. 78), encourage blood flow to
p. 107), stimulate the coughing up of mucus. the surface of the body, promote sweating, and
Demulcents, e.g., coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara, lower blood pressure. Spasmolytics, e.g., cramp
p. 278), soothe irritated membranes. bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150), relax the muscles,
Spasmolytics, e.g., visnaga (Ammi visnaga, p. 62), helping to lower blood pressure.
Garlic Cayenne
relax bronchial muscles. (Allium sativum) (Capsicum frutescens)
Endocrine glands
Adaptogens, e.g., ginseng (Panax ginseng, Digestive organs
p. 118), help the body adjust to external pressures Antiseptics, e.g., ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155), protect
and stress. Hormonally active herbs, e.g., chaste tree against infection. Astringents, e.g., bistort (Polygonum
(Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151), stimulate production of bistorta, p. 253), tighten up the inner lining of the intestines
sex and other hormones. Emmenagogues, e.g., and create a protective coating over them. Bitters, e.g.,
black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium, p. 66),
encourage or regulate menstruation. stimulate secretion of digestive
juices by the stomach and
Ginseng intestines. Carminatives, e.g.,
(Panax ginseng)
sweet flag (Acorus calamus,
p. 57), relieve gas and cramps.
Urinary system Cholagogues, e.g, fringe tree
Antiseptics, e.g., buchu (Barosma betulina, p. 71), (Chionanthus virginicus,
Sweet Flag
disinfect the urinary tubules. Astringents, e.g., (Acorus calamus)
p. 188), improve the flow of bile into
horsetail (Equisetum arvense, p. 205), tighten and the intestines. Choleretics, e.g., artichoke (Cynara scolymus,
protect the urinary tubules. Diuretics, e.g. cornsilk p. 199), stimulate secretion of bile by the liver. Demulcents,
(Zea mays, p. 154), stimulate the flow of urine.
Cornsilk e.g., psyllium (Plantago spp., p. 123), soothe the digestive
(Zea mays) system and protect against acidity and irritation.
Hepatics, e.g., bupleurum (Bupleurum chinense,
Musculoskeletal system p. 72), prevent liver damage. Laxatives,
Analgesics, e.g., yellow jasmine (Gelsemium empervirens, e.g., senna (Cassia senna, p. 75),
p. 216), relieve joint and nerve pain. Anti- stimulate bowel movements.
inflammatories, e.g., white willow (Salix alba, p. 129), Stomachics, e.g., cardamom
reduce swelling and pain in joints. Antispasmodics, e.g., (Eletteria cardamomum, p. 93),
White Willow cinchona (Cinchona spp., p. 80), relax tense protect and support Senna
(Salix alba) and cramped muscles. the stomach. (Cassia senna) 13
Active Constituents
The developmenT of herbal medicine
The medicinal effects of certain plants are well known. German chamomile, for example, has been
taken to soothe digestive problems for thousands of years, and aloe vera was known to Cleopatra as
a healing skin remedy. It is only relatively recently, however, that active constituents responsible for the
medicinal actions of plants have been isolated and observed. Knowing a little about the chemicals
contained in plants helps you to understand how they work within the body.
Phenols Flavonoids
Phenols are a very varied group Found widely throughout
of plant constituents ranging from the plant world, flavonoids
salicylic acid, a molecule similar are polyphenolic
to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), to compounds that act
complex sugar-containing phenolic as pigments, imparting
glycosides. Phenols are often anti- color, often yellow or
inflammatory and antiseptic, and white, to flowers and
are thought to be produced by fruits. They have a wide
plants to protect against infection range of actions and many
and feeding by insects. Phenolic medicinal uses. They are
acids, such as rosmarinic acid, antioxidant and especially
are strongly antioxidant and anti- useful in maintaining healthy
Lemon
inflammatory, and can also have circulation. Some flavonoids also (Citrus limon)
antiviral properties. Wintergreen have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and
(Gaultheria procumbens, p. 215) liver-protective activity. Flavonoids such as hesperidin and rutin,
and white willow (Salix alba, p. 129) found in many plants, notably buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum,
both contain salicylates. Many mint p. 210) and lemon (Citrus limon, p. 82), strengthen capillaries
family members contain phenols— and prevent leakage into surrounding tissues. Isoflavones,
for example, the strongly antiseptic found for example in red clover (Trifolium pratense,
Thyme thymol, found in thyme (Thymus p. 277), are estrogenic and valuable in treating
(Thymus vulgaris) vulgaris, p. 143). menopausal symptoms.
Volatile Oils
Volatile oils—which are extracted
from plants to produce
essential oils—are some
of the most important
medicinally active plant
constituents, and are
also used widely in
perfumery. They are
complex mixtures often of
100 or more compounds,
mostly made up of
monoterpenes—molecules
containing 10 carbon atoms. Black Catechu
Essential oils have many uses. (Acacia catechu)
Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia, Tannins
p. 112) is strongly antiseptic, while Tannins are produced to a greater or
sweet gale oil (Myrica gale, p. 238) is an lesser degree by all plants. The harsh,
effective insect repellent. On distillation, some astringent taste of tannin-laden bark
essential oils contain compounds not found in and leaves makes them unpalatable to
the volatile oil—chamazulene, found in German insects and grazing animals. Tannins are
chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77) essential polyphenolic compounds that contract and astringe tissues of the body by
oil, is anti-inflammatory and antiallergenic. binding with and precipitating proteins—hence their use to “tan” leather.
Resins—sticky oily substances that seep from They also help to stop bleeding and to check infection. Tannin-containing
plants, for example from the bark of Scots herbs are used to tighten up over-relaxed tissues—as in varicose veins—
pine (Pinus sylvestris, p. 249)—are often to dry up excessive watery secretions—as in diarrhea—and to protect
linked with essential oils (oleoresins) and damaged tissue—such as skin problems resulting from eczema or a burn.
gums (see Polysaccharides), though they German Chamomile Oak bark (Quercus robur, p. 260) and black catechu (Acacia catechu, p. 158)
14 are nonvolatile. (Chamomilla recutita) are both high in tannins.
Proanthocyanins Anthraquinones
Closely related to tannins and flavonoids, Anthraquinones are the main active
Active constituents
these polyphenolic compounds are constituents in herbs such as senna
pigments that give flowers and (Cassia senna, p. 75) and Chinese rhubarb
fruits a blue, purple, or red hue. (Rheum palmatum, p. 126), both of which
They are powerfully antioxidant are taken to relieve constipation.
and free-radical scavengers. They Anthraquinones have an irritant laxative
protect the circulation from damage, effect on the large intestine, causing
especially the circulation in the contractions of the intestinal walls
heart, hands, feet, and eyes. and stimulating a bowel
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus, movement approximately 10
p. 264), red grapes (Vitis hours after being taken. They
vinifera, p. 283), and also make the stool more liquid,
hawthorn (Crataegus easing bowel movements.
oxycantha, p. 87) all contain
appreciable quantities of
these proanthocyanins. Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
Blackberry
(Rubus fruticosus)
Cardiac Glycosides
Found in various medicinal plants, notably
in foxgloves (see common foxglove, Digitalis
Coumarins purpurea, p. 202) and in lily of the valley
Coumarins of different kinds are found (Convallaria majalis, p. 194), cardiac glycosides
in many plant species and have widely such as digitoxin, digoxin, and convallotoxin
divergent actions. The coumarins in melilot have a strong, direct action on the heart,
(Melilotus officinalis, p. 234) and horse supporting its strength and rate of
chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum, p. 58) contraction when it is failing. Cardiac
help to keep the blood thin, while glycosides are also significantly diuretic.
furanocoumarins such as bergapten, They help to stimulate urine production,
found in celery (Apium graveolens, p. 64), thus increasing the removal of fluid from
stimulate skin tanning, and khellin, found the tissues and circulatory system.
in visnaga (Ammi visnaga, p. 62), is a
powerful smooth-muscle relaxant.
Celery
(Apium graveolens)
Common Foxglove
(Digitalis purpurea)
Glucosilinates Vitamins
Found exclusively in species of Though often overlooked, many
the mustard and cabbage family, medicinal plants contain useful
glucosilinates have an irritant effect levels of vitamins. Some are well
on the skin, causing inflammation known for their vitamin content,
and blistering. Applied as poultices for example dog rose (Rosa
to painful or aching joints, canina, p. 263) has high levels of
they increase blood flow to vitamin C, and carrot (Daucus
the affected area, helping to carota, p. 201) is rich in beta-
remove the buildup of waste carotene (pro-vitamin A), but
products (a contributory factor in many are less well recognized.
many joint problems). On eating, Watercress (Nasturtium
glucosilinates are broken down and officinale, p. 239), for
produce a strong, pungent taste. example, contains
Radish (Raphanus sativus, p. 261) appreciable levels of
and watercress (Nasturtium officinale, vitamins B1, B2, C, and E as well
p. 239) are typical glucosilinate- Dog Rose as beta-carotene, while sea
containing plants. (Rosa canina) buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides, p. 220) can be
Radish regarded as a vitamin and
(Raphanus sativus) mineral supplement in its
own right.
Minerals
Like vegetable foods, many medicinal
plants provide high levels of minerals.
Plants, especially organically grown
ones, draw minerals from the soil and
Bitters convert them into a form that is more
Bitters are a varied group of constituents easily absorbed and used by the body.
linked only by their pronounced bitter taste. Whether plants are eaten as a
The bitterness itself stimulates secretions vegetable, like cabbage (Brassica
by the salivary glands and digestive organs. oleracea, p. 180), or taken as a medicine,
Such secretions can dramatically improve the like bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus,
appetite and strengthen the overall function p. 213), in many cases the mineral content
of the digestive system. With the improved is a key factor in the plant’s therapeutic
digestion and absorption of nutrients that follow, activity within the body. Dandelion leaf
the body is nourished and strengthened. Many (Taraxacum officinale, p. 141) is a potent
herbs have bitter constituents, notably diuretic, balanced by its high potassium
wormwood (Artemisia absinthium, p. 66), content, while the high silica content of horsetail
chiretta (Swertia chirata, p. 273), and hops Wormwood (Equisetum arvense, p. 205) supports the repair Dandelion
16 (Humulus lupulus, p. 104). (Artemisia absinthium) of connective tissue, making it useful in arthritis. (Taraxacum officinale)
Quality control
In an age of medical specialization in which an expert in neurology will know little about
the latest developments in medicine for the ear, nose, and throat, it is difficult to imagine the
practices of an earlier time, when healing was holistic in nature and heavily reliant on magic,
mysticism, and age-old oral traditions.
From the earliest times, medicinal plants have been crucial in contain eight different medicinal plants, including ephedra
sustaining the health and the well-being of mankind. Flaxseed (Ephedra sinica, p. 95). The inclusion of the plants in the
(Linum usitatissimum, p. 109), for example, provided its tomb suggests they had supernatural significance as well
harvesters with a nutritious food oil, fuel, a cosmetic balm as medicinal value.
for the skin, and fiber to make fabric. At the same time it In some cultures, plants were considered to have souls.
was used to treat conditions such as bronchitis, respiratory Even Aristotle, the 4th-century bce Greek philosopher,
congestion, boils, and a number of digestive problems. Given thought that plants had a “psyche,” albeit of a lesser order
the life-enhancing benefits that this and so many other plants than the human soul. In Hinduism, which dates back
conferred, it is hardly surprising that most cultures believed to at least 1500 bce, many plants are sacred to specific
them to have magical as well as medicinal abilities. It is divinities. For example, the bael tree (Aegle marmelos,
reasonable to assume that for tens of thousands of years p. 161) is said to shelter Shiva, the god of health, beneath
herbs were probably used as much for their ritual magical its branches.
powers as for their medicinal qualities. A 60,000-year-old In medieval Europe, the Doctrine of Signatures stated
burial site excavated in Iraq, for instance, was found to there was a connection between how a plant looked—
God’s “signature”—and how it might be used medicinally.
For example, the mottled leaves of lungwort (Pulmonaria
officinalis, p. 259) were thought to resemble lung tissue,
and the plant is still used to treat ailments of the
respiratory tract.
Even in Western cultures, beliefs in plant spirits linger. Until
the first half of the 20th century, British farm workers would
not cut down elder trees (Sambucus nigra, p. 132) for fear of
arousing the anger of the Elder Mother, the spirit who lived
in and protected the tree.
In a similar vein, native peoples of the Andes in South
America believe that the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca,
p. 206) is protected by Mama Coca, a spirit who must be
respected and placated if the leaves are to be harvested
and used.
Shamanistic Medicine
In many traditional societies today, the world is believed to
be shaped by good and evil spirits. In these societies, illness
is thought to stem from malignant forces or possession by
evil spirits. If a member of the tribe falls ill, the shaman (the
“medicine” man or woman) is expected to intercede with
the spirit world to bring about a cure. Shamans often enter
the spiritual realm with the aid of hallucinogenic plants or
fungi, such as ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, p. 176), taken
by Amazonian shamans, or fly agaric (Amanita muscaria),
taken by traditional healers of the Siberian steppes.
At the same time, the shaman provides medical treatment
for the physical needs of the patient—putting salves and
Mistletoe, which the Druids called “golden bough,” had a central place in their
shamanistic religious and healing ceremonies. The Druids had a well-developed compresses on wounds, boiling up decoctions and barks
18 knowledge of medicinal plants. for internal treatment, stimulating sweating for fevers, and so
(Senecio jacobaea) or oleander (Nerium oleander). Over and
above such close observation, some people have speculated
E a r ly O r i g i n s t O t h E 1 9 t h C E n t u r y
that human beings, like grazing animals, have an instinct that
recognizes poisonous as opposed to medicinal plants.
Ancient Civilizations
As civilizations grew from 3000 bce
onward in Egypt, the Middle East,
India, and China, so the use of
herbs became more sophisticated,
and the first written accounts of
medicinal plants were made. The
Egyptian Ebers papyrus of c. 1500
bce is the earliest surviving Castor oil plant
example. It lists dozens of has been used
medicinally for
medicinal plants, their uses, and about 4000 years.
related spells and incantations. The
herbs include myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85), castor oil
(Ricinus communis, p. 262), and garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59).
In India, the Vedas, epic poems written c. 1500 bce, also
contain rich material on the herbal lore of that time. The
Vedas were followed in about 400 bce by the Charaka Samhita,
written by the physician Charaka. This medical treatise
includes details of around 350 herbal medicines. Among
them are visnaga (Ammi visnaga, p. 62), an herb of Middle
Eastern origin that has recently proven effective in the
treatment of asthma, and gotu kola (Centella asiatica, p. 76),
which has long been used to treat leprosy.
Shiva, the Hindu god who oversees health, is traditionally thought to live under the bael tree, Medicine Breaks from its
an important medicinal plant in India.
Mystical Origins
on. Such treatment is based on a wealth of acutely observed By about 500 bce in developed
plant lore and knowledge, handed down in an oral tradition cultures, medicine began to separate
from generation to generation. from the magical and spiritual
world. Hippocrates (460–377 bce),
The Development of Medicinal Lore the Greek “father of medicine,”
It is generally recognized that our ancestors had a wide range considered illness to be a natural
of medicinal plants at their disposal, and that they likewise rather than a supernatural
possessed a profound understanding of plants’ healing powers. phenomenon, and he felt that
In fact, up until the 20th century, every village and rural medicine should be given without
community had a wealth of herbal folklore. Tried and tested ritual ceremonies or magic.
local plants were picked for a range of common health In the earliest Chinese medical
problems and taken as teas, applied as lotions, or even mixed text, the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of
with lard and rubbed in as an ointment. Internal Medicine written in the 1st
But what were the origins of this herbal expertise? There century bce, the emphasis on rational
are no definitive answers. Clearly, acute observation coupled medicine is equally clear: “In treating
with trial and error has played a predominant role. Human illness, it is necessary to examine
societies have had many thousands of years to observe the the entire context, scrutinize the
effects—both good and bad—of eating a particular root,
leaf, or berry. Watching the behavior of animals after they
have eaten or rubbed against certain plants has also added The bump in the right cheek of this
Peruvian figurine may represent
to medicinal lore. If one watches sheep or cattle, they almost coca, taken in that country to
unerringly steer a path past poisonous plants such as ragwort increase endurance. 19
symptoms, observe the emotions and attitudes. If one
insists on the presence of ghosts and spirits one cannot
The developmenT of herbal medicine
speak of therapeutics.”
E a r ly O r i g i n s t O t h E 1 9 t h C E n t u r y
Dark Ages in medieval Europe—but it is evident that many Italy, Spain, and Portugal led to the founding of renowned
people had a surprisingly sophisticated understanding of plant medical schools, notably at Cordoba in Spain. The Arabs
medicine. For example, recent excavations at an 11th-century were expert pharmacists, blending and mixing herbs to
monastic hospital in Scotland revealed that the monks were improve their medicinal effect and their taste. Their
using exotic herbs such as opium poppy (Papaver somniferum, contacts with both Indian and Chinese medical traditions
p. 244) and marijuana (Cannabis sativa, p. 182) as painkillers and meant that they had a remarkable range of medical and
anesthetics. Likewise, the herbalists in Myddfai, a village in herbal knowledge to draw on and develop. Avicenna
South Wales, obviously knew of Hippocrates’ writings in the (980–1037 ce), author of Canon of Medicine, was the
6th century ce and used a wide variety of medicinal plants. most famous physician of the day, but perhaps the most
The texts that have been handed down from that herbal unusual herbal connection was made a century before
tradition are filled with an engaging blend of superstition and his time by Ibn Cordoba, an intrepid Arab seafarer, who
wisdom. Two prescriptions from a 13th-century manuscript brought ginseng root (Panax ginseng, p. 118) from China
illustrate the point. The first recipe could have been written by to Europe. This valuable tonic herb was to be regularly
a modern, scientifically trained herbalist; the second, one must imported into Europe from the 16th century onward.
presume, is pure fancy, and would not choose to try it out! Further east, in India, the 7th century saw a golden age
of medicine. Thousands of students studied Ayurveda at
To Strengthen the Sight university, especially at Nalanda. There, scholars recorded
Take Eyebright and Red Fennel, a handful of each, and half a handful
the medical achievements of the time, with advances such
of Rue, distil, and wash your eye daily therewith.
To Destroy a Worm in the Tooth
as the development of hospitals, maternity homes, and the
Take the root of a cat’s ear, bruise, and apply to the patient’s tooth planting of medicinal herb gardens.
for three nights, and it will kill the worm.
Central & South American Cures
Islamic & Indian Medicine 500–1500 ce On the other side of the world, the ancient civilizations
Folk medicine was largely unaffected by sweeping forces of of Central and South America—Maya, Aztec, and Inca—
history, but Western scholastic medicine suffered greatly with all had herbal traditions with a profound understanding
the decline of the Roman Empire. of local medicinal plants. One account tells of Incas taking
It was thanks to the flowering of Arabic culture in local herbalists from what is now Bolivia back to their
500–1300 ce that the gains of the classical Greek and capital Cuzco in Peru because of the herbalists’ great
capabilities, which reputedly included growing penicillin
on green banana skins.
At the same time, medicine and religion were still closely
interwoven in these cultures, possibly even more so than
in Europe. One gruesome account tells of Aztec sufferers
of skin diseases who sought to appease the god Xipe
Totec by wearing the flayed skins of sacrificial victims.
Fortunately, a supernatural appeal to the gods
was not the sole means to relieve this and
other afflictions. Many herbs were available
as alternative treatments, including
sarsaparilla (Smilax spp., p. 270), a tonic
and cleansing herb that was used
in treatments for a variety of skin
complaints including eczema
and psoriasis.
Asian Unification
Marco Polo’s travels to China in the 14th century coincided
with the unification of the whole of Asia from the Yellow
Sea in China to the Black Sea in southeastern Europe by
Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Khan, whose capital
was in China, not far from Beijing. Neither the Chinese nor
Ayurvedic medical traditions were directly threatened by this
conquest. The Mongol rulers were strict in banning the use
of certain toxic plants such as aconite (Aconitum napellus, Manuscript page from an Anglo-Saxon herbal of about 1050 ce, illustrating the aerial parts
22 p. 160), but their decree may have held an element of self- and root system of a medicinal plant.
The trade in herbs was not entirely experienced some of the most unhealthy conditions the
one way. The European herb sage, world has ever seen. In contrast, Native Americans before
E a r ly O r i g i n s t O t h E 1 9 t h C E n t u r y
for example, came into use in China, the arrival of Columbus lived longer, healthier lives than their
where it was considered to be a counterparts in Europe. This fact is unsurprising given the cities
valuable yin tonic. of medieval Europe, with their open sewers, overcrowding,
The arrival of Columbus’ ships in and ignorance of simple hygiene.
the Caribbean in 1492 was followed Conditions such as these laid fertile ground for the spread
by the rapid conquest and of plague-infested rats from the ports of the Mediterranean
colonization of central and throughout Western Europe. From the mid-14th century
south America by the Spanish onward, plague killed millions, in some cases close to 50
and Portuguese. Along with percent of the population. No medical treatment—herbal
their booty of plundered or mineral—was able to alter its fatal course. Epidemics
gold, the conquistadores continued to decimate the cities of Europe and Asia well into
returned to the Old World the 18th century. An outbreak in India in 1994 reawakened the
with previously unheard-of terror inspired simply at the mention of the word “plague.”
medicinal plants. Many Syphilis was another disease spread by seafarers. It was
Garlic is native to Asia but was readily of these herbs from the reputedly brought back from the Caribbean to Naples by
adopted for its medicinal and culinary
qualities in the West. Americas had highly potent Columbus’ crew in the 1490s, spreading quickly throughout
medicinal actions, and they Europe and to the rest of the world, reaching China in 1550.
soon became available in the apothecaries of the major European doctors had little success in combating diseases
European cities. Plants such as lignum vitae (Guaiacum as devastating as plague. The medicine they practiced was
officinale, p. 218) and cinchona (Cinchona spp., p. 80) with based on the blind acceptance of Galen’s humoral principles.
strong medicinal actions were used with greater and lesser Perhaps if, as in Chinese and Indian medicine, European
degrees of success as treatments for fever, malaria, syphilis, medicine had continued to evolve, revising ancient medical
smallpox, and other serious illnesses. texts and reinterpreting them in the light of new discoveries,
For most rural communities, however, the only foreign it would have had greater success. As it was, European
plants that were used medicinally were those that could also physicians were at least as likely to kill their patients
be grown locally as foods. Garlic offers one of the earliest and with bloodletting and toxic minerals
clearest examples. Originating in central Asia, over time it in misbegotten attempts to balance
was cultivated farther and farther west and was grown in the humors as they were to cure.
Egypt around 4500 bce. In Homer’s 8th-century bce epic Indeed, the increasingly
poem The Odyssey, the hero is saved from being changed fashionable use of
into a pig thanks to garlic. The herb was introduced into mineral cures such
Britain after the Roman conquest in the 1st century ce, and as mercury led to the
by the time it reached the island its remarkable medicinal growth of chemical
powers were well understood. In later centuries, potatoes formulations, culminating
(Solanum tuberosum, p. 271) and corn (Zea mays, p. 154), in scientific medicine’s
both native to South America, would become common ultimate break away from
foods. These plants have clear medicinal as well as herbal practices.
nutritional benefits. Potato juice is a valuable remedy for the
treatment of arthritis, while cornsilk makes an effective The Influence
decoction for urinary problems such as cystitis. of Paracelsus
One of the key European figures
Health & Hygiene 1400–1700 of the 16th century was Paracelsus
Between the 12th and 18th centuries, the influx of exotic (1493–1541), a larger-than-life
medicinal plants added to an already large number of useful character who rejected the tired
European herbs. Conceivably, an overall improvement of repetition of Galen’s theories in
health in Europe might have resulted. After all, not only favor of detailed observation in
were new medicinal plants available, but Europeans had the medicine. “I have not borrowed
opportunity to observe the different medical practices of from Hippocrates, Galen, or
people in South America, China, Japan, and especially in India, anyone else,” he wrote, “having
17th-century doctor wearing a
where trade was well established. But, in fact, the reverse was costume designed to protect against acquired my knowledge from
the case. People living in Europe during this period probably contamination by the plague. the best teacher, that is, by 23
may preserve his Body in Health, or Cure himself, being
Sick, for three pence Charge, with such things only as grow
The developmenT of herbal medicine
E a r ly O r i g i n s t O t h E 1 9 t h C E n t u r y
followers of the Indian
practice of Ayurveda “During the bitter cold winter of 1535–6, the three ships
as a focus for meditation. of Jacques Cartier were frozen fast in the fathom-deep ice of
the St Lawrence River near the site of Montreal. Isolated by
four feet of snow, the company of 110 men subsisted on
the fare stored in the holds of their ships. Soon scurvy was
in the Western so rampant among them that by mid-March, 25 men had
tradition, Hippocrates died and the others, ‘only three or foure excepted,’ were
writes about “vis so ill that hope for their recovery was abandoned. As the
medicatrix naturae” crisis deepened Cartier had the good fortune to encounter
or the healing power of once again the local Indian chief, Domagaia, who had cured
nature, while modern Western himself of the same disease with ‘the juice and sappe of a
medical herbalists and homeopaths certain tree’. The Indian women gathered branches of the
use the term “vital force.” magical tree, ‘boiling the bark and leaves for a decoction,
The importance of the vital force and placing the dregs upon the legs.’ All those so treated
was diminished in the West by the rapidly recovered their health, and the Frenchmen
philosophy of René Descartes (1596–1650). This French marvelled at the curative skill of the natives.”
mathematician divided the world into body and mind, nature Naturally, the Native Americans had not heard of vitamin C
and ideas. His philosophy ordained that the intangible vital deficiency, which causes scurvy, nor would they have been able
force that maintains life and governs good health was the to explain in rational terms why the treatment worked. Indeed,
province of religion rather than of the newly self-aware it was not until 1753 that James Lind (1716–1794), a British
“science” of medicine. To the new medical establishment, naval surgeon, inspired partly by Cartier’s account, published
inching its way forward toward scientifically sound medical A Treatise of the Scurvy, which showed conclusively that the
practices, “supernatural” concepts such as the vital force disease could be prevented by eating fresh greens, vegetables,
were a reminder of the ignorance and superstition that were and fruit, and was caused by their lack in the diet. James Lind’s
part and parcel of older healing practices. work is a marvellous example of what can be achieved by
Even before Descartes’ theories, the rational approach combining a systematic and scientific approach with traditional
to scientific and medical exploration was beginning to reap herbal knowledge.
rewards. Slowly, medical understanding of bodily functions
was gaining ground. William Harvey (1578–1657) made a
detailed study of the heart and circulation, proving for the
first time that, contrary to Galenic thought, the heart
pumped blood around the body. Published in 1628,
his study is a classic example of the revolution in
medical science.
Since Harvey’s time, science has had astounding
success in revealing how the body works on a
biochemical level and in distinguishing different
disease processes. However, by comparison it has
been altogether less successful in developing
effective medical treatments for the relief and
cure of diseases.
E a r ly O r i g i n s t O t h E 1 9 t h C E n t u r y
(Echinacea spp., p. 92), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, over the last 1,800 years, recommends the herb cinnamon
p. 105), and lobelia (Lobelia inflata, p. 110). (Cinnamomum spp., p. 81) as a principal remedy when the
European settlers learned much from observing native patient “shivers with fever, breathes heavily, and feels
practices. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, nauseous.” In the 14th century, Wang Lu distinguished
as pioneers moved west across the frontier territory, new between cold-induced illness and febrile illness, and treated
plants were constantly being added to the official record them in different ways, and this distinction was elaborated in
of healing herbs. In addition to the three species mentioned greater and greater detail by different Chinese herbalists right
above, about 170 native plants were listed in The Pharmacopeia up to the 19th century.
of the United States. During the early 19th century, the influence of Western
biomedicine was beginning to affect traditional practices in both
Samuel Thomson & his Followers China and India. This was certainly beneficial in many respects.
Lobelia was one of the key herbs, along with cayenne The judicious incorporation of scientific principles and methods
(Capsicum frutescens, p. 74), advocated by Samuel Thomson into traditional herbal healing offers the possibility of greatly
(1769–1843), an unorthodox herbal practitioner who believed refining the effectiveness of treatment.
that all illness resulted from cold. His simple approach was But in India under British rule, Western medicine eventually
entirely at odds with the conventional practices of his time became the only alternative. Ayurveda was seen as inferior to
(see North America, p. 50). Thomson’s methods were often biomedicine (see India & the Middle East, p. 39). Western
very effective and were well suited to the needs of people practice was introduced not as a complement to traditional
living in frontier territory. His system of medicine—in many medicine, but rather as a means to supplant it. According to
ways an early form of naturopathy, in which ill health is one authority, “before 1835 Western physicians and their
treated with naturally grown food, sunlight, fresh air, and Indian counterparts exchanged knowledge; thereafter only
natural medicines—became extraordinarily popular, with Western medicine was recognised as legitimate and the
millions of people across North America following his Eastern systems were actively discouraged” (Robert
methods. Thomson’s success waned as other Svoboda, Ayurveda, Life, Health and Longevity, 1992).
more sophisticated herbal approaches were In China, the influx of Western ideas was less traumatic.
developed—those of the Eclectics and Increasing numbers of Chinese medical students studied
Physiomedicalists, for example—in the Western medicine, but this did not stop the continuing
fertile medical world of 19th-century development of traditional herbal practice. By and large,
America, which also saw the birth each tradition was recognized as having both advantages
of osteopathy (a system of healing and disadvantages.
based upon the manipulation
of bones) and chiropractic Herbalism Outlawed 1850–1900
(a similar system primarily In Europe, conventional medicine was seeking to establish
involving manipulation of a monopoly for its own type of practice. In 1858, the British
the spine). Parliament was asked to impose legislation banning the
practice of medicine by anyone who had not been trained in
Western Influences on a conventional medical school. Fortunately, this proposal was
Asian Medicine rejected, but in countries such as France, Spain, and Italy, and
Across the world in in some states of the U.S., it became illegal to practice herbal
China, Thomson’s medicine without an orthodox qualification. Herbalists were
practices might have forced to risk fines or imprisonment simply for providing
been looked on with herbal medicine to patients who had sought their help.
a measure of surprise, In Britain, concerns such as these, combined with a desire
but they would have to establish Western herbal medicine as an alternative to
been familiar. In Chinese conventional practices, particularly in the industrial cities
medicine, there has of the North of England, led to the formation in 1864 of the
Ginseng has been used
as a tonic remedy in always been a debate National Institute of Medical Herbalists, the first professional
Chinese medicine for as to what degree body of herbal practitioners in the world. Its history is an
at least 5,000 years. illness arises from example of how tenacious herbal practitioners have had
cold, and to what to be simply to retain their right to give safe, gentle, and
degree it arises from heat. effective herbal medicines to their patients. 27
20th Century Onward
The developmenT of herbal medicine
For most of us, modern medicine is exemplified by drugs such as antibiotics and highly technical
methods of diagnosis and treatment. However, many might be surprised to discover that,
for much of the last century, herbal medicines have been the primary form of treatment,
even in Western countries.
Even as late as the 1930s, around 90 percent of medicines be conquered, and life-threatening diseases such as syphilis,
prescribed by doctors or sold over the counter were herbal pneumonia, and tuberculosis would cease to be major causes
in origin. It is only during the last 70 years that laboratory- of death in the developed world. Modern medicine also
produced medicines have become the norm. During the provided other highly effective drugs such as steroid anti-
First World War (1914–1918), for example, garlic (Allium inflammatories, and it seemed as if it was simply a question
sativum, p. 59) and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) were of time until cures for most illnesses were found.
used by the ton in the battle trenches to dress wounds and
to treat infections. Garlic is an excellent natural antibiotic, Ascendancy of Biomedicine
and was the most effective antiseptic available at the time, As Americans and Europeans became accustomed to
and sphagnum moss, gathered medication that led to an almost instant short-term
from the moorlands, makes improvement in symptoms (if not in underlying health), herbal
a natural aseptic dressing. medicines came to be seen by the public as outmoded and
ineffective. Increasingly, the practice of herbal medicine was
Science & Medicine outlawed in North America and most of Europe, while the
The development of new wealthy in developing countries abandoned herbal medicine
medicines in the laboratory— in favor of the new treatments available.
either extracted from medicinal This was in no small part due to the medical profession
plants or synthesized—stretches itself, which saw herbal medicine as a throwback to the
back to the early 19th century, superstitions of the past. From the late 19th century
when chemists first isolated onward, the aim of organizations such as the American
constituents such as morphine, Medical Association and the British Medical Association had
Louis Pasteur was a pioneer in the
identification of bacteria. from opium poppy (Papaver been to monopolize conventional medical practice. Herbal
somniferum, p. 244), and cocaine, medicine thus neared extinction in many countries, especially
from coca (Erythroxylum coca, p. 206). From that time onward, in the U.S. and Britain. In Britain, for example, from 1941 until
scientists made tremendous progress in understanding how 1968 it was illegal to practice herbal medicine without
isolated chemicals affect the body, as well as how the body medical qualifications.
works in health and disease. From the 1860s, scientists—most
notably Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)—began to identify the The Tide Turns
microorganisms that were ultimately responsible for causing Although there were spectacular
infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria. successes with modern
Naturally enough, the first aim of those engaged in medical chemical medicines,
research was to seek out medicines that would act as “magic there were also horrific
bullets,” directly attacking the microorganisms concerned and disasters, most notably
ridding the body of the threat. This eventually led to the the thalidomide
discovery, or, more accurately, the rediscovery of penicillin tragedy in 1962 in
by a number of medical researchers, most notably Alexander Britain and Germany,
Fleming (1881–1955) in 1929. However, while 20th-century when 3,000 deformed
scientists were the first to scientifically evaluate antibiotics as babies were born to
medicines, they were not the first to employ them in healing. mothers who had taken
Antibiotic molds had been grown and used to combat the drug for morning
infection in ancient Egypt, 14th-century Peru, and in recent sickness during pregnancy.
European folk medicine. This event marked a
In the decades following the Second World War (1939– turning point in the
An electron micrograph of the parasite
1945), when antibiotics first came into use, it seemed as public’s opinion of Plasmodium. Transmitted to man by infected
28 though a new era had dawned in which infection could chemical medicines. mosquitoes, it causes the disease malaria.
Health Organization, which created a strategy of including
traditional herbal practitioners in planning for the health care
Herbalism & Holism provide herbal remedies as a first line of treatment, with
The “germ theory of disease,” which holds that illness conventional medicines held in reserve to be used only
springs from contact with an infectious organism, remains when necessary.
the dominant view in mainstream medicine. Many people,
however, recognize that this is only part of the picture. Evidence in Support of Herbal Cures
While illnesses such as cholera and typhoid are highly Many medical scientists still find it hard to accept that natural
infectious and are indeed likely to be caught by almost medicines, with their complex chemical makeup and variable
anyone, many infectious diseases are not transmitted constituents, can be as good as chemical cures in treating illness.
automatically from one person to another. The question However, as more and more research reveals that herbal
arises, therefore, what weakness in the patient has allowed medicines can be as effective as conventional medicines—and are
the “seed” of infection to find fertile ground? Unlike much far safer—this thinking is beginning to change.
conventional medical practice, which focuses on eradicating This is well illustrated by the change in attitude toward
the “bug” or abnormal condition, herbal medicine seeks to St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, p. 106)—a European
treat the weakness that gave rise to ill health, and sets this plant commonly taken as an antidepressant. Extracts of the
in the context of the patient’s life as a whole. A complex herb are now scientifically recognized as having value in mild
web of factors may lie behind the onset of illness. While to moderate depression. Since the 1980s, over 30 clinical
bodily signs and symptoms are the most obvious indicators, trials have found extracts of St. John’s wort to be as effective
dietary, emotional, and spiritual factors may be of as conventional antidepressants and to have far fewer side
equal importance. effects. In 15 of these trials, the herbal extract produced
Our bodies contain over one hundred trillion cells, which fewer side effects than the placebo (or inert “medicine”)
collectively must function in harmony if good health is to be used as a comparison. Other investigations suggest that St.
maintained. Used wisely, herbs work in tune with our bodies, John’s wort may have a role in countering viral infections,
stimulating, supporting, or restraining different sets of cells in promoting wound healing, and helping withdrawal from
their allotted tasks within the body, encouraging a return to addiction, especially from alcohol.
normal balanced function. Remedies aim to strengthen the As is so often the case, research has confirmed traditional
patient’s own resistance, improve the vitality of weakened views. In the 16th century, Paracelsus (see p. 23) had this
tissue, and encourage the body’s innate ability to return to to say about the herb: “Nothing chases away disease like
good health. strength. Therefore, we should seek medicines with power
Of course, for people with severe acute illnesses, it may and strength to overcome whatever illnesses they are used
be too late to use an herbal approach to treatment. In these against. From this it follows that God has given to Perforatum
circumstances, strong-acting conventional medicines such [St. John’s wort] the strength to chase [away] the ghosts of
as heart drugs, antibiotics, and painkillers, as well as surgery, nature…and all downheartedness.”
can all be lifesavers. However, a health-care system that As a result of scientific research, today’s practitioners have
30 is carefully attuned to the needs of the patient might well an important advantage—how the plant works in the body is
now better understood, so that it is possible to be precise parts interact, often, it is thought,
about dosages, aware of side effects, and confident in what producing a greater therapeutic
Valerian tincture
Europe
Despite regional variations, European herbal
St. John’s wort practices largely arose from the common root
(Hypericum
perforatum, p. 106) of the classical tradition. Today, herbalism is
is an astringent and
antiviral herb, and increasingly popular in Europe, and in some countries it is
is widely used in
Europe as a remedy widely practiced by orthodox medical practitioners as well as
for depression.
by qualified herbalists.
St. John’s wort
infused oil
Each of the world’s major herbal traditions developed its own framework
for making sense of illness. In Europe, the principal model for understanding
Dried St. John’s wort
and explaining illness was the “theory of the four humors,” which persisted
well into the 17th century. It was laid down by Galen (131–201 ce),
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis, p. 148) is a physician to the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. Galen was born in
good herb for calming
nervous tension.
Pergamum, and part of his medical practice involved caring for the gladiators
of the city, which gave him the opportunity to learn about anatomy and the
Goldenrod (Solidago
remedies best suited to healing wounds. He wrote literally hundreds of
virgaurea, p. 271) is books and had a crucial influence on European medicine for over 1,500
an astringent herb
taken for sore throats, years. To this day, plant medicines are sometimes called Galenicals to
congestion, and distinguish them from synthesized drugs.
problems of the
urinary tract.
The Theory of the Four Humors
Calendula (Calendula
officinalis, p. 73) is Galen developed his ideas from the texts of Hippocrates (460–c. 377 bce)
an age-old remedy and Aristotle (384–322 bce), who in turn had been influenced by Egyptian
for soothing
inflamed skin. and Indian ideas. Hippocrates, expanding on the early belief that the world
was made up of the elements fire, air, earth, and water, classified herbs as
Fresh and dried
calendula petals having hot, dry, cold, and moist properties. Aristotle developed and endorsed
the theory of the four humors. According to the theory, four principal
fluids—or humors—exist within the body: blood, choler (yellow bile),
melancholy (black bile), and phlegm. The “ideal” person bore all four
in equal proportion. However, in most people, one or more humors
predominate, giving rise to particular temperaments or characters. For
instance, excess choler produced a choleric-type person, who was likely
to be short-tempered, sallow, ambitious, and vengeful. Galen also believed
that pneuma (spirit) was taken in with each breath, and processed in
the body to form the “vital spirit.” Vitality and health depended upon the
proper balance between the four humors and the four elements and
the correct mix with the inspired pneuma.
Season Humor
Spring Blood
Part of the body Temperament
Heart Sanguine
Dried hops
Season Humor
Spring Blood Hops (Humulus lupulus,
Part of the body Temperament p. 104) are generally
Heart Sanguine sedative, but they
also stimulate
The ancient theory of the four humors holds that four fluids within the body—black bile, phlegm, yellow bile, digestive function.
and blood—correspond to the four elements (earth, water, air, and fire), the four seasons, and other aspects
of the natural world. Until the 17th century, physicians believed that an imbalance of the humoral system
caused mental and physical illness.
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium, p. 140) is
mandrake (Mandragora officinarum, see p. 232). With a forked root that hailed as a breakthrough
resembles the human shape, mandrake was credited with great magical treatment for migraine.
and healing powers. It was recommended by Dioscorides for many yarrow (Achillea
ailments, including sleeplessness and inflammation of the eyes. millefolium, p. 56)
may have been used
With the collapse of the Roman empire in the 5th century ce, the by Achilles’ troops in
debate about how illness arose and how it should be treated shifted to the Trojan war to
staunch bleeding.
the East. By the 9th century, Islamic physicians had translated much of Galen’s
work into Arabic, and his ideas affected the development of Arabic medicine angelica (Angelica
archangelica, p. 168)
into the Middle Ages, influencing Avicenna (980–1037). Later in the treats indigestion.
Middle Ages, Galen’s writings were translated back into Latin from the
chaste tree
Arabic and, for 400 years, his ideas held sway and were diligently applied in (Vitex agnus-castus,
European medical practice. Even in the 16th and 17th centuries, students p. 151) relieves
menopausal problems.
in university medical schools were given an academic training in the
principles of the humoral system, as established by Galen. They learned Nettle (Urtica dioica,
p. 146) treats anemia.
how to diagnose an imbalance of the humors, and the methods of
restoring equilibrium, primarily bloodletting and purging (see pp. 23–24). Hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis, p. 222)
was prescribed by
Printing & Herbal Medicine Hippocrates for pleurisy.
The invention of printing in the 15th century changed the face of herbal
rosemary (Rosmarinus
medicine in Europe. Before that time, European folk medicine had been officinalis, p. 128) is
handed down from generation to generation. While some early herbals traditionally taken to
improve the memory.
were written in Anglo-Saxon, Icelandic, and Welsh, for example, for the
most part the tradition was orally based.
cramp bark
During the following centuries, herbals were published throughout (Viburnum opulus,
Europe in different languages, making standardized catalogs of herbs and p. 150) relaxes
muscles.
their applications accessible to the general public, not just to those who
understood Latin. As literacy rates rose, women in particular used the Cramp bark
berries
advice in the herbals to treat their families. 33
T h e de v e lopm e n T of h e rb a l m e d icine
In some cases, the printed herbals were written by physicians, and largely
reflected the writings of classical authors such as Dioscorides. In other
instances they were based directly on first-hand experience—the English
herbals of John Gerard (1597) and Nicholas Culpeper (1652) being
good examples.
John Gerard’s The Herball is clearly the work of a horticulturist, rather
Blackberry (Rubus than of an herbal practitioner, but is nonetheless a mine of information.
fruticosus, p. 264) is
a cleansing, diuretic The book includes many plants that had been recently brought back to
plant that was Europe by explorers and traders.
recommended by
classical physicians. Culpeper’s The English Physitian has been widely used as a practical
reference book ever since its publication. It is a rich blend of personal
and practical experience, traditional European medicine, and astrological
Fresh rosemary
thought. Each herb is assigned a “temperature,” a use within the humoral
system, and a ruling planet and star sign. Like Dioscorides’ De Materia
Medica, it has the merit of being based on close observation and extensive
experience in the use of herbal medicines.
Marshmallow
(Althaea officinalis, Foreign Herbs & Synthesized Drugs
p. 165) is a soothing
remedy for gastritis The growing use of foreign herbs in the 17th century prompted heated
and irritable bowel
syndrome. The debate about the relative value of indigenous European herbs, but for the
ancient Greek majority of the population this was irrelevant as the imported herbs were
physician Pliny
extolled the plant well out of their price range. In the end, it created a rift in herbal medicine.
as a cure-all.
Poor and rural peoples used locally available herbs, while affluent city-
Marshmallow flowers dwellers and aristocrats purchased plants of foreign origin, prescribed
by university-trained physicians. By the beginning of the 18th century,
approximately 70 percent of plant medicines stocked by European
apothecaries were imported. Over time, this city-based herbalism evolved
Milk thistle
(Silybum marianum,
into conventional scientific medicine, which in turn rejected its herbal roots
p. 137) protects the and regarded plant medicines as inferior.
liver from damage.
Once conventional medicine established its monopoly of practice—in
Milk thistle capsules most European countries by the end of the 19th century—it became (and
in many cases still remains) illegal to practice herbalism without medical
certification. In Greece, traditional herbalists, known as komboyannites, were
persecuted, and the word itself became an insult meaning “trickster”
or “quack.” In France and Italy, experienced traditional herbalists were
imprisoned for providing treatment to their patients. The renaissance in
Elderflower
herbal medicine that has occurred in the last 40 years offers hope that
(Sambucus nigra, official censure will change.
p. 132) helps to
relieve hay fever.
Modern Practitioners
Sage (Salvia officinalis,
The pattern of herbal medicine
p. 131) was across Europe today is remarkably
considered a cure-all
in medieval times. varied, but a common thread runs
through the different traditions and
practices. Most European herbalists
use orthodox methods of diagnosis,
looking for signs of infection and
inflammation, for example. However,
most also try to establish a broad,
holistic picture, placing the illness in
the context of the patient’s life as a
Healers in medieval Europe frequently sought to
whole. Herbalists then choose plant restore physical imbalance with bloodletting, purges,
34 medicines and recommend suitable and preparations that caused vomiting.
Eu ro pE
Popular Herbs
In European herbal medicine, native herbs are still highly popular. Alpine Common foxglove
(Digitalis purpurea,
plants such as arnica (Arnica montana, p. 172) and pulsatilla (Anemone p. 202) is the
pulsatilla, p. 168) are much used in Swiss, German, Italian, and French herbal source of digitalis,
a widely used
medicine, while comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138) is particularly well cardiac stimulant.
liked in Britain. There has also been a surge in demand for exotic herbs. The
Chinese ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, p. 100), which improves circulation of
blood to the head and helps the memory, is now cultivated in vast plantations Heartsease (Viola
tricolor, p. 282)
in France, and has been a bestselling medicine in Germany for over 20 years. gained its name
from its former
use in love potions.
European Traditions & the Future It is an effective
expectorant, treating
Sales of over-the-counter herbal medicines in Europe have continued to coughs and colds.
increase over the last two decades, though the reasons for this growth
vary widely.
Lavender (Lavandula
It is possibly a reaction to the over-reliance on drug treatment in officinalis, p. 108)
conventional medicine. Sound advice on a healthy diet and lifestyle, yields an essential oil
that is a good first-aid
including food herbs, such as turmeric (Curcuma longa, p. 90), might well remedy for insect
prove more beneficial than conventionally prescribed drugs in helping bites and sunburn.
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis, p. 239)
is cultivated for its
India and the
Middle East
oil, which is used
for bronchitis.
Ayurvedic market doctor. Practitioners prescribe herbal remedies on the basis of their attributes – “warm” and
“cool” are but two of them. The Ayurvedic practitioner’s aim is to balance the patient’s doshas, the principles that Chiretta (Swertia
regulate sickness and health. chirata, p. 273) is
a strongly bitter
herb used to treat
(kapha) and decrease air (vata); bitter, pungent, and astringent remedies excess pitta (fire),
marked by fever and
increase air and decrease water; and sour, salty, and pungent herbs increase liver problems.
fire (pitta).
needs. Treatment might include washes and enemas or the application of Pomegranate fruit
poultices as well as massage with warm herbal oil, burning incense, the use
of precious stones and metals, and ritual purification for imbalanced mind
Tea (Camellia
and emotions. The chanting of mantras (incantations based on sacred sinensis, p. 181) is
texts), breathing, and meditation exercises may be advised, due to the astringent and tonic.
power of sound and the effect of vibration and meditation on the body,
mind, and spirit. Ginger (Zingiber
officinale, p. 155)
is known as the
Herbal Medicine in India Today “universal medicine”
in Ayurveda. It is
In the 19th century, the British dismissed Ayurveda as mere superstition, particularly helpful
and in 1833 they closed all Ayurvedic schools and banned the practice. for relieving nausea
and indigestion.
Great centers of Indian learning thus fell apart, and Ayurvedic knowledge
retreated into villages and temples. At the turn of the century, however, Ginger root
Magnolia (Magnolia
China, Japan, and
Southeast Asia
officinalis, p. 232)
relieves cramps and
indigestion.
Key Theories
Ginseng root
Unlike other herbal traditions that have a unified theory for making sense
of illness and disease (for example, the European theory of the four
Schisandra humors), TCM has two quite different systems—the yin and yang theory
(Schisandra chinensis,
p. 133). The berries and the five elements. They developed quite separately in China, and the
are eaten for 100
days as a tonic.
five elements system was only accepted and fully incorporated into Chinese
Codonopsis
(Codonopsis pilosula,
p. 83) restores the
appetite. In China, it is
often added to soups
and vegetable dishes.
Jing jie
(Schizonepeta
tenuifolia, p. 268)
is prescribed for
fevers and measles.
On the streets of Hong Kong herbal pharmacists are a familiar sight. Prescriptions are formulated during a
40 consultation with an herbalist, and the patient then obtains the appropriate herbs.
Chin a, Ja pa n , a n d so u t he a s t a s i a
WOOD
Season Spring Climate Windy Emotion Anger
Fo ti
taste Sour Herb Schisandra action Astringent
(Polygonum multiflorum,
Parts of the body Liver, Gallbladder, Eyes, Tendons
p. 124), the oldest
Chinese tonic herb, is
used to prevent aging.
WatER FIRE
Season Winter Season Summer
Climate Cold Climate Hot Dong quai
Emotion Fear Emotion Joy (Angelica sinensis,
taste Salty taste Bitter p. 63) is taken by
Herb Chinese figwort Herb Chinese rhubarb millions of Chinese
action Drains fluids action Cooling women as a nourishing
Parts of the body Parts of the body blood tonic.
Kidneys, Bladder, Heart, Small intestine,
Bones, Ears, Hair Tongue, Blood vessels
Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum, p. 61) is a
warming herb used for
abdominal pain.
MEtal EaRtH
Season Autumn Climate Dry Season Late summer Climate Damp
Emotion Grief taste Pungent Herb Emotion Reflection taste Sweet
Ginger actions Stimulant, Warming Herb Jujube actions Tonic, Restorative Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
Parts of the body Lungs, Large Parts of the body Spleen, Stomach, cassia, p. 81) is a
intestine, Nose, Skin Mouth, Flesh warming herb that
helps the circulation.
The ancient five elements theory is used by the Chinese when writing prescriptions. It associates herbs
with the natural world, including elements, seasons, and parts of the body. In the circular movement,
each element gives rise to the next (for example, winter gives rise to spring). The five-angled movement
Notopterygium root
is a controlling one, in which each element restrains another. (Notopterygium incisium,
p. 240) is used in China
medicine during the Song dynasty (960–1279 ce). To this day, differences for colds, especially those
accompanied by aching
between these theories are reflected in practitioners’ approaches to muscles and joints.
diagnosis and treatment.
In Chinese thought, everything in the universe is composed of yin and
yang—words that were first used to denote the dark and light side of a
Ginkgo
valley. Everything has yin and yang aspects, or complementary opposites— tablets
such as day and night, up and down, wet and dry. Every yin or yang category
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba,
can itself also be subdivided—so that while the front of the body is yin p. 100) improves
relative to the back, which is yang, the abdomen is yin relative to the chest, the memory and the
circulation. Tablets,
which is yang. made from the leaves,
are a bestselling herbal
The five elements theory associates constituents of the natural remedy in Europe.
world—wood, fire, earth, metal, and water—with other fundamentals
such as seasons, emotions, and parts of the body. Each element gives rise to
the next in a perpetual fashion (see diagram above). For this reason, the Ginkgo
seeds
system might be more accurately described as the five phases,
representing the process of continual movement in life. The five elements Ginkgo
have a central role in Chinese herbal medicine, especially in the grouping of leaves
Goji berry (Lycium is the result of an excess of yin. The art of the Chinese herbal practitioner
chinense, p. 111) is
used in China as a is to restore harmony between yin and yang both within the patient’s body
blood tonic.
and between the patient and the world at large.
Chinese Herbs
Goji berries
Over the centuries, the number of medicinal herbs has grown, and the
1977 Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Substances has 5,757
Goji berry plant bark entries, the majority of which are herbs. The Communist Revolution in
1949 helped swell the number of plants used in TCM, because herbs that
had previously only been employed in folk medicine were incorporated
Hong hua (Carthamus into the tradition.
tinctorius, p. 184).
Known as safflower in As the herbal tradition developed within TCM, the taste and other
the West, hong hua is
used in China to induce
characteristics of herbs became closely linked with their therapeutic uses.
menstruation and to The Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing, 1st century ce) lists
help heal wounds.
252 herbal medicines specifying their tastes and “temperatures,” and today,
Chinese herbalists still relate the taste and temperature of an herb directly
White peony to its therapeutic use. Sweet-tasting
(Paeonia lactiflora, herbs such as ginseng (Panax ginseng,
p. 117) helps
menstrual complaints. p. 118) are prescribed to tone,
In China, women who
take the root regularly
harmonize, and moisten, while bitter-
are thought to tasting herbs such as dan shen (Salvia
become as beautiful
as the flower itself.
miltiorrhiza, p. 130) are employed
to drain and dry excess “dampness.”
Hot-tasting herbs are used for
Huo xiang (Agastache treating “cold” conditions and vice
rugosa, p. 161)
stimulates and warms versa. Together, an herb’s taste and
the digestive tract. temperature link it to specific types
Many herbal preparations are available to Chinese
practitioners. of illness. For example, Baical skullcap
(Scutellaria baicalensis, p. 134), which
is bitter-tasting and “cold,” is a drying, cooling herb for conditions such as
fever and irritability, brought on by patterns of excess heat.
Ephedra (Ephedra
sinica, p. 95) contains
ephedrine, used in Taking Medicines
Western medicine
to treat asthma. The Chinese tradition relies heavily on formulas, which are set mixtures
of herbs that have proven effectiveness as tonics or remedies for specific
Ephedra tincture
illnesses. Many are available over the counter and are used by millions of
people every day in China and around the world. Chinese herbalists
Dried Ephedra often take a formula as a starting point and then add other herbs to the
mixture. There are hundreds of formulas, one of the most famous being
“Four Things Soup,” a tonic given to regulate the menstrual cycle and
Chinese rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum, p. 126) tone the reproductive system. It consists of dong quai (Angelica sinensis,
is laxative in large doses p. 63), rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa, p. 125), chuang xiong (Ligusticum
and constipating in
small ones. wallachii), and white peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117).
Chinese herbal medicine uses tinctures or alcoholic extracts of herbs,
but only infrequently. Generally, patients are given mixtures of roots and
bark to take as decoctions two or three times a day.
Since 1949 when the Communists gained control, the herbal tradition
Lycium aerial parts
has flourished in China (see p. 29) and today it is recognized as a valid
medical system, available to the Chinese on an equal footing with
Coptis (Coptis
conventional Western medicine. As is often the case elsewhere, herbs chinensis, p. 195)
seem to be used mainly for chronic conditions, while Western medicine has been shown to
improve tuberculosis
is more frequently employed for serious acute illness. in a clinical trial.
Chinese herbal medicine, however, is not just of significance in China
and the surrounding regions, but is practiced by trained practitioners in Fo ti
(Polygonum multiflorum,
every continent and, in some countries, now has official government p. 124) is thought
recognition. For example, there has been a traditional Chinese medicine to concentrate qi
(vital spirit) in its
hospital in Paris since 1996, and in 2013 the French government agreed root, and is taken to
improve longevity.
to open three new traditional Chinese medicine hospital centers. Herbal
medicine is now taught in 34 Chinese universities. This development (and
the massive input of resources involved) has helped revitalize herbal Shan yao
(Dioscorea opposita)
medicine around the world over the past 30 to 40 years. is used in the “Pill of
The impact of these developments has not been confined solely Eight Ingredients,” a
traditional Chinese
to those taking herbal medicines—whether in China or elsewhere. remedy for diabetes.
In 2015 Dr. Tu Youyou, a researcher trained in traditional Chinese
medicine and conventional medicine, was awarded the Nobel Prize Suan zhoa ren
(Ziziphus spinosa,
for medicine for her lifelong study of sweet Annie (Artemisia annua, see Z. jujuba, p. 283)
p. 67) and its key active constituent artemisinin. From her base at the is used in Chinese
medicine to “nourish
Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing, she proved that the heart and
cleanse the spirit.”
the herb (and its active constituent) had unusually potent antimalarial
activity. Artemisinin has now become the standard treatment for
acute malaria. 43
T h e de v e lopm e n T of h e rb a l m ed icine
Africa
Calumba (Jateorhiza
palmata, p. 224) is a
bitter herb that is used
as a digestive remedy
and as a means to
improve the appetite. In Africa there is a greater variety of herbal traditions
than on any other continent. During the colonial
period, native herbal practices were largely suppressed, but today,
Buchu (Barosma betulina,
p. 71) has a diuretic and
in a marked turnaround, practitioners of conventional medicine
tonic effect within the often work closely with traditional healers.
urinary tract. It is infused
in oil to make perfume.
Australia and
Opium
poppy seeds
New Zealand
Regrettably, much of the herbal knowledge of the Australian
Opium poppy Aborigines was lost after the arrival of the Europeans. The
(Papaver somniferum,
p. 244) is cultivated predominant strains of Australian herbalism today derive from
commercially in
Australia. It is used the West, China, and, increasingly, from other countries on the
extensively in both
conventional and Pacific Rim.
herbal medicine
as a sedative and
is a very potent The cradle of the oldest continuous culture on earth, Australia is also
painkiller.
the home of an ancient herbal tradition. The Aborigines, believed to
have settled in Australia over 60,000 years ago, developed a sophisticated
empirical understanding of indigenous plants, many of which, such as
eucalyptus (Eucalpytus globulus, p. 96), are unique to Australia. While
much of this knowledge has vanished with its keepers, there is currently
Australian wattle
a high level of interest in native herbal traditions.
(Acacia decurrens, see
A. nilotica, p. 159) is Aboriginal Herbal Medicine
a strongly antiseptic
herb used to treat The Aborigines probably had a more robust health than the early European
conditions where
the skin or mucous settlers who displaced them. They had very different ideas of health, disease,
membranes need
tightening or protecting.
and illness, in which the influence of the spirit world played a major role. In
common with other hunter-gatherer societies, the Aborigines devoted
much time to ritual, which reinforced the sense of place and purpose in the
lives of each individual. They used healing plants and the laying on of hands
in a complex weave of culture and medicine.
The influx of Europeans in the 18th century was disastrous for
Vervain (Verbena the Aborigines. They were exploited and driven off the land, and their
officinalis, p. 149) was
brought to Australia
population was decimated by killings and infectious Western diseases.
by early British Not only did the Europeans fail to discern any value in native customs,
settlers. It is a tonic
and restorative but much of the orally based herbal tradition was lost through death
for the nerves
and digestion.
of the elders and the dispersal of tribal groupings.
Nevertheless, a little is known of Aboriginal medicine. Aromatic herbs,
such as eucalpytus, were crushed and inhaled to treat many common
illnesses, including respiratory diseases such as flu. Without metal technology,
water could not be boiled, but decoctions were made by heating water
with hot stones. These were drunk or applied externally. Skin eruptions,
such as boils and scabies, were common and were treated with acacia
Kava (Piper (Acacia spp., p. 158), while acute diarrhea was treated with eucalyptus or
methysticum, p. 122)
forms an important
kino (Pterocarpus marsupium, p. 258). In Queensland, fever bark (Alstonia
part of ceremonial spp., p. 165) was used to treat fevers.
activities among the
peoples of Melanesia
and Polynesia. It is Indigenous & Foreign Herbs
taken for herbal
calming and urinary Over the past 200 years, many native Australian plants have become
infections, and is used
as a wash to treat
popular around the world. Research into fever bark resulted in the
rheumatic pain. discovery of the alkaloid reserpine, which markedly lowers blood pressure.
The substance is now prescribed by herbalists and conventional practi-
Kava root
tioners alike. Eucalyptus and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112) yield
essential oils that are employed worldwide as antiseptics. Other native
46 Australian plants are now used in Australian herbalism because of their
Aust rA li A An d n e w Z eA l An d
Fresh gotu
Red river gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) has aromatic, astringent leaves. When it is taken internally, kola leaves
generally to treat diarrhea, it turns the saliva red.
medicinal use elsewhere, for example gotu kola (Centella asiatica, p. 76) and
visnaga (Ammi visnaga, p. 62), which have a long history of medicinal use in
India and the Middle East. Early British settlers imported European medicinal Gotu kola powder
The Future
With the passing of enlightened legislation—the Therapeutic Goods
Act—in 1989, herbal medicine became a dynamic growth industry in Dried, crushed
Australia. This process is likely to continue as Australia and New Zealand eucalyptus leaves
are due to harmonize their medicines legislation. Quality standards for
over-the-counter herbal medicines have been raised and many new herbal
products developed. There is increased commercial cultivation of medicinal
plants, notably tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112), and university training
and herbal research has been expanded. In this environment, Australians are
becoming increasingly sophisticated in their use of natural medicines.
With its ancient culture, ties to Western herbalism, and location on the
Pacific Rim, Australia is host to many herbal traditions. The next 20 years
will doubtless see further exciting developments. 47
t h e de v e lopm e n t of he r b al m e d icine
North America
Many ancient herbal traditions in North and Central
Cornsilk (Zea mays,
p. 154) is a remedy
America not only withstood the influx of European
for problems affecting
the urinary system.
settlers but helped to reinvigorate Western herbalism. In parts
of Central America herbal medicine is widely practiced, and in the
U.S. and Canada it is again enormously popular.
Slippery elm (Ulmus
rubra, p. 145), soothes
the mucous membranes. Stretching from the Arctic wilds of Canada and Alaska to the
tropical regions of Panama, North and Central America cover diverse
geographical regions and harbor an immense variety of medicinal plants.
Most of them are indigenous, but others—such as nutmeg, ginger, and
tamarind—were introduced from the Old World from the 16th century
Saw palmetto
(Serenoa repens,
onward. Likewise, native American medicinal plants—such as corn, cocoa,
p. 136) has an cayenne, and sunflower—were introduced to Europe, Asia, and Africa.
antiseptic effect
within the This trade of species was an important part of the interplay between the
urinary tract. Old and New Worlds’ herbal traditions.
Saw palmetto
tincture Herbal Traditions in Central America
Herbal medicine is commonly practiced in rural areas of Central America,
especially in Guatemala and Mexico. In the Mexican tradition, loss of
“balance” between hot and cold elements within the body is thought to
be the underlying cause of illness, and the healer’s art is to restore balance
Saw palmetto
dried fruit
and vitality.
Mexican herbal medicine is not a static tradition, but has evolved
Prickly ash bark from a shifting blend of Aztec, Mayan, and Spanish influences. Long
before Hernando Cortez and his conquistadors came ashore in 1519,
the Mayan and Aztec cultures had a well-developed understanding of
Gravel root
(Eupatorium
plant medicines. The Badianus Manuscript, the first American herbal
purpureum, p. 209) (written by an Aztec, Martin de la Cruz, in 1552), lists the medicinal
is a traditional
Native American
uses of 251 Mexican species. They include damiana (Turnera diffusa,
remedy for urinary p. 144), taken by the Maya as an aphrodisiac, and mesquite (Prosopis
tract problems.
juliflora), used by the Aztecs as an eye lotion. Both species are still used
medicinally, alongside European herbs such as pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium, p. 235) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143). It is thought that
approximately 65 percent of the plants used today by traditional
Mexican herbalists originated in Europe.
Prickly ash
(Zanthoxylum In other Central American countries efforts are being made to
americanum, p. 153)
is a warming remedy
encourage people to use herbal medicine as the first line of treatment for
that is used to treat illness. Projects in the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, for example, are
poor circulation.
teaching women how to use local herbs within their communities, while in
Prickly ash berries Cuba doctors routinely prescribe medicinal herbs to make up for the
scarcity of conventional medicines.
Shamanism Pokeweed
(Phytolacca americana,
Moving north, Native American herbal medicine in what is now the p. 247) was used in
the 19th century
United States was and is primarily shamanistic in nature, involving herbal to induce vomiting.
lore, ritual, and magic. Shamanistic societies from Siberia to the Amazon
believe that, in serious illness, the soul of the sick person has been taken
Skullcap (Scutellaria
over by malign forces. The shaman’s role is to heal both the physical and lateriflora, p. 135) is an
the spiritual dimension of the illness. The patient cannot be truly cured effective relaxant.
until his or her soul has been freed from evil spirits. Shamanistic ceremonies
and rites to heal the sick person’s spirit include dancing, chanting, drumming, Cramp bark
playing games, and the stirring of ashes or sprinkling of water. By taking (Viburnum opulus, p. 150)
is a sedative and muscle
hallucinogens such as peyote (Lophophora williamsii, p. 230), the shaman is relaxant, hence its
able to reach out to the spirit world and heal both the individual and the common name.
community as a whole.
Pleurisy root
Power of Herbs (Asclepias tuberosa,
p. 173) was a popular
In all Native American cultures from Canada to Chile, herbs are thought Native American
remedy for fever.
to have spiritual energy, and many of them are invested with great magical
power. The Iroquois believe that cardinal lobelia (Lobelia cardinalis, see
L. inflata, p. 110) and morning glory (Ipomoea pandurata) have the ability
to heal or harm, and should be picked, stored, and used with great care.
Morning glory is considered so powerful that even touching it could cause
harm. The Iroquois use the plant as a remedy for coughs, tuberculosis, and
other ailments, and also take it as a decoction with sunflower seeds
(Helianthus annuus) as a sacrament in spring and autumn rituals.
Tobacco, now considered an addictive drug, was a sacred shamanistic
herb for most Native American peoples. It was smoked in pipes and
“thrown into fires as an offering, cast into the wind and water to abate
storms, scattered about a fish weir to improve the catch, and offered to
the air in thanksgiving for escape from danger,” according to Virgil Vogel’s
American Indian Medicine (1970). 49
t h e de v e lopm e n t of he r b al m e d icine
European Settlers
The first European settlers in North America, arriving in the early 17th
century, tended to dismiss Native American medical practices as nothing
more than primitive savagery. The settlers relied largely on imported
herbal medicines, or on European plants hardy enough to grow in eastern
Witch hazel North America.
(Hamamelis
virginiana, p. 102) As time went by, however, the settlers’ increased contact with indigenous
is excellent for
skin conditions.
peoples in the frontier regions fostered a healthy respect for their healing
skills. Sometimes settlers adopted not just the plants but the harvesting and
Witch hazel leaf therapeutic methods as well. Joseph Doddridge, in Notes on the Settlement
and Indian Wars (1876), relates that butternut bark (Juglans cinerea, p. 224)
was peeled downward if it was to be used as a purgative (acting
Witch hazel bark
“downward” by purging the bowels), and upward for use as an emetic
(acting “upward” by provoking vomiting).
The types of healing regimens practiced by Native Americans
eventually gained widespread popularity. Toward the end of the 18th
century, Samuel Thomson (1769–1843) developed a simple therapeutic
regimen based on Native American herbal practice. Thomson never
acknowledged the debt, but it is clearly evident—from the use of emetics,
Avocado leaf purgatives, and stimulants, to the central role of sweating and vapor baths
(based in part on Native American sweat lodges), to the deep knowledge
of American medicinal plants. Thomson considered that “all disease is
Avocado bark caused by cold” and his system worked well for those with a robust health
struck down by infection or injury. The two main herbs in his system—
cayenne, a stimulating herb, and lobelia, an emetic, relaxant, and
stimulant—act to raise body temperature and dilate the blood vessels.
Avocado (Persea Taking these plants helps to increase resistance to infection and speeds the
americana, p. 121)
is an important healing of wounds.
medicinal plant
in Guatemala,
where all the parts Eclecticism & Its Influence
are used as remedies.
The fertile marriage between Native American and Western herbal
medicine led to the establishment of more sophisticated herbal systems,
such as Eclecticism, founded by Dr. Wooster Beech (1794–1868) in the
Avocado fruit
1830s. Beech studied both herbal and conventional medicine and tried
to combine the new scientific knowledge of
physiology and pathology with the best of the
herbal tradition. Beech rejected Thomson’s
Slippery elm theories as being overly simplistic, and aimed
(Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
is a Native American to use the lowest dosages possible to achieve
remedy for boils
and wounds.
good results. His approach was so successful
that at Eclecticism’s height in 1909, over
8,000 members were in practice, all
California poppy with recognized medical qualifications.
(Eschscholzia californica, Another significant medical movement,
p. 207) is a gentle,
effective sedative inspired by Thomson’s regimen and
that is often used
to encourage sleep.
influenced by the Eclectics, was
Physiomedicalism. Using many
herbs, these practitioners sought
Blue cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides, Samuel Thomson, who inspired
p. 185) stimulates the 19th-century Physiomedicalists,
the uterus. 50 advocated Native American remedies.
N O RT H A M E R ICA
South America
Herbal medicine is a part of the struggle for survival
Cinchona (Cinchona for the indigenous peoples of South America, as they
spp., p. 80) contains
quinine, which
seek to protect their culture and natural habitats. As
is a powerful
antimalarial.
the great rainforests disappear we are losing thousands of plant
species, some of which may have had great medicinal value.
Coca harvest in Bolivia. The leaves are picked when they begin to curl. They have been used as a stimulant for
centuries by the indigenous peoples of the Andes.
relationship that traditional peoples have with the plant world. Many Pau d’arco tincture
different myths confirm coca’s sacred and ancient origins in South America,
and great ritual and significance is attached to the leaves, which, when mixed
with lime and chewed, reduce appetite and increase endurance.
Many hallucinogenic plants are used within South American shamanistic
societies, notably ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, p. 176). This powerful Guarana (Paullinia
cupana, p. 245)
“medicine” enables the shaman (priest) to communicate with the spirit contains a natural
stimulant with
world and cure the patient’s ill health. properties similar
to caffeine. Roasted
The European Influence and ground guarana
seeds are now widely
In more westernized areas of South America, herbal medicine is often used in the health
food industry.
a blend of both Spanish and local traditions (as is also the case in Central
America, see p. 48). Large herb markets exist in some cities, such as La
Paz and Quito, which provide an astonishing variety of indigenous and
European herbs. In Ecuadorian markets, for example, anise (Pimpinella
anisum, p. 248), a digestive remedy for colic and cramps that originally came Soap bark (Quillaja
from the Mediterranean, is sold alongside unusual native medicines such as saponaria, p. 260)
is a traditional
arquitecta (Culcitium reflexum), a diuretic and detoxifying herb traditionally expectorant in
used to treat toxicity and infections, including syphilis. Peru and Chile.
Plant names
The Latin name given is the one by which the plant is most uses, and shows how scientific research is sometimes
generally known in medical herbalism. If the plant has a confirming the validity of the traditional use and
Latin synonym, this is provided. The first part of the Latin sometimes uncovering completely new applications for
name designates the plant’s genus (sub-family). The second the herb. Note See Glossary p. 321 for unfamiliar terms.
part specifies the species name. In brackets after the Latin
PaRts used
name(s) comes the plant’s family name, the broader class
Illustrates the parts of the plant used medicinally.
to which the genus belongs. The plant’s common name(s)
are beneath the family name. If more than one common Key PRePaRations & tHeiR uses
name is in popular use, they are listed in order of Features key preparations with details of how they are
importance. Where appropriate, the origins of common taken or applied. Gives cautions about using the herb as a
names are given in brackets. medicine and about the plant in general. States if the plant,
its constituents, or its extracts are legally restricted.
Habitat & Cultivation
Note: A self-help use is provided for many preparations.
Gives information on where the plant is indigenous, its
Before attempting any self-help use, it is essential to read
current distribution, how it is cultivated and harvested,
the cautions and the information on pp. 290 & 298–299.
and any preferred growing conditions.
Cautions
Related sPeCies
Gives cautions about using the herb medicinally and about
Provides cross-references and information on related
the plant in general. States if the plant, its constituents, or
species that are used medicinally or are well known.
its extracts are legally restricted.
Key Constituents & Key aCtions
QConsidered safe as a medicine but potentially harmful
Lists the key active constituents and the key medicinal
if used inappropriately. Particular safety issues are listed.
actions of the plant on the body in order of importance.
Where a plant is listed as “Take only under professional
Note For more information on plant constituents and
supervision,” it is not suitable for home use.
their actions, see pp. 10–16.
RKnown to be toxic or unsafe as a medicine. Do not self-
ReseaRCH
medicate with these plants. Some plants with this symbol
Provides details of scientific research conducted into
may be safely prescribed by experienced healthcare
the plant, its constituents, and its extracts, including
practitioners within a very narrow dosage range. At a
results of any clinical trials. If appropriate, includes herbal
higher dose, such plants will be poisonous.
practitioners’ observations of the plant’s known actions
and potential new medicinal uses for the herb. self-HelP uses
Cross-refers to self-help treatments in Remedies for
tRaditional & CuRRent uses
Common Ailments. Note: Always read the cautions in Key
Reveals how the plant was used medicinally in the past
Preparations & Their Uses and the information on pp. 290
and how it is used today in different herbal traditions.
& 298–299 before using any herb.
Examines differences between traditional and current
Ac hi l l e A m i l l e f ol i um
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) A creeping perennial,
key medicinal pl ants
growing to 3 ft (1 m),
Sweet flag has a long-standing reputation as a tonic Key Actions stimulant, bitter herb for the appetite
and stimulant. An important herb in Ayurvedic ■ Carminative (if not for the appetites) and as
medicine, it is also widely used in Europe and the U.S. ■ Relieves muscle spasm an aid to digestion. In North
■ Antioxidant America, the decoction was used for
The rhizome is a valuable remedy for digestion, ■ Anti-inflammatory fevers, stomach cramps, and colic; the
and is a tonic for the nervous system. It stimulates the ■ Tonic rhizome was chewed for toothache,
appetite and soothes digestion, relieving gas and calming and powdered rhizome was inhaled
indigestion and colic. Sweet flag has a strongly aromatic, Research for congestion.
bitter taste. ■ Beta-asarone Research attention ■ Ayurvedic medicine Sweet
has focused on the constituent beta- flag is an important herb in
asarone in the volatile oil, which has Ayurvedic medicine, and is valued
in marshy places. Propagation is carried a carcinogenic action when isolated. as a “rejuvenator” for the brain and
out in autumn or early spring by The American variety of sweet nervous system, and as a remedy
dividing the clumps of rhizomes and flag (A. calamus var. americanus), for digestive disorders.
replanting them in shallow water. The commonly available in Europe, does ■ Western herbalism In Western
rhizomes are harvested as needed. not contain beta-asarone, and only herbal medicine, the herb is chiefly
preparations made from this should used for digestive problems such
Related Species be used. as bloating, gas, colic, and poor
A. gramineus (shi chang pu) is a ■ Whole herb In India, sweet digestive function. Sweet flag,
Chinese herb and a close relative flag powder has been taken for particularly A. calamus var.
that is used medicinally for much thousands of years with no reports americanus, which is the most
the same range of conditions as of cancer arising from its use. effective antispasmodic, relieves
A. calamus. This suggests that use of the spasm of the intestines. It helps
whole herb may be safe, but uncomfortable and distended
Sweet flag is an aquatic plant, similar in
appearance to the iris. It has yellow flowers Key Constituents more research is needed. stomachs, and headaches associated
in summer. ■ Volatile oil—sesquiterpenes with weak digestion. Small amounts
(A. calamus var. americanus Traditional & are thought to reduce stomach
Habitat & Cultivation only); asarone (except Current Uses acidity, while larger doses increase
Sweet flag, believed to originate from A. calamus var. americanus) ■ Early uses Sweet flag has been deficient acid production—a good
India, now grows in many parts of the ■ Saponins regarded as an aphrodisiac in India example of how different doses
world. It prefers wet soil and is found ■ Bitter principle (acorin) and Egypt for at least 2,500 years. of the same herb can produce
in ditches, beside lakes and rivers, and ■ Mucilage In Europe, it was valued as a different results.
Powder is taken
Fresh rhizome as a tonic in
Ayurvedic medicine.
57
A e sc ulus h i p p oc A s tAn um
Horse chestnut
Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) A deciduous tree with
divided leaves, white
key medicinal pl ants
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Antioxidant
■ Reduces fluid retention
Research Fresh
■ Clinical trials Numerous trials leaves
have confirmed horse chestnut’s value
as a medicine in venous problems
such as varicose veins, venous ulcers,
hemorrhoids, and frostbite. In one
London-based study, published in Seeds are an excellent
1996, horsechestnut extract was remedy for varicose veins
shown to be as effective in treating and associated fluid retention.
Horse chestnut seeds are the main herbal
medicine for venous disorders. varicose veins as compression
stockings. In Germany, horse chestnut
Habitat & Cultivation extracts and aescin are now routinely
Bark is much
Native to mountain woods from the used to treat varicose veins.
Fresh seeds
more astringent
Balkans through western Asia to ■ Venous insufficiency A 2006
than the seeds.
the Himalayas, horse chestnut is now review of clinical trials by the
cultivated as an ornamental and shade Cochrane Database assessed the use
tree in temperate regions around of horse chestnut extract for chronic Key Preparations & Their Uses
the world, especially in northern and venous insufficiency—a condition
that includes leg swelling and spider Cautions Best taken with professional advice. Horse chestnut can cause gastro-
western Europe. It is propagated intestinal upset at normal dosage (discontinue if symptoms develop) and is toxic at
from seed in autumn or spring. Leaves and varicose veins. The review con- excess dosage. Not suitable for children. Do not apply to broken or ulcerated skin.
are harvested in summer, the bark cluded that horse chestnut extract May interact with blood-thinning drugs.
and seeds in autumn. was a safe and effective short-term
treatment for this problem.
Related Species
Do not use Ohio Buckeye (A. glabra) Traditional &
as it is toxic if taken internally. Current Uses
■ Circulatory system Although
Key Constituents horse chestnut has a beneficial
Tablets may have a higher aescin
■ Triterpenoid saponins, including effect on the heart and arteries, it content than other preparations. Lotion (to make, p. 296). Apply
about 5% aescin, a complex is primarily a remedy for the veins. twice daily to varicose veins.
mixture of glycosides It helps improve the tone of the Capsules are convenient for long-term use.
■ Polysaccharides (about 50%) vein walls, which when slack or
■ Coumarins, including aesculin distended result in varicose veins, chestnut is taken internally for leg been used as a topical application
■ Flavonoids piles, and similar problems. It also ulcers, varicose veins, piles, and for rheumatism.
■ Tannins, including proanthocyanidins reduces edema (fluid retention) frostbite, and applied locally as a ■ Chest remedy Horse chestnut
■ Fixed oil (2–3%) caused by fluid leaking from lotion, gel, or ointment. A decoction makes a serviceable chest remedy and
distended veins, and increases the of the bark or leaf can be used as an in Turkey has been used to treat chest
Key Actions permeability of the capillaries, astringent lotion for varicose veins. complaints in horses. In the U.S. a
■ Venous tonic allowing excess fluid to drain back ■ Rheumatism In France, an oil decoction of the leaves has been
58 ■ Astringent into the circulatory system. Horse extracted from the seeds has considered useful for whooping cough.
Al l i um s At i v um
succulent leaves
■ Heals wounds anthraquinones, which are strongly digestion. At higher doses, bitter aloes ■ Weeping skin, p. 303.
60 ■ Emollient laxative. They cause the colon are laxative and purgative. ■ Wounds, p. 304.
Al p i n iA OF F i C i n A RUM
Galangal (Hindi), Gao Liang Jiang (Chinese) (2 m), with white, red-
lipped flowers and
lance-shaped leaves.
Like other members of the ginger family, galangal
is warming and comforting to the digestion. It has a Parts Used
pleasantly aromatic and mildly spicy taste, and is suitable Rhizome has a warming,
for all conditions where the central areas of the body stimulating action and is
need greater warmth. It was introduced into Europe in useful for a wide range
about the 9th century. The German mystic Hildegard of of digestive problems.
Bingen regarded it literally as the “spice of life,” given by
God to ward off ill-health.
■ Sesquiterpene lactones
(galangol, galangin)
■ Diterpenes
■ Flavonoids
Rhizomes have a
spicy flavour and are
Key Actions used in cooking
■ Warming digestive tonic
■ Carminative
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Antifungal
■ Antitumor
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Galangal is an important spice in Thai
cooking and is reportedly fed to Arabian
horses to “fire them up” in parts of Asia. Research
■ Antibacterial Research indicates
Habitat & Cultivation that galangal has antibacterial activity,
Native to grassland areas of southern notably against Staphylococcus aureus,
China, and Southeast Asia in general, responsible for many ear, nose, and
galangal is now cultivated as a spice throat infections.
and as a medicine throughout much ■ Antifungal Galangal has shown
Chopping root for a decoction Tincture (to make, p. 292) is suitable for
of tropical Asia. It is propagated by pronounced activity against fungi (to make, p. 291). For motion long-term use. To improve digestion,
dividing and replanting the rhizomes in in laboratory research, especially sickness, slowly sip up to take 20 drops diluted with 1/2 cup
spring, and it requires well-drained soil against Candida albicans.
3
⁄4 cup (150 ml). (100 ml) hot water 3 times a day.
and a shady position. The rhizomes are ■ Osteoarthritis A 2001 clinical
Visnaga
Ammi visnaga syn. Daucus visnaga (Apiaceae) An erect annual
key medicinal pl ants
growing to 3 ft (1 m),
Research
■ Strong antispasmodic
Research by a pharmacologist Fresh plant
working in Egypt in 1946 revealed in fruit
that visnaga (in particular its
constituents khellin and visnagin)
has a powerful antispasmodic action
on the smaller bronchial muscles,
the coronary arteries that supply
blood to the heart, and on the
urinary tubules. Visnaga’s ability
to relax the small bronchi lasts
for up to 6 hours, and the plant
Visnaga is a member of the carrot family and
has the characteristic delicate, wispy leaves. has practically no side effects.
■ Khellin Intal, an asthma drug
Dong quai
Angelica sinensis syn. A. polymorpha (Apiaceae) A stout, erect
Dong Quai, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui (Chinese) 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with large
bright green leaves
and hollow stems.
In China, dong quai is the main tonic herb for
conditions suffered by women. It is taken on a daily Parts Used
basis by millions of women as an invigorating tonic, Rhizome is valued for
helping to regulate menstruation and tonify the blood. its medicinal properties
It also improves the circulation. Dong quai has a sweet, and is often used
pungent aroma that is very distinctive, and in China it in cooking. Rhizome is large
and brownish on
is often used in cooking, which is the best way to take the outside and
it as a blood tonic. white inside
Research
■ Gynecology Research in
China from the 1970s has shown
that the herb helps to regulate
uterine contractions, which may
explain its benefit for period pain.
■ Circulation The root can help
to normalize heart function and
has been shown to thin the blood.
It may therefore interact with
Dong quai has attractive clusters
of white flowers in summer. anticoagulant medicines.
■ Diuretic
Chopped
■ Lowers blood pressure
stem
■ Urinary antiseptic
■ Anti-inflammatory
Seeds contain
Research volatile oil and
■ Volatile oil Research in the 1970s are the main part
and 1980s showed that the volatile oil used medicinally.
has a calming effect on the central
nervous system. Seeds Stem
■ Other research A 1995 study in
India found the seeds to have marked Key Preparations
liver-protective activity. Extracts of
Celery is an important medicinal herb
the seeds may also lower blood fat
& Their Uses
as well as a vegetable.
levels. Iranian laboratory research QCautions Do not take celery seed during pregnancy or
if suffering from kidney disease. Do not use seeds sold for
Habitat & Cultivation from 2013 found that celery seed cultivation in medicinal preparations. Do not take the essential
Native to Britain and other European had a marked effect in lowering high oil internally except under professional supervision.
countries, celery is found growing blood pressure.
wild along the English and Welsh
coasts, and in marshlands. Widely Traditional &
grown as a vegetable, cultivated Current Uses Remedy As a cleansing drink,
celery is less fragrant than the ■ Ancient herb Records show take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) of
wild variety. It is propagated from that celery has been cultivated organic carrot and celery
seed in spring and harvested for at least 3,000 years, notably in juice a day.
from midsummer to autumn. pharaonic Egypt, and it was known
in China in the 5th century bce.
Related Species Throughout history, celery has been
Celeriac (A. graveolens var. rapaceum) used as a food, and at various times Infusion of seeds (to
is a “turnip-rooted” variety of celery. both the whole plant and the seeds make, p. 291). For gout
A medicinal food, it has some of the have been taken medicinally. and arthritis, take 3⁄4 cup
(150 ml) daily.
same qualities as celery. ■ Cleansing properties Today,
the seeds are used for treating Tincture of seeds (to make, p. 292).
Key Constituents rheumatic conditions and gout. For rheumatism, take 30 drops 3 times a day.
■ Volatile oil (1.5–3%) containing They help the kidneys dispose of
limonene (60–70%), phthalides, urates and other waste products, Powder of seeds. For arthritis, mix 1 tsp with food each day.
and beta-selinene and work to reduce acidity in the
■ Coumarins body as a whole. The seeds are effective treatment for cystitis, beneficial for chest problems such
■ Furanocoumarins (bergapten) useful in arthritis, helping to helping to disinfect the bladder and as asthma and bronchitis, and, in
■ Flavonoids (apiin) detoxify the body and improve urinary tubules. combination with other herbs, can
the circulation of blood to the ■ Nutritious drink Celery and help to reduce blood pressure.
Key Actions muscles and joints. organic carrot juice make a nutritious,
■ Antirheumatic ■ Diuretic Celery seeds have cleansing drink that is good for many Self-help Uses
■ Carminative a mildly diuretic and significantly chronic illnesses. ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
64 ■ Antispasmodic antiseptic action. They are an ■ Other uses Celery seeds are ■ Gout, p. 313.
A rc t i um l A p pA
Burdock
Arctium lappa (Asteraceae) A biennial, with
stems that grow to 5 ft
Burdock is one of the foremost detoxifying herbs in Key Actions ■ Cleansing herb Burdock is used
both Western and Chinese herbal medicine. It is used ■ Detoxifying in both Western and Chinese herbal
to treat conditions caused by an “overload” of toxins, ■ Mild diuretic medicine as a detoxifying herb. The
■ Antibiotic seeds are used to remove toxins in
such as throat and other infections, boils and rashes,
■ Antiseptic fevers and infections such as mumps
and chronic skin problems. The root and the seeds help ■ Anti-inflammatory and measles, and the root helps the
to cleanse the body of waste products, and the root is body to eliminate waste products in
thought to be particularly good at helping to eliminate Research chronic skin and arthritic conditions.
heavy metals. ■ Antibiotic Studies in Germany ■ Skin problems Burdock’s
(1967) and Japan (1986) showed diuretic, antibiotic, and mildly bitter
that the polyacetylenes, especially actions make it helpful for skin
U.S. Burdock is also cultivated in within the fresh root, have an disorders, especially where toxicity
Europe and China and is propagated antibiotic effect. is a key factor, such as in acne,
from seed in spring. The seeds are ■ Other research Burdock has abscesses, local skin infections,
harvested in summer and the whole antibacterial and antifungal properties, eczema, and psoriasis.
plant is unearthed in high summer. and diuretic and hypoglycemic ■ Combination remedies
Dried root is
most used to aid Burdock
detoxification.
Tincture of root (to make, p. 292).
For arthritis and skin disorders,
Fresh leaves take 20 drops diluted with water
2–3 times a day for up to 4 weeks.
Seeds have
cleansing Decoction of root (to make, p. 291) is an alternative to tincture for
and diuretic arthritis and skin disorders. Drink 7 tsp once a day for up to 4 weeks.
properties. Infusion of seeds (to make, p. 291). Use as a wash for acne and boils.
Seeds Dried leaves Poultice of leaves (to make, p. 295). Apply to abscesses and boils.
65
A rt e m i s i A Ab s i n t hi um
Wormwood
Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) A perennial reaching
3 ft (1 m), with gray-
Key medicinal pl ants
■ Antimicrobial
■ Antiparasitic
Research
■ Bitter herb Research into
wormwood, mostly during the 1970s,
has established that a range of
the constituents within the plant
contributes to its medicinal activity.
Many are very bitter, affecting the Fresh leaves Dried aerial parts
Wormwood is strongly aromatic
and was used to flavor many bitter taste receptors on the tongue
alcoholic drinks. which sets off a reflex action, Key Preparations & Their Uses
stimulating stomach and other
RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Take only in small doses,
Habitat & Cultivation digestive secretions. generally for no more than 4–5 weeks at a time. Do not take during pregnancy.
Wormwood is a wayside plant, native to ■ Gut inflammation A German
Europe. It now grows wild in central clinical trial in 2007 found that
Asia and in eastern parts of the U.S. It is wormwood helped in treating
also cultivated in temperate regions Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory
worldwide. Wormwood is propagated bowel disorder). Wormwood
from seed in spring or by dividing the prevented the return of symptoms in
roots in autumn. The aerial parts are 90% of those taking it, and reduced
harvested in late summer. required dosage of powerful steroid
drugs taken to control inflammation. Infusion made from wormwood can be Tincture is used to treat
Related Species Patients also experienced lower taken in small doses to stimulate appetite. chronic digestive infections.
Artemisia species with a medicinal levels of depression.
use include A. abrotanum (p. 172); ■ Other research Constituents a nerve stimulant that is safe at low ■ Worms Wormwood is commonly
A. annua (p. 67); A. anomala; within wormwood, notably the dosage but is toxic in excess. used by herbalists and naturopaths
A. capillaris and A. cina (p. 172); essential oil, are thought to have ■ Digestive stimulant to treat parasitic infections of the gut,
A. vulgaris and A. dracunculus (p. 173). wide-ranging therapeutic effects, Wormwood is an extremely useful such as worm infestation, amebic
including neuroprotective, medicine for those with weak and dysentery, and Shigella infection.
Key Constituents antidepressant, antibacterial, underactive digestion. It increases ■ Traditional insect repellent
■ Volatile oil containing antifungal, and antimalarial activity. stomach acid and bile production and Wormwood is a good insecticide and
sesquiterpene lactones (artabsin, therefore improves digestion and the insect repellent.
anabsinthin); thujone; azulenes Traditional & absorption of nutrients, making it ■ Other uses The anti-inflammatory
■ Flavonoids Current Uses helpful for many conditions, including action of wormwood makes it useful
■ Polyphenols ■ Absinthe Wormwood is the anemia. Wormwood also eases gas for infections, and it has occasionally
■ Lignans source of absinthe, an addictive and bloating and, if the tincture is been given as an antidepressant.
drink favored in 19th-century taken regularly, it slowly strengthens
Key Actions France. Flavored with wormwood digestion and helps the body return Self-help Uses
■ Aromatic bitter essential oil, absinthe was toxic due to full vitality and wellness after a ■ Anemia, p. 301.
66 ■ Stimulates secretion of bile to its high level of thujone. This is prolonged illness. ■ High fever, p. 311.
Art e m i s i A An n u A
Key Actions
■ Bitter
■ Reduces fever
■ Antimalarial
■ Antiparasitic
■ Anti-cancer
Research
■ Chinese research Sweet Annie
was extensively researched in China Fresh leaves
in the 1980s, and studies have
demonstrated that its key active
constituent is an effective antimalarial, Dried leaves
Sweet Annie has bright green, saw-toothed
leaves. It is used widely around the world as having a powerful action against the
an effective antimalarial. malaria parasite Plasmodium, a
Key Preparations & Their Uses
protozoan introduced into the body
Habitat & Cultivation by the mosquito. RCautions Only take sweet Annie under professional supervision.
Do not take during pregnancy.
Sweet Annie grows in grasslands and ■ Artemisinin Clinical trials,
in open areas in Vietnam, Japan, China, notably in Thailand, show that it can
Russia, and North America. It is provide vital treatment in the acute
cultivated in eastern China. The herb stages of malaria, proving up to 90%
is propagated from seed in spring effective in countering the infection.
or by dividing the rootstock in Artemisinin has a lesser role to play
autumn. It is harvested in summer in chronic malaria and prevention of
before flowering. the disease.
■ Anti-cancer potential
Related Species Laboratory studies suggest that Tincture is prescribed to prevent malaria. Infusion is strongly bitter. Herbalists
The related A. apiacea is used sweet Annie has marked anti- It is also used to treat the illness itself. use it to treat headaches and fever.
interchangeably with sweet Annie cancer activity, promoting
in China and is employed as a programmed cell death and inhibiting Tablets containing artemisinin, which is extracted from the herb, are taken for
malaria throughout the tropics.
general tonic in Vietnam. Many blood vessel growth. No clinical
other Artemisia species are used trials have so far been undertaken,
medicinally: A. abrotanum (p. 172); but sweet Annie is claimed to be an herb that helped “to clear and ■ Antimalarial Sweet Annie has
A. absinthium (p. 66); A. capillaris and useful particularly in breast cancer relieve summer heat.” been used to treat the fevers
A. cina (p. 172); A. dracunculus and A. and leukemia. Synthetic molecules ■ Cooling properties Sweet and chills of malaria for thousands
vulgaris (p. 173). modelled on artemisinin are also Annie has a cool, bitter taste and is of years, and artemisinin is now used
being researched as potential anti- used for conditions brought in many countries as an antimalarial.
Key Constituents cancer drugs. on by heat, especially with symptoms Artemisinin reduces the risk of
■ Artemisinin (sesquiterpene such as fever, headaches, dizziness, developing malaria and aids a quick
lactone) Traditional & and a tight-chested sensation. It is recovery, though drug resistance to it
■ Essential oil (abrotamine, beta- Current Uses used to treat chronic fevers, night is now being seen. The whole plant
bourbonene) ■ History The first mention of fevers, and morning chills and is a may also be used to treat malaria and
■ Flavonoids sweet Annie was in a Chinese text of traditional remedy for nosebleeds act as a preventative, though large
■ Polyphenols 168 bce. Traditionally, it was seen as associated with heat. doses are required. 67
A s t rAg Alus m e m b r A n Ac eus
■ Reduces sweating
Dried leaves
■ Sedative
Research
■ Tropane alkaloids, The action Leaves, like the root,
have relaxant
of the tropane alkaloids is well properties.
understood. They inhibit the
parasympathetic nervous system,
which controls involuntary bodily
activities. This reduces saliva; gastric,
intestinal, and bronchial secretions;
as well as the activity of the urinary
tubules, bladder, and intestines.
Deadly nightshade produces unmistakable
cherry-sized, glossy black berries Tropane alkaloids also increase
in autumn. heart rate and dilate the pupils.
■ Antimicrobial
■ Promotes wound healing
■ Antiparasitic
■ Antimalarial
Research
Twigs are
■ Recent research This indicates
used as toothpicks
that neem oil is both anti-inflammatory
to improve oral Fresh
and antibacterial, and to some degree
hygiene. leaves
reduces fever and lowers blood-
sugar levels.
■ Insecticide Extensive research
shows that liminoid azadirachtins are
Neem has so many medicinal uses that the
tree is considered a “natural pharmacy.” insecticidal and inhibit feeding and Seeds contain neem oil, which
growth—making neem an inexpensive can be expressed and used to treat
Habitat & Cultivation and ecologically sound insecticidal headlice in adults and children.
Fresh seeds
Native to Iran, Pakistan, India, and agent. The azadirachtins are also linked
Sri Lanka, neem is found throughout to the tree’s antimalarial activity.
the subcontinent in forests and ■ Diabetes Research indicates that Key Preparations & Their Uses
woods, often being planted on neem leaf and oil act to stabilize blood-
QCautions Do not take during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, or during fertility
roads to provide shade. It is now sugar levels and may be helpful in treatment. In children, use topically only. Long term high-dose treatment is not advisable.
naturalized in other tropical regions, treating or delaying type 2 diabetes.
including Malaysia, Indonesia,
Australia, and West Africa. It is Traditional Oil from the seeds is used to prevent and
grown from seed. Leaves and seed & Current Uses treat infestations of headlice. Apply daily
to the scalp.
are harvested throughout the year. ■ Medicine chest Thought of in
India as almost a pharmacy in its own
Related Species right, all parts of the neem tree may Cream (to make, p. 296)
Melia azedarach, also an Indian plant, be used medicinally. The bark is bitter is used to treat many skin
is a very close relative with particular and astringent and a decoction is used disorders, including eczema.
value in treating intestinal worms. It is for hemorrhoids. The leaves are taken Apply as required.
often used as a substitute for neem. as an infusion for malaria, peptic ulcers,
and intestinal worms, and may be Tincture (to make, p. 292) is bitter and can be used to treat fevers.
Key Constituents applied locally as a juice, infusion, or
Infusion of the leaves (to make, p. 291) can be used for conjuctivitis.
■ Meliacins ointment to skin problems including
■ Liminoids ulcers, wounds, boils, and eczema. Decoction of the bark (to make, p. 291) is strongly bitter and astringent.
■ Triterpenoid bitters The juice of the leaves is also
■ Sterols applied to the eyes to treat night is commonly used as a hair dressing conditions such as eczema,
■ Tannins blindness and conjunctivitis. The twigs and is strongly antifungal and psoriasis, and even leprosy, and as
■ Flavonoids are used as a tooth cleanser, firming antiviral, preventing scabies and a vehicle for other active ingredients.
up the gums and preventing ringworm, among other things. Neem oil should be avoided when
Key Actions gum disease. It can be made into a useful and attempting to conceive a child as
■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Neem oil and sap Neem easily applied treatment for headlice. it can reduce fertility in both
70 ■ Lowers fever oil, expressed from the seeds, The oil is also used to treat skin women and men.
B a ros m a Bet ul i n a
Buchu
Barosma betulina syn. agathosma betulina (Rutaceae) A bushy shrub growing
to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with
■ Uterine stimulant
Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Traditional remedy Buchu is
a traditional remedy of the Khoisan
people of South Africa. It is used as
Dried leaves
a general stimulant and a diuretic.
Strongly aromatic, it is taken as a
carminative, helping to relieve gas
and bloating.
■ Early Western uses The herb
Buchu is grown commercially and used to
enhance the black-currant flavor of cassis. was first exported to Britain in Key Preparations & Their Uses
1790 and became an official medicine QCautions During pregnancy take only on advice of your health care practitioner.
Habitat & Cultivation in 1821, being listed in the British Potentially toxic at excessive dosage.
Buchu is native to South Africa, Pharmacopoeia as an effective
where is it widely cultivated on remedy for “cystitis, urethritis,
hillsides. It is also grown in parts nephritis, and catarrh of the bladder.”
of South America. The herb is ■ Modern urinary treatment
grown from cuttings in late summer Broadly speaking, buchu is used today
and requires well-drained soil in Western herbal medicine for the
and plenty of sun. The leaves same type of urinary complaints as
are harvested when the plant is in the 19th century. It is commonly
flowering or fruiting in summer. prescribed for urinary tract infections, Infusion (to make, p. 291).
often proving effective in curing acute For prostatitis, drink 3⁄4 cup Tincture (to make, p. 292).
(150 ml) twice a day.
Related Species cystitis when combined with other For chronic urinary infections,
Two closely related species, herbs such as cornsilk (Zea mays, take 40 drops with water
3 times a day.
B. crenulata and B. serratifolia, p. 154) and juniper (Juniperus
are used in a similar way to buchu, communis, p. 224). Taken regularly, it
but contain less volatile oil and can help to prevent recurrent attacks
Capsules (to make, p. 292).
are not so effective. of chronic cystitis or urethritis. It is For cystitis, take a 500 mg
also taken for prostatitis and irritable capsule twice daily.
Key Constituents bladder, often in combination with
■ Volatile oil (1.5–2.5%), herbs such as uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos
including pulegone, menthone, uva-ursi, p. 170) and cornsilk. The key pre-existing Candida problem, such as in large quantities in pennyroyal
diosphenol active constituent diosphenol has a yeast infections. The infusion is generally (Mentha pulegium, p. 235). Pulegone
■ Sulphur compounds diuretic action, and may partly preferable to the tincture, particularly is an abortifacient and a powerful
■ Flavonoids (diosmin, rutin) account for the herb’s antiseptic when onset of infection is sudden. The emmenagogue (stimulates menstrual
■ Mucilage effect on the urinary system. infusion is also used as a douche for flow). Buchu should not, therefore,
■ Gynecological uses Buchu leukorrhea (white vaginal discharge), be taken during pregnancy.
Key Actions infusion or tincture is useful in and occasionally for yeast infections.
■ Urinary antiseptic treatments for cystitis and urethritis, The herb is a uterine stimulant and Self-help Use
■ Diuretic especially when they are related to a contains pulegone, which is also present ■ Urinary infections, p. 314. 71
B up l eurum c h i n e n s e
Bupleurum
Bupleurum chinense syn. B. scorzoneraefolium (Apiaceae) A perennial growing
to 3 ft (1 m) high, with
Key medicinal pl ants
Research ■ Fever In China, bupleurum is The traditional uses of bupleurum sometimes useful in the treatment
■ Saikosides Research in Japan from taken to treat fevers, flu, and colds, and scientific research accord so well of hemorrhoids, and of prolapsed
the 1960s onward into the Bupleurum especially where accompanied by a that many Japanese doctors practic- tissue in the pelvis, such as a prolapse
72 genus has revealed that the saikosides bitter taste in the mouth, irritability, ing conventional Western medicine of the uterus.
C al e n dul a of f iCi n a l i s
Calendula
Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) An annual growing
to 2 ft (60 cm),
■ Heals wounds
■ Antimicrobial
■ Detoxifying
■ Mildly estrogenic
Dried flower
Traditional head
& Current Uses Fresh
■ Therapeutic properties flower heads
Calendula is antiseptic. Some
constituents are antifungal (particularly Bright orange
the resins), antibacterial, and antiviral, petals indicate
a high level of
and have shown significant activity active ingredients
against Candida albicans. The herb also
Calendula’s colorful flowers were thought to
lift the spirits and encourage cheerfulness. astringes the capillaries, an action that
explains its effectiveness for cuts, Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation wounds, varicose veins, and various
Calendula, native to southern inflammatory conditions. QCaution May cause allergic reaction in rare cases.
regions around the world. Easily all a remedy for the skin, providing
propagated from seed, it flourishes in effective treatment for most minor
almost all soils. The flowers are skin problems. It is used for cuts,
harvested as they open in early scrapes, and wounds; for red and
summer, and are dried in the shade. inflamed skin, including minor burns
and sunburn; for acne and many
Cream is easy to make (see p. 296).
Related Species rashes; and for fungal conditions such Apply to cuts and grazes.
C. arvense, a wild species, seems to as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and thrush.
Infusion (to make, p. 291). For chronic
have similar therapeutic properties It is very helpful for diaper rash and Ointment (to make,
fungal infections, such as ringworm
to calendula. cradle cap, and soothes nipples that or thrush, drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
p. 295). For minor burns,
are sore from breastfeeding. apply up to 3 times a day.
3 times a day.
Key Constituents ■ Digestive disorders Taken
Infused oil (to make, p. 294). For inflamed dry skin, rub into the area
■ Triterpenes internally, calendula infusion or 2–3 times a day.
■ Resins tincture helps inflammatory
problems of the digestive system Tincture (to make, p. 292). For eczema, take 30 drops with water 3 times a day.
■ Bitter glycosides
■ Carotenes and helps treat the toxicity that during menstruation and to regulate nipples, p. 315.
underlies many fevers and infections, menstrual bleeding. The infusion ■ Digestive infections, p. 305.
Key Actions and systemic skin disorders, such as makes an effective douche for ■ Inflamed skin rashes, p. 303.
■ Anti-inflammatory eczema and acne. The herb is also yeast infections. ■ Diaper rash, p. 318.
■ Relieves muscle spasms considered cleansing for the liver and ■ Hives, p. 303.
■ Astringent gallbladder and can be used to treat Self-help Uses ■ Varicose veins, p. 302.
■ Prevents hemorrhaging problems affecting these organs. ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Wounds & bruises, p. 304. 73
C a p s i Cum f rut e sC e n s
Cayenne
Capsicum annuum & C. frutescens (Solanaceae) A perennial, spiky
shrub growing to 3 ft
key medicinal pl ants
Key Actions
■ Stimulant
■ Tonic
■ Carminative
■ Antiseptic
■ Increases sweating
Fruit pods grow
■ Increases blood flow to the skin Dried fruit to 4 in (10 cm) Fresh fruit
■ Analgesic
Senna
Cassia senna syn. senna alexandrina (Fabaceae) A small perennial
shrub growing to
■ Flavonoids
■ Volatile oil
Key Actions
■ Stimulant
■ Laxative
■ Cathartic Fresh leaves
Research
■ Sennosides Extensive research Pods are milder in effect than
during the last 50 years has led to the leaves. They are made into
a clear understanding of senna’s tablets and other preparations.
action. The sennosides irritate the
Senna shrubs have pairs of lance-
shaped leaflets arranged on either side lining of the large intestine, causing
of a central stem. the muscles to contract strongly,
resulting in a bowel movement about
Habitat & Cultivation 10 hours after the dose is taken.
Senna is native to tropical Africa and The sennosides also stop fluid being
is now cultivated throughout that absorbed from the large intestine, Dried pods Fresh pods
continent. It is grown from seed in helping to keep the stool soft.
spring or from cuttings in early summer Key Preparations & Their Uses
and requires plenty of sun. The leaves Traditional &
may be picked before or while the plant Current Uses QCautions Do not give to children under 12. Do not take for more than 10 days
at a time. Do not take if suffering from colitis. During pregnancy, take on advice
is in flower, and the pods are collected ■ Early records The herb was of your health care practitioner.
when they are ripe in autumn. first used medicinally by Arabian
physicians in the 9th century ce.
Related Species ■ Constipation Senna has always
There are over 400 species of Cassia. been specifically used for constipation.
Tinnevelly senna (C. angustifolia) is It is particularly appropriate when a
Tablets are the standard senna
grown in the Indian subcontinent and soft stool is required, for example in
preparation and are convenient.
has the same therapeutic properties cases of anal fissure. Senna is a good Take for occasional constipation.
as C. senna. In Ayurvedic medicine, short-term laxative but should not
it is used for skin problems, jaundice, be taken for more than 10 days as Decoction For constipation,
bronchitis, and anemia, as well as for this leads to weakening of the large steep 3–6 senna pods and 1 g
constipation. Jue ming zi (C. obtusifolia) intestine muscles. fresh ginger in 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
is used in traditional Chinese medicine ■ Cathartic As a cathartic (very
freshly boiled water for
6–12 hours. Strain and drink.
for “liver fire” patterns, constipation, strong laxative), senna can cause
and atherosclerosis. cramping and colic, and is therefore Infusion For mild constipation,
normally taken with aromatic, Cloves infuse 1–2 senna pods, 1 g fresh
Key Constituents carminative herbs that relax the ginger, and 1–2 cloves in 3⁄4 cup
Anthraquinone glycosides intestinal muscles. (150 ml) freshly boiled water for
■ Ginger
15 minutes. Strain and drink.
(sennosides)
■ Naphthalene glycosides Self-help Use Tincture is prescribed by herbalists to treat short-term constipation.
■ Mucilage ■ Constipation, p. 307. 75
C e n t e l l a as i at i C a
Gotu kola is an ancient Ayurvedic remedy that is now used Research Traditional &
extensively in the West. It is a useful tonic and cleansing ■ Wound healing Gotu kola has Current Uses
herb for skin problems and digestive disorders. In India, an established ability to promote ■ Wound healing Gotu kola’s main
wound healing and tissue repair, traditional use lies in treating wounds
it is used to treat a variety of conditions, including leprosy, making it useful as a cosmetic agent, and skin problems. In Ayurveda, it is
but it is valued chiefly as a revitalizing herb that strengthens in skin disorders such as psoriasis, used specifically to promote healing in
nervous function and memory. It has a bittersweet, acrid and in arthritis. Asiaticoside, in skin ulcers and serious skin problems,
taste, and in India it is sometimes used in salads and as particular, has been shown to speed as well as to prevent scarring. The herb
a vegetable. up collagen formation and the laying may be applied directly to the skin, or
down of new blood vessels. This taken internally, where it appears to
healing effect extends to the blood promote tissue repair throughout the
seed in spring. The aerial parts are vessels, so that gotu kola extracts aid body. It supports peripheral circulation
harvested throughout the year. venous repair, notably in chronic and can be taken to strengthen blood
venous insufficiency, a condition that vessels, e.g. varicose veins. Many
Related Species includes symptoms such as leg people swear by gotu kola’s ability to
Marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) swelling and varicose veins. Recent prevent and relieve arthritis and
is a related European species, but, U.S. research has investigated the rheumatic problems.
unlike gotu kola, has no known effectiveness of high-strength ■ Tonic The herb has a longstanding
therapeutic uses. extracts to help in diabetic neuropathy reputation in India and southern
(nerve pain due to poor circulation) Asia as a “rejuvenator,” aiding
Key Constituents with signs of positive benefit. concentration and memory,
■ Triterpenoid saponins (asiaticoside, ■ Brain function In the last 10 particularly in the elderly. In Western
Gotu kola is found growing wild
brahmoside, thankuniside) years, research has focused on gotu herbal medicine, it is understood to
throughout India.
■ Alkaloids (hydrocotyline) kola’s ability to relieve anxiety and be an adaptogen and can be taken
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Bitter principles (vellarin) support healthy brain function. long-term to help support healthy
Gotu kola is native to India and the A Thai clinical trial in 2008 found that brain function, slow aging, and calm
southern U.S. It also grows in tropical Key Actions gotu kola extract improved attention, anxiety. It is also thought to have a
and subtropical parts of Australia, ■ Wound healer working memory, alertness, and tonic effect on digestion.
southern Africa, and South America. ■ Tonic mood in 28 healthy volunteers with
It prefers marshy areas and ■ Anti-inflammatory an average age of 65. Another small Self-help Uses
riverbanks. Though usually gathered ■ Sedative study found that gotu kola eased ■ Eczema, p. 300.
wild, gotu kola can be cultivated from ■ Peripheral vasodilator the symptoms of anxiety. ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319.
Fresh
aerial parts Powder is an important Ayurvedic
remedy. Take 1–2 g a day with
water as a general tonic.
Paste made from powder.
Mix 2 tsp powder with 5 tsp
(25 ml) water and apply to
patches of eczema.
Dried aerial parts Tincture (to make, p. 292). For poor memory and concentration,
take 40 drops with water 3 times a day.
76
C ha m om i l l a r eC ut i ta
German chamomile
Chamomilla recutita syn. matricaria recutita (Asteraceae) A sweetly aromatic
annual growing to
Ju hua is known in the West as florists’ chrysanthemum Key Actions first categorized in the Divine
and is valued for its ornamental qualities. In China, ■ Increases sweating Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong
however, it is a popular medicinal herb and it is also ■ Antiseptic Bencaojing), written in the
■ Lowers blood pressure 1st century ce.
commonly drunk as a refreshing tisane. Ju hua is used ■ Cooling ■ Eye problems In China, the
to improve vision and soothe sore eyes, to relieve ■ Reduces fever infused flower heads are popular
headaches, and to counter infections such as colds as a remedy for red, sore eyes,
and flu. Furthermore, research has demonstrated Research especially after long periods of close
that it is a valuable remedy for high blood pressure. ■ Blood pressure A number of work, such as reading or working at a
Chinese and Japanese clinical trials computer. The warm flower heads
during the 1970s showed that ju hua are placed on closed eyes and then
gathered in autumn when fully open. is most effective at lowering blood replaced when cool. Ju hua infusion is
They are usually dried in the sun, pressure and relieving associated taken in China as a remedy to
which can take a long time. symptoms such as headaches, improve eyesight.
dizziness, and insomnia. In these ■ Cooling & antiseptic Ju hua
Related Species trials, ju hua was mixed with jin yin infusion is used to reduce fever, to
Wild chrysanthemum, ye hu hua hua (Lonicera spp., p. 229). counter infection, and to detoxify
(C. indicum), has a similar use in ■ Other research Ju hua has the body. It relieves mild fevers
Chinese herbal medicine. proven to be helpful in the treatment and tension headaches, soothes
Many other closely related species of angina, and to have an antibiotic a dry mouth or throat, and treats
have an established therapeutic effect against a range of pathogens. bad breath.
value, for example tansy (Tanacetum In laboratory studies, some of ■ Skin complaints The fresh
vulgare, p. 274) and feverfew the flavonoids were found to have leaves make an antiseptic poultice for
(T. parthenium, p. 140). anti-HIV activity. Extracts of the acne, pimples, boils, and sores.
Ju hua flowers are colorful and have
been used medicinally in China since flowers reduce inflammation. ■ High blood pressure
the 1st century ce. Key Constituents Symptoms often associated with
■ Alkaloids, including stachydrine Traditional & high blood pressure, such as
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Volatile oil Current Uses dizziness, headaches, and tinnitus,
Ju hua is native to China. Today, it is ■ Sesquiterpene lactones ■ Long-standing remedy are treated with ju hua.
mostly cultivated, and is propagated ■ Flavonoids, including apigenin Ju hua has been taken in China
from cuttings in spring or early ■ Betaine & choline as a medicine and as a beverage Self-help Use
summer. The flower heads are ■ Vitamin B1 for thousands of years. It was ■ Sore & tired eyes, p. 310.
Dried flowerheads Poultice of fresh leaves (to make, p. 295). For boils and pimples,
apply directly to the skin.
78
C i m i Ci f ug a r aC e m os a
■ Estrogenic
■ Expectorant
Research
■ Menopause At least 10 clinical
trials have found that black cohosh
helps to relieve menopausal
symptoms. A 1995 German study
Fresh root
using black cohosh and St. John’s wort
Black cohosh was used by Native
Americans to treat gynecological problems found that the combination was 78%
effective in such cases. Dried root
and complaints such as rheumatism and
headaches. ■ Estrogenic properties It seems
black cohosh does not
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation contain estrogen but has an QCautions Do not take in pregnancy or if breastfeeding. Larger doses can
Black cohosh is native to Canada estrogenic action within the body cause stomach upsets and headache.
and eastern parts of the U.S., due to specific hormonal effects
growing as far south as Florida. within the brain. It is suggested that
It prefers shady positions in woods black cohosh may slow or prevent
and hedgerows. The herb is now the development of osteoporosis,
grown in Europe and can be found and it has potential in treating
in the wild, having self-seeded from polycystic ovary syndrome.
cultivated plants. It is propagated ■ Safety concerns Research
from seed and the root is strongly suggests that black cohosh
harvested in autumn. is a safe and valuable medicine. Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). To relieve
For rheumatism, take 1/3 cup period pain, add 40 drops to 1/2 cup
Concerns have been raised that it
(75 ml) twice a day. (100 ml) water and take 3 times a day.
Related Species might cause liver damage or be
A number of Cimicifuga species are unsuitable for women at risk of Tablets are made from powdered herb. Take for menopausal symptoms,
used in traditional Chinese medicine, developing breast cancer. No effect such as mood swings and hot flashes.
including sheng ma (C. dahurica) on liver function was found during
and C. foetida. They are thought to the clinical trials, and it is thought period pain, menstrual problems ■ Sedative properties Black
“clear heat” and relieve toxicity, that it has some preventative activity where estrogen levels are too cohosh's sedative action makes it
and are used to treat asthma, against breast cancer. low, and for menopausal symptoms, valuable for treating many conditions,
headaches, and measles, among especially hot flashes. including high blood pressure, tinnitus
other conditions. Traditional & ■ Inflammation Black cohosh is (ringing in the ears), whooping cough,
Current Uses useful for inflammatory arthritis, and asthma.
Key Constituents ■ Gynecological uses Black especially when it is associated
■ Triterpene glycosides cohosh has long been used by Native with menopause, and it also finds Self-help Uses
(actein, cimicifugoside) Americans for women’s problems, use as a remedy for ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
■ Isoflavones (formononetin) for which reason its folkname is rheumatic problems, including ■ Decreased estrogen &
■ Isoferulic acid “squaw root.” It is used today for rheumatoid arthritis. progesterone levels, p. 316. 79
C i n C hon a s p p.
Cinchona
Cinchona spp. (Rubiaceae) An evergreen tree
reaching 80 ft (25 m),
key medicinal pl ants
■ Antispasmodic
■ Astringent
■ Antibacterial
Research
■ Pharmacology Cinchona has
been thoroughly researched and Dried bark
its pharmacological actions are
well established. Key Preparations
■ Quinine Quinine is both strongly
& Their Uses
antimalarial and antibacterial. Like the
Cinchona bark has a bitter taste, and
other alkaloids, it is antispasmodic. RCautions Take only under professional supervision.
it, or its constituent quinine, is used Do not take during pregnancy. Excessive use causes
to flavor tonic water. ■ Bitter Cinchona contains bitter
“cinchonism,” which in extreme cases leads to coma
constituents including alkaloids and and death. Restricted in some countries.
Habitat & Cultivation quinovin, which produce a reflex
Native to mountainous tropical regions stimulation of the digestion as a
of South America, especially Peru, whole, increasing stomach secretions.
cinchona is now also grown in India, ■ Quinidine Quinidine is a cardiac
Java, and parts of Africa and is cultivated depressant and is known to reduce
intensively in plantations. The trees are heart rate and improve irregularity
propagated from cuttings in late spring, of heartbeat.
and the bark of the trunk, branches,
Powder is used to treat malaria.
and root are removed from 6- to Traditional &
8-year-old trees, and then dried in the Current Uses
sun. The annual production of cinchona ■ Traditional remedy The
bark has been estimated at about indigenous peoples of Peru have taken
8,000 tons (8,200 tonnes) a year. cinchona for many centuries, and it
is still a well-used remedy for fevers,
Key Constituents digestive problems, and infections.
■ Alkaloids (up to 15%), mainly ■ Homeopathic proving
quinoline alkaloids (quinine, Samuel Hahnemann, the founder Decoction is a well-known Tincture is strongly bitter
quinidine) and indole alkaloids of homeopathy, prepared the first remedy for fevers. It is also and is prescribed to
(cinchonamine) homeopathic medicine, or proving, used as a gargle for sore throats. improve digestion.
■ Bitter triterpenic glycosides from cinchona in about 1790.
(quinovin) ■ Antimalarial Cinchona, and in Quinine is also used to treat other ■ Muscle spasms The herb is
■ Tannins particular quinine, were the principal acute feverish conditions. used in herbal medicine for cramps,
■ Quinic acid remedies for malaria until the First ■ Digestive stimulant As a bitter especially night cramps. It also
World War. From the 1960s, tonic, cinchona stimulates saliva, relieves arthritis.
Key Actions resistance of the malarial parasite digestive secretions, and appetite, and ■ Indian remedy In India, cinchona
■ Bitter to the synthetic drug chloroquine improves weak digestive function. is used for various conditions,
■ Reduces fever led to quinine’s use once again in ■ Gargle Cinchona is useful as a including sciatica, dysentery, and
80 ■ Antimalarial preventing and treating malaria. gargle for sore, infected throats. problems with kapha (see p. 38).
C i n n a m om um s p p.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum spp. (Lauraceae) An evergreen tree
growing to 26–59 ft
■ Antidiabetic
Key Preparations & Their Uses
■ Antimicrobial QCautions Occasionally causes allergic reaction; excessive doses may cause
■ Antifungal low blood sugar; do not take essential oil internally.
Research
■ Metabolic syndrome Research
Cinnamon is now widely cultivated as a spice
and a medicine, but, traditionally, only bark suggests the bark helps to prevent and
from wild trees was used medicinally. treat type 2 (late-onset) diabetes,
increasing cells’ ability to respond to
Habitat & Cultivation insulin and aiding the stabilization of
Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) is native blood-sugar levels. It also helps to
Essential oil For
to India and Sri Lanka, growing reduce high blood pressure and may wasp stings, dab
Infusion (to make, p. 291).
in tropical forests to an altitude of slightly lower cholesterol, so it could be For colds and flu, drink 1/2 cup on oil as often
1,600 ft (500 m). It is widely cultivated key to treating metabolic syndrome. (100 ml) 2–3 times a day. as required.
throughout tropical regions, especially ■ Other uses Similarities of the
in the Philippines and the Caribbean. phenolic procyanidins to grape seed Tincture To make, infuse the herb in alcohol (see p. 292). For flatulence,
The tree is propagated from cuttings (Vitis vinifera, p. 283) and green tea take 20 drops with water up to 4 times a day.
and every second year, the young trees (Camellia sinensis, p. 181) indicates Powder take up to 3 tsp a day to support stable blood-sugar levels.
are cut back to just above ground level. cinnamon is strongly antioxidant
The bark is stripped from the shoots and aids healthy circulation. The ■ Convalescence Cinnamon is a preventing insulin resistance—the
that emerge the following year, and essential oil is sedative, analgesic, gentle-acting herb that helps to impaired uptake of sugar by cells that
the inner layer is set out to dry in the and has marked antimicrobial and support both digestion and circulation. is a warning sign of diabetes. One
sun, forming the characteristic quills. antifungal activity. There are hints It is used specifically in the treatment suggestion, as part of a wider regimen
that cinnamon helps brain health. of debility and in convalescence. for diabetes and metabolic syndrome,
Related Species ■ Gynecological remedy is to take 3 tsp of cinnamon powder a
Several species are used besides Traditional & It can help relieve period cramps day for 4 months.
“true” cinnamon (C. zeylanicum and Current Uses and might have a normalizing effect ■ Gastrointestinal problems
C. verum). Cassia (C. cassia), native to ■ Ancient warming remedy on menstrual bleeding—controlling It has always been used as a warming
China and Japan, is used as a yang tonic Cinnamon has always been used as heavy bleeding but stimulating flow and soothing remedy for digestion,
(see p. 40) in Chinese herbal medicine. a warming herb for “cold” conditions, where it is light. It is valuable in the aiding in nausea, indigestion,
Cassia is the most commonly used often in combination with ginger treatment of PCOS (polycystic and flatulence, as well as colic and
species in commerce. (Zingiber officinale, p. 155). The bark ovary syndrome) as it helps to diarrhea. Its antifungal activity means
stimulates circulation and blood flow reduce insulin levels and stabilize that it can be of value in gut dysbiosis
Key Constituents to the extremities. It has long been estrogen levels. (disordered gut bacteria).
■ Volatile oil up to 4% used for flu symptoms, and makes an ■ Insulin resistance It has a
(cinnamaldehyde 65–80%, excellent mouthwash for conditions distinct role to play in promoting Self-help Use
eugenol 5–10%) such as oral thrush. better blood glucose levels and in ■ Colds, p. 311. 81
C i t r us l i m on
Lemon
Citrus limon (Rutaceae) A small, evergreen
tree growing to
key medicinal pl ants
Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Valuable medicine Spanish
popular medicine ascribes so many
medicinal uses to lemon that whole
books have been written about it.
■ Established properties Despite
its acid content, once digested, lemon
has an alkaline effect within the
body, making it useful in rheumatic
conditions where acidity is a
Pith and peel contain
contributory factor. The volatile oil
volatile oil and most of
is antiseptic and antibacterial. The
the bioflavonoids.
Lemons were a remedy for scurvy (caused
by lack of vitamin C) long before vitamin C bioflavonoids are antioxidant and
was identified. strengthen the inner lining of blood Key Preparations & Their Uses
vessels, especially veins and capillaries,
Caution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional supervision.
Habitat & Cultivation and help counter varicose veins and
Thought to be native to India, lemon easy bruising.
trees were first grown in Europe in the ■ Preventative Lemon is a Lemon
Garlic
2nd century ce and are now cultivated valuable preventative medicine.
in Mediterranean and subtropical Its antiseptic and cleansing actions
climates worldwide. Propagated from make it useful for those prone to
seed in spring, they prefer well-drained arteriosclerosis, and to infections
soil and plenty of sun. The fruit is and fevers (especially of the
harvested in winter when the vitamin stomach, liver, and intestines). Cinnamon
C content is at its highest. Its ability to strengthen blood
vessel walls helps prevent circulatory Remedy For colds, combine 1 tbsp lemon juice with
Key Constituents disorders and bleeding gums. 21/2 tbsp hot water, a crushed garlic clove, and a
pinch of cinnamon. Drink up to 3 times a day.
■ Volatile oil (about 2.5% of Lemon is also useful as a general
the peel), limonene (up to tonic for many chronic illnesses.
70%), alpha-terpinene, alpha- Above all, it is a food that helps
Essential oil Dilute 5 drops
pinene, beta-pinene, citral maintain general good health. with1 tsp carrier oil. Dab
■ Coumarins ■ Strengthening vein walls The Juice For sore throats, onto mouth ulcers.
whole fruit, especially the pith, treats dilute 1 tbsp lemon juice
■ Bioflavonoids
with 1 tbsp hot water
■ Vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and C arteriosclerosis, weak capillaries, and and use as a gargle.
(40–50 mg per 100 g of fruit) varicose veins.
■ Mucilage ■ Juice Lemon juice is good for
colds, flu, and chest infections. Externally, lemon juice can be ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
Key Actions It stimulates liver detoxification, applied directly to acne, athlete’s ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
■ Antiseptic improves the appetite, and helps foot, chilblains, insect stings, ■ Chilblains, p. 302.
■ Antirheumatic ease stomach acidity, ulcers, arthritis, ringworm, sunburn, and warts. ■ Colds & flu, p. 311.
■ Antioxidant lemon juice is helpful for sore Self-help Uses ■ Sore throats, p. 311.
82 ■ Reduces fever throats, gingivitis, and mouth ulcers. ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Weak digestion, p. 306.
Co don op s i s p i los ul a
Codonopsis
Codonopsis pilosula (Campanulaceae) A twining perennial
Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Tonic herb In Chinese Fresh
herbal medicine, codonopsis root
is considered to tone the qi Dried root
(vital force—see pp. 24–25), lungs,
and spleen. It improves vitality and Key Preparations
Codonopsis bears solitary bell-shaped
helps to balance metabolic function. & Their Uses
flowers with purple markings It is a gentle tonic remedy that helps
in summer. to revive the system as a whole.
■ Primary uses Codonopsis is
Native to India, coleus is used in Indian folk medicine within Ayurvedic and Unani Tibb Traditional &
rather than within the Ayurvedic tradition, and is a herbal medicine to help reduce Current Uses
traditional digestive remedy. It shot to fame in Western inflammation and is prescribed for ■ Traditional uses Coleus is a
bronchitis and asthma. traditional herb in India for a wide
medical circles when one of its constituents, forskolin, was range of digestive problems. It is
first isolated in the 1970s. Research by an Indian/German Key Constituents given to relieve gas, bloating, and
company showed that forskolin was a powerful medicine ■ Volatile oil abdominal discomfort.
for various conditions, including heart failure, glaucoma, ■ Diterpenes (forskolin) ■ Circulatory remedy An
Dried root
Decoction of the root.
For bronchial asthma, make
a decoction with 15 g root
and 2 cups (500 ml) water
(see p. 291). Drink in small
doses over 2 days.
Myrrh has been used in perfumes, incense, and Key Actions in water, tincture or essential oil is used
embalming, and, as a symbol of suffering, was one of ■ Antiseptic and diluted. The resulting mouthwash
the three gifts offered to the infant Jesus by the Three ■ Astringent or gargle is often swiftly effective
■ Antiparasitic (though tastes very bitter). Myrrh’s
Wise Men. Myrrh is also one of the oldest known ■ Anti-inflammatory key actions also make it valuable in
medicines and was extensively used by the ancient ■ Antiulcer countering infection throughout the
Egyptians. It is an excellent remedy for mouth and throat ■ Wound healer digestive tract, while at the same time
problems, with a drying, slightly bitter taste, and it is also it promotes healing in inflamed areas,
useful for skin problems. Research notably gastric ulcers.
■ Antibiotic Egyptian research ■ Ayurvedic remedy In Ayurvedic
confirms that myrrh is a key treatment medicine, myrrh is considered a tonic
Thailand. It grows in thickets and for certain parasitic infections, notably and aphrodisiac and to cleanse the
likes well-drained soil and sun. Myrrh liver flukes and schistosomiasis (both blood. It has a reputation for improving
is propagated from seed in spring common and serious waterborne intellect. Myrrh is also taken for
or from cuttings at the end of the diseases). In one clinical study, myrrh irregular or painful menstruation.
growing season. The resin is collected extract cleared all signs of liver fluke ■ External uses Myrrh is an
from cut branches and is dried for use. infection within 6 days, with patients underused treatment for skin
remaining clear 3 months later. problems such as acne, boils, and
Related Species Others have been similarly inflammatory conditions. The herb’s
A number of closely related successful. It is also being studied as drying and slightly anesthetizing effect
Commiphora species are used a gastric ulcer remedy and for anti- has led to its use in Germany as a
interchangeably with myrrh. cancer properties. The gum resin treatment for pressure sores caused
See guggul (C. mukul, p. 193). has thyroid-stimulating activity. by prosthetic limbs.
Myrrh trees yield a thick, yellow resin
that has a distinct, aromatic odor. Key Constituents Traditional & Self-help Uses
It is used in mouthwashes. ■ Gum (30–60%), acidic Current Uses ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
polysaccharides ■ Mouth & throat remedy Being ■ Mouth & tongue ulcers, p. 306.
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Resin (25–40%) astringent and strongly antiseptic, ■ Canker sores & gum
Native to northeast Africa, especially ■ Volatile oil (3–8%), including myrrh is a favored remedy for sore problems, p. 306.
Somalia, myrrh is now also found in heerabolene, eugenol, and throats, canker sores, and gingivitis ■ Oral thrush, p. 314.
Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, India, Iran, and many furanosesquiterpenes (gum disease). As myrrh is not soluble ■ Sore throats, p. 311.
Corydalis is an important Chinese remedy that has Key Actions ■ Menstrual pain Several clinical
been used at least since the 8th century to help ■ Analgesic trials in China have shown corydalis
“invigorate the blood” and relieve almost any painful ■ Antispasmodic to be very effective in relieving
■ Sedative menstrual pain.
condition. It is used particularly for menstrual cramps
and for chest and abdominal pain. Research in China Research Traditional &
has confirmed the validity of corydalis’ traditional use, ■ Analgesic properties Research Current Uses
revealing that it contains powerful alkaloids that are in China from the 1950s onward has ■ Pain relief Corydalis is specifically
responsible for its analgesic effect. shown that corydalis has useful pain- taken to treat pain, and is used in
relieving properties. The powdered Chinese herbal medicine to relieve
rhizome has up to one-tenth of the pain resulting from almost any cause.
rhizome is harvested in late spring analgesic potency of morphine—an It is rarely taken on its own, being
and early summer when the aerial alkaloid derived from the opium combined with various other herbs
parts have withered. poppy (Papaver somniferum, p. 244). as appropriate.
Morphine is highly concentrated and ■ Period pain Corydalis is well
Related Species the strongest analgesic in medical worth trying as a natural treatment
C. cava, a related species from use. Although this research shows for period pain, and combines
southern Europe, has been shown corydalis to be much weaker in its well with cramp bark (Viburnum
to provide relief from involuntary effect than morphine, it nonetheless opulus, p. 150).
tremors and ataxia (shaky movements). indicates the value of corydalis in ■ Abdominal conditions Many
C. gariana, native to the Himalayas, is pain relief. types of abdominal pain, whether in
used in India as a detoxifying and tonic ■ Alkaloids The strongest analgesic the lower abdomen as in appendicitis,
herb for skin problems and genito- alkaloid in corydalis is corydaline. or in the upper abdomen as in peptic
urinary infections. Fumitory (Fumaria Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), another ulcer, are treated with corydalis.
Corydalis is commonly prescribed
by the Chinese in formulations for officinalis, p. 213), used to treat skin alkaloid, is analgesic and sedative and ■ Injuries In Chinese medical
period pain. problems, is also closely related. has been shown to work, at least in theory, and in other herbal traditions,
part, by blocking the dopamine pain is often thought to stem from
Habitat & Cultivation Key Constituents receptors in the central nervous obstruction of normal blood flow.
Native to Siberia, northern China, and ■ Alkaloids (including corydalis L, system. This constituent is also As corydalis is thought to “invigorate
Japan, corydalis is commonly cultivated corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine known to stimulate secretion of the the blood,” it is considered to be
in eastern and northeastern parts of [THP], protopine) adrenocorticotrophic hormone especially useful as a treatment for
China. It is propagated from seed in ■ Protoberberine-type alkaloid (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary the pain that results from a
early spring or autumn, and the (leonticine) gland, which controls aspects of stress. traumatic injury.
Dried rhizome Tincture (to make, p. 292). For abdominal pain, take up to 1 tsp
with water twice a day.
86
C r ata egus ox yaC a n t h a
Hawthorn
Crataegus oxyacantha & C. monogyna (Rosaceae) A deciduous, thorny
tree with small leaves,
Research
■ Bioflavonoids Hawthorn has
been fairly well researched. Its main
medicinal benefit is due to its high
bioflavonoid and proanthocyanin Dried flowering tops
content. These constituents relax
and dilate the arteries, especially the Berries help the heart
coronary arteries. This increases to function normally.
the flow of blood to the heart
muscles and reduces the symptoms
of angina. Both the bioflavonoids and
the proanthocyanins are also strongly Fresh berries
antioxidant, helping to prevent or
Hawthorn has bright red berries in autumn.
They are used in remedies to treat a variety reduce degeneration of the
of circulatory disorders. blood vessels.
■ Cardiac herb Several clinical
Habitat & Cultivation trials have explored hawthorn’s ability Dried berries
The hawthorn tree grows to lower blood pressure and support
along roadsides, and in thickets and heart function, with substantially Key Preparations & Their Uses
fields throughout the British Isles positive findings and strong evidence
QCautions Interactions with prescribed medicines can occur. Seek advice from
and in all temperate regions of the of the herb’s safety. an herbal or medical practitioner if taking prescribed medicines, especially for high
northern hemisphere. It can be blood pressure and heart disorders.
propagated from seed, but it Traditional &
takes 18 months to germinate, Current Uses
so the trees are usually cultivated ■ Historical uses Hawthorn was
from cuttings. The flowering tops traditionally used in Europe for
are harvested in late spring and kidney and bladder stones, and as
the berries in late summer to a diuretic. The 16th- and 18th-century
early autumn. herbals of Gerard, Culpeper, and
K’Eogh all list these uses. Its current
Key Constituents use for circulatory and cardiac Tincture of flowering tops or Decoction of flowering Tablets containing
berries is the most commonly tops is valuable for powdered flowering
■ Polyphenols problems stems from an Irish physician
used preparation. circulatory disorders. tops are convenient
■ Proanthocyanins who started using it successfully for for long-term use.
■ Bioflavonoids such conditions toward the end of
■ Triterpenoids the 19th century. Infusion, made from the flowers or leaves, helps to restore
■ Coumarins ■ Heart remedy Hawthorn is used
blood pressure levels to normal.
■ Amines (trimethylamine— today to treat angina and coronary
in flowers only) artery disease. It specifically improves ■ Blood pressure Hawthorn is ■ Poor memory Combined
heart function and is useful for mild best thought of as a remedy that with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, p. 100),
Key Actions congestive heart failure and irregular normalizes blood pressure. It clearly hawthorn is used to enhance poor
■ Cardiotonic heartbeat. Like many herbs, works to lower high blood pressure, memory. It works by improving the
■ Circulatory tonic hawthorn works in tune with the but also appears to support blood circulation of blood within the head,
■ Lowers blood pressure body’s own physiological processes pressure levels where these tend thereby increasing the amount of
■ Antioxidant and it takes time for change to occur. to be low. oxygen to the brain. 87
C r ata e va n urv ul a
tree growing to
■ Aphrodisiac
■ Stomach tonic
Flower head
Research
■ Depression Several clinical Stigma
trials have found saffron to be
beneficial in depression. In 2005,
Iranian researchers found that Key Preparations
saffron was as effective as
fluoxetine (Prozac) for mild & Their Uses
to moderate depression. In a QCautions Do not take as a medicine during pregnancy.
different clinical trial, saffron was Excessive doses can be toxic.
shown to help relieve the symptoms
Saffron’s golden-red threads may help
to support eyesight and prevent of sexual dysfunction (in both men
macular degeneration. and women) that can sometimes
present themselves as a side effect
Habitat & Cultivation of taking fluoxetine.
Saffron prefers a sunny, well-drained ■ Eye health Research from a
■ Crocins (carotenoid glucosides) stage, two small studies indicate an “exhilarant and cardiac tonic” that In Chinese medicine, saffron is used
■ Volatile oil (including safranal) that saffron, and particularly the “strengthens eyesight,” “reduces for depression and shock. It also has
■ Bitter substances crocins within it, acts on the brain appetite,” and is “a stimulant of sexual long use as a remedy for menstrual
to improve memory and cognitive desire.” A rereading of the Canon difficulties such as period cramps
Key Actions function, including in those paved the way for much of the and pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS).
■ Neuroprotective with dementia. Iranian research over recent years. Saffron is also used to treat skin
■ Antidepressant ■ Adulteration Due to its high The herbalist Christopher Catton, disorders, stomach weakness, and
■ Antispasmodic cost, saffron is frequently adulterated. following the English view of saffron to reduce appetite. 89
C urC um a lon g a
Turmeric
Curcuma longa syn. C. domestica (Zingiberaceae) A perennial reaching
3 ft (90 cm), with a
key medicinal pl ants
Although best known for its bright yellow color (neutralize harmful free radicals). and flow, and has a protective action
and spicy taste in Indian food, turmeric is increasingly Research from the 1970s onward, on the stomach and liver.
recognized as a medicinal food with almost unparalleled mostly in India, has tended to confirm
traditional uses of the root. Traditional &
health benefits. Its powerful anti-inflammatory action ■ Anti-inflammatory Research Current Uses
makes turmeric a key remedy in many chronic health has established that turmeric, and ■ Traditional remedy Turmeric
problems, including allergies, arthritis, diabetes, and curcumin in particular, blocks several improves the action of the liver and
psoriasis, where long-term inflammation is usually different inflammatory pathways, is a traditional remedy for jaundice in
a major underlying factor. countering inflammation throughout both Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal
the body. Turmeric is largely taken as medicine. It is also an ancient herb for
a supplement to prevent or treat digestive problems such as gastritis
Key Constituents cancer, dementia, and many auto- and acidity, helping to increase mucus
■ Curcumin immune diseases. Black pepper production and protect the stomach.
■ Volatile oil (3–5%), including is traditionally taken with turmeric The herb also alleviates nausea.
zingiberen and turmerone to augment its efficacy. This effect ■ Arthritis & allergies Even though
■ Bitter principles is now supported by research. turmeric does not relieve pain, its anti-
■ Resin ■ Curcumin When applied to the inflammatory action makes it useful
skin and exposed to sunlight, turmeric for arthritis and other inflammatory
Key Actions is strongly antibacterial. Curcumin is conditions such as asthma and eczema.
■ Anti-inflammatory the constituent responsible for this ■ Circulatory disorders Due to
■ Lowers cholesterol levels action. Curcumin is also more strongly its anti-inflammatory, blood-thinning,
■ Antimicrobial antioxidant than vitamin E. and cholesterol-lowering properties,
■ Anti-platelet (blood-thinning) ■ Cholesterol Chinese clinical trials turmeric is now used to reduce the
in 1987 indicate that turmeric lowers risk of strokes and heart attacks.
Turmeric is a valuable remedy for
arthritic and skin conditions. Research cholesterol levels. ■ Skin conditions Applied to the
■ New interest in turmeric ■ Cancer Turmeric may be a skin, turmeric is useful in treating
Habitat & Cultivation Despite its long-standing use in India valuable preventative remedy for a number of conditions, including
Turmeric is native to India and and China, the therapeutic actions of those at risk of developing cancer, psoriasis, and fungal infections such
southern Asia and is now cultivated turmeric were not researched until but more research is needed. as athlete’s foot.
throughout the tropics. It is propagated recent decades when there was an ■ Other actions Research has
by cuttings from the root, and needs upsurge of interest in foods and shown that turmeric has an anti- Self-help Uses
well-drained soil and a humid climate. medicines that lower cholesterol coagulant action, keeping the blood ■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304.
The rhizome is unearthed in winter. levels or have antioxidant properties thin. It also increases bile production ■ Nausea & motion sickness, p. 306.
Wild yam
Dioscorea villosa (Dioscoreaceae) A deciduous perennial
vine, climbing to 20 ft
Key Actions
■ Antispasmodic
■ Anti-inflammatory Fresh root
■ Antirheumatic and tuber
■ Increases sweating
■ Diuretic
Research
Rhizome has muscle-
■ Synthesis of hormones relaxant properties
Diosgenin, a breakdown product of
dioscin, was first identified by Japanese
scientists in 1936. This discovery
paved the way for the synthesis of
Wild yam can be found growing wild in
damp woodlands in North America. progesterone (one of the main female
sex hormones) and of corticosteroid
Habitat & Cultivation hormones such as cortisone. Wild
Wild yam is native to North and yam does not contain estrogen or
Central America, and has now progesterone, and wild yam “natural Chopped dried Dried root
become naturalized in tropical, progesterone” products are derived root and tuber and tuber
semitropical, and temperate climates from chemically processed diosgenin,
around the world. The plant is and have little or no relationship with Key Preparations & Their Uses
propagated from seed in spring, or naturally occurring wild yam.
from sections of tubers or by root ■ Anti-cholesterol activity
Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
division in spring or autumn. It thrives Research indicates that diosgenin
in sunny conditions and rich soil. The reduces the absorption of cholesterol
root and tuber of wild yam are from the gut and increases its
harvested in autumn. elimination from the body.
■ Tannins ■ Arthritis & rheumatism yam helps relieve cramps, muscle Self-help Use
■ Starch The herb’s combination of anti- tension, and colic. ■ Period pain, p. 315. 91
Ec hi n ac E a s p p.
Echinacea
Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae) A perennial growing
to 4 ft (1.2 m) with
key medicinal pl ants
plants are lifted in autumn. remedy in Western herbal medicine, Tincture of root (to make, Decoction of root (to make,
and is used to treat many health p. 292). For chronic infections, p. 291). To treat throat infections,
Key Constituents problems, notably viral and fungal take 1⁄2 tsp in water 3 times a day. gargle with 21⁄2 tbsp 3 times a day.
(E. purpurea) infections, and skin infections such as
■ Alkylamides acne and boils. It makes an excellent
(mostly isobutylamides) gargle for throat infections, and is Capsules of powdered root
(to make, p. 292). For colds, take
■ Caffeic acid esters (mainly typically prescribed by herbalists
a 500 mg capsule 3 times a day.
echinacoside and cynarin) wherever the immune system
■ polysaccharides is underperforming.
■ Allergies The herb is a helpful
Tablets Take as an immunostimulant for infections.
Key Actions remedy for treating allergies such
■ Immune modulator as asthma. ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. ■ Earache, p. 312.
■ Antimicrobial ■ Chilblains, p. 302. ■ Flu, sore throats & tonsillitis, p. 311.
■ Anti-inflammatory Self-help Uses ■ Cold sores, p. 304. ■ Canker sores, p. 306.
92 ■ Detoxifying ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. ■ Urinary & fungal infections, p. 314.
E l Et tar i a c a rda m om um
Cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) A perennial growing
to 16 ft (5 m), with
Siberian ginseng is a powerful tonic herb with an impressive ■ Triterpenoid saponins Traditional &
range of health benefits. Unlike many plant medicines, ■ Glycans Current Uses
Siberian ginseng is generally more useful in maintaining ■ Enhancing resilience Siberian
Key Actions ginseng is taken to improve mental
good health than in treating ill health. Research shows that resilience, such as in preparation for
■ Adaptogenic
extracts aid the body in coping with both physical and mental ■ Tonic tests, and to reduce the impact
stress, including overwork and extreme cold or heat, and ■ Protects the immune system of physical training and stress on
the herb is taken to support performance during periods the body.
of ongoing pressure or stress. Research ■ Exhaustion Siberian ginseng
given to people following the nuclear Key Constituents experienced as much as a 9% Self-help Uses
disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. ■ Eleutherosides, 0.6–0.9% improvement in stamina when ■ Convalescence, p. 319.
■ Polysaccharides taking Siberian ginseng. ■ Stress, p. 308.
Ephedra
Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae) An evergreen shrub
growing to 20 in
Key Actions
■ Increases sweating
■ Dilates the bronchioles
(small airways in the lungs)
■ Dries mucous membranes
■ Diuretic
■ Stimulant
Research
■ Active constituents Most
of the active constituents mimic Fresh stems
the effect of adrenaline within the
Ma Huang was found in a Middle Eastern
neolithic grave, indicating that it may have body, increasing alertness. Ephedrine,
been used as a medicine 60,000 years ago. extracted originally from ephedra,
was first synthesized in 1927 and
Habitat & Cultivation is used as a decongestant and
Dried stems
Native to northern China and Inner antiasthmatic.
Mongolia, ephedra often grows in ■ Whole herb When used at
desert areas. It is propagated from the correct dosage, the whole herb
seed in autumn or by root division has significant therapeutic effects—
Key Preparations & Their Uses
in autumn or spring and needs including dilating the bronchial RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Do not take if suffering from
well-drained soil. The stems airways—and a very low incidence angina, glaucoma, high blood pressure, enlarged prostate gland, or overactive
thyroid gland. Ephedra occasionally causes side effects, including headaches, tremors,
are gathered throughout the year of side effects. and insomnia. Restricted herb in some countries.
and dried. ■ Ephedra abuse ephedra
has been banned in the U.S. due
Related Species to frequent abuse of the herb, as
Other Ephedra species with similar an amphetamine-type “high” and,
medicinal properties to ephedra at excessive dosage, in weight-loss
grow throughout the northern regimens. At therapeutic dosage, and
hemisphere. In North America, with professional guidance, ephedra
related species were used to treat rarely gives rise to side effects.
fevers and relieve kidney pain,
while in India, Ephedra species Traditional &
were taken for asthma, hay fever, Current Uses Decoction is prescribed Tincture is used in
and rheumatism. ■ Historical uses Traditionally, Zen by herbalists for asthma. Powder is used treatments to alleviate
monks used ephedra to promote by the Chinese the aches and pains
to treat kidney of rheumatism.
Key Constituents calm concentration during meditation.
energy deficiency.
■ Protoalkaloids (ephedrine, ■ Chinese herb In China, ephedra
pseudoephedrine) is popular for chills and fevers, coughs
■ Tannins and wheezing, and in combination ■ Current Western uses and for the acute onset of colds
■ Saponin with rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa, Ephedra is used principally in and flu. It also helps to raise blood
■ Flavone p. 125) it is given to treat kidney yin current Western herbal medicine as pressure, cool fevers, and to
■ Volatile oil deficiency (see pp. 40–41). a treatment for asthma and hay fever, alleviate rheumatism. 95
Eu c aly p t us glob ulus
growing to 195 ft
Research
■ Essential oil Extensive research
into eucalyptus essential oil during the
last 50 years has shown it to have a
marked antiseptic action and the
ability to dilate the bronchioles (small
Fresh leaves
airways) of the lungs. The action of the are distilled
essential oil as a whole is stronger than to produce the
essential oil
that of its main constituent, cineole.
Eucalyptus was first introduced to the
West from Australia in the 19th century. Traditional &
Dried leaves
Current Uses
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Infections Eucalyptus is a traditional Fresh leaves
Native to Australia, eucalyptus is Aboriginal remedy for infections and
cultivated in plantations in tropical, fevers. It is now used throughout the
subtropical, and temperate areas world for these ailments.
of the world. Planting can cause ■ Antiseptic The herb is an
Key Preparations & Their Uses
ecological problems because the antiseptic and is very helpful for
trees absorb huge quantities of colds, flu, and sore throats. QCaution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional
supervision. Do not give to small children or infants.
water and prevent the growth of ■ Expectorant Eucalyptus is a
are either dried or distilled for oil. oil, applied to the skin as a chest or
sinus rub, has a warming and slightly Lozenges, containing eucalyptus.
Related Species anesthetic effect, helping to relieve Take for sore throats.
Many other Eucalyptus species respiratory infections. The same
contain valuable essential oils, effect occurs when the infusion
including E. smithii (p. 207). or tincture is used as a gargle.
■ Pain relief Diluted essential
Key Actions Self-help Uses Infusion (to make, p. 291). Drink 1 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day for bronchitis.
■ Antiseptic ■ Congestion, sinus problems, Tincture (to make, p. 292). For chest coughs, add 1⁄2 tsp tincture to
■ Analgesic & earache, p. 312. 1/2 cup (100 ml) water and take twice a day.
96 ■ Expectorant ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310.
Eu gE n i a c aryop hy l l ata
Clove tree
Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) An evergreen,
pyramid-shaped tree
Research
■ Volatile oil Argentinian research Fresh flower
buds
in 1994 showed clove’s volatile oil
to be strongly antibacterial. Eugenol
(a phenol) is the largest and most
important component of the volatile
Leaves and
oil. It is strongly anesthetic and stems are
antiseptic, and therefore useful in occasionally
pain relief for toothache, and as used for oil
extraction
an antiseptic for many conditions.
■ Acetyl eugenol Acetyl eugenol,
another component of the volatile Dried flower
oil, has been shown to be strongly buds (cloves)
Cloves are pink when unripe, but later
turn brown when they are dried outside antispasmodic.
in the sun. Key Preparations & Their Uses
Traditional &
Habitat & Cultivation Current Uses QCautions External use can cause dermatitis. Do not take essential oil internally
except under professional supervision.
Originally from the Molucca Islands ■ Ancient all-purpose remedy
(Indonesia) and the southern Cloves have been used in Southeast
Philippines, cloves are now grown Asia for thousands of years and were
extensively in Tanzania and regarded as a panacea for almost all ills.
Madagascar, and to a lesser extent ■ Antiseptic The antiseptic property
in the West Indies and Brazil. The of cloves makes them useful for
tree is grown from seed in spring or treating certain viral conditions. In
from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. tropical Asia, they have often been
Twice a year, the unopened flower given to treat infections such as
buds are picked as they develop, malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis, Infusion For colic, infuse 2 cloves Tincture (to make, p. 292).
and then sun-dried. and parasites such as scabies. in 1 cup (150 ml) of water (see For flatulence, take 20 drops
■ Antispasmodic Digestive p. 291). Take 3 times daily. with water 3 times a day.
Key Constituents discomfort, such as gas, colic,
■ Volatile oil containing eugenol and abdominal bloating, can be Essential oil For toothache, dab 1–2 drops of oil
(up to 85%), acetyl eugenol, relieved with cloves. Their anti- onto cotton wool and rub over the affected tooth.
methyl salicylate, pinene, vanillin spasmodic property also eases
■ Gum coughs and, applied topically, ■ Additional uses Besides all their West. They are used regularly only
■ Tannins relieves muscle spasms. other uses, cloves can be used to in mouthwashes, and for their local
■ Mind & body stimulant Cloves treat acne, skin ulcers, sores, and anesthetic effect, for example in
Key Actions are a stimulant, both to the mind styes. They also make a potent relieving toothache.
■ Antiseptic (improving memory) and to the mosquito and clothes moth repellent.
■ Carminative body as a whole, and have been Oranges that had been studded with Self-help Uses
■ Stimulant used as an aphrodisiac in India and cloves were used in the Moluccas as ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Analgesic in the West. The herb has also insect repellents. ■ Fever, p. 311.
■ Prevents vomiting been used to prepare for childbirth. ■ Western herbalism Despite the ■ Fungal skin infections, p. 304.
■ Antispasmodic It helps stimulate and strengthen bewildering variety of their therapeutic ■ Neuralgia, p. 308.
■ Eliminates parasites uterine muscle contractions in labor. uses, cloves are underrated in the ■ Toothache, p. 308. 97
F i l i p e n dul a ul m ar i a
Meadowsweet
Filipendula ulmaria (Rosaceae) A perennial reaching
5 ft (1.5 m), with
Key medicinal pl ants
Gentian
Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae) An erect perennial
growing to 4 ft (1.2 m),
■ Digestive stimulant
Research
■ Amarogentin Although present
in much smaller quantities than
gentiopicroside, amarogentin is the
constituent largely responsible for
the bitterness of gentian. It is 3,000
times more bitter than gentiopicroside,
Gentian is a tall, attractive plant and has and, tasted at dilutions of 1:50,000, it
been cultivated in gardens at least since the is possibly the most bitter substance
time of the 16th-century herbalist Gerard. on the planet. Dried chopped root
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & Key Preparations & Their Uses
This largest member of the diverse Current Uses QCaution Do not take if suffering from acid indigestion or a peptic ulcer.
gentian family is native to the Alps and ■ Origin of the name Gentius,
other mountainous regions of central king of Illyria in the 2nd century bce,
and southern Europe from Spain to reputedly discovered the virtues of
the Balkans, flourishing at altitudes the plant. The name gentian attests
of 2,300–7,900 ft (700–2,400 m). to its use in classical times.
The large root crowns can be split or ■ Action of bitter principles
the plant grown from seed. Due to There are 4 main taste receptors
overharvesting from the wild, this is on the tongue: sweet, sour, salty,
now a threatened species, so buy only and bitter. It has been shown that
cultivated root. It needs a loamy soil the bitter principles in gentian
and a sheltered site. The root is dug Tincture (to make, p. 292). For Decoction (to make, p. 291).
stimulate the bitter taste receptors
poor appetite, take 2–5 drops For anemia and weakened digestion,
up in early autumn and dried. on the tongue, causing an increase with water before meals. take 5 tsp 3–5 times a day.
in the production of saliva and
Related Species gastric secretions. This in turn
Many gentian species are bitter-tasting stimulates the appetite and improves stimulant on the gallbladder and liver, nutrients, including iron and vitamin
plants and a number are used in herbal the action of the digestive system encouraging them to function more B12, and is therefore useful for iron-
medicine as a result, for example in general. efficiently. Gentian is therefore useful deficiency anemia (usually resulting
Japanese gentian (G. scabra) and the ■ Digestive stimulant By in almost any condition where the from blood loss). It is often added to
Chinese qin jiao (G. macrophylla). stimulating the action of the stomach, digestive system needs to be toned prescriptions for women with heavy
many symptoms associated with up. It is often taken as a digestive tonic menstrual bleeding.
Key Constituents weak digestion, such as gas, in old age.
■ Bitter principles indigestion, and poor appetite, ■ Nutrient absorption Self-help Uses
(gentiopicroside, amarogentin) are relieved. Stomach and other By improving digestive function, ■ Anemia, p. 301.
■ Gentianose secretions are improved, which in gentian increases the absorption of ■ Fever, p. 311.
■ Inulin turn helps increase the absorption nutrients across the gut wall. It aids ■ Weakened digestion, p. 319.
■ Phenolic acids of nutrients. The herb also acts as a the absorption of a wide range of ■ Gas & bloating, p. 306. 99
Gi n kG o b i lob a
■ Anti-inflammatory Western interest in ginkgo has Decoction of the seeds is used by herbalists to treat wheezing.
■ Anti-asthmatic concentrated on the remarkable Fluid extract made from the fresh leaves is prescribed by medical herbalists
■ Anti-allergenic ability of the leaves to improve for asthma.
■ Antispasmodic the circulation, especially poor
circulation to the brain, and the taken daily by millions of people from nerve tissue and strengthen
Research herb’s antiallergenic and anti- middle age onward to maintain and the circulation.
■ Clinical trials Extensive research inflammatory actions, which make improve cerebral circulation and the
since the 1960s has established the it a particularly useful herbal remedy memory, and to reduce the possibility Self-help Uses
importance of ginkgo in improving for the treatment of asthma. Ginkgo of a stroke. It is also a valuable ■ Failing memory, p. 319.
poor cerebral circulation and aiding is a bestselling herbal medicine in medicine to take after a stroke, ■ High blood pressure &
100 memory and concentration. France and Germany, where it is where it is thought to support arteriosclerosis, p. 301.
G lyc y rr hi z a Gl ab r a
■ Demulcent joints, and some skin problems. normally. & vomiting, p. 306.
■ Adrenal agent Licorice is also soothing for ■ Constipation Licorice is useful as ■ Canker sores, p. 306.
■ Mild laxative inflamed eyes. a gentle laxative. ■ Oral thrush, p. 314. 101
H a m am e l i s v i rgi n i a n a
Witch hazel
Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae) A small deciduous
tree growing to16 ft
key medicinal pl ants
Key Actions
■ Astringent
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Stops external and
internal bleeding
Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Established properties Witch Bark is used
hazel contains large quantities of in tinctures Dried leaves
tannins. These have a drying, and ointments
astringent effect, causing the
tightening up of proteins in the skin
Witch hazel produces distinctive flowers in
winter followed by brown fruit capsules that, and across the surface of abrasions.
when ripe, eject 2 seeds up to 13 ft (4 m) This creates a protective covering Fresh leaves
away from the tree. that increases resistance to
inflammation and promotes healing Fresh bark Dried bark
Habitat & Cultivation of broken skin. Witch hazel also
Witch hazel is a woodland tree, appears to help damaged blood
indigenous to Canada and eastern vessels beneath the skin. It is thought
Key Preparations & Their Uses
parts of the U.S. Today it is that this effect may be due to the QCaution If using internally, take only under professional supervision.
commonly cultivated in Europe. flavonoids as well as to the tannins.
The trees are grown from When witch hazel is distilled it retains
hardwood cuttings or from seed, its astringency, suggesting that
both of which are planted in astringent agents other than tannins
autumn. The leaves are gathered are present.
in summer and dried. The bark ■ Skin problems Witch hazel
is harvested during the autumn is a very useful herb for inflamed
and dried as quickly as possible in and tender skin conditions, such as
Distilled witch hazel Dab onto insect
the shade. eczema. It is mainly used where the stings, sore skin, and broken veins.
Tincture of bark (to make, p. 292).
skin has not been significantly broken
Dilute 1 tbsp in 1/2 cup (100 ml) cold
Related Species and helps to protect the affected water and sponge onto varicose veins.
Ointment of bark (to make,
p. 295). Apply to hemorrhoids
European hazel (Corylus avellana) is area and prevent infection.
twice a day.
a similar herb. It is used occasionally ■ Damaged veins Witch hazel
in European herbal medicine as an is valuable for damaged facial veins, Infusion of the leaves (to make, p. 291). Use as a lotion (see p. 296) for broken
veins and cysts.
astringent to treat diarrhea. The oil is varicose veins, and hemorrhoids,
nutritious and can be used to treat and is an effective remedy for
threadworms in children. bruises. Due to its astringent Witch hazel also makes an effective Self-help Uses
properties, it helps to tighten eyewash for inflammation of the ■ Bruises, p. 304.
Key Constituents distended veins and restore their eyes. Less commonly, it is taken ■ Cleansing wounds, p. 304.
■ Tannins (8–10%) normal structure. internally to alleviate diarrhea, ■ Eczema, p. 300.
■ Flavonoids ■ Other uses A lotion can be helping to tighten up the mucous ■ Hemorrhoids, p. 302.
■ Bitter principle applied to the skin for underlying membranes of the intestines, and ■ Skin rashes, p. 303.
102 ■ Volatile oil (leaves only) problems such as cysts or tumors. for bleeding of any kind. ■ Varicose veins, p. 302.
H a r pagopH y t um p roc um b e n s
Devil’s claw
Harpagophytum procumbens (Pedaliaceae) A trailing perennial,
reaching 5 ft (1.5 m)
Key Actions
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Analgesic
■ Digestive stimulant
■ Antiarthritic
Research
■ Anti-inflammatory French
research (1992) indicated that
devil’s claw is anti-inflammatory,
but opinion is divided on its
effectiveness in practice.
■ Pain relief There is some
Devil’s claw, found growing in the Transvaal,
has bright purple flowers in spring. evidence to confirm devil’s claw’s Chopped dried tuber
use as an analgesic as it seems to
Sliced dried
Habitat & Cultivation be effective in easing the symptoms
tuber
Devil’s claw is native to Namibia, of joint pain.
Botswana, and South Africa, where ■ Bitter The strongly bitter action
it is a protected species due to over- of devil’s claw stimulates and tones Key Preparations & Their Uses
harvesting of wild plants. It thrives the digestive system. Many arthritic
QCautions Do not take if suffering from gallstones or peptic ulcer. Do not take
in clay or sandy soils, preferring conditions are associated with poor during pregnancy. May interact with anticoagulants.
roadsides and open areas, especially digestion and absorption of food,
places where natural vegetation and the stimulant effect of this
has been cleared. Propagated from herb on the stomach and gallbladder
seed in spring, the young tubers contributes to its overall therapeutic
are unearthed in autumn and cut value as an antiarthritic remedy.
into pieces about 3⁄4 in (2 cm) long.
Care is taken not to mix the tubers, Traditional &
which contain the active constituents, Current Uses
with the roots, as this can render ■ African traditional remedy
“endanger the people.” ■ Antispasmodic for its sedative effect. A sachet placed
■ Aromatic bitter inside a bed pillow releases an aroma
that calms the mind. Hops help to
Habitat & Cultivation Research reduce irritability and restlessness
Indigenous to Europe and Asia, ■ Bitter principles and promote a sound night’s sleep.
hops flourish along roadsides and in The bitter principles as a whole ■ Tension Blended with other
open areas. They are grown strongly stimulate the digestive herbs, hops are good for stress,
commercially throughout northern system, increasing the rate of anxiety, tension, and headaches,
Europe and northern states of gastric and other secretions. A though they should not be used
the U.S. Flowers of the female plant number of constituents, such as if depression is a factor. Their
(strobiles) are picked in early autumn lupulin, are sedative, though it is not antispasmodic action makes hops
and dried at a low temperature. yet entirely understood how they useful for certain types of asthma
work. Lupulon and humulon and for period pain.
Related Species are antiseptic. ■ Aid to digestion Hops are
Hops are related to marijuana ■ Other research The herb beneficial for the digestion, increasing
(Cannabis sativa, p. 181). relaxes smooth muscle and has stomach secretions and relaxing
been shown to have an estrogenic spasms and colic.
Hops have been cultivated for brewing
beer since at least the 11th century.
Key Constituents effect. Some isolated constituents
The bines (stems) are trained up raised ■ Bitter principles (lupulin containing are thought to depress central Self-help Uses
wire runners. humulon, lupulon and valerianic acid) nervous activity. ■ Insomnia, p. 309.
Dried strobiles Fresh strobiles Capsules (to make, p. 292). To stimulate the appetite, take a
300 mg capsule 2 times a day before meals.
104
H y dr as t i s c an a de n s i s
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis (Ranunculaceae) A small herbaceous
perennial, with a thick
Research
■ Alkaloids For an herb with
such a high medicinal reputation,
there has been very little research
into its pharmacology, but it is
Dried rhizome
known that goldenseal’s medicinal
actions are due largely to the
Rhizome has a
isoquinoline alkaloids. characteristic golden
■ Hydrastine Research in yellow color
Canada in the late 1960s showed
that hydrastine constricts the blood
vessels and stimulates the autonomic Fresh rhizome
Goldenseal is an unusual looking plant with
nervous system.
a single, red inedible fruit. ■ Antibacterial Although this
Key Preparations & Their Uses
herb’s mode of action and degree
Habitat & Cultivation of effectiveness is not fully known, QCautions Toxic if taken to excess. Do not take if suffering from high blood pressure.
Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Not suitable for children.
Goldenseal grows wild in moist it has been found that the herb’s
mountainous woodland areas of constituents collectively have a
North America and prefers soil stronger antibacterial activity than
that is well covered with dead berberine alone.
leaves. Due to excessive harvesting ■ Berberine Berberine is bitter,
in the wild, instances of goldenseal antibacterial, and amebicidal.
in its natural habitat have become Recent research has established
very rare. In 1997 it was listed as an that it can be used to lower harmful
endangered species, and so only blood-fat levels and stabilize blood
Capsules For gastritis, Tincture (to make, p. 292).
cultivated produce should be used. glucose levels.
take a 300 mg capsule For excess mucus, take 20 drops
Goldenseal is propagated by root ■ Canadine Research shows that with water 3 times a day.
3 times a day.
division. Rhizomes from 3-year-old this alkaloid stimulates the muscles
plants are dug up in the autumn and of the uterus. Powder is used to make capsules (see p. 292).
dried in the open air on cloth. Decoction (to make, p. 291). For sore throats, gargle 21⁄2 tbsp 3–4 times a day.
Traditional &
Key Constituents Current Uses Infusion of powder (to make, p. 291). For yeast infections, apply 3⁄4 cup (150 ml).
■ Isoquinoline alkaloids ■ Mucous membranes Most
(hydrastine, berberine, authorities agree that goldenseal wash or douche for vaginal yeast to absorb certain nutrients, notably
canadine) is a potent remedy for disorders and vaginal infections generally. B vitamins.
■ Volatile oil affecting mucous membranes of The infusion is also valued as a ■ Gynecological uses
■ Resin the body, notably of the eye, ear, remedy for psoriasis. Goldenseal helps to reduce heavy
nose, and throat, the stomach and ■ Digestive problems Taken menstrual bleeding and is used by
Key Actions intestines, and the vagina. internally, goldenseal increases herbal practitioners and midwives
■ Bitter tonic ■ Countering infection As digestive secretions, astringes the to help stop bleeding following
■ Anti-inflammatory a dilute infusion, goldenseal can mucous membranes that line the gut, childbirth (postpartum hemorrhage).
■ Antibacterial be used as an eyewash, as a and checks inflammation. It should Goldenseal stimulates the uterus and
■ Uterine stimulant mouthwash for infected gums, not be taken for extended periods should not, therefore, be taken
■ Stops internal bleeding and as an extremely effective of time as it reduces the gut’s capacity during pregnancy. 105
H y p e ri c um p e rf or at um
Elecampane
Inula helenium (Asteraceae) A perennial growing
to 10 ft (3 m), with
Key Actions
■ Expectorant
■ Soothes coughing
■ Increases sweating
■ Mildly bitter
■ Eliminates worms
■ Antibacterial
Dried root
Research
■ Inulin Inulin was first isolated Fresh root
from elecampane in 1804 and
took its name from the herb. It
“Elecampane will the spirits sustain,”
has mucilaginous qualities that Key Preparations & Their Uses
is a medieval saying. It reflects the herb’s help soothe the bronchial linings.
QCautions Can cause skin reactions. Do not take internally in pregnancy
tonic properties. ■ Antimicrobial Alantolactone
or if breastfeeding.
has been shown to have significant
Habitat & Cultivation activity against the tuberculosis
Native to southeastern Europe mycobacterium. Researchers in
and western Asia, elecampane Ireland found that the root had
now grows in many temperate potent effect against MRSA, an
regions, including parts of the U.S. antibiotic-resistant “superbug.”
It is also cultivated. Propagated ■ Whole herb As a whole, the
from seed in spring or by root root has a stimulant, expectorant
division, it prefers moist, well-drained effect, encouraging the coughing
ground. The root is unearthed in up of mucus from the lungs. The Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). For bronchitis,
For irritable coughs, take 1⁄3 cup mix 21⁄2 tbsp with 21⁄2 tbsp thyme tincture.
autumn, cut up, and then dried at volatile oil is known to be partly (75 ml) 2–3 times a day. Take 1 tsp 3 times a day.
a high temperature. responsible for this and also for
the herb’s antiseptic properties. Syrup For coughs, make an infusion (see p. 291) and simmer until it has reduced
Related Species to half its volume, before adding the sugar or honey (to make, p. 293). Take 1–2 tsp
every 2 hours.
Xuan fu hua (I. japonica) grows Traditional &
in China and Japan. Other relatives Current Uses
used medicinally include sunflower ■ Chest infections Elecampane ■ Chronic chest complaints digestion. It stimulates the appetite
(Helianthus annuus), common has long been valued for its tonic, Elecampane’s qualities have led to and relieves dyspepsia. It is a useful
fleabane (Pulicaria dysenterica), and strengthening effect on the its specific use for chronic bronchitis remedy for the treatment of worms.
echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 94). respiratory system and for its and bronchial asthma. It is particularly ■ Infection In the past, elecampane
ability to resolve chest infections. useful because it both soothes the was used in the treatment of
Key Constituents Its warming effect on the lungs, bronchial tube linings and is an tuberculosis. It works well with
■ Inulin (up to 44%) combined with its ability to gently expectorant. In addition, the herb other antiseptic herbs and is given
■ Volatile oil (up to 4%), stimulate the clearing of mucus is mildly bitter, helping recovery for infections such as tonsillitis. Its
containing alantol from the chest, makes it safe for by improving digestion and the restorative, tonic action complements
and sesquiterpene lactones young and old. It can be used in absorption of nutrients. its ability to counter infection.
(including alantolactone) almost all chest conditions, and ■ Digestive problems
■ Triterpene saponins is very useful when the patient Elecampane has been taken Self-help Use
■ Phytosterols is debilitated. traditionally as a tonic herb for the ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. 107
L avan duL a of f i c i n a L i s
Lavender
Lavandula angustifolia syn. L. officinalis (Lamiaceae) A perennial shrub
growing to 3 ft (1 m),
key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Lavender oil A 2014 clinical trial
found lavender oil taken internally
to be more effective than both a
placebo and a conventional tranquilizer
in relieving generalized anxiety. It also
showed antidepressant activity. Other Fresh
studies have found similar benefits flowers
and tended to confirm relaxant,
antidepressant, and gently sedative
Lavender is widely cultivated for perfume
and medicinal use. activity. The oil is thought to have low
Dried flowers
toxicity and significant antibacterial
Habitat & Cultivation and antifungal activity.
Native to France and the western ■ Flowers Lavender flowers and oil Key Preparations & Their Uses
Mediterranean, lavender is cultivated have similar properties. Although
QCaution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional supervision.
worldwide for its volatile oil. It is little research has been conducted,
propagated from seed or cuttings it is likely the flowers have a
and needs a sunny position. The significantly greater carminative and
flowers are picked in the morning neuroprotective activity. Applied
in high summer and are dried, or externally, flower extracts are
distilled to produce essential oil. insecticidal and rubefacient (irritant
and stimulating to the local circulation).
Related Species
Spike lavender (L. spica) yields more Traditional &
oil than L. officinalis, but of an inferior Current Uses Tincture (to make, p. 292). Massage oil For headaches, combine
quality. L. stoechas is used as an ■ Nervous system Lavender is well For insomnia, take 1⁄2 –1 tsp 20 drops with 1 tbsp carrier oil and
antiseptic wash for wounds, ulcers, known for its soothing and calming with water at night. apply (see p. 297).
and sores in Spain and Portugal. effect and is combined with other Essential oil Apply undiluted to insect stings.
sedative herbs to relieve sleeplessness,
Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a calming remedy for digestive problems.
Key Constituents irritability, headaches, and migraine.
For indigestion, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) twice a day.
■ Volatile oil (up to 3%) It also helps to alleviate depression.
containing over 40 constituents, ■ Digestion Like many herbs
including linalyl acetate (30–60%), with a significant volatile oil content, strongly antiseptic, helping to heal Self-help Uses
cineole (10%), linalool, lavender soothes indigestion and burns, wounds, and sores. Rubbed ■ Back pain, p. 313.
nerol, borneol colic, and relieves gas and bloating. onto insect stings, it relieves pain and ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
■ Flavonoids ■ Asthma Lavender’s relaxing effect inflammation, and can be used to treat ■ Burns & sunburn, p. 309.
makes it helpful for some types of scabies and head lice. Massaging a few ■ Earache, p. 312.
Key Actions asthma, especially where excessive drops on the temples eases headaches, ■ Headaches & migraine, p. 309.
■ Antispasmodic nervousness is a feature. and five drops added to a bath at night ■ Insomnia, p. 309.
■ Relieves anxiety ■ Essential oil The oil is an relieves muscle tension, tones the ■ Neuralgia, p. 308.
108 ■ Antidepressant invaluable first aid remedy. It is nervous system, and encourages sleep. ■ Stiff & aching joints, p. 313.
Li n um us i tat i ss i m um
Flaxseed
Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) A slender annual, to
3 ft (1 m) tall, with
Research
■ Omega-3 oils Flaxseed is Key Preparations & Their Uses
unusual in that it has very high levels QCaution Do not use immature seeds, which may be toxic. Store cracked or
of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 ground seed in a closed container and keep in the fridge.
polyunsaturated fatty acid, similar to
those most commonly found in fish
oils. Research indicates that omega-3
oils have significant anti-inflammatory
activity. They also help to protect the
Flaxseed is the best vegetable source
heart and circulation, and to reduce
of omega-3 essential fatty acids. heart irregularities. The seed, rather
than the oil, helps to lower
Habitat & Cultivation cholesterol levels.
Originally native to temperate zones ■ Cancer-fighting Ground flaxseed
Oil from the seed is convenient to use
in Europe and Asia, flaxseed is appears to be specifically useful but goes rancid easily. Take 1–2 tsp
now widely cultivated in temperate against endometrial, breast, and daily as a nutritional supplement.
regions, including Canada and the prostate cancer: it is rich in omega-3
U.S., Argentina, and northern Europe. oils, which are deficient in most Cracked or ground seed Take
It is grown from seed in spring and Western diets; in lignans, which are 1–2 tbsp daily with water to help
harvested when the seed is ripe in late phytoestrogenic and reduce the relieve menopausal symptoms.
summer or early autumn. impact of estradiol (a potentially
harmful type of estrogen); and in Flour is mixed with water and used as a poultice, and used in baking as a
phytoestrogenic food during menopause.
Related Species mucilage and fiber, which prevent
Purging flax (L. catharticum), native reabsorption of unwanted estrogens
to western Europe, is a purgative, from the intestines. Flaxseed added significant mucilage content, the applied to painful or tender boils and
but no longer used. to the diet lowers PSA levels (used to seeds are also soothing and anti- carbuncles, softening the skin and
measure prostate cancer risk) and inflammatory, reducing irritation drawing out the purulent material.
Key Constituents thus is thought to protect against and inflammation in the gut in A Portuguese recipe recommends
■ Fixed oil (approximately 35%) prostate cancer. such conditions as colitis, irritable combining flaxseed oil with red
mostly alpha-linolenic acid bowel, and hemorrhoids. wine as an effective topical remedy
(omega-essential fatty acid) Traditional & ■ Respiratory & urinary for wounds.
■ Protein (about 26%) Current Uses disorders The seeds, which need ■ Menopause Adding flaxseed
■ Fiber (about 14%) ■ Laxative Flaxseed has mostly to be split or ground up before being to the diet can support estrogen
■ Mucilage (about 12%) been used as a bulk laxative, swallowed, soothe the chest and, balance at menopause and reduce
■ Sterols especially valuable in chronic to a lesser extent, the urinary tract. associated symptoms. Flax and other
■ Lignans constipation. The seeds soak up They have proved helpful in chronic seeds can be made into a
fluid in the gut, helping to make or paroxysmal coughs, bronchitis, and “menopause cake.”
Key Actions the stool softer and encouraging emphysema, and in urinary troubles
■ Demulcent easier bowel movements. They such as chronic cystitis. Self-help Uses
■ Emollient should be taken with about 5 times ■ External uses A poultice of the ■ Constipation, p. 317.
■ Laxative their volume of water. With their crushed seeds or of flaxseed flour is ■ Menopause, p. 316. 109
Lob e L i a i n f L ata
Lobelia
Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae) An annual growing
to 20 in (50 cm), with
key medicinal pl ants
Key Actions
■ Respiratory stimulant
■ Antispasmodic
■ Expectorant
■ Induces vomiting
■ Increases sweating
Fresh
aerial parts
Traditional &
Current Uses Dried aerial parts
■ Native American remedy Fresh leaves
Lobelia was a traditional Native
American remedy with a wide range
Lobelia’s pale blue flowers were believed to
of applications. Its use was later Key Preparations
championed by the American
have magical properties and were used
to ward off ghosts. herbalist Samuel Thomson (1769–
& Their Uses
1843), who made the herb the RCautions Take only when prescribed by a medical herbalist
Habitat & Cultivation mainstay of his therapeutic system or doctor and do not eat the fresh plant. Excessive ingestion
is rare (vomiting normally occurs first) but can be fatal. Restricted
An indigenous American plant, (see p. 27). He mainly used it to herb in some countries.
lobelia is found in much of North induce vomiting.
America, especially in eastern parts ■ Therapeutic properties The
of the U.S. It grows by roadsides and whole herb is strongly antispasmodic.
in neglected areas, and prefers acid The constituent lobeline stimulates
soil. The aerial parts are harvested the respiratory center within the
in early autumn, when the seed brain stem, producing stronger
capsules are most numerous, and and deeper breathing. Laboratory
are carefully dried. investigations during the 1990s
suggest that lobeline has
Related Species antidepressant activity.
Infusion is prescribed Tincture is given
At least 4 other Lobelia species were ■ Respiratory problems
for bronchitis. to relieve asthma.
traditionally used by Native Americans. A powerful antispasmodic and
One, great lobelia (L. siphilitica), as its respiratory stimulant, lobelia is
Tablets containing lobelia in
Latin name suggests, was credited valuable for asthma, particularly
combination with other herbs are
by Native Americans and European bronchial asthma, and chronic used to treat bronchial asthma.
settlers with the power to cure bronchitis. The herb helps to relax
syphilis. Chinese lobelia (ban bian the muscles of the smaller bronchial
lian, L. chinensis) is used in Chinese tubes, thereby opening the airways, ■ External applications Some combination with cayenne, lobelia has
herbal medicine mainly as a diuretic stimulating breathing, and promoting constituents, especially lobeline, been used as a chest and sinus rub.
and for snake bite. the coughing up of phlegm. In the break down rapidly in the body, and ■ Tobacco addiction
Anglo-American herbal tradition, lobelia is often most effective applied The piperidine alkaloids, especially
Key Constituents lobelia has always been combined externally. Its antispasmodic action lobeline, have similar chemical
■ Piperidine alkaloids (6%)— with cayenne (Capsicum frutescens, helps to relax muscles, particularly effects to nicotine, found in tobacco
principally lobeline, but p. 74); the heating, stimulant action smooth muscle, making it useful for (Nicotiana tabacum, p. 240), and
many others present helps to push blood into areas that sprains, and back problems where lobelia is employed by herbalists
110 ■ Carboxylic acids lobelia has relaxed. muscle tension is a key factor. In to help patients give up smoking.
Lyc i um c hi n e n s e
Goji berry
Lycium chinense syn. L. barbarum (Solanaceae) A deciduous shrub
growing to 13 ft (4 m),
Tea tree
Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) An evergreen reaching
23 ft (7 m), with
key medicinal pl ants
■ Antifungal
■ Antiviral
■ Immune stimulant
Research Fresh
■ Antiseptic properties Tea tree leaves
essential oil was first researched in
1923 in Australia. Since the 1960s
it has been intensively investigated,
and its antiseptic properties are Dried leaves
well established. Clinical trials, mainly
in Australia, have shown that it is
Key Preparations
effective at treating a broad range
Tea tree provides one of the most effective
natural antiseptics. of infectious conditions, especially & Their Uses
fungal and skin problems such as QCaution Do not take the
Habitat & Cultivation vaginal yeast, acne, and warts. essential oil internally except
Tea tree is native to Australia, ■ Active constituents One of under professional supervision.
flourishing in moist soils in northern the most important constituents is
New South Wales and Queensland. known to be terpinen-4-ol, which
It is now cultivated extensively, is significantly antiseptic and well Cream Add 5 drops
essential oil to 1 tsp
especially in New South Wales. tolerated by the skin. The oil also base cream and apply
Tea tree is grown from cuttings contains cineol, which can irritate to pimples 3 times
in summer. The leaves and small the skin. The cineol content varies— a day.
branches are picked throughout poor-quality oil has more than
the year and distilled to produce 10%; in some cases up to 65%.
essential oil.
Traditional &
Related Species Current Uses
Other Melaleuca species that provide ■ Traditional remedy Tea tree is
valuable essential oils include cajuput a traditional Aboriginal remedy. The
(M. leucadendron, p. 233), broad- leaves are crushed and either inhaled Infusion (to make, p. 291). For chronic Essential oil Add 3 drops
leaved paperbark tree (M. viridiflora) or used in infusions for coughs, colds, infections, infuse 1⁄2 tsp herb in 3⁄4 cup to 12 drops carrier oil and
and M. linariifolia, the essential oil of and skin infections. (150 ml) of water. Take twice a day. dab onto athlete’s foot.
which is very similar to tea tree. ■ Skin problems Tea tree can be
Pessaries (to make, p. 297). For vaginal infections, insert one a day.
applied to skin infections such as
Key Constituents athlete’s foot and ringworm, as well
■ Volatile oil containing terpinen-4- as to corns, warts, acne, and boils, ■ Oral infections The herb is infections. It may be used as a pessary
ol (40%), gamma-terpinene (24%), infected burns, wounds, insect bites effective in mouthwashes, countering or can be diluted in a carrier cream
alpha-terpinene (10%), cineo (5%) and stings, and other skin conditions. oral infection and gum disease, and and then applied.
(percentages are variable). ■ Chronic infections Tea tree may it can also be used as a gargle for
be taken internally as a treatment for sore throats. Self-help Uses
Key Actions chronic, and some acute, infections, ■ Vaginal infections Tea tree is ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Antiseptic notably cystitis, glandular fever, and an excellent remedy for vaginal ■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304.
112 ■ Antibacterial chronic fatigue syndrome. irritation and infection, including yeast ■ Vaginal yeast infection, p. 314.
M e l i ss a of f i c i n al i s
Lemon balm
Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) A perennial growing
to 5 ft (1.5 m), with
Research
■ Volatile oil German research
has shown that the volatile oil, and in
particular citral and citronellal, calm
the central nervous system. The oil
is also strongly antispasmodic.
■ Polyphenols Polyphenols are
antiviral. In particular, they combat the Dried aerial parts Fresh aerial
herpes simplex virus, which produces parts
cold sores. In one research study, the
average healing time of cold sores was
halved to about 5 days and the time
Key Preparations
Lemon balm’s botanical name, Melissa,
between outbreaks doubled. & Their Uses
comes from the Greek for bee and refers to ■ Thyroid Lemon balm inhibits
QCaution Do not take the essential oil internally
the great attraction the plant holds for bees. thyroid function. except under professional supervision.
Peppermint
Mentha x piperita (Lamiaceae) A strongly aromatic,
square-stemmed
key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Volatile oil Research has shown
that the volatile oil is strongly
antibacterial. Menthol (a constituent
of the oil) is antiseptic, antifungal, Dried aerial parts
cooling, and anesthetic to the skin,
although it is also an irritant.
■ Whole herb The whole plant
has an antispasmodic effect on the
Leaves have high
digestive system. Clinical trials in levels of volatile oil,
Denmark and the UK during the which has important
1990s have confirmed its value digestive properties
in the treatment of irritable
Peppermint is cultivated in many parts of
the world for its oil. bowel syndrome.
Fresh aerial parts
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional &
Peppermint is grown commercially Current Uses Key Preparations
and in gardens throughout Europe, Digestive problems
Asia, and North America. It is
■
Peppermint is excellent for the
& Their Uses
propagated from seed in spring and digestive system, increasing the QCautions Do not give peppermint to children
is harvested just before it flowers flow of digestive juices and bile under 5. The essential oil is best taken internally
on the advice of a healthcare practitioner; it is not
in summer, in dry sunny weather. and relaxing the gut muscles. It suitable for children under 12.
reduces nausea, colic, cramps, and
Related Species gas, and soothes an irritated bowel.
Peppermint is a hybrid of watermint In soothing the lining and muscles
(M. aquatica) and spearmint of the colon, it helps diarrhea and
(M. spicata), which have similar, though relieves a spastic colon (often the
milder, therapeutic properties. cause of constipation).
■ Pain relief Applied to the
Key Constituents skin, peppermint relieves pain and Lotion made with
■ Volatile oil (up to 1.5%), reduces sensitivity. It also relieves infusion (see p. 296).
including menthol (35–55%), headaches and migraines linked to Apply to irritated skin.
menthone (10–40%) digestive weakness.
■ Flavonoids (luteolin, ■ Infection Diluted oil is used as an
menthoside) inhalant and chest rub for respiratory
■ Phenolic acids infections. The whole herb is
Infusion (to make,
■ Triterpenes important for digestive infections. p. 291). To improve
Essential oil Dilute to
digestion, drink 3⁄4 cup
2% (see p. 297) and
Key Actions Self-help Uses dab onto temples to
(150 ml) after meals.
■ Antispasmodic ■ Digestive headaches, p. 309. ease headaches.
■ Stimulates sweating ■ Eczema, p. 300.
■ Antimicrobial ■ Nausea with headache, p. 306. Tincture mixed with other herbs, is prescribed mainly for digestive problems.
■ Analgesic ■ Neuralgia, p. 308. Capsules are prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome.
114 ■ Carminative ■ Gas & bloating, p. 306.
My ri s t i c a f ragr an s
Nutmeg tree
Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) An evergreen tree
growing to 39 ft
■ Prevents vomiting
■ Stimulant
Mace:
■ Stimulant
■ Carminative
Woody seed
Traditional & casing containing Fruit with
Current Uses kernel (nutmeg) seed and aril
■ Digestive problems Nutmeg Dried seed and aril
essential oil has an anesthetic and
stimulating effect on the stomach
and intestines, increasing appetite Seed kernel (nutmeg)
and reducing nausea, vomiting, and is a stimulant remedy for
Nutmeg and mace are cultivated
diarrhea. It is a helpful remedy for intestinal infections and
commercially in the tropics.
many digestive problems, especially rheumatic conditions. In
Habitat & Cultivation gastroenteritis. China, nutmeg is known
Native to the Molucca Islands of ■ Sleep aid Though nutmeg is as rou dou kou. Dried seed
Indonesia, nutmeg trees are now a stimulant, it has narcotic and kernel (nutmeg)
widely cultivated. They are propagated anticonvulsant properties and
from seed, sown when ripe. The can be successfully used at low Key Preparations & Their Uses
tree yields fruit after about 8 years, dose (a pinch of powder will do)
QCaution Take the essential oil internally only under professional supervision.
and can continue to fruit for over as a sleep aid for short- or long-term Do not take more than 3 g of either herb a day. Do not use during pregnancy.
60 years. The fruit is picked when sleep problems. Laboratory studies
ripe and the nutmeg and mace are also indicate that nutmeg has
separated and dried. antidepressant activity.
■ Aphrodisiac In India, nutmeg
growing to about
■ Reduces fever
■ Adaptogenic
■ Anti-inflammatory
Research
■ Diabetes Research into holy basil’s
ability to reduce blood-sugar levels,
and thus help diabetes, has been
going on for some decades. It has
now been established as a useful
medicine for some types of diabetes. Dried aerial parts
■ Indian research Research in
India has shown that holy basil Fresh aerial parts
Holy basil is so called because it is often
planted around temples and courtyards helps lower blood pressure and has
in India. anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and
fever-reducing properties. Preliminary
Habitat & Cultivation research also indicates that the herb
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Holy basil is native to India and other strengthens immune resistance, QCautions Do not take during pregnancy. Do not take if trying to conceive.
tropical regions of Asia. It is also protects against radiation, has
grown extensively in Central and anticancer properties, and inhibits
South America, mainly for its sperm production.
medicinal properties. Holy basil can
be grown from seed and is often Traditional &
cultivated as a potted plant. The Current Uses
aerial parts are picked before the ■ Traditional use Holy basil
flowers open, in early summer. has always been considered to be
a tonic, invigorating herb, useful for
Juice For skin infections, apply 1/2 tbsp Decoction (to make, p. 291)
Related Species improving vitality.
is used for fevers and as a tonic.
to the affected part twice a day.
The familiar culinary species, ■ Ayurvedic remedy In Ayurvedic
Take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) daily as a
sweet basil (O. basilicum, p. 241), medicine, holy basil is chiefly employed general tonic.
is a close relative. for fevers. A classical Indian recipe
mixes holy basil, black pepper (Piper Powder For mouth ulcers, rub
Key Constituents nigrum, p. 250), ginger (Zingiber powder gently into sore areas
several times a day.
■ Volatile oil (1%) including officinale, p. 155), and honey in a
eugenol (70–80%) remedy that prevents infection and
■ Flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin) controls high fever. ■ Diabetic remedy The herb’s ■ Other uses Juice is extracted and
■ Triterpene (ursolic acid) ■ Heart & stress Holy basil ability to help stabilize blood-sugar applied to insect bites, ringworm,
■ Polyphenols is thought to have an affinity with levels makes it useful in the treatment and skin diseases. It is also used as
■ Saponins the heart, protecting it from stress of diabetes. ear drops for ear infections. Juice or
and lowering blood pressure and ■ Respiratory problems Holy powdered herb helps mouth ulcers
Key Actions cholesterol levels. It has a reputation basil is valuable for respiratory to heal.
■ Antispasmodic for reducing stress and is regarded infections, especially colds, coughs,
■ Analgesic as adaptogenic—helping the body to bronchitis, and pleurisy. It also Self-help Use
116 ■ Lowers blood-sugar levels adapt to new demands and stresses. treats asthma. ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
Paeon i a l ac t i f lor a
White Peony, Chinese Peony, Bai Shao Yao (Chinese) with large white
flowers and divided,
dark green leaves.
White peony’s history of medicinal use in China
stretches back for at least 1,500 years. It is known Parts Used
most widely as one of the herbs used to make “Four Root has important
Things Soup,” a female tonic, and it is also a remedy tonic and pain-relieving
for gynecological problems and for cramps, pain, and properties. It is boiled Root has
and dried for use in a antispasmodic
dizziness. Traditionally, it is considered that women properties
wide range of
who take the herb on a regular basis become as
preparations.
radiant as the flower itself.
Research
■ Paeoniflorin White peony
has significant anti-inflammatory
and antispasmodic properties, and
preclinical research indicates that
its traditional use for problems such
as rheumatoid arthritis is justified.
Paenoniflorin, the constituent most
responsible for these effects, is also
thought to lower blood pressure
and support blood flow to the heart. Dried root
■ Polycystic ovary syndrome
Fresh root
(PCOS) White peony has a
White peony is cultivated for its root, which hormone-balancing activity that helps
is a hormonal tonic, and for its flowers. to reverse the symptoms of PCOS,
which include irregular menstruation
Habitat & Cultivation and infertility. In combination with
Key Preparations & Their Uses
White peony is cultivated throughout licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101) it QCaution Do not take during pregnancy.
northeastern China and Inner has been shown to support regular
Mongolia. It is propagated from seed ovulation and to lower the raised
in spring, or from root cuttings taken testosterone levels that typically
in winter. The root of 4- or 5-year- occur in PCOS.
old plants is harvested in spring ■ Supports cognition There is
Dong quai
or autumn. accumulating evidence that white
peony supports mental function,
Related Species including spatial awareness and
Decoction (to make, p. 291) helps relieve
P. suffructicosa, also commonly memory. Although no clinical period pain, heavy bleeding, and other Rehmannia
used in East Asian herbal trials have yet been published, menstrual disorders. To relieve period
medicine, and peony (P. officinalis, white peony appears to have a pain, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day.
p. 243), a European species, strong neuroprotective effect
have broadly similar properties within the brain.
Four things soup (to make,
to white peony. ■ Cold sores Pentagalloyl glucose
see p. 315). Drink 3⁄4 cup
may have an antiviral action against (150 ml) daily as a general tonic.
Key Constituents the cold sore virus, herpes simplex. White peony
Chuan xiong
■ Monoterpenoid glycosides
(paeoniflorin, albiflorin) Traditional &
■ Benzoic acid Current Uses the most widely used female tonic (see pp. 40–41) and will help “blood
■ Pentagalloyl glucose ■ Four Things Soup White peony in China. deficiency” states, as well as hot
is regarded primarily as a women’s ■ Gynecological remedy White flashes and night sweats.
Key Actions herb. Together with rehmannia peony helps menstrual disorders,
■ Antispasmodic (Rehmannia glutinosa, p. 125), chuan including heavy bleeding and Self-help Uses
■ Anti-inflammatory xiong (Ligusticum wallachii), and dong bleeding between periods, and is ■ Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315.
■ Enhances cognition quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), it is an specifically used to treat period pain ■ Hot flashes & night sweats, p. 316.
■ Lowers blood pressure ingredient in “Four Things Soup,” and cramps. It is a blood and yin tonic ■ Period pain, p. 315. 117
Pa n ax gi n s e n g
Ginseng
Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) A perennial growing
to 3 ft (1 m), with oval,
key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Adaptogen Ginseng has been
researched in detail over the last
50 years in China, Japan, Korea,
Russia, and many other countries.
Its remarkable adaptogenic quality
(helping the body adapt to stress,
fatigue and cold) has been confirmed.
Dried root
Trials show that ginseng significantly
improves the body’s capacity to cope
with hunger, extremes of temperature,
and mental and emotional stress.
■ Hormonal support The
Ginseng has always been valued as a tonic
in old age. ginsenosides, which are similar
in structure to the body’s own
Fresh root
Habitat & Cultivation hormones, can be adapted within the
Ginseng is native to northeastern body to tone up deficient hormonal
China, eastern Russia, and North states. Clinical trials support the root’s Key Preparations & Their Uses
Korea, but is now extremely rare in traditional use by men, as they age,
QCautions Do not exceed dose (can cause insomnia and high blood pressure). Take
the wild. Ginseng cultivation requires to maintain vitality and virility. There on professional advice if using blood-thinning medication. Young healthy adults should not
great skill. It is propagated from seed in is also evidence it helps with both take ginseng more than 6 weeks. Avoid caffeine while taking it. Do not take if pregnant.
spring and requires rich, well-drained impotence and erectile dysfunction.
soil. The plant takes at least 4 years to Research indicates that ginseng
mature. The root is then normally is equally valuable for women and is Capsules For nervous
exhaustion, take a 500 mg
harvested in autumn and washed a useful medicine at menopause and
capsule once a day.
and steamed before being dried. beyond, aiding hot flashes and
lowered mood, and improving
Related Species sexual arousal.
San qi (P. notoginseng, p. 243), ■ Other research Ginseng
P. pseudoginseng, and American increases immune function and
Soup is a common way of
ginseng (P. quinquefolium, p. 243) resistance to infection and improves taking ginseng in China. Add
all have significant benefits. liver function. Ginseng is a key herb 1 g dried root per portion
in maintaining health and quality of of vegetable soup. Take daily.
Key Constituents life in those with cancer.
■ Triterpenoid saponins (0.7–3%), Tablets are a convenient way of taking ginseng. Take for short-term stressful
events, such as moving a household.
ginsenosides—at least 25 have Traditional &
been identified Current Uses
■ Acetylenic compounds ■ Chinese remedy In China, from late middle age onward, helping Self-help Uses
■ Panaxans ginseng is best known as a stimulant, them endure the long hard winters. ■ Impotence & premature
■ Sesquiterpenes tonic herb for athletes and those ■ Western tonic In the West, ejaculation, p. 316.
subject to physical stress, and as a ginseng is viewed not so much as a ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319.
Key Actions male aphrodisiac. It is also a tonic for medicine, but as a life-enhancing tonic. ■ Poor sleep & nervous
■ Adaptogen old age, and is traditionally taken by It is useful for those coping with exhaustion, p. 309.
118 ■ Tonic people in northern and central China stressful events, such as taking exams. ■ Short-term stress, p. 308.
Pa ss i f lora i n c ar n ata
Passionflower
Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae) A climbing vine
growing to 30 ft (9 m),
Key Actions
■ Sedative
■ Antispasmodic
■ Tranquilizing
Fresh
flower
Research
■ Tranquilizing properties
Pharmacological research shows the
herb to have sedative, tranquilizing,
and sleep-inducing properties. A 2001
clinical trial found that passionflower Dried aerial
was as effective in relieving anxiety as parts
oxazepam, a conventional tranquilizer,
Passionflower was used by the Algonquin
and had fewer reported side effects. Fresh
people of North America as an herbal
tranquilizer. A clinical study in 2011 found aerial parts
improvement in subjective sleep quality
Habitat & Cultivation in those taking passionflower. Key Preparations & Their Uses
Native to the southern U.S. ■ Indole alkaloids Research has
QCautions Passionflower can cause drowsiness. Do not take high doses
(Virginia, Texas, and Tennessee) not yet conclusively established in pregnancy.
and to Central and South America, that passionflower contains
passionflower is now extensively indole alkaloids.
cultivated in Europe, notably in
Italy, as well as in North America. Traditional &
It is propagated from seed in spring Current Uses
and needs plenty of sun. The aerial ■ Insomnia Passionflower is best
parts are gathered when the plant known as a remedy for insomnia and
is flowering or in fruit. disturbed sleep patterns, and is useful
for short-term bouts of sleeplessness.
Related Species ■ Gentle sedative This herb
Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a useful Infusion (to make, p. 291). For
There are approximately 400 Passiflora is widely acknowledged to be a sedative for an overactive mind. occasional sleeplessness, drink up
species, some of which are popular good medicine for anxiety, tension, Take 1 tsp with water daily. to 11⁄2 cups (300 ml) during the evening.
garden plants. A number have a irritability, and insomnia. Its gentle
similar sedative action to passionflower. sedative properties produce a Tablets are a common over-the-counter
P. quadrangularis has been found soothing and relaxing effect, reducing remedy for insomnia and stress.
to contain serotonin, one of the nervous activity and panic, and
main chemical messengers within making it a mild and non-addictive
the brain. herbal tranquilizer, comparable in ■ Tranquilizing effects Its ability properties are the key to its
some ways to valerian (Valeriana to reduce anxiety makes usefulness, reducing the overactivity
Key Constituents officinalis, p. 148). Occasionally, it is passionflower valuable for many responsible for the disorder.
■ Flavonoids (apigenin) prescribed for convulsions. nervous states, and it is used to treat
■ Amino acids ■ Pain relief Passionflower has conditions as diverse as asthma, Self-help Uses
■ Cyanogenic glycosides valuable painkilling properties and palpitations, high blood pressure, ■ Insomnia, p. 309.
(gynocardin) is given for toothache, period pain, and muscle cramps. In each case, ■ Sleeplessness due to
■ Indole alkaloids (trace) and headaches. its antispasmodic and tranquilizing backache, p. 313. 119
Pe l a rgon i um s i doi de s
Pelargonium
Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae) An evergreen herb growing to
10 in (25 cm), pelargonium
key medicinal pl ants
■ Antiviral
■ Immune enhancing
■ Expectorant
Research
■ Antimicrobial Pelargonium
extracts have been shown to have Root is sliced
strong activity against a wide range and dried
before it is used
of bacteria, notably those commonly
responsible for ear, nose, throat, and
chest infections. Extracts have also
been shown to act against herpes
viruses. The root exerts a tonic effect
Pelargonium is a potent medicine for coughs, Root
colds, and sore throats. on the immune system.
■ Upper respiratory tract
Avocado
Persea americana (Lauraceae) An evergreen tree,
growing to 65 ft
Research
■ Cholesterol Research
Seed
shows that the fruit helps lower
cholesterol levels.
■ Poisons Livestock that have
Avocado is very nutritious and makes an
excellent baby food. grazed on avocado leaves, fruit, or
bark have been observed to suffer
Habitat & Cultivation less toxic effects from snake bite
Indigenous to Central America, and other poisons. Bark is stripped from the
avocado is widely cultivated for its ■ Herpes simplex Laboratory
tree for use in treating
fruit in tropical and subtropical areas, experiments have shown that diarrhea and dysentery.
including Israel, Spain, and South avocado leaf extracts strongly inhibit
Africa. It is propagated from seed. The the herpes simplex virus, responsible
leaves are harvested as needed; the for cold sores and genital herpes. Seed contains good-quality oil.
unripe fruit is picked when fully grown. Fruit is nutritious and is
Traditional & Fruit used to “draw” wounds.
Related Species Current Uses
Other Persea species have similar fruits ■ Leaves & bark Avocado
to avocado and are used in a similar way. leaves and young bark stimulate Key Preparations & Their Uses
menstruation and can induce QCaution The leaves and bark should not be used during pregnancy.
Key Constituents abortion. The leaves are taken for
Leaves & bark: diarrhea, bloating, and gas and are
■ Volatile oil (methylchavicol, valuable for relieving coughs, for liver
alpha-pinene) obstructions, and for clearing high
■ Flavonoids uric acid levels, which cause gout.
■ Tannins ■ Fruit The rind is used to expel
Fruit pulp: worms. The fruit pulp is considered
■ Unsaturated fats to have aphrodisiac properties. Used
■ Protein (about 25%) externally, it soothes the skin. It is
Decoction of leaves or Mashed pulp To help wounds
■ Sesquiterpenes applied to suppurating wounds and
bark (to make, p. 291). For to heal, apply a little mashed
■ Vitamins A, B1, and B2 to the scalp to stimulate hair growth. diarrhea, take 1⁄3 cup pulp 3 times a day.
■ Oil The expressed oil of the (75 ml) 3 times daily.
Key Actions avocado seed nourishes the skin. It
Leaves & bark: softens rough, dry, or flaking skin and, Oil from the seed. For skin blemishes, rub
■ Astringent massaged into the scalp, it improves a little oil on the area daily 3 times a day.
■ Carminative hair growth. 121
P i P e r m et h ys t i c um
Kava
Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) An evergreen shrub
climbing to 10 ft (3 m),
Key medicinal pl ants
Kava has major ritual and cultural significance among Research calming and stimulating intoxicant.
the peoples of the Pacific Islands, where it is as much a ■ German ban In 2002, German It produces a euphoric state when
part of daily social life as coffee is in the West. At regulators banned kava products taken in large quantities.
due to concerns that extracts were ■ Relaxing remedy Kava is a safe
modest doses, kava is calming and tranquilizing. toxic to the liver and had led to and proven remedy for anxiety that
At large doses, it leads to intoxication and euphoria, 20 deaths. Many other countries does not cause drowsiness or affect
though without a hangover the next day. It has a hot, followed Germany’s example. the ability to operate machinery. It is
slightly aromatic and bitter taste and leaves the mouth The ban was repealed by the valuable for treating muscle tension
feeling slightly numb. German authorities in 2015. Those as well as emotional stress.
campaigning against it had long ■ Pain relief With its tonic,
to Mexico. It is similar to kava in many A rigorous reexamination of the 20 analgesic and cleansing diuretic effect
ways; for example, it also contains fatal cases found that only two cases of Kava often makes it a beneficial
kava lactones and is traditionally taken could in any way be attributed to herb for treating rheumatic and
as a stimulant. Other related species the use of kava. arthritic problems such as gout. It
include matico, betel, cubeb, and ■ Anxiety A 2003 review of kava helps to bring relief from pain and
pepper (P. angustifolia, P. betle, found that “compared with placebo, to remove waste products from the
P. cubeba and P. nigrum, pp. 249–250). kava extract is an effective affected joint.
symptomatic treatment for anxiety.” ■ Antiseptic Kava is routinely used
Kava has huge, tapering leaves, growing
to 10 in (25 cm) across. Its root is used Key Constituents The authors commented that “few by peoples of the South Pacific to
medicinally to relieve pain. ■ Resin containing kava adverse events were reported in the treat infection, especially where pain
lactones, including kawain reviewed trials.” Kava is nonaddictive, is a key symptom. In New Guinea,
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Piperidine alkaloid and clinical evidence suggests it is also it is taken to soothe and treat sore
Kava is an indigenous Polynesian vine (pipermethysticine) a safe and effective treatment for throats and to relieve toothache.
and grows throughout the Pacific anxiety linked with depression, It makes a valuable urinary antiseptic
Islands as far east as Hawaii. It is Key Actions for insomnia, and for pain relief. and will help in treating cystitis,
cultivated commercially in parts ■ Tonic urethritis, urinary frequency, and
of the U.S. and in Australia. Kava is ■ Reduces anxiety Traditional & bladder irritability.
propagated from runners in late winter ■ Urinary antiseptic Current Uses ■ External uses The herb makes
or early spring and is usually grown on ■ Analgesic ■ Traditional aphrodisiac Kava a useful analgesic mouthwash for
frames. It needs well-drained, stony soil ■ Induces sleep is valued in the South Sea Islands as a treating toothache and mouth ulcers.
Dried root Tablets containing a water-based extract can be taken for anxiety.
122
P l an tago s p p.
Psyllium
Plantago spp. (Plantaginaceae) An annual, growing
to 16 in (40 cm) high,
Produced by several Plantago species—P. ovata, P. psyllium, and Scandinavia during the 1980s ■ Detoxifying herb The jellylike
and P. indica—psyllium has been used as a safe and have shown that psyllium has both a mucilage produced when psyllium
effective laxative for thousands of years in Europe, laxative and an antidiarrheal action. is soaked in water has the ability to
■ Diabetes A 1998 clinical trial with absorb toxins within the large
North Africa, and Asia. Given their small size and brown 125 patients concluded that 5 g of intestine. Psyllium is commonly taken
color, psyllium husks and seeds have been mistaken for psyllium taken 3 times a day helped to to reduce autotoxicity (the toxins are
fleas, hence their folk name flea seed. Bland-tasting, they lower blood-fat and -glucose levels in expelled from the body with the
swell when moistened, and have a jellylike consistency people with type 2 diabetes. husks and seeds in the feces).
in the mouth. ■ Digestive ailments The
Traditional & soothing, protective effect imparted
Current Uses by the mucilage-rich husks and
Related Species ■ Laxative Psyllium is prescribed seeds benefits the whole gastro-
Common plantain (P. major, p. 251) in conventional as well as herbal intestinal tract. Psyllium is taken for
is prescribed for diarrhea and medicine for constipation, especially stomach and duodenal ulcers, and
irritable bowel syndrome. Che qian zi when the condition results from an for acid indigestion.
(P. asiatica) is used in China as a over-tensed or over-relaxed bowel. ■ Urinary infections The
diuretic, for diarrhea, and for Both husks and seeds contain high demulcent action of psyllium
bronchial congestion. The powdered levels of fiber (the mucilage) and extends to the urinary tract. In
husk is given late in pregnancy to aid expand, becoming highly gelatinous India, an infusion of the seeds
normal presentation of the fetus when soaked in water. By maintaining (the only time this preparation
(head-down position in the uterus). a high water content within the large is used) is given for urethritis.
intestine, they increase the bulk of ■ External uses When psyllium
Key Constituents the stool, easing its passage. husks are soaked in an infusion of
■ Mucilage (arabinoxylan) ■ Other bowel problems calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73),
Psyllium is widely cultivated for its husks
and seeds, which are used as a remedy ■ Fixed oil (2.5%)—mainly linoleic, Contrary to expectation, psyllium they make an effective poultice
for bowel problems. oleic, and palmitic fatty acids is a useful remedy for diarrhea. for external use, drawing out
■ Starch It is also an effective treatment infection from boils, abscesses,
Habitat & Cultivation for many other bowel problems, and whitlows (pus-filled swellings
The three species that produce Key Actions including irritable bowel syndrome, on the fingertips).
psyllium grow throughout southern ■ Demulcent ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease.
Europe, North Africa, and Asia, ■ Bulk laxative In India, psyllium is commonly used Self-help Uses
especially in India, and are extensively ■ Antidiarrheal to treat dysentery. ■ Chronic diarrhea & irritable
cultivated. They are propagated from ■ Hemorrhoid relief Psyllium bowel syndrome, p. 307.
seed in spring and require plenty of Research is valuable for hemorrhoids, helping ■ Constipation, p. 317.
sun. The seeds are harvested when ■Regulating bowel function to soften the stool and to reduce ■ Difficult passage of the stool
ripe in late summer and early autumn. Clinical trials in the U.S., Germany, irritation of the veins. & hemorrhoids, p. 302.
Cold maceration For constipation, soak Capsules of powdered husk (p. 292).
20 g of seeds in 3⁄4 cup (200 ml) water for For hemorrhoids, take a 200 mg
10 hours. Take the whole dose at night. capsule 3 times a day.
Poultice For boils, mix 5 g of powdered husks with sufficient infusion of calendula
Seeds Powdered husk to make a thick paste. Apply (see p. 295) 3 times a day.
123
Po lygon um m ult i f lorum
Key Constituents
■ Anthraquinone glycosides
■ Stilbene glycoside
■ Polyphenols
■ Phospholipids, including lecithin
Key Actions
■ Tonic
Dried root
■ Antioxidant
■ Mild sedative
Research
■ Liver remedy Chinese research
has shown rehmannia to be a very
important liver-protective herb,
preventing poisoning and liver
damage. Clinical trials in China
have demonstrated that it can
be effective in treating hepatitis.
■ Other research Chinese
research over the last 10 years
indicates that rehmannia has a
positive stabilizing effect on blood-
Rehmannia’s appearance gave rise to its
sugar regulation, and aids liver and
Dried root Fresh root
Western folkname “Chinese foxglove.” pancreatic function. Ongoing
preclinical research in China is
Habitat & Cultivation examining the herb’s usefulness Key Preparations & Their Uses
Rehmannia grows wild on sunny in preventing osteoporosis.
QCaution Take only on professional advice during pregnancy.
mountain slopes in northern and
northeastern parts of China, Traditional &
especially in Henan province. Current Uses Rehmannia
Rehmannia can be cultivated, in ■ Raw & prepared root In Chinese
which case it is propagated from herbal medicine, the root (di huang)
seed sown in autumn or spring. is known as sheng di huang when
The root is harvested in autumn, it is eaten raw and shu di huang
after the plant has flowered. when it has been cooked in wine.
Chinese
The former is the most commonly figwort
Related Species taken remedy. Both are yin tonics Shu di huang Simmer 15 g root
R. lutea is used in Chinese herbal (see p. 40), but have different in 2 cups (500 ml) red wine for
20 minutes. For blood loss and
medicine as a diuretic. therapeutic indications. Remedy Decoct 15 g rehmannia and 10 g
anemia, take 1/2 cup (100 ml) daily.
■ Sheng di huang The raw root Chinese figwort (see p. 291). For fevers,
Key Constituents “cools the blood,” and is given to take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 2–3 times daily.
■ Iridoids help lower fever in acute and chronic
■ Polysaccharides illnesses. Its cooling nature is bleeding. It is warming rather than ■ Chinese formulas The herb
■ Phytosterols reflected in its use for problems such cooling, and is considered to be a is an ingredient of many famous
■ Phenethyl glycosides as thirst and a red tongue that arise prime kidney tonic. herbal formulas, most notably
from “heat patterns.” Sheng di huang ■ Blood pressure Rehmannia is “the pill of eight ingredients,” which
Key Actions is useful for treating people with used to treat high blood pressure. contemporary Chinese herbalists
■ Tonic impaired liver function and is used Interestingly, while sheng di huang consider to “warm and invigorate
■ Anti-inflammatory specifically to treat hepatitis and appears to raise blood pressure, the yang of the loins.”
■ Kidney tonic other liver conditions. shu di huang has the opposite effect.
■ Lowers blood pressure ■ Shu di huang This preparation ■ Longevity Rehmannia is a Self-help Uses
■ Antidiabetic is used specifically for blood loss traditional and valuable tonic for ■ Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315.
■ Reduces fever and “blood deficiency” states such old age. It is considered to help ■ Weakened liver & metabolism,
■ Antihemorrhagic as irregular and heavy menstrual prevent senility. p. 319. 125
R heum pal m at um
Chinese rhubarb
Rheum palmatum (Polygonaceae) A thick-rhizomed
perennial growing to
Key Medicinal Pl ants
Key Actions
■ Laxative
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Astringent
■ Stops bleeding
■ Antibacterial
Research
■ Anthraquinones & tannins
Chinese rhubarb’s medicinal value
is largely due to the irritant, laxative,
and purgative properties of the
anthraquinones, and in large doses
Chinese rhubarb grows best close to
water. In summer it produces clusters the rhizome is strongly laxative. Dried rhizome
of red flowers. A 2007 Chinese study concluded
that the anthraquinones in rhubarb Fresh rhizome
Habitat & Cultivation “possess promising anticancer
Native to China and Tibet, where properties and could have a broad Key Preparations & Their Uses
the best-quality herb is still found, therapeutic potential.”
QCautions Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Do not take during
Chinese rhubarb now also grows in ■ Antibacterial properties
menstruation or if prone to gout or kidney stones. Not suitable for children.
the West. It is found in the wild and Decoctions of the root have been
is widely cultivated. It is grown from shown to be effective against
seed in spring or by root division Staphylococcus aureus, an infectious
in spring or autumn and requires a bacterium that causes mouth ulcers
sunny position and well-drained soil. and folliculitis (an acne-type infection
The rhizomes of 6–10-year-old plants of the beard area). In laboratory
are dug up in the autumn after the studies, rhubarb has been found
stem and leaves have turned yellow. to have notable activity against
Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium
Decoction (to make, p. 291). For Tincture (to make, p. 292). To
Related Species that causes stomach ulcers.
an occasional bout of constipation, stimulate the appetite, take 20
R. tanguticum and R. officinale have take 1/2 cup (100 ml) each evening. drops with water twice a day.
similar uses to R. palmatum. These Traditional &
3 species are considered to be Current Uses Tablets are one of the most convenient ways of taking the herb. Take for
occasional bouts of constipation.
superior in action to other rhubarbs. ■ History Chinese rhubarb was
The familiar, edible rhubarb is first mentioned in the 1st-century ce
R. rhaponticum. Chinese text The Divine Husbandman’s laxative, helping to clear the colon ■ Other uses Chinese rhubarb
Classic, and has been grown in the without causing excessive cramping. can be applied to burns, boils, and
Key Constituents West since 1732. It is one of the few This is useful for treating constipation carbuncles. The herb acts as a tonic
■ Anthraquinones (about 3–5%), herbs still used today in conventional where the muscles of the large and mild appetite stimulant and
rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin as well as herbal medicine, and is listed intestine are weak. serves as a useful mouthwash for
■ Flavonoids (catechin) in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1988. ■ Diarrhea Small doses of the root mouth ulcers.
■ Phenolic acids ■ Constipation Large doses of are astringent, relieving irritation of
■ Tannins (5–10%) Chinese rhubarb are combined with the inner lining of the gut, thus Self-help Use
126 ■ Calcium oxalate carminative herbs and taken as a reducing diarrhea. ■ Constipation, p. 307.
R hodi ol a Ros e a
Rhodiola
Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae) A fleshy perennial
Key Actions
■ Adaptogen Dried rhizome
■ Antidepressant
■ Anti-inflammatory
Fresh rhizome
Research
■ Adaptogen Rhodiola is an
unusual medicine—an adaptogen
that combines the ability to promote Key Preparations & Their Uses
Rhodiola root is most commonly taken to
improve mental and physical performance. physical and mental endurance with Cautions Can cause irritability and sleep disturbance. Not advisable in manic and
antidepressant and anti-inflammatory bipolar disorders.
Habitat and Cultivation activity. Though large-scale clinical
Rhodiola is indigenous to trials are lacking, research shows that
mountainous and Arctic regions of rhodiola root increases the capacity
Decoction Take 21/2 tsp twice a day
the northern hemisphere, including to resist physical and mental fatigue. to promote physical endurance.
Canada, Scotland, Scandinavia, Russia, ■ Clinical trials In a 2000
and Alaska. Rhodiola is still mostly Armenian clinical trial, young healthy
collected from the wild, threatening hospital doctors working night shifts
its long-term survival in some regions, were given a rhodiola extract. After
though it is now cultivated in Canada, 2 weeks, those taking the extract Tablets take as recommended by
Norway, and Finland. showed significantly fewer signs of supplier for lowered mood and vitality.
mental fatigue, including better levels
Related Species of concentration and short-term Tincture (to make, p. 292). To support memory and concentration, take
1/2 tsp 2–3 times a day.
The central Asian R. quadrifida is used memory, than those taking a placebo.
in Mongolia to enhance strength and In a 2015 U.S. clinical trial, 57 adults
vigor. R. crenulata and R. rosea are with moderate depression were altitude and winter cold. The roots ■ Other uses Rhodiola is
used in Chinese medicine, though given rhodiola or sertraline, a have also been taken to promote traditionally considered to help
across China many different species conventional antidepressant. longevity, ease depression, and treat improve fertility in both men and
of Rhodiola are used to alleviate Both medicines proved effective, infection. Rhodiola is now most women. In Siberia, rhodiola roots
fatigue and protect against the cold. but those taking rhodiola reported commonly taken to improve mental are given to marrying couples to
Chinese research into R. crenulata fewer side effects. and physical performance and to promote fertility and the health of
indicates that this species aids protect against the harmful effects of their future children. In Mongolia,
endurance and has a protective Traditional & ongoing stress. alongside its use as a tonic, rhodiola
activity against radiation. Current Uses ■ Russian medicine Rhodiola is given for infections such as
■ Key traditional uses In Europe became an official medicine in Russia bronchitis and pneumonia, and
Key Constituents and Asia, the central core of in 1969, being recommended for a wide is also used as a mouthwash for
■ Phenylpropanoids (rosavins— rhodiola’s use in traditional medicine range of health problems, not only as bad breath.
occuring only in Rhodiola rosea) has always been its power to an adaptogen (see Research), but for
■ Salidroside increase endurance and work rate, psychiatric and neurological problems, Self-help Use
■ Flavonoids and the capacity to cope with high such as depression and schizophrenia. ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319. 127
Ros m a R i n us of f i c i n a l i s
evergreen shrub
Research
■ General circulation A 2011
study published in Phytotherapy
Research found that rosemary exerted
anti-inflammatory and protective
effects on the inner lining of blood
vessels in young adults. Such research Dried leaves
supports the understanding that many
active compounds in rosemary Fresh leaves
support a healthy circulation. A
small 2006 clinical trial in Germany
concluded (in line with traditional Key Preparations
usage) that rosemary raised blood
Rosemary was a symbol of fidelity between
pressure in people suffering from
& Their Uses
lovers, on account of its ability to improve
the memory. low blood pressure. All those taking QCaution Do not take the essential oil internally except under a professional
rosemary also reported feeling practitioner’s supervision.
Habitat & Cultivation better at the end of the trial.
Native to the Mediterranean, rosemary ■ Other actions Japanese
grows freely in much of southern laboratory research in 2003 found
Europe and is cultivated throughout that diterpenes within rosemary
Essential oil To improve
the world. It is propagated from seed (carnosic acid and carnosol) strongly concentration, burn
or cuttings in spring and prefers a stimulated nerve growth factor, several drops in an oil
warm, moderately dry climate and suggesting that rosemary may burner (to use, p. 297).
a sheltered site. The branches are stimulate nerve repair. A 2015 review
gathered during the summer after in Cancer Letters stated that these Tincture (to make, p. 292)
is an excellent tonic. For
flowering and dried in the shade. constituents also had “promising
stress, take 40 drops twice
results of anticancer activity.” daily with water.
Key Constituents
■ Volatile oil (1–2%) containing Traditional & Infusion (to make, p. 291). To relieve headaches, take 21/2 tsp every 3 hours.
The infusion, rubbed into the scalp, improves hair growth.
borneol, camphene, camphor, Current Uses
cineole ■ Circulatory stimulant
■ Flavonoids (apigenin, diosmin) Rosemary has a central place in is valuable for fainting and weakness spirits, it is useful for mild to
■ Tannins European herbal medicine as a associated with deficient circulation. moderate depression.
■ Rosmarinic acid warming, tonic remedy that ■ Restorative Rosemary aids ■ Other uses Applied as a lotion
■ Diterpenes (including carnosic stimulates blood flow throughout recovery from long-term stress or diluted essential oil, rosemary
acid and carnosol) the body, especially in those with and chronic illness. It is thought eases aching, rheumatic muscles.
low blood pressure. It is thought to to stimulate the adrenal glands Add the infusion, or essential oil,
Key Actions promote blood flow to the head, and is used specifically for debility, to bathwater for a reviving soak.
■ Tonic thus improving memory and especially when accompanied by
■ Stimulant concentration. It may be taken to poor circulation and digestion. Self-help Uses
■ Astringent relieve migraine and headaches and ■ Uplifting herb Rosemary is ■ Migraine, p. 309.
■ Nervine encourages hair growth and health. often prescribed for people who ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315.
■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Poor circulation Thought to are stressed and “failing to thrive.” ■ Sore throats, p. 311.
128 ■ Antioxidant raise low blood pressure, the herb Valued as an herb that raises the ■ Tired & aching muscles, p. 312.
S al i x al b a
Key Actions
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Analgesic
■ Reduces fever
Fresh bark
Dried bark
■ Antirheumatic
■ Astringent
Key Preparations
Research & Their Uses
■ Salicylic acid & aspirin Salicylic QCaution Avoid if allergic to aspirin. Do not
acid, a strongly anti-inflammatory take during pregnancy or if breastfeeding.
Not suitable for young children. Rarely, may
and analgesic compound, was first
cause gastrointestinal upset.
isolated from salicin in willow bark
White willow is used in Britain to make
in 1838. It was the forerunner of
aspirin, a chemical drug developed in St John’s wort
cricket bats. The bark has anti-inflammatory
properties. Germany during 1899. Salicylic acid
(and salicin) has many of the
Habitat & Cultivation properties of aspirin but causes
Native to much of Europe, white notably fewer side effects. As such,
Cramp bark
willow is also found in North Africa it is now being widely researched as
and Asia, thriving in damp areas, such an alternative to aspirin-based anti-
Tincture (to make, p. 292).
as on riverbanks. It is propagated inflammatory medicines such as For rheumatism, take 1/2 tsp Remedy Make a decoction (see p. 291)
from semi-ripe cuttings in summer ibuprofen. Unlike aspirin, salicylic with water 3 times a day. with 10 g each of white willow, St John’s
or from hardwood cuttings in winter. acid does not thin the blood, and wort, and cramp bark. For aching muscles,
drink 3/4 cup (150 ml) twice a day.
The trees are frequently pollarded any problems it might cause within
and bark is stripped from branches the digestive tract are likely to Tablets often also contain
of 2- to 5-year-old trees in spring. be minor. other herbs. Take for arthritis.
■ Clinical trials Over the last 15
Related Species years, clinical trials have shown that Decoction (to make, p. 291). For painful joints and aching rheumatic muscles,
Many Salix species, for example high-strength willow bark extract take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day.
crack willow (S. fragilis), are used offers an effective alternative to
interchangeably with white willow. mainstream anti-inflammatory Traditional & may also be used to ease headaches
S. acmophylla is used on the Indian medicines, particularly in treating Current Uses and head pain.
subcontinent as a remedy for conditions such as osteoarthritis and ■ Joint remedy White willow is ■ Menopause A cooling herb that
fevers. In North American herbal lower back pain. In a 2008 clinical an excellent remedy for arthritic and reduces sweating, willow bark can be
medicine, black willow (S. nigra) trial published in Phytomedicine, rheumatic pain affecting the back, helpful in controlling symptoms such
is given as an anaphrodisiac among people with arthritis of the and joints such as the knees and hips, as hot flashes and night sweats.
(sexual depressant). hip or knee, aged between 50 and though large doses may be required,
75, those taking willow bark extract, such as a standardized tablet. In Self-help Uses
Key Constituents after 6 weeks, were rated by combination with other herbs and ■ Arthritis & inflamed
■ Phenolic glycosides doctors as doing significantly better dietary changes, it relieves inflammation joints, p. 313.
(up to 11%) than those taking standard aspirin- and swelling, and improves mobility in ■ Back pain due to joint
■ Salicin based medication. Those taking painful or creaky joints. inflammation, p. 313.
■ Flavonoids willow bark reported far fewer ■ Fevers & pain White willow ■ Hot flashes & night
■ Polyphenols side effects. is taken to manage high fevers. It sweats, p. 316. 129
S a lv i a m i lt i or rh i z a
Dan shen
Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) A hardy perennial
growing to 32 in
key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Tanshinones There has been
extensive research into dan shen in
China, and the tanshinones have been
shown to have a profound effect on
coronary circulation, reducing the
symptoms of angina and improving
heart function.
■ Heart attack The whole herb
(rather than isolated constituents)
has been used in China to assist
patients who are recovering from Dried root
Dried
a heart attack, and it appears to chopped root
Dan shen is an important circulatory
stimulant. It is sold in herbal markets support heart function at this
critical time. Clinical trials in China,
across China for use in medicinal formulas.
however, have shown that dan shen
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation is most effective when taken as QCautions For serious circulatory or heart problems, take only under professional
Native to China, dan shen is now a preventative, rather than as a supervision. The tincture may produce digestive and skin reactions. Avoid in pregnancy.
cultivated in northeastern China remedy after the heart attack
and Inner Mongolia. It requires has taken place.
moist, sandy soil and is propagated ■ Other research Many recent
by root division in spring. The root is clinical trials involving dan shen have
harvested from late autumn through used Chinese herbal combinations,
early spring. rather than dan shen alone, so it is
hard to draw conclusions. However,
Related Species they do provide further evidence
Sage (S. officinalis, p. 131) is closely of dan shen’s usefulness in cardio-
related, but is used for an entirely vascular problems such as high blood Tincture is used by herbalists Decoction (to make, p. 291).
to treat angina and other For painful periods, take 1⁄3 cup
different range of medical problems. pressure, angina, and heart disease.
circulatory problems. (75 ml) up to 3 times a day.
In Mexico, the related species Unusually, two clinical trials in China
S. divinorum is used as a hallucinogen. (2012) found that injected extracts
of dan shen were helpful in pre- circulatory problems. It particularly stagnation, primarily those affecting
Key Constituents eclampsia, a serious condition during benefits coronary circulation, the lower abdomen, such as absent
■ Diterpenes (tanshinones) pregnancy which involves fluid opening up the arteries and improving or painful periods and fibroids.
■ Phenolic compounds retention and high blood pressure. blood flow to the heart, and is ■ Sedative The sedative action of
■ Volatile oil therefore helpful in treating coronary dan shen helps to calm the nerves,
■ Vitamin E Traditional & heart disease. Though it does not and it is therefore helpful in treating
Current Uses lower blood pressure, dan shen angina, a condition made worse by
Key Actions ■ Circulatory stimulant Dan relaxes the blood vessels and anxiety and worry. Palpitations,
■ Tonic to heart and circulation shen has been esteemed by the improves circulation throughout insomnia, and irritability also benefit
■ Anticoagulant Chinese for thousands of years as a the body. from dan shen’s sedative properties.
■ Dilates the blood vessels circulatory stimulant. Like hawthorn ■ Circulatory congestion Dan
■ Sedative (Crataegus oxyacantha, p. 87), it is shen is used traditionally to treat Self-help Use
130 ■ Antibacterial a safe, effective remedy for many conditions caused by blood ■ Palpitations, p. 302.
S a lv i a of f i c i n al i S
Sage
Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) An evergreen
growing to 32 in
■ Clears mucus
■ Nerve tonic
■ Estrogenic
Research
■ Nerve tonic Ongoing research
taking place in the UK provides
strong support for the traditional use
of sage to enhance memory. In the Fresh
most recent study (2008), healthy leaves
Dried leaves
volunteers averaging 73 years of age
showed a significant improvement in Key Preparations
memory processing and accuracy of
Sage is known most commonly as a
attention after taking a single dose of
& Their Uses
culinary herb, but it is also of great
medicinal importance. sage extract. Interestingly, a moderate QCautions Do not take medicinal doses during pregnancy or while
breastfeeding, or if epileptic.
dose, equivalent to 2.5 g of sage,
Habitat & Cultivation proved most effective, more so than
Native to the Mediterranean, sage higher doses.
is cultivated all around the world, ■ Sore throat In a randomized trial
Related Species longstanding use during menopause Infusion (to make, Tincture (to make, Fresh sage leaves
In all, there are about 500 species of has also been researched. In the p. 291). Use as a gargle p. 292) is a digestive are a useful first aid
for sore throats up to tonic. Take 40 drops with remedy. Rub on stings
Salvia. Spanish sage (S. lavandulifolia) is most recent study, undertaken in
3 times a day. water twice a day. and bites.
the most familiar culinary variety and Switzerland (2011), women with
does not contain thujone. Two close at least 12 months of hot flashes
relatives of S. officinalis are dan shen reported an average 64% decrease makes it ideal as a gargle for sore and is traditionally taken by a mother
(S. miltiorrhiza, p. 130) and clary sage in symptoms after 8 weeks of throats and throat infections. It can while weaning.
(S. sclarea, p. 265). taking sage. equally be used for mouth ulcers ■ Digestive tonic Sage has a long
■ Lowering blood fat levels and sore gums. traditional use as a digestive aid,
Key Constituents A clinical trial published in 2011 in ■ Hormonal remedy A valuable supporting stomach health and
■ Essential oil (1–2%) Phytotherapy Research concluded remedy for irregular and scanty promoting better digestion
■ Diterpenes that “sage may be effective and safe periods, sage encourages better and absorption.
■ Triterpenes in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.” blood flow at menstruation. The
■ Phenolic compounds All blood fat markers showed herb is thought to reduce or prevent Self-help Uses
including rosmarinic acid improvement in those taking sage. sweating and can prove particularly ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
■ Tannins effective during menopause. ■ Diarrhea, p. 307.
Traditional & It also helps to reduce hot flashes ■ Hot flashes & night
Key Actions Current Uses and night sweats and it has a sweats, p. 316.
■ Antiseptic ■ Sore throat Sage’s combination calming, relaxant aspect. Sage will ■ Mouth ulcers, p. 306.
■ Astringent of antiseptic and astringent action decrease breast-milk production, ■ Sore throats, p. 311. 131
S a m b uc uS n i gra
Elder
Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae) A deciduous tree
growing to 33 ft
key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Elder berries Israeli research Fresh
from 1995 found 90% of people flowering
that were given elderberry extract tops
recovered in 2–3 days, while 90%
of those taking the placebo took up
Dried flowering tops
to 6 days. Further clinical trials have
supported these findings—a 2014
review concluded there was “good Berries are nutritious and
scientific evidence” that elderberry may be used as a mild laxative.
Elder was traditionally known as “Nature’s
medicine chest.” extract was an effective treatment
for influenza. Although the safety
Berries contain
Habitat & Cultivation profile of elderberry has not been
vitamins A and C
Native to Europe, elder thrives established, evidence indicates it is Fresh berries
in woods, hedges, and in open a safe influenza remedy for adults
Dried berries
areas. It is now found in most and children.
temperate regions, and is often
cultivated. Elder is propagated from Traditional &
Key Preparations & Their Uses
cuttings in spring. The flowering Current Uses QCautions None known. Do not consume unripe berries.
tops are harvested in late spring ■ Coughs & colds The berries have
and the berries are picked in early an established antiviral activity, helping
autumn. prevent and speed recovery from
upper respiratory infections, such
Key Constituents as colds and flu. Following traditional
Berries: usage, the flowers are taken to Cream made with
flowering tops (see
■ Flavonoids stimulate sweating and relieve fever
p. 296). Apply freely
■ Anthocyanins by cooling the body. An elderflower to chapped skin.
Infusion of flowering tops Tincture of flowering tops
■ Lectins infusion makes a soothing remedy (to make, p. 291). For colds, drink (to make, p. 292). For hay fever, take
■ Vitamins A and C when suffering from cold and flu. 3/4 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day. 1 tsp with water 3–4 times a day.
Flowers: ■ Congestion & allergies The
Decoction of berries (to make, p. 291). For rheumatic aches, take 1/2 cup
■ Flavonoids flowering tops tone the mucous linings (100 ml) 3 times a day.
■ Anthocyanins of the nose and throat (increasing
■ Triterpenes their resistance to infection) and are
■ Volatile oil (0.7%) prescribed for chronic congestion, of waste products and are of value Self-help Uses
■ Mucilage ear infections, and allergies. Infusions in arthritic conditions. ■ Allergic rhinitis, including hay
■ Tannins with other herbs can reduce severity ■ Other uses Flowers and berries fever, p. 300.
of hay fever attacks if taken some are mildly laxative and appear to help ■ Colds, flu, & fevers, p. 311.
Key Actions months before the season. lower blood pressure. The flowers ■ Colds & congestion in children,
■ Antiviral ■ Arthritis By encouraging are thought to help control diabetes. p. 318.
■ Clears mucus sweating and urine production, The berries appear to enhance ■ Earache due to chronic
132 ■ Anti-inflammatory elder flowering tops aid removal immune function. congestion, p. 312.
Sc h i S an dra c hi n e n S i S
Schisandra
Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae) An aromatic woody
vine reaching up to
Research
■ Aiding performance Healthy
adults given schisandra extract
showed a marked improvement Dried fruit
in both physical and mental stamina.
Russian sailors given schisandra had Key Preparations & Their Uses
an increased capacity to maintain and
endure normal working regimens, QCautions Large doses can cause heartburn. Can interact with some medicines.
Take only on professional advice, if taking prescribed medicines.
and Russian factory workers were
reported to have decreased
sickness levels.
■ Protecting the liver The lignans
Decoction (to make, p. 291). For coughs and
have been shown to have pronounced
shortness of breath, decoct 5 g crushed
Schisandra is one of China’s most important
antihepatoxic (liver-protective) action. berries with 1/2 cup (100 ml) of water.
tonic herbs, widely taken as a sexual tonic. Up to 30 different lignans have been Divide into 3 doses and drink during a
identified in schisandra, which all 24-hour period.
Habitat & Cultivation contribute to this effect. One clinical
Schisandra is cultivated in north- trial reported a 76% success rate in
eastern China, especially in the treating patients with hepatitis, with and women, schisandra reputedly respiratory infections such as
provinces of Jilin, Lianoning, no side effects being noted. increases the secretion of sexual chronic coughs, shortness of
Heilongjiang, and Hebei. It is ■ Nervous system Schisandra is fluids and, in men, it also improves breath, and wheezing.
propagated from seed in spring. known to stimulate the nervous sexual stamina. ■ Balancing fluid levels
The fruit is harvested in autumn system, increasing the speed of reflex ■ Liver treatment herb Schisandra is used to tone up
when it is fully ripe. nervous responses and improving Schisandra has proven benefits for and strengthen kidney function
mental clarity. The berries have a the liver and is used in the treatment and to help the body balance
Related Species mild antidepressant activity and of hepatitis and poor liver function. levels of fluid, making it helpful
Though less therapeutically are thought to improve nervous ■ Sedative Although a stimulant, for treating night sweats, thirst,
active than schisandra, the berries irritability and forgetfulness. In Russia, schisandra is used in Chinese medicine and urinary frequency.
of the related nan wu wei zi schisandra has been used to treat to “quiet the spirit and calm the heart.” ■ Skin rashes Recently, Chinese
(S. sphenanthera) are commonly people with severe mental health It is given for insomnia and dream- herbalists have started to use
used in Chinese medicine for the disorders including schizophrenia and disturbed sleep and is a fine example schisandra to treat urticaria (hives)
treatment of acute coughs. chronic alcoholism. Clinical studies of how adaptogenic herbs often work and other skin problems, including
in 1967 found that those taking a in apparently contradictory ways to eczema. It is usually given for
Key Constituents schisandra tincture became more restore normal body function. these conditions in the form
■ Lignans (schizandrin, sociable and less emotionally tense. ■ Mental & emotional disorders of a medicinal wine.
deoxyschizandrin, gomisin) In Russia and China, schisandra berries ■ Additional uses Schisandra
■ Triterpeneso Traditional & have traditionally been prescribed to is used for a wide variety of
■ Volatile oil Current Uses treat mental illnesses such as neuroses. other physical disorders, including
■ Vitamins C and E ■ Tonic Schisandra is a major tonic They are also given to improve diarrhea and dysentery, as well
herb and acts throughout the body, concentration and coordination as to help improve failing sight
Key Actions strengthening and toning many and are a traditional remedy for and hearing.
■ Nerve tonic different organs. forgetfulness and irritability.
■ Adaptogenic ■ Sexual stimulant Probably best ■ Respiratory infections The Self-help Use
■ Protects liver known as a sexual tonic for both men herb is used in the treatment of ■ Low sex drive, p. 316. 133
Sc u t e l l ar i a b a i c al e n S i S
Research
■ Flavonoids Baical skullcap has
been quite widely researched in
China, and it is clear that it has
marked anti-inflammatory, anti-
allergy, and antioxidant effects,
all 3 actions mostly being due to
the flavonoids.
■ Clinical evidence Clinical studies
investigating different applications of
Baical skullcap show the herb has
Dried root Fresh root
promise in the treatment of
infections, including bronchitis,
Baical skullcap is an important medicinal
plant in China and is also cultivated as and dysentery, high blood pressure, Key Preparations & Their Uses
an ornamental. chronic hepatitis, and allergic rhinitis
QCautions Best taken under professional supervision.
(hay fever). The root has anticancer
Habitat & Cultivation activity, with studies showing small-
Baical skullcap is found in China, scale positive results in patients with Baical skullcap
Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. lung and prostate cancer.
It thrives on sunny, grassy slopes and ■ Diabetes The herb may be useful
open areas between 330 ft (100 m) for problems arising from diabetes, Self-heal
and 5,900 ft (1,800 m) above sea including cataracts.
level. Baical skullcap is propagated ■ Weight-loss aid A South Korean
Decoction (to make, p. 291).
from seed sown in autumn or spring. clinical trial in 2011 looked at the
For feverish chest colds, drink
The roots of 3- to 4-year-old plants effectiveness of a baical skullcap and 1
⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day. Remedy For headaches,
are harvested in autumn or spring. platycodon (Platycodon grandiflorum) decoct 15 g root with 10 g
combination in treating obesity. After self-heal (see p. 291).
Related Species 2 months, the group taking the herbs Drink 1⁄3 cup (75 ml)
Skullcap (S. lateriflora, p. 135) had lost significantly more weight than 3 times a day.
is a close relation. It is a Native the placebo group. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For hay fever,
North American remedy for take 40 drops with water 3 times a day.
anxiety and stress. Traditional &
Current Uses
Key Constituents ■ Cold & bitter herb In ■ Circulatory remedy Baical ■ Allergic conditions The herb is
■ Flavonoids (about 12%)— traditional Chinese medicine, skullcap is a valuable remedy for useful for treating allergic conditions
baicalin, wogoniside Baical skullcap is “cold” and “bitter” circulation. In combination with other such as asthma, hay fever, eczema, and
■ Sterols (see p. 42). It is prescribed in China herbs, it is used to treat high blood hives. The flavonoids in particular
■ Benzoic acid for hot and thirsty conditions such pressure, arteriosclerosis, varicose inhibit the inflammatory processes in
as high fevers, coughs with thick veins, and easy bruising. the body that lead to allergic reactions.
Key Actions yellow phlegm, and gastrointestinal ■ Other uses Applied to the
■ Sedative infections that cause diarrhea, skin, Baical skullcap treats sores, Self-help Uses
■ Antiallergenic such as dysentery. It is also given swelling, and boils. It is also given ■ Allergic rhinitis including hay
■ Antibacterial to people suffering from painful for circulatory problems that arise fever, p. 300.
134 ■ Anti-inflammatory urinary conditions. from diabetes. ■ Wheezing, p. 301.
Sc u t e l l ar i a l at e r i f lora
Key Actions
■ Sedative
■ Nervine tonic
■ Antispasmodic
■ Mild bitter
Research
■ Anxiety remedy Little research
has been carried out on this species
of Scutellaria despite its long use in
North American and British herbal Dried aerial parts
medicine to ease anxiety and stress.
A small English study published in
Skullcap is easy to recognize. It has pairs
of pink to blue flowers and distinctive 2011 tested skullcap against placebo
seed capsules. in reducing anxiety in 43 “non-anxious”
people. Those taking skullcap showed
Habitat & Cultivation significantly better overall mood
Fresh aerial parts
A native of North America, skullcap levels at the end of the 2 weeks
still grows wild in much of the U.S. of the study.
and Canada. It thrives in damp Key Preparations & Their Uses
conditions, for example on Traditional &
QCautions Best taken under professional supervision.
riverbanks, and needs plenty of Current Uses
sun. Skullcap can be propagated ■ Native American cure The
from seed or by root division in Cherokee used skullcap to stimulate
spring. The aerial parts of 3- to menstruation, relieve breast pain, and Infusion (to make,
4-year-old plants are harvested encourage expulsion of the placenta. p. 291). For short-term
relief of stress and
in summer, when in flower. ■ 19th-century remedy The
anxiety, take 21⁄2 tbsp
Physiomedicalists (followers of a 3 times a day.
Related Species 19th-century Anglo-American school
There are around 100 species of of herbal medicine) first discovered
Scutellaria. In the past, European skullcap’s use as a nervine. They
skullcap (S. galericulata) and lesser recognized that it has a “deeper” Tincture (to make,
skullcap (S. minor) have been used action on the nervous system than p. 292). For nervous
tension and headaches, Capsules (to make,
in a similar way to S. lateriflora, but many other herbs and used it for p. 292). For nervous
take 1⁄2 tsp with water
today they are considered to have hysteria, epilepsy, convulsions, and twice a day. exhaustion, take a 200 mg
a less important therapeutic action. rabies, as well as for serious mental capsule twice daily.
Baical skullcap (S. baicalensis, p. 134) illnesses such as schizophrenia.
Tablets, often containing other sedative herbs, are taken for insomnia.
is also closely related. ■ Current uses Today, skullcap is
taken mainly as a nerve tonic and for
Key Constituents its restorative properties. It helps stress and worry cause muscular Self-help Uses
■ Flavonoids (scutellarin) support and nourish the nervous tension. Skullcap is often prescribed ■ Anxiety, depression, & tension,
■ Bitter iridoids (catalpol) system, and calms and relieves stress on its own, or with other sedative p. 308.
■ Volatile oil and anxiety. Its antispasmodic action herbs, to treat insomnia, and it is also ■ Migraine, p. 309.
■ Tannins makes it useful for conditions where given for period pain. ■ Panic attacks & headaches, p. 308. 135
S e re n oa re p e n S
growing to 20 ft
■ Diuretic
■ Male tonic
Berries have
Research a vanilla,
nutty flavor
■ Benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH) Extensive
clinical research, mostly in Europe,
has shown that a lipid or fat extract
Fresh berries
of saw palmetto is effective in Dried berries
reversing enlargement of the
prostate gland. In the process,
the extract reduces urinary retention
Key Preparations & Their Uses
and eases urine flow. In many QCautions Do not use during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, if taking
Saw palmetto has dark purple to black
European countries saw palmetto hormonal drugs, or if you have a hormone-dependent cancer.
berries, growing in the center of the leaf fans.
extract is a standard treatment for
Habitat & Cultivation enlarged prostate. It is not clear
Saw palmetto is indigenous to North how extracts of the herb work. Licorice
America and can be found growing ■ Combination with nettle root Saw palmetto
in sand dunes along the Atlantic and In the late 1990s two clinical trials
Caribbean coasts from South Carolina gave men with early stage BPH a
to Texas. It is propagated from seed combination of saw palmetto and
in spring and needs well-drained soil nettle root. One trial compared the
and plenty of sun. The berries are herbs with placebo, the other with Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a
harvested when ripe in autumn, then finasteride, a standard conventional diuretic. For enlarged prostate,
take 3/4 cup (150 ml) daily.
dried, often with the seeds removed. treatment for BPH. Results for the
herb combination in both trials were
Related Species very good, with a clear improvement
The Maya of Central America used in symptoms in respect to placebo,
the roots or leaves of S. japa, another and similar outcomes for those taking
Horsetail
small palm, as a remedy for dysentery the herbs or finasteride, but those
and abdominal pain. The crushed taking the herbs experienced fewer Remedy Make an infusion
roots of S. adamsonii were used by side effects. Tincture (to make, p. 292) (see p. 291) with 2 tsp saw
the Houma, who also lived in Central can be taken as a long-term palmetto, 2 tsp horsetail, 1 tsp licorice,
America, as an eye lotion. Traditional & tonic for debility. Take 1 tsp and 3⁄4 cup (200 ml) water. Take 1/2 cup
with water daily. (100 ml) as a tonic twice a day.
Current Uses
Key Constituents ■ Urinary remedy Saw palmetto
■ Lipid (fat) content includes has been nicknamed the “plant It is a useful remedy in cystitis and weight gain. Fruit pulp or tincture is
phytosterols catheter.” This is because it has the prostatitis (inflammation of the given to those suffering from wasting
■ Flavonoids ability to strengthen the neck of prostate gland). illnesses and for general debility and
■ Polysaccharides the bladder, and to reduce an ■ Anabolic action Saw palmetto failure to thrive.
enlarged prostate gland. It can be is a tonic and is one of the few
Key Actions equally useful in treating lower Western remedies that is considered Self-help Use
■ Anti-inflammatory urinary tract symptoms, such as pain, to be anabolic—it strengthens and ■ Impotence & premature
136 ■ Antispasmodic frequency, and urgency in urination. builds body tissues and encourages ejaculation, p. 316.
S i ly b um m ar i an um
to 3 ft (1 m), with
■ Astringent Current Uses helps to soothe bruises and grazes. ■ Healing wounds, p. 304.
■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Injuries Comfrey’s ability to ■ Other uses Comfrey preparations ■ Inflamed skin rashes, p. 303.
138 ■ Heals wounds and bones promote the healing of bruises, have many other uses and can be ■ Stiff & aching joints, p. 313.
Tab e b ui a s p p.
Pau d’arco
Tabebuia spp. (Bignoniaceae) An evergreen tree
(deciduous in cold
Bark from the pau d’arco tree has been valued ■ Tonic including wounds, fever, dysentery,
for centuries in traditional South American herbal ■ Antitumor and intestinal inflammation, as well as
certain types of cancer and snake bite.
medicine for its remarkable health benefits. Today,
Research ■ Infections Given the large
it is given as a remedy for inflammatory and infectious ■ Antibacterial and antifungal number of active constituents in
problems, including conditions such as chronic fatigue activity A Colombian review (2013) pau d’arco, it is not surprising that
and candidiasis. It is also used for other conditions and of research data on Tabebuia species, this beneficial herb is used in South
has a mixed reputation as a treatment for cancer, much of which was undertaken America and by herbal practitioners
including leukemia. in South America, highlighted pau throughout the world. It is an
d’arco’s strong, direct activity against important, natural antibiotic for
several key bacteria, notably bacterial and viral infections,
medicine, so quality control of dried Staphylococcus aureus and especially of the nose, mouth, and
bark can be difficult. T. avellanedae Helicobacter pylori, the latter being throat, and is considered helpful for
is considered to be the most the principal cause of stomach ulcers. chronic conditions such as CFS
therapeutically effective species, It also has broad-ranging activity (chronic fatigue syndrome).
while T. impetignosa is the species against many fungal agents, including Pau d’arco is also used for fungal
that is most commonly available. Candida albicans. conditions, including ringworm and
Pau d’arco is not normally ■ Antitumor properties Pau thrush, and is considered especially
cultivated—the prized inner bark is d’arco’s anticancer action has been useful for treating chronic candidiasis.
collected from trees growing in the established in laboratory ■ Anti-inflammatory action
wild, throughout the year. experiments, with many of its Pau d’arco reduces and relieves
constituents suppressing the growth inflammatory problems, especially
Key Constituents of cancer cells. Research in Brazil in in the stomach and intestines. It
■ Napthaquinones (lapachol) the 1960s raised great hopes that is used to treat a wide range of
Pau d’arco is valued for its durable wood
and for its bark that has important ■ Anthraquinones pau d’arco might prove to be a major other inflammatory conditions,
therapeutic properties. ■ Coumarins cancer treatment, but clinical including cystitis, inflammation of
■ Flavonoids research has failed to produce the cervix, and prostatitis.
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Iridoids positive results. ■ Cancer remedy Clinical
An indigenous South American tree, ■ Carnosol experience in Brazil, combined
pau d’arco grows well in mountainous Traditional & with its worldwide use by herbalists
terrains. In Peru and Argentina it is Key Actions Current Uses as a cancer remedy, suggests that
found growing high up in the Andes. ■ Antibacterial ■ Early cure-all The Incas, the pau d’arco may be beneficial in
Pau d’arco is also found in low-lying ■ Antifungal Callawaya in Brazil, and other Native the treatment of cancer, including
areas (in Paraguay and Brazil), where ■ Antiparasitic South American peoples all prized leukemia. However, more intensive
it is thought to have originated. Many ■ Immunostimulant pau d’arco as a cure-all. They used research is needed into its
Tabebuia species are used in herbal ■ Anti-inflammatory it to treat a variety of conditions, therapeutic value.
Feverfew
Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae) An herbaceous
perennial growing
Key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Migraine When, in 1973, the wife
of a Welsh doctor ended her 50- Aerial parts
year history of migraine with are harvested in
a course of feverfew, a detailed summer when the
scientific investigation got underway. plant is in flower.
In clinical trials in Britain during the
1980s the herb was shown to be an
effective remedy for migraine. Further
clinical trials across Europe, including
one in 2006 that combined feverfew
and willow bark (Salix alba, p. 129),
attest to feverfew’s ability to treat
Feverfew has daisylike flowers that bloom
all summer. migraine. The trials indicate feverfew
may need to be taken long term (for
Habitat & Cultivation 6 months or more) for full effect.
Originally from southeastern ■ Rheumatoid arthritis
Europe, feverfew is now common Feverfew’s effectiveness in the
throughout Europe, Australia, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis The leaves contain
parthenolide, which
North America. It can be propagated is being investigated. helps prevent migraine
from seed or cuttings, and prefers Dried
well-drained soil and sun. The leaves Traditional & aerial parts Fresh aerial parts
are picked as required and the aerial Current Uses
parts as a whole are harvested in ■ Fevers As its name implies, Key Preparations & Their Uses
summer when the plant is in flower. feverfew may be used to lower
Cautions Eating fresh leaves may cause mouth ulcers. Do not take feverfew
temperature and cool the body.
if taking warfarin or other blood-thinning drugs. Do not take during pregnancy.
Related Species ■ Gynecological uses The herb Can cause allergic reactions in rare cases.
Feverfew is a close relative of has been used since Roman times
tansy (Tanacetum vulgare, p. 274), to induce menstruation. It is also
and the chrysanthemum and given in childbirth to aid expulsion
chamomile species. of the placenta.
■ Migraine & headaches In small
Key Constituents quantities, feverfew is now used as a
■ Volatile oil (alpha-pinene) preventative for migraine. It has to be
■ Sesquiterpene lactones taken regularly, and at the first signs
(parthenolide) of an attack. It is useful for migraine
■ Sesquiterpenes (camphor) associated with menstruation, and Fresh leaves To prevent Tincture (to make, p. 292). For
for headaches. migraine, eat 2–3 leaves long-term prevention of migraine,
Key Actions ■ Arthritis remedy The herb daily on a piece of bread. take 10 drops a day.
■ Anti-inflammatory can help arthritic and rheumatic
■ Analgesic pain, especially with other herbs. Capsules (to make, p. 292). For symptomatic relief of headaches
■ Reduces fever take a 100 mg capsule daily.
■ Antirheumatic Self-help Use Tablets often contain other herbs. Take for headaches.
140 ■ Promotes menstrual flow ■ Migraine prevention, p. 309.
Tar ax ac um of f i c i n al e
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) A perennial growing
to 20 in (50 cm),
■ Bitter
Research
■ Leaves Research published in Fresh root
the journal Planta Medica, in 1974,
confirmed that dandelion leaves Leaves contain
high levels of
are a powerful diuretic, though potassium
their exact mode of action is not
Fresh leaves
understood. Many other small-scale
studies have confirmed this diuretic, Dried root
Dandelion’s name, which is a corruption of
or more accurately, aquaretic effect
the Latin dens leonis, meaning“lion’s teeth,”
derives from the appearance of its flowers. of dandelion leaf. Aquaretic refers Key Preparations & Their Uses
to the fact that many herbal diuretics Marigold petals Borage flowers
Habitat & Cultivation stimulate just the elimination of
Dandelion grows wild in most parts water and potassium. As dandelion
of the world and is cultivated in leaf has very high levels of potassium, Tablets have a diuretic effect.
Germany and France. It is propagated it is thought that no net loss of this Take for fluid retention.
from seed in spring. The young leaves mineral occurs on taking the leaf.
are picked in spring for tonic salads, ■ Root A 2004 laboratory study
and later as a medicine. The root reported dandelion root had marked
of 2-year-old plants is unearthed anticancer activity. It significantly
in autumn. increased tumor necrosis factor and
apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Related Species
Pu gong ying (T. mongolicum) is used Traditional & Tincture of root (to make, p. 292).
in Chinese herbal medicine to “clear Current Uses Tonic salad made with dandelion leaves. For eczema, take 1⁄2 tsp diluted with
heat” and relieve toxicity, especially ■ Diuretic Dandelion leaf is used Eat regularly for its cleansing benefits. 1
⁄2 cup (100 ml) water 3 times a day.
of the liver. as a diuretic and treats high blood Decoction of root (p. 291). For acne, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day.
pressure by reducing the volume
Infusion of leaves (p. 291). For swollen ankles, take 2 cups (500 ml) daily.
Key Constituents of fluid in the body.
Juice made from leaves. For fluid retention, take 1 tbsp 3 times a day.
■ Sesquiterpene lactones ■ Detoxifying remedy Dandelion
■ Triterpenes root is a key detoxifying herb that
■ Polysaccharides gently stimulates the liver and gall skin problems, such as eczema, and from the pancreas and supporting
Leaf only: bladder’s capacity to clear waste arthritic conditions, where improved stable blood-sugar levels.
■ Coumarins products from the body. This action clearance of waste products can
■ Carotenoids makes it valuable in the many health reduce local inflammation. Self-help Uses
■ Minerals (especially potassium) conditions that involve chronic toxicity, ■ Other uses Dandelion root is a ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
Root only: whether this toxicity is linked to good prebiotic, supporting the health ■ Constipation, p. 307.
■ Taraxacoside inflammation, infection, or dietary or of the gut flora. It has traditionally ■ Detoxification for hangover, p. 309.
■ Phenolic acids environmental factors. The root is been used in the early stages of type 2 ■ Fluid retention, p. 315.
■ Minerals (potassium, calcium) typically taken to treat constipation, diabetes, stimulating insulin release ■ Hives, p. 303. 141
T e rm i n a l i a ar j un a
Arjun
Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) An evergreen tree
reaching 100 ft (30 m),
Key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Cardiac tonic Research has
been going on into arjun in India
since the 1930s. The results have
been highly conflicting, with some
studies indicating that it increases
heart rate and blood pressure, and
others suggesting the reverse. It
seems that the herb is best used
to treat conditions where the blood
supply to the heart is poor, for Dried
bark
example in ischemic heart disease
and angina. In a 2002 clinical trial
Arjun is a handsome evergreen tree. Its Bark is used to treat
bark is prescribed to help heart and in India, 58 men with angina were
heart disease in India
circulation problems. given arjun. Results were very
positive, with those taking arjun
Habitat & Cultivation experiencing a marked reduction Key Preparations
Arjun is found throughout most in angina symptoms and an increased & Their Uses
of the Indian subcontinent, from capacity to exercise.
QCaution Take only under professional supervision.
Sri Lanka to the foothills of the ■ Cholesterol Indian research has
Himalayas. It thrives in wet, marshy demonstrated that arjun reduces
areas and on riverbanks. The tree is blood cholesterol levels.
grown from seed and the bark
is cut in late winter. Traditional &
Current Uses
Related Species ■ Traditional heart remedy
A number of other Terminalia species In Indian herbal medicine, arjun has
are also used medicinally, notably always been taken as a heart tonic.
beleric myrobalan and chebulic It has a long history of treating heart
Decoction is used by herbalists to Tincture is a valuable cardiac tonic.
myrobalan (T. belerica and T. chebula, failure and edema (a condition in treat poor circulation to the heart. Herbalists prescribe it to treat angina.
p. 275). Both are close relatives of which fluid accumulates in the ankles
arjun and are among the most used and legs because the heart is not
herbal medicines in India. pumping adequately).
■ Ayurvedic medicine Ayurvedic
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) An aromatic shrub
growing to 16 in
Key Actions ■ Asthma & hay fever Thyme and is used for sciatica and rheumatic ■ Colds & flu, p. 311.
■ Antiseptic is prescribed with other herbs for pains. It helps ringworm, athlete’s foot, ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310.
■ Tonic asthma, especially in children. Its thrush, and other fungal infections, ■ Earache, p. 312.
■ Relieves muscle spasms invigorating qualities balance the as well as scabies and lice. Thyme ■ Fungal infections, pp. 304 & 314.
■ Expectorant sedative effect of many herbs used infusion and diluted oil are also ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319.
■ Expels worms for asthma. Thyme is also helpful massaged into the scalp to encourage ■ Mild asthma, p. 301.
■ Antioxidant in hay fever. hair growth and reverse hair loss. ■ Tired & aching muscles, p. 312. 143
T urn e r a di f f us a
■ Mild antidepressant
■ Mild laxative and diuretic
Fresh leaves
Research
■ Initial research The first
study into the aphrodisiac activity
of damiana (published in 1999)
found that male rats with low
sexual activity became more
sexually active when given damiana
extract. One cannot generalize Dried leaves
from animals to humans, but this
Damiana is an excellent tonic herb for
does correspond with traditional Key Preparations
physical weakness and nervous exhaustion. views of the herb. Other recent
& Their Uses
research suggests that damiana
Habitat & Cultivation helps to prevent raised blood-
Tablets usually also
Damiana is native to the Gulf of sugar levels in diabetics.
contain other herbs.
Mexico, southern California, the Take as a relaxing tonic.
northern Caribbean Islands, and Traditional &
Namibia. It is also cultivated in these Current Uses
areas. Damiana is grown from seed ■ Tonic Damiana is a tonic and
in spring and prefers a hot, humid restorative for the nervous system,
climate. The leaves are harvested and has always been considered an
when the herb is in flower aphrodisiac. Its tonic action is partly
in summer. due to the constituent thymol, which
is antiseptic and tonic.
Related Species ■ Antidepressant Technically,
T. opifera and T. ulmifolia are used damiana is a thymoleptic (having a Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a
as tonics in Brazil and Central stimulating action on the body and nerve tonic and antidepressant. tonic and is useful for urinary
America, respectively. mind). It is given to people suffering For mild depression, take 30 infections. Drink 3/4 cup (150 ml)
from mild to moderate depression drops with water 4 times a day. daily as a general tonic.
Key Constituents or nervous exhaustion. Its stimulating
■ Volatile oil (about 0.5–1%), and restorative properties make it ■ Gynecological problems antiseptic, in the urinary tubules. This
including caryophylene, valuable when anxiety and depression Damiana is often given for painful constituent is also found in a number
thymol, and cadinene happen together. and delayed periods, and is used of other plants, notably uva-ursi
■ Flavonoids ■ Sexual restorative Due to its specifically for headaches connected (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, p. 170).
■ Hydroquinones (arbutin) reputed testosterogenic activity, to menstruation. ■ Laxative Damiana is a mild
■ Tannins damiana has always been seen as ■ Urinary antiseptic Being a laxative, useful in the treatment of
an herb for men, helpful in treating diuretic and urinary antiseptic, damiana constipation due to poor bowel
Key Actions premature ejaculation and is useful in the treatment of urinary muscle tone.
■ Tonic impotence. It is, however, beneficial infections such as cystitis and urethritis.
■ Nerve tonic for both men and women, being This action is partly due to the Self-help Use
■ Aphrodisiac considered restorative to the constituent arbutin, which is converted ■ Anxiety, depression, &
144 ■ Mild stimulant reproductive organs of both sexes. into hydroquinone, a strong urinary tension, p. 308.
Ul m Us r Ub r a
Research
■ Mucilage There is limited
research into slippery elm, but its
action as an herb with large quantities
of mucilage is well understood. When
the herb comes into direct contact
with inflamed surfaces such as the
skin or the intestinal membranes,
it soothes and coats the irritated
tissue, protects it from injury, and Fresh bark
draws out toxins or irritants.
Dried bark
■ Reflex action When slippery
elm is taken internally, it is thought
Slippery elm produces red-brown fruit,
each consisting of a single seed, likely that it causes a reflex
in summer. stimulation of nerve endings in Key Preparations
the stomach and intestines that & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation leads to secretion of mucus by the
Slippery elm is a native of the U.S. membranes of the urinary tract.
and Canada, and is most commonly
found growing in the Appalachian Traditional &
Mountains. The tree thrives on high Current Uses
ground and dry soil. The inner bark ■ Nourishing Taken regularly,
of the trunk and branches is collected slippery elm is a nutritious and
in spring. soothing food that acts as a prebiotic,
supporting beneficial bacterial growth
Related Species within the gut. It is excellent as a baby
Poultice For wounds, add several
Infusion Mix 1 heaped tsp with
White elm (U. americana) is used in food and during convalescence. 3 cups (750 ml) of warm water. drops of calendula tincture to
a similar way to slippery elm, and was ■ Digestive disorders Slippery elm Infuse for 5 minutes. For 1 tsp of powder. Mix into a paste
taken for coughs by the Mohicans. In is a particularly soothing herb and can diarrhea, drink a whole dose and apply (see p. 295).
Europe, the dried bark of elm (Ulmus bring instant relief to acidity, diarrhea, 1–2 times a day.
spp.) was used as a demulcent, and and gastroenteritis. It will also help
was first mentioned by Dioscorides alleviate conditions such as colic,
in the 1st century ce. inflammation of the gut, constipation, Capsules (to make, p. 292)
hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, and For bronchitis, take a 200 mg
Key Constituents irritable bowel syndrome. capsule 2–3 times a day.
■ Mucilage ■ Urinary problems This herb
Powder For acid indigestion, take 1 tsp with water 2–3 times daily.
■ Starch is a useful remedy for urinary
■ Tannins problems such as chronic cystitis. Tablets Take for diarrhea.
■ Respiratory conditions
Key Actions Slippery elm has been used to treat ■ External uses Applied externally, Self-help Uses
■ Demulcent all manner of chest conditions and the herb softens and protects the ■ Acidity & indigestion, p. 307.
■ Emollient has a soothing effect on everything skin. It also works very well as a ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Nutritive from coughs and bronchitis to pleurisy “drawing” poultice for boils ■ Constipation in children, p. 318.
■ Laxative and tuberculosis. and splinters. ■ Hemorrhoids, p. 302. 145
Urt i c a di oi c a
Nettle
Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) A perennial growing
to 5 ft (1.5 m), with
Key medicinal pl ants
Key Actions
■ Diuretic
Dried aerial parts
■ Tonic
■ Astringent Root has important diuretic Fresh aerial parts
■ Prevents hemorrhaging properties that make it useful
■ Anti-allergenic for prostate problems.
■ Reduces prostate
enlargement (root)
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Minerals (calcium, potassium, waste products. It helps many skin nettle stings. menstrual bleeding, p. 301.
silicic acid, iron) conditions and arthritic problems. ■ Enlarged prostate ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
Root: ■ Astringent Nettle slows or Following research, nettle root has ■ Mild asthma, p. 301.
■ Plant sterols (stigmast-4-en-zone stops bleeding from wounds and now become a common treatment ■ Diaper rash, p. 318.
and stigmasterol) nosebleeds, and is good for heavy for symptoms linked to having an ■ Hives, p. 303.
Bilberry
Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae) A deciduous shrub,
growing to 16 in
■ Urinary antiseptic
Fresh
Research berries
■ Circulation Clinical trials from
1964 onward have shown that Fresh leaves
bilberry fruits protect peripheral
circulation and capillaries. Symptoms Dried berries
that have been shown to improve
Bilberry fruit can be used as a natural
antioxidant supplement. with bilberry extracts include fluid Key Preparations
retention, pain, pins and needles
& Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation (paresthesia), and cramps—all
Bilberry thrives in moist undergrowth resulting from impaired peripheral QCaution If taking anticoagulants or diagnosed with a bleeding disorder, take
medicinal doses on professional advice only.
on moors, hillsides, and heathland, blood flow.
throughout temperate regions of ■ Eyesight Different trials have
the northern hemisphere—Asia, also shown improvement to eyesight
Europe, and North America. Widely in the nearsighted, in those with
cultivated around the world, bilberry retinal damage due to diabetes, and
is propagated from seed in autumn, to high blood pressure in patients
or from cuttings. The leaves are taking bilberry extracts, beta-
collected in summer, the fruit carotene, and retinol. Other
when ripe in late summer or conditions such as period pain and Capsules Take up to 4 x 500 mg
early autumn. recovery from hemorrhoid capsules a day to improve Tincture (to make, p. 292). Take
operations may improve with bilberry. circulation within the eye. 1
⁄2 tsp a day for poor circulation.
Related Species
Other members of the Ericaceae, Traditional & Decoction (to make, p. 291) is pleasant-tasting and useful for short-term
treatment of diarrhea in children.
such as bearberry (Arctostaphyllos Current Uses
uva-ursi, p. 170), cowberry (V. vitis- ■ Digestive problems Bilberry Tablets, like capsules, are convenient for long-term use.
idaea), and cranberry (V. macrocarpon, fruit has long been used as a mild
p. 280) are used principally as laxative (because of its sugars), claudication, Raynaud’s disease, ■ Antiseptic The leaves have a
urinary antiseptics. and to relieve diarrhea (due to varicose veins, hemorrhoids, easy marked antiseptic effect within the
the tannins). It is also moderately bruising, and all conditions impairing bladder and urinary tubules, and can
Key Constituents antibacterial and, since it tastes blood flow to the eyes, particularly be used to treat urinary infections
■ Tannins (approximately 7%) pleasant, is useful for treating diabetes and high blood pressure. such as cystitis.
■ Proanthocyanins diarrhea and indigestion in children. ■ Antioxidant The fruit is used to ■ Antidiabetic The leaves and
■ Flavonoids ■ Circulatory disorders Many protect against tissue damage (it may fruit have antidiabetic activity,
■ Fruit acids circulatory disorders will benefit from prevent cataract formation) and to helping especially in pre-diabetic
■ Phenolic acids the fruit’s ability to improve capillary promote tissue healing, for example states. There is growing evidence
■ Pectin function and heal inflammation. in the gastrointestinal tract or in that the fruit can help to promote
■ Vitamin B2, C, and carotene These include intermittent rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. weight loss. 147
Val e ri a n a of f i c i n al i s
growing to 4 ft
Key Actions
■ Sedative
■ Relaxant Dried root
■ Relieves muscle spasms and rhizome
■ Relieves anxiety
Research
■ Therapeutic properties
Extensive research in Germany and
Switzerland has endorsed the use of Valepotriates in
valerian to aid sleep, improve sleep the rhizome and
root induce sleep
quality, and lower blood pressure. Fresh root
Valerian helps reduce stress. Its name is
thought to be derived from the Latin valere, A German trial carried out in 2002 and rhizome
“to be well.” that tested valerian and oxazepam
(a conventional sleep treatment)
Habitat & Cultivation found both to be effective—83% of
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Native to Europe and northern those taking valerian rated the QCautions Can cause drowsiness. Do not take valerian if already taking
Asia, valerian grows wild in sleep-inducing drugs.
treatment as very good compared to
damp conditions. It is cultivated 73% of those taking oxazepam.
in central and eastern Europe.
The plant is grown from seed in Traditional &
spring, and the root and rhizome Current Uses
of 2-year-old plants are unearthed ■ Historical uses Known as “all-
Tablets often also contain other
in autumn. heal” in the Middle Ages, valerian herbs. Take for stress or anxiety.
was credited with many virtues, in
Related Species particular with healing epilepsy.
Tincture (to make, p. 292).
V. capensis is given in South Africa In 1592, Fabius Calumna published For anxiety, take 20 drops in
Powder can be taken as
for hysteria and epilepsy; V. hardwickii, a detailed work on herbal medicine hot water up to 5 times a day.
capsules (to make, p. 292).
found in China and Indonesia, is taken in which he claimed to have cured For insomnia, take 1–2
as an antispasmodic; V. ulginosa was his epilepsy with the herb. doses of 500 mg at night.
used for cramps and menopausal ■ Stress-related disorders
Decoction (to make, p. 291). Take 1–5 tbsp as a sedative at night.
symptoms by the Menominee people Valerian reduces mental over-
in North America; and V. wallichi is activity and nervous excitability,
used in the Himalayas in almost helping people who find it hard valerian. It is a useful remedy for for high blood pressure caused
exactly the same way as valerian. to “switch off.” It is beneficial for insomnia, whether caused by anxiety by stress and anxiety.
almost any stress-related condition, or overexcitement.
Key Constituents and, in general, has a calming, rather ■ Effective relaxant Valerian relaxes Self-help Uses
■ Volatile oil (up to 1.4%), than directly sedative, effect on overcontracted muscles, and is helpful ■ Chronic anxiety, p. 308.
including bornyl acetate, the mind. for shoulder and neck tension, asthma, ■ Insomnia, p. 309.
beta-caryphyllene ■ Anxiety & insomnia Many colic, irritable bowel syndrome, period ■ Nervous exhaustion, p. 309.
■ Iridoids (valepotriates)— symptoms of anxiety, including pain, and muscle spasms. ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315.
valtrate, isovaltrate tremors, panic, palpitations, and ■ High blood pressure Valerian ■ Sleeplessness due to
148 ■ Alkaloids sweating, can be relieved with is used with other herbs in remedies backache, p. 313.
V e rb e n a of f i c i n a l i s
digestive function.
Research
■ Hormonal effects Early
indications from research into vervain
are that it has both estrogenic
and progestogenic activity. It also
stimulates the muscles of the womb,
and production of breast milk.
■ Lack of research For an herb
with such long traditional use,
surprisingly little research into vervain
has occurred to date. Laboratory
studies indicate that vervain has
significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Vervain was carried in the Middle Ages Dried aerial parts
to bring good luck. It may also have antiviral and liver-
protective properties. Verbenalin, an
Habitat & Cultivation active compound within vervain, is
Vervain grows wild throughout strongly bitter, may cause vomiting at
much of Europe and North Africa high doses, and stimulates contraction Fresh aerial parts
as well as in China and Japan. It is of the womb.
propagated from seed in spring or Key Preparations & Their Uses
autumn and thrives in well-drained Traditional &
QCautions Do not exceed the stated dose. Vervain can cause vomiting if taken
soil in a sunny position. The aerial Current Uses in excess. Do not take during pregnancy.
parts are harvested in summer ■ Digestive tonic Vervain improves
when the plant is in flower. the function of the digestive system
and absorption of food.
Related Species ■ Nervous system Vervain is
Blue vervain (V. hastata), which prized as a restorative for the nervous
is native to North America, is system and is especially helpful for
used medicinally in the same nervous tension. It is thought to have
way as vervain. a mild antidepressant action, and is
used specifically to treat anxiety and
Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a relaxing, Infusion (to make, p. 291) helps stimulate
Key Constituents the nervous exhaustion that follows calming tonic. For stress and anxiety, digestion and improves effective
■ Bitter iridoids long-term stress. take 1⁄2 tsp diluted in a glass of water absorption of food. Drink 3/4 cup (150 ml)
(verbenin, verbenalin) ■ Convalescence By aiding 3 times a day. regularly, particularly after heavy meals.
■ Volatile oil digestion and restoring the nervous
■ Alkaloids system, vervain is an ideal tonic for
■ Triterpenes (beta-sitosterol) people recovering from chronic illness.
■ Flavonoids ■ Headaches & migraines Powder can be used as a toothpaste.
Vervain alleviates headaches, and in Rub on the teeth regularly to clean
and protect them.
Key Actions Chinese herbal medicine it is used
■ Nervine for migraines connected with the
■ Tonic menstrual cycle. for jaundice, gallstones, asthma, Self-help Uses
■ Mild bitter ■ Other uses Among its other insomnia, premenstrual syndrome, ■ Nervous exhaustion, p. 309.
■ Mild antidepressant medicinal uses, vervain is given flu, and fevers. ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315. 149
V i b urn um op ulus
Cramp bark
Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae) A deciduous shrub
or tree growing to
Key medicinal pl ants
Research
■ Active constituents To date,
cramp bark has been poorly
researched, and there is also some
confusion over which active
constituents it contains and which
occur in the closely related black
haw (V. prunifolium).
Traditional
& Current Uses
■ Native American remedy
Cramp bark has a history of use
Cramp bark has distinctive bright red
berries in autumn. in Native American herbalism.
The Meskwaki people took Dried bark
Habitat & Cultivation cramp bark for cramps and pains Fresh bark
Cramp bark grows in woodlands, throughout the body, while the
hedges, and thickets in Europe Penobscot used it to treat swollen Key Preparations & Their Uses
and eastern North America. It glands and mumps.
is propagated from seed sown ■ Muscle relaxant Cramp bark
in autumn. Bark from the is effective at relieving any tense
branches is collected in spring muscle, whether smooth muscle in
and summer, when the plant is the intestines, airways, or uterus,
in flower. or striated muscle (attached to
the skeleton) in the limbs or back.
Related Species It may be taken internally, or applied Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292) is
For period pain, take 1/3 cup used for long-term treatment
Black haw (V. prunifolium, p. 281) topically to relieve muscle tension.
(75 ml) every 3 hours. of muscular tension. For irritable
is often used interchangeably The herb also treats symptoms bowel syndrome, take 1⁄2 tsp
with cramp bark, but it is thought arising from excess muscle tension, diluted with hot water twice a day.
to have a more specific action including breathing difficulties in
on the uterus. asthma, and menstrual pain caused
by excessive contraction of the Lotion (to make, p. 296) relieves
Key Constituents uterus. For night cramps and back aching muscles. Rub into tense
■ Hydroquinones (arbutin) pain, lobelia (Lobelia inflata, p. 110) neck and shoulders.
■ Coumarins (scopoletin) is often mixed with cramp bark.
■ Tannins (3%) The herb also relieves constipation, relief. As the muscles relax, blood Self-help Uses
■ Proanthocyanidins colic, and irritable bowel syndrome, flow to the area improves, waste ■ Back pain, p. 313.
■ Polysaccharides as well as the physical symptoms of products such as lactic acid are ■ Breathing difficulties, p. 301.
nervous tension. removed, and normal function ■ Cramps & muscle spasms, p. 312.
Key Actions ■ Arthritis In some cases of can return. ■ Period pain, p. 315.
■ Antispasmodic arthritis, where joint weakness ■ Other uses Cramp bark is ■ Poor circulation to the
■ Sedative and pain have caused muscles to commonly used in treatments hands & feet, p. 302.
■ Astringent contract until they are almost rigid, for high blood pressure and other ■ Spastic constipation, p. 307.
150 ■ Relaxant cramp bark can bring remarkable circulatory conditions. ■ Stomach spasm, p. 305.
V i t e x agn us -c as t us
Chaste tree
Vitex agnus-castus (Verbenaceae) A deciduous aromatic
tree growing to 23 ft
Research
■ Hormonal properties The Fresh berries
berries are thought to induce subtle
hormonal effects within the brain,
leading to increased levels of the
neurotransmitters dopamine and
melatonin. These changes are
thought to promote better hormonal
regulation of the menstrual cycle, Dried berries
notably through raised progesterone
levels. In some people, the raised
melatonin levels may aid sleep quality. Key Preparations
Chaste tree has small, fragrant, lilac flowers in
The diterpenes are thought to be & Their Uses
summer that grow in whorls on long spikes. chiefly responsible for these effects.
QCaution Excess can cause formication (a sensation of ants
■ Gynecological problems
crawling on the skin). Concurrent use with the contraceptive pill
Habitat & Cultivation Clinical research by and large or fertility treatment is not advisable. Avoid in pregnancy. In rare
Chaste tree is native to the supports the use of chaste tree in cases may cause gastrointestinal upset, headache, or dizziness.
Mediterranean region and western many female hormonal problems,
Asia. It is cultivated in subtropical including premenstrual syndrome
areas around the world, and has (PMS), irregular menstruation,
become naturalized in many regions. breast tenderness, and infertility.
It is grown from seed in spring A 2001 clinical trial tested chaste
Tablets Take for premenstrual syndrome.
or autumn. The ripe berries are berry against placebo in 178 women
collected in autumn. with PMS. After 3 months, those Tincture (to make, p. 292). For an irregular cycle, take 40 drops with water
taking chaste tree had a 50% daily for 3 months.
Related Species reduction in symptoms compared
As a member of the Verbenaceae to placebo. is often helpful in relieving ■ Difficulty in breastfeeding The
genus, chaste tree is a distant ■ Sleep aid Since researchers premenstrual symptoms, including berries are taken to increase breast-
relative of vervain (Verbena officinalis, found that chaste berry increases irritability and lowered mood, milk production.
p. 149) and lemon verbena (Lippia melatonin levels, chaste berry has headache, acne, and breast ■ Acne Though rarely used on its
citriodora, p. 228). been thought of as a possible sleep tenderness. Chaste tree also own, chaste tree can be extremely
aid. Some small studies indicate that promotes greater menstrual helpful in treating acne in both men
Key Constituents chaste berry might help people with regularity, and this use extends to and women. Used in combination
■ Volatile oil (cineol) insomnia due to unhealthy melatonin more significant hormonal problems with herbs such as echinacea
■ Flavonoids (casticin) levels, such as shift workers or those including polycystic ovary syndrome, (Echinacea spp., p. 92), it will often
■ Iridoids (aucubin, agnoside, who are jet lagged. fibroids, and endometriosis. reduce the frequency and intensity
eurostoside) ■ Irregular periods The herb of acne blemishes where hormonal
■ Diterpenes Traditional helps to regulate irregular periods, imbalance is a major factor.
& Current Uses tending to shorten a long cycle and
Key Actions ■ Menstrual problems Chaste lengthen a short one. Self-help Uses
■ Regulates hormones tree is probably the most used herb ■ Infertility Chaste tree can be ■ Aiding conception, p. 316.
■ Progesterogenic in Western herbal medicine for of help to some women trying to ■ Decreased estrogen &
■ Increases breast-milk production regulating the menstrual cycle. With conceive if infertility is due to low progesterone levels, p. 316.
■ Aids sleep its progestogenic action, chaste tree progesterone levels. ■ Irregular cycle, p. 315. 151
Wi t ha n i a som n i f e ra
Key Actions Traditional Decoction of the root (to make, p. 291). Powder made from the leaves.
For stress, decoct 5 g with 1/3 cup (75 ml) For anemia, take 1⁄2 tsp in a little
■ Adaptogenic & Current Uses water and take over 2 days. water once a day.
■ Tonic ■ Ayurvedic tonic Ashwagandha
Capsules of powdered root (to make, p. 292). For nervous exhaustion,
■ Mild sedative has always been valued in Ayurveda
take 1–2 g a day with water.
for its tonic, strengthening, and
Research relaxing properties. Robert Svoboda
■ Chronic stress Clinical research in Ayurveda: Life, Health, and Longevity and, as its botanical name suggests, relaxation, ashwagandha is
has been wide-ranging and examined states that it “clarifies the mind, calms encourages better sleep quality. It is useful in countering the debility that
many aspects of ashwagandha’s and strengthens the nerves, and an excellent herb for convalescence. accompanies long-term stress.
potential medicinal uses, many linked promotes sound restful sleep.” ■ Inflammatory conditions ■ Anemia Aswagandha’s high iron
to the withanolides, compounds ■ Restorative Today, the herb is still Ashwagandha can be a useful content makes it useful in anemia.
similar to the body’s own steroid prized as a tonic, but valued also for its addition to treatment for chronic
hormones. A 2012 Indian clinical unusual combination of actions. As a inflammatory diseases such as Self-help Uses
trial noted that those taking tonic, it strengthens and supports rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. ■ Long-term stress &
ashwagandha had lower stress physical and mental performance, yet ■ Long-term stress By reducing convalescence, pp. 308 & 319.
152 levels and an increased sense of at the same time it relieves anxiety overactivity and encouraging rest and ■ Male fertility, p. 316.
Z a n t h ox y lum am e r i c an um
Key Actions
■ Circulatory stimulant
■ Increases sweating
■ Antirheumatic
Fresh plant
■ Antifungal
Research
■ Antifungal Research into prickly Berries are made
ash is limited, though a 2005 study Fresh bark into remedies for Berries and bark
found extracts from prickly ash fruit poor circulation. were chewed
for toothache
and leaf demonstrated antifungal
activity.
Prickly ash is antirheumatic and improves
circulation. Traditional
& Current Uses
Habitat & Cultivation ■ North American herb Prickly
Prickly ash is native to southern ash was a Native American remedy
Canada and northern, central, and for toothache and rheumatism. It was
western parts of the U.S., preferring used in the U.S. during the 19th
moist, shady sites such as woodlands. century as a circulatory stimulant and Dried chopped bark Dried berries
It is propagated from seed in to treat arthritis.
autumn. The bark is harvested in ■ Arthritic conditions Western Key Preparations & Their Uses
spring and the berries are collected herbalists regard northern prickly QCautions Avoid in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
in summer. ash as a prime remedy for rheumatic
and arthritic problems. It stimulates
Related Species blood flow to painful and stiff joints,
Southern prickly ash (Z. clava-herculis) promoting the supply of oxygen and
grows in the central and southern nutrients to the area and removing
U.S., where it is used interchangeably waste products.
with prickly ash. Chuan jiao ■ Circulation The herb improves
(Z. bungeanum) is given in Chinese circulation in intermittent claudication
herbal medicine for “cold” patterns and Raynaud’s disease, conditions
of illness causing abdominal pain. where the arteries of the limbs have Tincture of bark (to make, p. 292). Decoction For poor circulation, decoct
Z. capense is taken for colic in narrowed, preventing sufficient blood For arthritis, take 20 drops with 3 tsp ginger and 3 tsp prickly ash berries
water 3 times a day. with 3 cups (750 ml) water (see p. 291).
South Africa. Z. zanthoxyloides is a reaching the hand or leg muscles.
Take 3/4 cup (150 ml) twice a day.
traditional West African herb for ■ Other uses Prickly ash relieves gas
rheumatic conditions. and diarrhea and tones the digestive
tract. It is applied topically to treat leg
Key Constituents ulcers and chronic pelvic
Tablets Take tablets, which often contain
■ Isoquinoline alkaloids inflammatory disease. other herbs, for arthritis and rheumatism.
■ Furanocoumarins
■ Lignans Self-help Uses Lotion For poor circulation in the legs, make
■ Volatile oil ■ Back pain, p. 313. a decoction of bark (p. 291) and apply.
■ Tannins ■ Poor circulation, p. 302 153
Z e a m ays
reaching 10 ft (3 m),
Research
■ Purple corn Purple corn contains
unusually high levels of anthocyanins,
dark red or blue plant pigments
that have strong antioxidant and
protective effects within the body.
A 2007 paper reported that, weight
for weight, purple corn contained
nearly four times more anthocyanins
than blueberries, suggesting that
Corn’s Latin name reflects its value—
purple corn could be a key dietary Fresh
zea means “cause of life” and mays means
source of anthocyanins. Dried cornsilk cornsilk Fresh meal
“our mother.”
■ Carotenoids Corncob and
Fresh rhizome
Research
■ Digestive health Ginger speeds
up the rate of gastric emptying and
aids the absorption of nutrients from
the digestive tract. By improving iron Sliced
absorption, it helps to treat anemia. dried rhizome
Clinical trials indicate that it can
relieve nausea and vomiting.
■ Morning sickness A 2013 Key Preparations & Their Uses
Australian review of clinical trials QCautions Do not take ginger in medicinal doses if suffering from peptic ulcers.
using ginger to relieve pregnancy- Do not take the essential oil internally except under professional supervision.
induced nausea and vomiting Maximum recommended dose in pregnancy and if taking anticoagulants is 2 g dried
(4 g fresh) root a day.
concluded that “The best available
Ginger, widely used as a spice, is also an
important digestive remedy. evidence suggests that ginger is a safe
and effective treatment for PNV.”
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Pain relief Several small-
Native to Asia, ginger is grown scale research studies have found
Infusion (to make, p. 291).
throughout the tropics. It is that ginger reduces muscle pain, For nausea, drink 3/4 cup
propagated by dividing the for example, after exercise. (150 ml) 3 times a day.
rootstock. Ginger flourishes in This is because of a potent anti-
fertile soil and needs plenty of inflammatory action. One study Essential oil For arthritic
aches and pains, dilute
rain. The rhizome is unearthed found that after 2 months of
5 drops in 20 drops carrier
when the plant is 10 months old. treatment, ginger was as effective oil and apply (see p. 297).
It is washed, soaked, and sometimes in relieving menstrual cramps as
boiled and peeled. mefenamic acid (an aspirin-type Capsules (to make, p. 292). For morning sickness, take a 75 mg capsule every hour.
painkiller). A 2014 Iranian clinical
Tincture (to make, p. 292). To improve digestion, take 30 drops with water
Related Species trial compared the effects of ginger
twice a day.
Various Zingiber species are used and sumatripan (a painkiller) in
medicinally, but no other has benefits relieving migraine, and reported
equal to ginger. Turmeric (Curcuma that the two treatments were including food poisoning. stimulates sweating and helps to
longa, p. 90) is a close relative. similarly effective. ■ Circulatory stimulant Ginger cool and control fevers.
stimulates circulation, and helps
Key Constituents Traditional blood to flow to the surface, making Self-help Uses
■ Volatile oil (1–3%) & Current Uses it an important remedy for chilblains ■ Chilblains, p. 302.
—zingiberene (20–30%) ■ Digestive problems Ginger and poor circulation to the hands ■ Colds, flu, & fevers, p. 311.
■ Oleoresin (4–7.5%) is thought to be helpful for almost and feet. Juice squeezed from fresh ■ Cold sores, p. 304.
—gingerol, shogaols all digestive complaints. It is an ginger root can be applied to ■ Constipation, p. 307.
excellent remedy for symptoms chilblains (and cold sores), bringing ■ Digestive upsets,
Key Actions such as indigestion, nausea, gas, quick relief. gas, & colic, p. 318.
■ Anti-inflammatory bloating, and cramps—whether ■ Respiratory conditions Ginger ■ High blood pressure &
■ Circulatory stimulant taken as an infusion, juice, tincture, has antiviral activity and is a first-rate arteriosclerosis, p. 301.
■ Antiemetic or powder, or with food. Its remedy for coughs, colds, flu, and ■ Morning sickness, p. 317.
■ Antiviral antiseptic activity makes it valuable other respiratory problems. Despite ■ Nausea & motion sickness,
■ Digestive stimulant in all gastrointestinal infections, its warming properties, ginger p. 306. 155
Other Medicinal
Plants
The index of Other Medicinal Plants features in Latin name order over 450 plants that have
played a significant role in herbal medicine worldwide. They include familiar plants such as
oats (Avena sativa, p.175) and exotic herbs like ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata, p. 182). Some
are well researched, while others are known only within their native region. A number of
medicinal plants included have fallen out of favor but remain historically significant. In
addition, the index features plants such as eucommia bark (Eucommia ulmoides, p. 207)
that research shows have the potential for a more prominent medicinal role in the future.
Abies balsamea (Pinaceae) contraceptive, abortifacient (to induce a infected gums. The seeds are laxative and “useful
miscarriage), and as a treatment for chronic in killing threadworms, if the rectum of the
Balsam Fir
other medicinal Pl ants
conjunctivitis. However, they are so poisonous affected child be exposed to the smoke of the
that even external application can be fatal. In powdered seeds” (Herbs that Heal, H. K. Bakhru,
Description Conical evergreen tree growing
laboratory experiments, extracts of the seeds 1992). The plant has an antiseptic effect within the
to 90 ft (27 m). Has aromatic needle-like leaves
had a strong antifertility effect on sperm urinary tract.
and purple fir cones.
production and fertility. The ground root is Related Species A. trisulcatum, native to
Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
traditionally taken to treat worm infestation. Central America, is used to treat asthma in
America, balsam fir is commercially grown for
RCautions Never use the seeds. Use the children, and is applied as a poultice for treating
its timber. The resin is tapped from 60- to 80-
leaves and roots only under professional cancerous sores and ulcers, especially of the
year-old trees in spring.
supervision. Jequirity is subject to legal mouth and cervix.
Parts Used Oleoresin, leaves.
restrictions in some countries.
Constituents Balsam fir leaves contain a
liquid oleoresin.
History & Folklore Balsam fir resin, often Acacia catechu syn. senegalia
known as Canada balsam, was used for many catechu (Fabaceae)
illnesses by both Native Americans and settlers.
The Penobscot smeared the resin on burns, cuts, Black Catechu,
and sores, while others applied it to the chest and Cutch
back for colds and chest problems. The Pillagers
used the aromatic needles in their sweat lodges, Description Tree growing to 49 ft (15 m)
inhaling smoke from the burning leaves. Dr. with thorny branches and divided, feathery leaves.
Wooster Beech (1794–1868), founder of the Habitat & Cultivation Native to India,
Eclectic healing movement, regarded balsam fir as Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and East Africa, this
stimulating and axative when taken internally, and tree is cultivated for its timber. It grows to altitudes
emollient and cooling when used externally. Balsam of 4,900 ft (1,500 m).
fir leaves, cones, and resin are commonly added Parts Used Bark, heartwood, leaves, shoots.
to potpourri. Constituents The shiny, black-brown extract
Medicinal Actions & Uses Balsam fir is of leaves and young shoots, which is called “cutch,”
antiseptic and stimulant, and has been used in Jequirity seeds were used medicinally in former times, becomes a brittle solid when dried, and is the
but are also extremely poisonous. form in which black catechu is generally sold.
North America and Europe for congestion, chest
infections such as bronchitis, and urinary tract Cutch contains 25–60% tannins, 20–30% mucilage,
conditions such as cystitis and frequent urination. flavonoids, and resins.
Externally, balsam fir was rubbed on the chest or
Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae)
applied as a plaster for respiratory infections. It is
not used much in herbal medicine today.
Kanghi,
Indian Mallow
Description Upright, woody shrub growing to 5
Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) ft (1.5 m). Has a downy, slightly oily surface, single
are also applied to infected gums and have been acanthus mollis (Acanthaceae) Dioscorides, is one of the most accurate botanical
used to clean the teeth. In Ayurvedic medicine, descriptions to survive from the ancient world.
Acanthus,
aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses The acrid agave americana (Agavaceae)
Korean mint is considered a warming herb in
Bael, Agave,
agrimonia eupatoria (Rosaceae) cystitis and urinary incontinence, and has also been ailanthus altissima syn.
used for kidney stones, sore throats, hoarseness, a. glandulosa (Simaroubaceae)
Agrimony
other medicinal Pl ants
Related Species A. malabrica is used in herbal History & Folklore In the European tradition, a topical application of albizzia. Extracts of the
medicine in Southeast Asia for its tonic properties bugle has long been valued as a wound-healing plant also have antifungal and antibacterial activity.
decongestant. Its astringent properties make it Part Used Bulb. Related Species In Chinese herbal medicine, the
a useful herb for the treatment of diarrhea Constituents Onion contains a volatile oil scallion (A. fistulosum) is given to encourage sweating,
other medicinal Pl ants
and gastroenteritis. with sulphur-containing compounds such as to unblock the nose, and to relieve bloating. It is
Research Russian research indicates that lady’s allicin (an antibiotic) and alliin, flavonoids, also used to help drain boils and abscesses.
mantle reduces blood viscosity. phenolic acids, and sterols. Self-help Use Mild fever, p. 311.
Caution Do not use lady’s mantle when pregnant. History & Folklore Authorities throughout
the ancient world recommended onion for a
variety of health problems. Bunches were hung
Allium ursinum (Liliaceae)
on doors to ward off the plague in medieval
Aletris farinosa (Liliaceae)
Europe. Wild onion (A. sibiricum) was also used Ramsons
Star Grass, extensively by Native North Americans to treat
stings and help relieve colds. Description Bulbous perennial smelling strongly
True Unicorn Root, Medicinal Actions & Uses Onion boasts a of garlic, growing to 11 in (28 cm). Has a triangular
Colic Root long list of medicinal actions—diuretic, antibiotic, stem and broad elliptical leaves. Clusters of white,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, expectorant, and star-like flowers grow from a common stem.
Description Perennial growing to 3 ft (1 m).
antirheumatic. It is also beneficial to the circulation. Habitat & Cultivation Ramsons are native
Has a flowering stem, smooth lance-shaped leaves,
Onions are taken the world over for colds, flu, and to Europe and Asia. They carpet shady sites in
and white bell-shaped flowers that appear to be
coughs, much like garlic (A. sativum, p. 59). Onion damp woods and by streams. The plants are
covered with frost.
offsets tendencies to angina, arteriosclerosis, and gathered in early summer.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern
heart attack. It is also useful in preventing oral Parts Used Bulb, aerial parts.
North America, star grass grows mainly in swamps
infection and tooth decay. The warmed juice can Constituents Ramsons contain volatile oil,
and wet sandy woodland, especially near the
be dropped into the ear for earache, and baked aldehydes, vinyl sulfide, and vitamin C.
seashore. It is harvested commercially in Virginia,
onion is used as a poultice to drain pus from sores. History & Folklore Ramsons (and many other
Tennessee, and North Carolina.
Onion has a longstanding reputation as an onion-like plants) have been highly regarded as
Parts Used Rhizome, leaves.
aphrodisiac, and it is also used cosmetically preventative medicines, as an old English rhyme
Constituents Star grass contains steroidal
to stimulate hair growth. attests: “Eat leeks in Lide and ramsons in May/And
saponins based on diosgenin, as well as a bitter
all the year after physicians may play!” More
principle, volatile oil, and a resin.
prosaically, Gerard (1597) wrote that the leaves
History & Folklore The Native North
“maye very well be eaten in April and Maie with
American Catawba used a cold-water infusion of
butter [by those of] a strong constitution.”
star grass leaves for stomachache. Star grass was
Medicinal Actions & Uses Used mainly as
also advocated for snake bite.
a folk remedy and as a food, ramsons are similar
Medicinal Actions & Uses It is
to garlic (A. sativum, p. 59) but weaker in
difficult to gain a clear picture of star
action. They lower high blood pressure and
grass’s medicinal value. Due to its
help to prevent arteriosclerosis. As ramsons
estrogenic action, it is employed chiefly
ease stomach pain and are tonic to the
for gynecological problems, particularly
digestion, they have been used for diarrhea, colic,
at menopause. It is also given for period
gas, indigestion, and loss of appetite. The whole
pain and irregular periods. Some
herb is used in an infusion against threadworms,
authorities hold that it prevents
either ingested or given as an enema. Ramsons are
threatened miscarriage. Star grass is also a
also thought to be beneficial for asthma, bronchitis,
good digestive herb, proving beneficial in
and emphysema. The juice is used as an aid to
treating loss of appetite, indigestion, flatulence,
weight loss.
and bloating.
QCautions Use only under professional
supervision. The dried, and especially the fresh,
rhizome can be toxic when taken in overdose, Alnus glutinosa
causing colic, diarrhea, and vomiting. syn. A. rotundifolia (Betulaceae)
Alder
Allium cepa (Liliaceae) Description Small tree with fissured bark,
Onion Onion juice is mixed
growing to 65 ft (20 m). Has notched oval leaves
and male and female catkins.
with honey as a
Description Bulbous perennial growing to 3 ft remedy for colds. Habitat & Cultivation Alder is native to
(1 m). Has hollow stems and leaves, and white or Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It thrives in damp
purple flowers. places and along riverbanks. The bark and leaves
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the are gathered in spring.
northern hemisphere, onion has been cultivated Parts Used Bark, leaves.
in the Middle East for millennia. It is now grown Constituents Alder contains lignans, tannin
164 worldwide as a vegetable. (10–20%), emodin (an anthraquinone), and glycosides.
A m A r Ant hus h y p oc h on dri Ac us
History & Folklore Water-resistant, alder Constituents Marshmallow root contains about Amaranthus hypochondriacus
was used in the construction of Venice. Wooster 37% starch, 11% mucilage, 11% pectin, flavonoids, (Amaranthaceae)
Ammi majus (Apiaceae) The true fruit hangs just below this stem and of lozenges to relieve dryness of the mouth. It
contains the nut, which is encased in red or was also taken to help ease neuralgia and paralysis
Bishop’s Weed
other medicinal Pl ants
Parts Used Aerial parts. ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae) fruit is both a digestive tonic and a diuretic.
Constituents The herb contains saponins The leaves are considered to be useful in
Pineapple
anemarrhena asphodeloides frequently for premenstrual syndrome and period Dill increases milk production, and when taken
(Liliaceae) pain, especially when these are accompanied by regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent
other medicinal Pl ants
Constituents Angelica root contains a volatile to “damp and cold” conditions, such as sores, was traditionally employed for supposedly
oil (consisting mainly of beta-phellandrene), boils, and ulcers affecting the skin. Bai zhi also hysterical conditions relating to the uterus.
History & Folklore A basket of chervil seeds encourages sweating, is stimulant, and detoxifying. Medicinal Actions & Uses Strawberry tree
was one of the items found in Tutankhamun’s tomb. It is taken for rheumatism, asthma, and coughs. is valued as an astringent and antiseptic herb. Its
other medicinal Pl ants
The herb is traditionally used as a “spring tonic” in Applied externally as a poultice, the herb is used antiseptic action within the urinary tract makes it
central Europe. Chervil is aromatic and is used to treat a number of different skin conditions, a useful remedy for treating cystitis and urethritis.
extensively in cooking. including eczema. Strawberry tree’s astringent effect has been put to
Medicinal Actions & Uses Chervil is a good Related Species Wild sarsaparilla (A. nudicaulis) use in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.
remedy for settling the digestion. It is also used to is a North American relative used medicinally Cautions Do not take during pregnancy or if
“purify the blood” and to help lower blood in much the same way as American spikenard. suffering from kidney disease.
pressure, as well as being considered a diuretic. The leaves and stalks of two East Asian Aralia,
Juice from the fresh plant is applied to various skin A. chinensis and A. cordata, are eaten as vegetables.
conditions, including wounds, eczema, and abscesses. Cautions Do not take during pregnancy.
arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Ericaceae)
Uva-ursi,
aphanes arvensis (Rosaceae) arbutus unedo (Ericaceae) Bearberry
Parsley Piert Strawberry Tree Description Low-lying evergreen shrub growing
to 20 in (50 cm). Has long trailing stems, dark green
Description Prostrate, hairy annual growing to Description Evergreen shrub growing to 20 ft
leaves that are glossy on the upper side, bell-shaped
4 in (10 cm). Has small wedge-shaped leaves and (6 m). Has an upright stem with reddish bark,
pink flowers, and small glossy red berries.
tiny green flowers in tufts. leathery serrated leaves, white or pink bell-
Habitat & Cultivation Uva-ursi is native to
Habitat & Cultivation Parsley piert is native shaped flowers, and round warty red fruit
Europe, and naturalized throughout the northern
to Europe, North Africa, and North America. It resembling strawberries.
hemisphere up to the Arctic. It grows in damp
grows to an altitude of 1,600 ft (500 m), thriving Habitat & Cultivation Native to
conditions in undergrowth, heathland, and
in dry sites, including the top of walls. The herb is Mediterranean coasts, strawberry tree also grows
grassland. The leaves are gathered in autumn.
harvested when in flower in summer. in western Ireland, Australia, and Africa. The leaves
Parts Used Leaves, berries.
Parts Used Aerial parts. are gathered in late summer and the fruit in autumn.
Constituents The leaves of uva-ursi contain
Constituents Parsley piert contains tannins. Parts Used Leaves, fruit.
hydroquinones (mainly arbutin, up to 17%), tannins
Medicinal Actions & Uses Astringent, Constituents Strawberry tree contains up
(up to 15%), phenolic glycosides, and flavonoids.
diuretic, and demulcent, parsley piert is used to to 2.7% arbutin, methylarbutin, and other
Arbutin and other hydroquinones have an
treat kidney and bladder problems, especially kidney hydroquinones, a bitter principle, and tannins.
antiseptic effect in the urinary tract.
stones. It is also frequently used in the treatment Arbutin is powerfully antiseptic in the urinary system.
History & Folklore The name uva-ursi means
of bladder stones (gravel), which cause pain and History & Folklore The fruit of strawberry
“bear’s grape” in Latin. Bears are fond of the fruit.
irritation and obstruct urine flow. Best taken in an tree is used in preserves, but it is not palatable
The plant is first documented in The Physicians of
infusion, the herb is also a useful remedy for cystitis fresh. The Latin unedo comes from un ede, meaning
Myddfai, a 13th-century Welsh herbal text.
and recurrent urinary infections. “[only] one I eat.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Uva-ursi is one of
the best natural urinary antiseptics. It has been used
aralia racemosa (Araliaceae) extensively in herbal medicine to disinfect and astringe
the urinary tract in cases of acute and chronic cystitis
American Spikenard and urethritis. However, it is not a suitable remedy if
there is a simultaneous infection of the kidneys.
Description Aromatic perennial bush growing
Research Experiments have shown that uva-ursi
to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has thick fleshy roots, large
extracts have an antibacterial effect. This action is
leathery leaves, small greenish-white flowers, and
thought to be stronger in alkaline urine—thus the
red or purple berries.
efficacy of uva-ursi is likely to increase if it is taken
Habitat & Cultivation American spikenard
in combination with a vegetable-based diet.
is native to North America. The root is unearthed
Cautions Do not take during pregnancy or with
in summer or autumn.
kidney disease. Unsuitable for children under 12.
Part Used Root.
It is generally advisable to take uva-ursi for no
Constituents American spikenard contains a
more than 7–10 days at a time.
volatile oil, tannins, and diterpene acids.
History & Folklore The Cherokee made a Strawberry tree’s leaves
tea for backache from American spikenard, and and fruit are astringent
and antiseptic.
the cure was later adopted by New World settlers. arenaria rubra (Carophyllaceae)
The Shawnee used it for flatulence, coughs,
asthma, and breast pain; the Menominee as a cure Sandwort,
for blood poisoning. The plant was included in the
US National Formulary from 1916 to 1965.
Sand Spurrey
Medicinal Actions & Uses Many of Description Herbaceous, low-growing, sticky,
American spikenard’s current uses come directly and hairy annual. Has small thin leaves and pale
170 from Native American precedents. The herb pink flowers growing to 1⁄4 in (6 mm) across.
A r m or Ac i A rus t i c A n A
Habitat & Cultivation Found in the wild to relieve muscle ache, toothache, and neuralgic of the fresh juice to induce labor. Theophrastus
throughout Europe, Asia, and Australia, sandwort pain. The fresh latex contains protein-dissolving (c. 372–286 bce) records that the plant was used
Birthwort
acts as a mild painkiller and sedative, and is taken Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe and
western Asia, this herb is widely cultivated for its
Description Unpleasant-smelling perennial with root, unearthed in autumn.
heart-shaped leaves and tubular yellow flowers Parts Used Root, leaves.
with flattened lips. Constituents Horseradish root contains
Habitat & Cultivation Native to central glucosilinates (mainly sinigrin), flavonoids,
and southern Europe, birthwort is also found in asparagine, resin, and vitamin C. On being crushed,
southwestern Asia. The root is unearthed in sinigrin produces allyl isothiocyanate, an antibiotic
spring or autumn. substance. The flavonoids have been shown to
Parts Used Root, aerial parts. be antioxidant.
Constituents Birthwort contains aristolochic History & Folklore Pliny (23–79 ce) probably
acids, a volatile oil, and tannins. While stimulating had horseradish in mind when describing a plant
white blood cell activity, aristolochic acid is that warded off scorpions, but for most of its long
carcinogenic and toxic to the kidneys (see Research). history, horseradish has been used mainly as a
Mexican poppy flowers have expectorant properties History & Folklore Aristolochia means diuretic herb. It is a popular condiment, particularly
and are useful for treating coughs. “excellent birth,” and refers to the traditional use in Britain and central Europe. 171
A rn i c A m on tA n A
Medicinal Actions & Uses Now undervalued Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) Cautions Do not take during pregnancy.
as a medicinal herb, horseradish has many healing Not suitable for children under 12 unless
Southernwood
other medicinal Pl ants
purpose ever since. Its active constituent, santonin, History & Folklore Tarragon is widely used term at a low dose to improve appetite, digestive
was first isolated in 1830, and is now more as an herb in cooking. In French, it is sometimes function, and absorption of nutrients. In addition,
helps reduce fevers by stimulating perspiration. asparagine, and flavonoids. Asparagine is a acting as a general reproductive and sexual tonic.
The root is also taken for the treatment of chronic strong diuretic. Shatavari can prove particularly helpful in easing
other medicinal Pl ants
diarrhea and dysentery. History & Folklore To judge from ancient menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and poor
Related Species A. incarnata and A. syriaca Egyptian tomb drawings, asparagus was cultivated stamina. It appears to improve fertility in both men
have both been used in Native American herbal as long ago as 4000 bce. In the 1st century ce, and women, and may also be taken to treat
medicine to treat asthma. the Greek physician Dioscorides recommended a impotence. A tonic, strengthening herb, shatavari
Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. decoction of asparagus root to improve urine flow supports immune function and has a place in the
Excessive doses may cause vomiting. and to treat kidney problems, jaundice, and sciatica. treatment of immunosuppressed conditions.
Related Species Asparagus (A. officinalis, see
preceding entry) is a relative.
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae)
Rooibos, Asperula odorata syn. Galium
Red Bush odoratum (Rubiaceae)
Description Variable shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft (2
m) in height, with green, needle-like leaves, yellow,
Sweet Woodruff
pea-like flowers, and small seed pods. Description Perennial growing to 18 in (45 cm).
Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern Has a square stem, whorls of narrow elliptical
South Africa, rooibos is now widely cultivated as leaves, and small white flowers.
a commercial crop, particularly in the Cedarberg Habitat & Cultivation Sweet woodruff is
mountain area. The seed is hard to germinate native to Europe, and is also found in Asia and North
and must first be scarified. The young leaves are Africa. It grows in woodlands and shaded places.
Asparagus is used to treat a range of urinary problems. The herb is gathered when in flower in late spring.
harvested once a year, chopped, and left to “sweat”
or ferment before being dried. Parts Used Aerial parts.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Asparagus is a
Parts Used Young leaves. Constituents Sweet woodruff contains iridoids,
strong diuretic that is useful for a variety of urinary
Constituents Rooibos contains polyphenols, coumarins (0.6%), tannins, anthraquinones, and
problems, including cystitis. It is also useful for
including flavonoids, with a low tannin content. flavonoids. The flavonoids act on the circulation
rheumatic conditions, helping to “flush” waste
History & Folklore Rooibos was first used as and are diuretic.
products accumulated in the joints out of the
an appetizing tea by the Khoisan people, indigenous History & Folklore When it dries, sweet
body in the urine. Asparagus is also bitter, mildly
to the Cedarberg region, but also as a sleep aid and woodruff takes on the scent of newly cut grass,
laxative, and sedative.
for headaches. and it has often been placed between clothes
Caution Do not take if you suffer from
Medicinal Actions & Uses Drunk mostly to impart its aroma. In his Irish Herbal of 1735,
kidney disease.
as a pleasant tasting, caffeine-free drink, rooibos, K’Eogh records that “It is good in healing wounds
like green tea, has significant antioxidant activity. if bruised and then applied, and also in curing boils
There is evidence to suggest that the fermented and inflammations.” In Germany Maiwein, made
leaves exert a protective effect on the heart and
Asparagus racemosus of sweet woodruff steeped in white wine, is drunk
circulation. In view of the herb’s traditional use, it (Liliaceae) to celebrate May Day.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Sweet woodruff
might also prove helpful as a nighttime drink to
promote sound sleep.
Shatavari, is considered tonic, with significant diuretic and
anti-inflammatory effects. Its coumarin and flavonoid
Indian Asparagus constituents make it helpful for varicose veins and
Description Slender perennial fern growing phlebitis. It has been used as an antispasmodic, and
Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae) to 23 ft (7 m) in height. Shatavari has fronds of it is given to children and adults for insomnia.
Asparagus needle-like leaves, tiny white flowers, and purple-
black berries.
Description Slender-stemmed perennial Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has long fronds of Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent, shatavari
delicate needle-like leaves and bell-shaped grows wild in gravelly soils up to 3,900 ft (1,200 m)
yellow-green flowers that produce small above sea level. It is also found in western China.
bright red berries. Part Used Root.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to temperate Constituents Shatavari contains steroidal
regions in Europe, North Africa, and Asia, saponins, alkaloids, and mucilage.
asparagus is cultivated worldwide as a vegetable. History & Folklore Shatavari is known as the
The shoots grow into tender green (and, if “Queen of herbs” in Ayurvedic medicine. Its name
sheltered from sunlight, white) stems in spring. The literally means “100 spouses,” signifying the herb’s
root is gathered after the shoots have been cut. ability to act as a sexual tonic and promote fertility.
Parts Used Root, shoots. Medicinal Actions & Uses A key Ayurvedic
Constituents Asparagus contains steroidal remedy, shatavari is first and foremost a women’s
174 glycosides (asparagosides), bitter glycosides, herb, aiding fertility and promoting conception, and Sweet woodruff aerial parts are dried for medicinal use.
B acopa m on n i e ri
Cautions In excessive doses, sweet woodruff mixture prescribed by Wang Ji (1463–1539) Self-help Uses Depression & decreased
can cause internal bleeding. Do not use if taking as a treatment for syphilis. vitality, p. 316; Eczema, p. 300; Nervous
Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae) as Ménière’s disease) as opposed to those of the Part Used Bark.
digestive system. Black horehound is thought to be Constituents Ayahuasca contains beta-carboline
Black Horehound
other medicinal Pl ants
mildly sedative and antispasmodic, and is occasionally alkaloids (including harmine, harmaline, and delta-
taken for arthritis and gout. tetrahycroharmine), which stimulate hallucinations.
Description Straggling perennial growing to 3 ft
History & Folklore In the Quechua language,
(1 m). Has oval, toothed leaves and pink-purple
widely spoken in Peru and neighboring countries,
flowers in whorls at the base of the upper leaves.
ayahuasca means “spirit of the dead,” indicating
Habitat & Cultivation This herb is found Bambusa arundiaceae
the awesome powers traditionally attributed
throughout much of Europe, in North America, (Poaceae) to this plant. Another native Indian name is nixi
Spiny Bamboo
and in Asia. It thrives in open areas, in pavement
honi xuma, meaning “vine from which the vision
cracks, and by roadsides, mostly near human
extract is made.” Ayahuasca bark, which is often
habitation. It is harvested when in flower in summer.
Description Perennial tree, up to 100 ft (30 m), used in combination with members of the Datura
Parts Used Aerial parts. with multiple stems from its base. Has narrow genus, is the primary hallucinogen among many
Constituents Black horehound contains pointed leaves and long loose clusters of yellow Amazonian tribes, being prepared as part of
diterpenoids, including marrubiin, flavonoids,
to yellowish-green flowers. complex ritual ceremonies.
tannins, saponins, and a volatile oil.
Habitat & Cultivation Found throughout Medicinal Actions & Uses Though known
History & Folklore The Greek physician tropical Asia, especially in India and China, spiny as a powerful hallucinogen, ayahuasca is also a
Dioscorides, writing in the 1st century ce,
bamboo thrives up to 6,900 ft (2,100 m) above medicine, being used as a remedy to cure a range of
recommends a plaster of black horehound leaves
sea level. diagnosed conditions. However, ayahuasca is usually
and salt for dog bites. He also advocates a balm,
Parts Used Root, leaves, sprouts. taken by the healer rather than by the patient. In
made from the dried leaves and honey, to purify
Constituents Spiny bamboo juice contains the shamanistic societies of the Amazon, ayahuasca
infected wounds and ulcers.
high levels of silica. allows the healer to communicate with the spirit
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though long History & Folklore Spiny bamboo is arguably world where illness arises, interceding on behalf of
considered a remedy for convulsions, low spirits,
the most useful plant on earth, being used to make the ill person and the community to restore health
and menopausal problems, black horehound is rarely
scaffolding, rafts, furniture, paper, and dozens of and harmony to all—quite unlike the individualized
used today. Authorities differ over whether there is
other items. It also has an important role to play approach of Western medicine. Beyond its ability
any substance to claims for its earlier applications.
in herbal medicine. to affect mood, the bark is emetic and purgative.
The herb is currently used by Anglo-American
Medicinal Actions & Uses Various parts of At low doses it is used as a mild detoxifier.
herbalists as an antiemetic—preventing or reducing
spiny bamboo are used in Indian and Ayurvedic RQCaution Ayahuasca is taken traditionally as
nausea or vomiting. It is perhaps most useful when
medicine. The root is considered astringent and part of a rich, complex ritual which affects the
nausea arises from disorders of the inner ear (such
cooling, and is used to treat joint pain and general experience produced. Medicinal use of this plant
debility. The leaves are used to stimulate is not advised.
Black menstruation, and, being antispasmodic, to help
horehound relieve period pain. They are also taken to tone and
was an ancient strengthen stomach function and to expel worms.
Greek remedy
They are reputed to be aphrodisiac. The young
Baptisia tinctoria (Fabaceae)
Wild Indigo
for dog bites.
sprouts are eaten to relieve nausea, indigestion, and
gas, and a poultice of the sprouts is applied to help
drain wounds that have become infected. The juice is Description Herbaceous perennial growing to
rich in silica, and aids in the strengthening of cartilage 3 ft (1 m). Has a smooth stem, clover-like leaves,
in conditions such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. and purplish-blue flowers in small terminal clusters.
Related Species In Chinese herbal medicine,
the juice and shavings of the black bamboo
(B. breviflora) are prescribed to counter “excess
heat,” coughs, and a congested chest. Its roots are
used as a diuretic and to treat fevers.
Banisteriopsis caapi
(Malpighiaceae)
Ayahuasca
Description Woody vine growing to 100 ft
(30 m). Has smooth bark, oval leaves, and bunches
of small red or yellow flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Ayahuasca is native
to jungles of the Amazon basin. It is cultivated by
indigenous peoples, but the wild herb is preferred Wild indigo, a North American plant, was used by the
176 for medicinal use. Penobscot to treat wounds.
B e rB e ri s v ulg ar i s
Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern parts Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese History & Folklore Californian Native peoples
of North America, wild indigo grows from North herbal medicine, a decoction of wax gourd seeds took a decoction or tincture of the bitter-tasting
astringent, antidiarrheal, and healing to gallbladder, influencing fat metabolism and History & Folklore Silver birch has been
the intestinal wall—in short, barberry helping to lower blood fat levels. Several used as a medicinal herb in northern Europe and
other medicinal Pl ants
has a strong, highly beneficial effect on clinical trials have shown that red beet juice Asia since the earliest times. Its name is thought
the digestive system as a whole. Like (due to its high nitrate content) relaxes to derive from the Sanskrit word bhurga, meaning
Oregon grape (B. aquifolium, the arteries and lowers blood pressure “tree whose bark is used for writing on.” In the
preceding entry) and goldenseal in people with high blood pressure. A highlands of Scotland, silver birch sap—tapped in
(Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105), glass a day of juice will help to support the spring—was drunk as a treatment for bladder
barberry helps chronic skin lower blood pressure. Red beet juice is also and kidney complaints.
conditions such as eczema and thought to support immune function and is Medicinal Actions & Uses An infusion
psoriasis. The decoction makes prescribed by herbalists as part of a cancer- made with silver birch leaves hastens the removal
a gentle and effective wash for treatment regime—though large quantities of waste products in the urine, and is beneficial
the eyes, although it must be must be taken (up to 1 quart a day) to for kidney stones and bladder stones (gravel),
diluted sufficiently before use. be effective. rheumatic conditions, and gout. The leaves are
Research Berberine has also used, in combination with diuretic herbs, to
been shown to have antibiotic reduce fluid retention and swelling. Silver birch
activity against cholera, sap is a mild diuretic. The oil distilled from the
giardia, shigella, salmonella,
Betula pendula syn. B. verrucosa leaves is antiseptic and is commonly used in
and E. coli. (Betulaceae) preparations to treat eczema and psoriasis.
QCautions Take only
under professional
Silver Birch A decoction of silver birch bark can be used as
a lotion for chronic skin problems. The bark can
supervision. Do not Description Handsome slender deciduous also be macerated in oil and applied to joints for
take during pregnancy. tree growing to a height of 100 ft (30 m). Has the relief of rheumatism.
pale grey papery bark, toothed leaves, and catkins Related Species The Himalayan silver
in spring. birch (B. utilis), a close relative, is used to
Habitat & Cultivation Silver birch is treat convulsions, dysentery, hemorrhages,
common in Europe, in temperate regions of Asia, and skin diseases.
and in North America. It flourishes in woods and
Barberry berries were
thickets, and is also planted as a garden ornamental.
traditionally used in a
The leaves are gathered in late spring.
decoction to treat Bidens tripartita (Asteraceae)
peptic ulcers.
Bur Marigold
Description Annual growing to a height
Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) of 2 ft (60 cm). Has toothed lance-shaped
Red Beet, White Beet leaves, yellow button-like flower heads, and
burrlike fruit.
Description Perennial with swollen edible red Habitat & Cultivation Bur marigold
or white root, upright shoots, large deep green grows throughout Europe and in other
leaves tinged with red, and spikes of green- temperate regions, including Australia and
petaled flowers. New Zealand. It is found in damp places and
Habitat & Cultivation Sea beet (the wild near fresh water.
subspecies) is native to coastal regions of Europe, Parts Used Aerial parts.
North Africa, and Asia from Turkey to the East Constituents Bur marigold contains
Indies. Red beet is widely cultivated as a vegetable, flavonoids, xanthophylls, volatile oil, acetylenes,
white beet as a vegetable and source of sugar. sterols, and tannins.
Part Used Root. History & Folklore The herbalist Nicholas
Constituents White beet contains betaine, Culpeper, writing in 1652, extolled bur marigold:
which promotes liver regeneration and fat “It helps the cachexia or evil disposition of the
metabolism. Red beet contains betanin (also body, the dropsy and yellow jaundice, it opens
found in red wine), which is partly responsible obstructions of the liver, and mollifies the hardness
for its immune-enhancing effect, and inorganic of the spleen being applied outwardly.”
nitrate, which increases nitric oxide levels within Medicinal Actions & Uses Little used in
the body and thus lowers blood pressure. medicine today, bur marigold is astringent and
Silver birch is widespread in temperate regions throughout
History & Folklore The Materia Medica, the northern hemisphere. Its leaf oil is used to improve
diuretic, and employed to treat bladder and kidney
written by Dioscorides in the 1st century ce, eczema and psoriasis. problems. It has a longstanding reputation for
recommends the following prescription for staunching blood flow, and can be used for uterine
clearing the head and relieving earache—mix beet Parts Used Leaves, bark, sap. hemorrhage and conditions causing blood in the
juice with honey and sniff it up the nose. Constituents Silver birch contains saponins, urine. Bur marigold’s astringency is beneficial in
Medicinal Actions & Uses White beet flavonoids, tannin, and a volatile oil that includes counteracting peptic ulceration, diarrhea, and
178 acts to support the liver, bile ducts, and methyl salicylate. ulcerative colitis.
B os w e l l i a s e rr ata
Bignonia catalpa syn. Catalpa Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae) in a poultice, or as an infusion. The flowers
bignonioides (Bignoniaceae) encourage sweating and the leaves are diuretic.
Borage
Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) to southern England and parts of Europe. The root Related Species B. alba is used in homeopathic
is dug up in autumn. medicine. Black bryony (Tamus communis) is an
Cabbage
other medicinal pl ants
Related Species A decoction of the bark of Medica is indeed heather, as has been surmised, then Parts Used Leaves, buds.
the Caribbean C. bahamensis is used for liver and the flowering tips were used in classical times to Constituents Tea contains xanthines, caffeine
Heather,
Ling
Description Small, branched shrub growing
to 2 ft (60 cm). Has tiny leaves and white or pink
to pale-purple flowers growing on spikes.
Habitat & Cultivation Heather grows in
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
It is found on heaths, moors, bogs, and in open Camellia sinensis syn. Thea sinensis
woods. The herb is gathered when in flower in (Theaceae)
late summer.
Parts Used Flowering tips. Tea
Constituents Heather contains flavonoids, Description Evergreen shrub clipped to 5 ft
arbutin, tannin, and an alkaloid, ericodin. This (1.5 m) in cultivation, with leathery, dark green
constituent has a strongly disinfectant effect leaves and fragrant white flowers.
within the bladder and urinary tubules. Habitat & Cultivation Cultivated principally in
History & Folklore If the “erica” that India, Sri Lanka, and China, tea has been grown Tea leaves are picked throughout the year and used both
Dioscorides discusses in his 1st century ce Materia since the earliest times. as a beverage and medicinally. 181
C a n an g a odor ata
Cananga odorata syn. Canangium Cannabis sativa (Cannabinaceae) dietary supplement to provide a balanced and
healthy supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
odoratum (Annonaceae)
Marijuana,
other medicinal pl ants
Carthamus tinctorius (Asteraceae) History & Folklore Caraway seed is Castanea sativa (Fagaceae)
“conducive to all the cold griefs of the head and
Safflower, Sweet Chestnut
other medicinal pl ants
Catha edulis (Celastraceae) into the skin, it treats congestion, chest infections,
and cystitis. It is used to treat skin wounds and ulcers.
Khat,
and possibly supporting the liver as well as improving climates; it is said to “want sight of the sea.” It is Medicinal Actions & Uses Strongly demulcent,
resistance to infection. The seeds have been used cultivated for its fruit, and harvested in late summer Iceland moss soothes the mucous membranes of
other medicinal pl ants
as a mild laxative for children. A decoction of the or autumn. the chest, counters congestion, and calms dry and
leaves is used to treat rheumatic complaints. Parts Used Fruit, bark. paroxysmal coughs, being particularly helpful as a
Related Species Greater knapweed (C. scabiosa) Constituents The fruit contains up to 70% treatment for elderly people. Iceland moss is also
formed part of the medieval salve, an ointment sugars, fats, starch, proteins, vitamins, and tannins. very bitter and, within the gut, has both a
applied to heal wounds and to treat skin infections. History & Folklore In ancient Egypt, carob demulcent and bitter tonic effect—a combination
Self-help Use Conjunctivitis, p. 310. pods were combined with porridge, honey, and almost unique in medicinal herbs. It is thus of value
wax as a remedy for diarrhea. They also featured in in all kinds of chronic digestive problems, for
recipes for expelling worms, and treating poor instance irritable bowel syndrome.
eyesight and eye infections.
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Carob pods are
Ipecac nutritious and, due to their high sugar content,
sweet-tasting and mildly laxative. A decoction of
Chamaelirium lutea (Liliaceae)
Description Small shrub with a slender stem
growing to 1 ft (30 cm). Has a few oblong leaves,
the pulp can be used as an antidiarrheal, gently
helping to cleanse and relieve irritation within
Helonias,
small white flowers, and purple-black berries. the gut. False Unicorn Root
Habitat & Cultivation This herb grows mainly
Description Herbaceous perennial growing to
in Brazil. Cultivation has been attempted in Southeast
3 ft (1 m) with large, green leaves forming a basal
Asia with limited success. The root of 3-year-old plants
rosette from which emerges a tall spike of green-
is unearthed when the plant is in flower.
white flowers.
Parts Used Root, rhizome. Seeds
Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
Constituents Ipecac contains isoquinoline
America, helonias grows in low, moist, well-drained
alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides. The alkaloids are
ground east of the Mississippi river. In view of its
expectorant and, at a larger dose, cause vomiting Carob seeds were used to
rarity in the wild, it is best to use alternative herbs
and diarrhea. They are also strongly amebicidal. weigh gold and gave rise
to the word “carat.” such as black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
History & Folklore Ipecac came to Europe
and wild yam (Disocorea villosa, p. 91).
in 1672, and achieved fame as a cure
Parts Used Rhizome (lifted in autumn).
for dysentery. But the cure was not without
controversy. It appeared to work well in some cases Cetraria islandica (Parmeliaceae)
but to have no effect in others. Now it is possible
to see why. There are two types of dysentery— Iceland Moss Helonias root was chewed
amebic and bacillary. While the herb is strongly Description Yellow-green lichen growing in by Native American women
amebicidal, it has little effect against bacilli. to prevent miscarriage.
undulating, leathery tufts up to 3 in (8 cm) across.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though a highly Habitat & Cultivation Iceland moss is native
effective emetic (even moderate doses of ipecac will to northern and alpine areas of Europe. It flourishes
stimulate vomiting until the contents of the stomach in sub-Arctic and mountainous regions on rocks
are cleared), it is now rarely used in conventional and on the bark of trees, especially conifers. It is
medicine as safer substitutes have been developed. harvested throughout the year.
Ipecac continues to be a common ingredient in patent Part Used Whole plant.
over-the-counter cough medicines, as its strong Constituents Iceland moss contains lichen acids
expectorant action helps to clear phlegm and ease (including usnic acid) and about 50% polysaccharides.
irritable coughs. It is used in the treatment of Usnic acid and the other lichen acids are powerfully
bronchitis and whooping cough. Ipecac is also still used antibiotic. The polysaccharides are antiviral.
for amebic dysentery. History & Folklore Iceland moss has been
QCautions Do not use the root or rhizome. used since ancient times as a cough remedy, and
Take formulations containing ipecac carefully and has also been used in European folk medicine as
only as instructed on the label. Several deaths have a cancer treatment.
resulted from overdose.
Medicinal Actions & Uses In Western Chamaenerion angustifolia Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern
herbal medicine, helonias has been valued as a key syn. epilobium angustifolium Europe, wallflower is now found throughout the
In both Western and Chinese herbal traditions, it Habitat & Cultivation Balmony is native henricus), a species that is native to Europe, is
has been used to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, to eastern North America, balmony thrives in both eaten as a vegetable and used medicinally
other medicinal pl ants
and asthma. The herb’s antispasmodic effect habitats such as marshland, wet woodland, and to treat anemia.
extends to the gallbladder, where it helps to riverbanks. It is harvested when in flower during RQCautions Use only under professional
improve bile flow. This would partly account for its summer or autumn. supervision. Wormseed is toxic when taken in
use in treating jaundice, gallstones, and gallbladder Parts Used Aerial parts. overdose. Do not take during pregnancy. The herb
pain, as well as its longstanding reputation as a Constituents Contains resins and bitters. is subject to legal restrictions in some countries.
detoxifying herb. Greater celandine’s sedative History & Folklore Balmony’s genus name,
action does not, however, extend to the uterus— Chelone, means “tortoise” in Greek, referring to
it causes the muscles of this organ to contract. the flower head’s supposed resemblance to the
Chimaphila umbellata (Pyrolaceae)
The herb is applied externally to soothe and head of the tortoise.
encourage the healing of skin conditions such as
eczema. The yellow latex of greater celandine is
Medicinal Actions & Uses A strongly bitter
remedy, balmony is principally used to treat
Pipsissewa
applied to warts, ringworm, and malignant skin gallstones and other gallbladder problems. It Description Evergreen plant with several stems,
tumors, which are slowly broken down by the stimulates bile flow and has a mildly laxative action. growing to 8 in (20 cm). Has shiny wedge-shaped
effect of its protein-dissolving enzymes. It can be taken to relieve nausea, vomiting, and leaves and small flat-topped clusters of white flowers
QCautions Use only under professional intestinal colic, and to expel worms. It may also tinged with red.
supervision. Can cause liver damage in rare cases. be antidepressant. Balmony is a suitable remedy Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
It is subject to legal restrictions in some countries. for children. America, Europe, and Asia, pipsissewa grows in
woods and shady places, in sandy soils. The leaves
are gathered in summer.
Parts Used Leaves.
Chelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) Chenopodium ambrosioides Constituents Pipsissewa contains hydroquinones
(Chenopodiaceae)
Balmony (including arbutin), flavonoids, triterpenes, methyl
Description Perennial herb growing to 2 ft (60 Wormseed salicylate, and tannins. The hydroquinones have
a pronounced disinfectant effect within the
cm). Has narrow leaves and short spikes of Description Annual herb growing to 3 ft (1 m) urinary tract.
creamy-white to purple double-lipped flowers. with toothed lance-shaped leaves. Yellow-green History & Folklore Pipsissewa was much used
flowers in round clusters bloom in summer, by Native North Americans to induce sweating
producing small black seeds in autumn. and treat fevers, including typhus. European settlers
Habitat & Cultivation Wormseed is native used the herb for rheumatism and for urinary and
to Central and South America and the Caribbean. kidney problems. It was listed in the Pharmacopoeia
It has been extensively cultivated in Maryland, and of the United States from 1820 to 1916.
in China. Medicinal Actions & Uses Astringent, tonic,
Parts Used Aerial parts, flowering tops. and diuretic, pipsissewa is mainly used in an infusion
Constituents Wormseed contains a volatile for urinary tract problems such as cystitis and
oil (up to 90% ascaridol, plus geraniol and methyl urethritis. It has also been prescribed for more
salicylate), and triterpenoid saponins. Ascaridol is serious conditions such as gonorrhea and kidney
a powerful worm expellent. stones. By increasing urine flow, it stimulates the
History & Folklore An herbal remedy that removal of waste products from the body, and is
has been used for centuries, wormseed was used therefore of benefit in the treatment of rheumatism
by the Maya in Central America to expel worms. and gout. The fresh leaves of pipsissewa may be
In the eastern U.S., European settlers employed it applied externally to rheumatic joints or muscles,
for the treatment of worms, especially in children. as well as to blisters, sores, and swellings.
The Catawba made a poultice from the plant, Research In tests on animals, pipsissewa leaves
which they used to detoxify snake bite and appear to lower blood-sugar levels.
other poisonings.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Wormseed is
principally known for its ability to expel worms,
especially roundworm and hookworm. It is also Chionanthus virginicus (Oleaceae)
used in the Americas as a digestive remedy, the
leaves being taken to settle colic and stomach pains.
Fringe Tree
Wormseed’s muscle-relaxing action has led to its Description Deciduous shrub or tree growing
use in the treatment of spasmodic coughs and to a height of 33 ft (10 m). Has elliptical dark green
asthma. Externally, juice expressed from the whole leaves and long flowering stems with spikes of white
herb is applied as a wash for hemorrhoids. flowers. Produces dark blue oval fruits.
Related Species Many species of Chenopodium Habitat & Cultivation Native to the U.S.,
Balmony’s bile-inducing
are used as foods, and some medicinally. The seeds fringe tree grows from Pennsylvania south to
property makes it useful of C. rhadinostachyum are used as food by Aborigines Florida and Texas. It is also now found in eastern
188 for gallbladder problems. in central Australia. Good King Henry (C. bonus- Asia, and thrives on riverbanks and in damp
Ci Chori um i n t y b us
Habitat & Cultivation Pareira grows wild amino acids, iodine, and bromine, plus many other
in rainforests in the upper Amazon region and in minerals. The polysaccharides become jelly-like and
and vitamins and minerals. There is now significant Citrullus vulgaris (Cucurbitaceae)
evidence to show that chicory root protects the
Watermelon
other medicinal pl ants
Description Evergreen tree growing to 100 ft best known as a thirst-quenching fruit that comes Parts Used Fruit, peel, leaves, flowers, seeds,
(30 m). Produces red leaves that turn dark green into season when temperatures are at their hottest. essential oil.
as they mature, small fragrant yellowish flowers, In traditional Chinese medicine it is used precisely Constituents Bitter orange peel contains a
and oval red berries. to counter “summer heat” patterns—characterized volatile oil with limonene (around 90%), flavonoids,
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China by excessive sweating, thirst, raised temperature, coumarins, triterpenes, vitamin C, carotene, and
and Japan, this tree is cultivated in tropical and scanty urine, diarrhea, and irritability or anger. pectin. The flavonoids are anti-inflammatory,
sub-tropical regions for its wood, from which Watermelon fruit and juice soothe these symptoms, antibacterial, and antifungal. The composition of
camphor oil is derived. increasing urine flow and cleansing the kidneys. The the volatile oils in the leaves, flowers and peel varies
Parts Used Stems, root, wood, leaves, twigs, fruit’s refreshing properties extend to the digestive significantly. Linalyl acetate (50%) is the main
volatile oil. system, where it clears gas. Watermelon may also constituent in oil from the leaves (petitgrain) and
Constituents The plant contains a volatile oil be used in the treatment of hepatitis. In hot, stifling linalool (35%) in oil from the flowers (neroli). The
comprising camphor, safrole, eugenol, and terpineol. weather it is helpful for those suffering from unripe fruit of the bitter orange contains cirantin,
It also contains lignans. Camphor is irritant and bronchitis or asthma. The cooling fruit pulp may which reportedly is contraceptive.
antiseptic; safrole is thought to be carcinogenic. be applied to hot and inflamed skin and to soothe History & Folklore The bitter orange has
A white crystalline substance derived from the sunburn. The seeds can be mashed and used to provided food and medicine for thousands of
stems, root, and other parts of the tree, also called expel worms. years. It yields neroli oil from its flowers, and the oil
camphor, has powerful antiseptic, stimulant, and Related Species The watermelons of Egypt known as petitgrain from its leaves and young
antispasmodic properties. (C. lanata and C. colocynthoides) are very similar shoots. Both distillates are used extensively in
History & Folklore In the 13th century, species. The colocynth (C. colocynthus), native to perfumery. Orange flower water is a by-product
Marco Polo noted that camphor oil was highly dry areas of Africa and Asia, is extremely bitter of distillation and is used in perfumery and to
valued by the Chinese as a medicine, scent, and and contains a cucurbitacin glycoside with flavor candies and cookies, as well as being
embalming fluid. antitumor properties. used medicinally.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Camphor is most Medicinal Actions & Uses The strongly acidic
commonly applied externally as a counterirritant and fruit of the bitter orange stimulates digestion and
analgesic liniment to relieve arthritic and rheumatic Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) relieves flatulence. An infusion of the fruit is
pains, neuralgia, and back pain. It may be applied to
skin problems, such as cold sores and chilblains, and
Bitter Orange thought to soothe headaches, calm palpitations,
and lower fevers. The juice helps the body
used as a chest rub for bronchitis and other chest Description Evergreen tree growing to 30 ft eliminate waste products and, being rich in vitamin
infections. Though the oil has been taken for (10 m). Has leathery, dark green leaves, delicately C, helps the immune system ward off infection. If
various complaints, internal use is not advised. perfumed white flowers, and orange fruit. taken to excess, however, its acid content can
Related Species See also cinnamon Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical Asia, exacerbate arthritis. In Chinese herbal medicine,
(Cinnamomum spp., p. 81). this tree is now grown throughout the tropics and the unripe fruit, known as zhi shi, is thought to
Cautions Do not take internally. Camphor oil is subtropics. Orchards of bitter orange are found “regulate the qi,” helping to relieve flatulence and
190 subject to legal restrictions in some countries. along the Mediterranean coast, especially in Spain. abdominal bloating, and to open the bowels. The
CoC h l e a ri a of f i Ci n a l i s
essential oils of bitter orange, especially neroli, are History & Folklore In the Middle Ages,
sedative. In Western medicine, these oils are used holy thistle was thought to cure the plague. In his
to prevent the onset of scurvy, a potentially Constituents Coconut oil is about 90%
fatal vitamin C deficiency marked by bleeding saturated fat, mostly medium-chain fatty acids
other medicinal pl ants
The seeds are harvested when ripe and dried been used to reduce back pressure in the veins,
in the sun. which in turn helps prevent the formation or
Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) Convallaria majalis (Liliaceae) in cases of heart failure, whether due in the long
term to a cardiovascular problem, or to a chronic
Hemlock Lily of the Valley
other medicinal pl ants
History & Folklore In traditional North Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae) problems and also to treat ulcers and tumors
American herbal medicine, Canadian fleabane in the mouth.
Huang Lian (Chinese),
History & Folklore Coriander has been used and the bark of common dogwood (C. sanguinea) Croton spp. (Euphorbiacea)
throughout Asia, northern Africa, and Europe for are used as astringents and to relieve fever. The
Dragon’s Blood,
other medicinal pl ants
well over 2,000 years. It is listed in the Ebers papyrus American boxwood (C. florida) was used by
(dating to about 1500 bce), and apparently was Native Americans as a fever remedy.
much employed in ancient Egypt. The herb reached
Sangre de Drago
China during the Han Dynasty (202 bce–220 ce). Description Fast-growing tree reaching 49 ft
Pliny (23–79 ce) describes its use “for spreading
Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) (15 m) in height. It has large, heart-shaped leaves
sores … diseased testes, burns, carbuncles, and and greenish-white flowers.
sore ears, fluxes of the eyes, too, if woman’s milk
be added.”
Sea Fennel, Habitat & Cultivation Dragon’s blood
is a rainforest tree native to northwestern
Medicinal Actions & Uses Coriander is Samphire Amazonia (from Bolivia to Colombia), preferring
more often used as a spice than as a medicine. riverbanks and sites with disturbed soil. It is
Description Maritime herb growing to a height
Nevertheless, an infusion of the herb is a gentle cultivated by the indigenous peoples there as
of 2 ft (60 cm). Has long, succulent, bright green
remedy for flatulence, bloating, and cramps. It an environmentally sustainable crop.
leaves and clusters of small yellowish-green flowers.
settles spasms within the gut and counters the Parts Used Latex, sap, resin (fresh or dried), bark.
Habitat & Cultivation Sea fennel grows on
effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also Constituents Key constituents within dragon’s
the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea coasts of
chewed to sweeten the breath, especially after blood include proanthocyanidins, mono- and
Europe and Asia Minor. It is found on rocks and cliffs
consumption of garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59). diterpenes, an alkaloid (taspine), and a lignan
close to the sea, and gathered in early summer.
Coriander seed has been used as an expectorant (dimethylcedrusine). Many constituents, notably
Parts Used Aerial parts.
to treat coughs and bronchitis, and in traditional
taspine and dimethyldedrusine, have potent
Middle Eastern medicine it is taken to calm
anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.
anxiety and aid sleep. The ground seed is
Taspine also has cancer-fighting and antiviral activity.
applied externally as a rub for rheumatic pain.
History & Folklore Dragon’s blood derives its
In Europe, it has traditionally been thought
name from the deep red sap or latex that oozes
to possess aphrodisiac properties.
from the tree when the bark is cut. A prized
Caution Do not take coriander essential
rainforest medicine, the latex is applied to wounds,
oil internally.
fractures, skin infections, and insect bites. Internally,
it is taken to treat diarrhea and dysentery,
stomach ulcers, viral infections, and as a vaginal
Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) bath before and following childbirth. The first
Shan Zhu Yu written record of its use was in 1653 (Bernabe
Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo).
Description Deciduous tree reaching 13 ft (4 m) Medicinal Actions & Uses Dragon’s blood is
with glossy elliptical leaves and bright red oval a first-rate wound healer and has been described
berries. as a “liquid bandage.” Tissue healing and repair is
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China, strongly stimulated, while the chances of infection
Japan, and Korea, this tree is cultivated in central developing in open wounds and sores is minimized
and eastern China. The fruit is harvested when Sea fennel is rich in vitamin C and minerals.
due to the marked antiseptic action of the latex
ripe in autumn.
and its ability to seal off the wound from the open
Part Used Fruit. Constituents Sea fennel contains a volatile oil,
air. The latex (fresh or dried) is a key remedy for
Constituents Shan zhu yu contains an iridoid pectin, vitamins (especially vitamin C), and minerals.
herpes, including shingles and genital herpes, and
glycoside (verbenalin), saponins, and tannins. History & Folklore A much-valued herb in
fungal skin infections. Taken internally, it helps to
Verbenalin produces a mild tonic effect on the the past, sea fennel fell into disfavor but is slowly
treat and prevent gastrointestinal infection and
involuntary nervous system, especially that becoming popular again as a vegetable, either
peptic ulcers, and to control diarrhea in conditions
governing the digestive system. pickled or eaten fresh. The English herbalist John
such as ulcerative colitis. A patent U.S. medicine
History & Folklore Listed in the 1st-century ce Gerard described it in 1597 as “the pleasantest
sauce, most familiar, and best agreeing with man’s (Crofelemer) derived from dragon’s blood is
Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing),
shan zhu yu is one of the constituents of the “Pill of body, both for the digestion of meates, breaking of licensed for the treatment of chronic diarrhea,
Eight Ingredients,” used to “warm up and stone, and voiding of gravel.” typically in patients with HIV.
invigorate the yang of the loins.” Medicinal Actions & Uses Though it is Related Species C. lecheri is most commonly
Medicinal Actions & Uses As an herb that currently little used in herbal medicine, sea fennel is a used to make dragon’s blood, although similar
“stabilizes and binds,” shan zhu yu is used principally good diuretic, and it has potential as a treatment for Croton species grow in Central America. C. flavens
to reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and unusually obesity. Sea fennel has a high vitamin C and mineral (Yellow balsam), a traditional Mayan and Aztec
active secretions, including copious sweating, content, and is thought to relieve flatulence and remedy, is used for fever and infections, and as a
excessive urine, spermatorrhea (involuntary soothe the digestion. In this, the plant resembles its wound salve. Dragon trees, such as the Socotra
discharge of semen), and premature ejaculation. inland namesake, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212). dragon tree (Dracaena cinnabari), are desert trees
Related Species Several Cornus species are Glasswort (Salicornia europeae), also known as and unrelated to dragon’s blood, though some also
used medicinally around the world. In Europe, samphire, is an unrelated coastal plant with a high produce a red latex.
196 the fruit and bark of the cornelian cherry (C. mas) mineral content and is commonly eaten as a vegetable. Caution Can permanently stain clothing.
C u p r e ss us s e m p e rv i re n s
Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) relatively high levels of selenium, a mineral with Cupressus sempervirens
important antioxidant and anticancer activity in (Cupressaceae)
Pumpkin
Curcuma zedoaria Culpeper similarly recommended it “to purge Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae)
(Zingiberaceae) black or burnt choler.” Culpeper further states
Quince
other medicinal pl ants
Dodder,
86% water-soluble mucilage, comprising much of the fruit’s
mainly galactomannan. astringency is lost;
Hellweed, Devil’s Guts History & Folklore Guar gum is a
viscous substance made from ground guar
quince syrup is
recommended as a
Description Leafless parasitic plant. Has seed mixed with water. It has been pleasant, mildly astringent,
threadlike stems, which are usually yellow-red in used as a filter in the mining digestive drink. The seeds contain
color, and small, scented, pale pink flowers. industry, in paper manufacturing, significant quantities of mucilage
Habitat & Cultivation Dodder grows and in cosmetics. and are helpful both in
throughout Europe, Asia, and southern Africa. It Medicinal Actions & treating bronchitis and
prefers coastal and mountainous regions, and is Uses Guar gum is an as a bulk laxative.
gathered in summer. effective bulk laxative, Caution Do not use the
Parts Used Aerial parts. similar in action to seeds except under
Constituents Dodder contains flavonoids psyllium (Plantago professional supervision.
(including kaempferol and quercitin), and ovata, p. 123). It delays Quince
hydroxycinnamic acid. the emptying of the
History & Folklore Dodder has always stomach and thus slows down absorption of
been an unpopular country plant. It is also known carbohydrates. As this appears to help stabilize
Cymbopogon citratus
as hellweed and devil’s guts, due to its tendency to blood-sugar levels, guar gum may prove useful in (Graminaceae)
overrun and strangle the plant on which it feeds.
This host can be thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143),
prediabetic conditions and in the early stages of
type 2 diabetes. Research also indicates that
Lemon Grass
gorse (Ulex europeaus), or a crop such as beans. guar gum lowers cholesterol levels. In Indian Description Sweetly scented grass growing in
Dodder does, however, have medicinal benefits. medicine, guar seed is a laxative and a large clumps up to 5 ft (1.5 m). Has narrow leaf
In his Materia Medica, Dioscorides (1st century ce) digestive tonic. blades and branched stalks of flowers.
notes its use in classical times in combination Caution Do not exceed the dose. Guar gum Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern
with honey to purge “black bile” and to lift a can cause flatulence, abdominal distension, and India and Sri Lanka, lemon grass is now cultivated
198 melancholy humor. In 1652, the herbalist Nicholas intestinal obstruction. in tropical regions around the world.
C yp ri p e di um p ub e sC e n s
American Valerian
Cynara scolymus Description Perennial orchid with several
syn. C. cardunculus (Asteraceae) stems sheathed by broad lance-shaped leaves.
researched, but it is known to contain a volatile oil, a purgative and externally as an ointment for
resins, glucosides, and tannins. cancerous sores and skin ulcers. The Swedish
History & Folklore Lady’s slipper was held in naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) recorded
high regard by Native Americans, who used it as a that the bark was applied to the bites of poisonous
sedative and antispasmodic. It was commonly taken reptiles and rabid dogs. People have reportedly
to ease menstrual and labor pains, and to counter died simply from eating birds that have eaten the
insomnia and nervous conditions. The Cherokee highly poisonous berries.
used one variety to treat worms in children. In the Medicinal Actions & Uses Today, mezereon
Anglo-American Physiomedicalist tradition, lady’s is considered too poisonous to be ingested.
slipper had many uses. Swinburne Clymer (in Nature’s Mezereon is used occasionally as an external
Healing Agents, 1905) considered the plant “of special counterirritant and is effective on rheumatic
value in reflex functional disorders, or chorea, joints, increasing blood flow to the affected area.
hysteria, nervous headache, insomnia, low fevers, RCautions Under no circumstances should
nervous unrest, hypochondria, and nervous mezereon be taken internally. It should only be
depression accompanying stomach disorders.” used externally under professional supervision,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Due to its scarcity Broom, taken under professional guidance, helps to and never on open wounds.
and cost, lady’s slipper is now rarely used. A sedative regulate an overly rapid heartbeat.
and relaxing herb, it treats anxiety, stress-related Myddfai recommend broom as a means to treat
disorders such as palpitations, headaches, muscular suppressed urine: “seek broom seed, and grind
tension, panic attacks, and neurotic conditions into fine powder, mix with drink and let it be
generally. Like valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148), drank. Do this till you are quite well.” Broom tops
lady’s slipper is an effective tranquilizer. It reduces have been pickled and used as a condiment similar
emotional tension and often calms the mind to capers (Capparis spinosa, p. 182).
sufficiently to allow sleep. Indeed, its restorative Medicinal Actions & Uses Broom is used
effect appears to be more positive than that mainly as a remedy for an irregular, fast heartbeat.
of valerian. The plant acts on the electrical conductivity of the
Caution In view of its rarity, lady’s slipper should heart, slowing and regulating the transmission
no longer be used medicinally. of the impulses. Broom is also strongly diuretic,
stimulating urine production and thus countering
fluid retention. Since broom causes the muscles of
Cytisus scoparius syn. sarothamnus the uterus to contract, it has been used to prevent
scoparius (Fabaceae) blood loss after childbirth.
Mezereon
temperate regions, including in the U.S. The for rheumatic joints.
flowering tops are picked from spring to autumn.
Parts Used Flowering tops. Description Hardy deciduous shrub growing
Constituents Broom contains quinolizidine to 4 ft (1.2 m). Has oval to lance-shaped leaves,
Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)
alkaloids (particularly sparteine and lupanine),
phenethylamines (including tyramine), isoflavones
clusters of red or pink flowers, and small
red berries.
Thornapple
(such as genistein), flavonoids, a volatile oil, caffeic Habitat & Cultivation Mezereon is found in Description Robust annual growing to 3 ft
and p-coumaric acids, tannins, and pigments. Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, in damp (1 m). Has lobed oval leaves, long white or violet
Sparteine reduces the heart rate and the mountain woodlands. It is cultivated as a garden trumpet-shaped flowers, and spiny fruit capsules.
isoflavones are estrogenic. plant. The root and bark are gathered in autumn. Habitat & Cultivation Thornapple grows in
History & Folklore Both the common and Parts Used Root, root bark, bark. the Americas, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It
species names of this plant indicate its usefulness Constituents Mezereon contains diterpenes is cultivated for medicinal use in Hungary, France,
as a sweeper (“scopa” means “broom” in Latin). (including daphnetoxin and mezerein), mucilage, and Germany. The leaves and flowering tops are
Broom’s medicinal value is not mentioned in and tannins. Though highly toxic, daphnetoxin and harvested in summer, and the seeds in early
classical writings, but it does appear in medieval mezerein have antileukemic properties and have autumn when the capsules burst.
200 herbals. The 12th-century Welsh Physicians of been used to treat cancer. Parts Used Leaves, flowering tops, seeds.
Di an t hus s up e rb us
Parts Used Seeds, root, leaves. Medicinal Actions & Uses Desmodium is
Thornapple seeds and Constituents Wild carrot seeds contain chiefly a remedy for asthma and has been used as
Dictamnus albus (Rutaceae) Digitalis lutea (Scrophulariaceae) rapidly strengthens the heartbeat, but is excreted
very slowly. Digoxin is therefore preferred as a
Dittany, Yellow Foxglove
OTHER MEDICINAL pL ANTs
long-term medication.
History & Folklore In medical history, foxglove
Burning Bush Description Erect perennial growing to 3 ft
is best known as the discovery of William Withering,
(1 m). Has narrow, lance-shaped leaves, and long
Description Strongly aromatic, bushy, and hairy an 18th-century English country doctor. Curious
spikes of yellow, bell-shaped flowers.
perennial growing to 32 in (80 cm). Has compound about the formula of a local herbalist, he explored
Habitat & Cultivation Native to western
leaves and spikes of 5-petaled white or pink flowers the plant’s potential medical uses. His work led to
and central Europe, this herb grows in woodland
streaked with purple. the production of a life-saving medicine.
areas, on roadsides, and in mountainous regions. It
Habitat & Cultivation This herb grows in Medicinal Actions & Uses Foxglove has a
is cultivated for medicinal use in Russia. The leaves
southern and central Europe and northern Asia, profound tonic effect on a diseased heart. Heart
are harvested in the second summer of growth.
preferring warm, wooded areas. The flowering disease worsens when the heart’s ability to maintain
Parts Used Leaves.
tops are gathered in late summer, the root normal circulation decreases. Foxglove’s cardiac
Constituents Yellow foxglove contains
generally in autumn. glycosides enable the heart to beat more strongly,
cardiac glycosides (including the cardenolides
Parts Used Root, flowering tops. slowly, and regularly, without requiring more oxygen.
alpha-acetyldigitoxin, acetyldigitoxin, and
At the same time, it stimulates urine production,
lanatoside). All act to strengthen the beating
which lowers the volume of blood, and thus lessens
of a weakened heart.
the load on the heart.
History & Folklore Unlike the closely
Related Species Woolly foxglove (D. lanata)
related common foxglove (D. purpurea,
is today the main source of cardiac glycosides.
following entry), yellow foxglove does not
RQCautions
appear to have played a significant role in
Potentially fatal in
European herbal medicine.
overdose. Use only
Medicinal Actions & Uses Yellow foxglove
under professional
is little employed in herbal medicine, but in fact
supervision. This
it is a less toxic alternative to purple foxglove and
plant is subject to
woolly foxglove (D. lanata). It has similar medicinal
legal restrictions.
actions but its alkaloids are more readily metabolized
and flushed out by the body. Like other foxgloves,
this plant supports a weakened or failing heart,
increasing the strength of contraction, slowing
and steadying the heart rate, and lowering blood
pressure by strongly stimulating the production
of urine, which reduces overall blood volume.
Dittany flowers were formerly used to make a preparation
Related Species Common foxglove
that was sniffed up the nose as a treatment for head colds.
(following entry).
Constituents Dittany’s potent volatile oil RQCautions Excessive doses of yellow
contains estragol and anethole, and a toxic foxglove can prove fatal. Use only under
alkaloid, dictamnin. professional supervision. This plant is subject
History & Folklore Dittany exudes such large to legal restrictions in some countries.
amounts of volatile oil that in hot, dry conditions, a
match held close will cause the whole plant to burst
into flames. The plant has been used to flavor Digitalis purpurea
liqueurs and has been brewed as a tea in parts (Scrophulariaceae)
of Siberia. In European folk medicine, dittany was
considered an antidote to poison, pestilence, and Common Foxglove,
the bites of all types of venomous animals.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Very rarely used
Purple Foxglove
by herbalists today, dittany has an action similar Description Perennial growing to 5 ft (1.5 m).
to that of rue (Ruta graveolens, p. 265), in that Has a single erect stem, broad lance-shaped leaves,
it strongly stimulates the muscles of the uterus, and bell-shaped, purple-pink or white flowers in
inducing menstruation and sometimes causing long spikes.
abortion. By contrast, its effect on the Habitat & Cultivation This herb is native to
gastrointestinal tract is antispasmodic. Dittany western Europe. Though it is also cultivated, the
relaxes the gut and acts as a mild tonic for the wild plant is considered superior. The leaves are
stomach. The plant has also been used as a picked in summer. Common foxglove
enables the heart
treatment for nervous conditions. Parts Used Leaves.
to beat more
RQCautions This herb is toxic. Take only Constituents Foxglove contains cardiac glycosides evenly and is an
under professional supervision. Do not take (including digoxin, digitoxin, and lanatosides), invaluable remedy
202 during pregnancy. anthraquinones, flavonoids, and saponins. Digitoxin for heart disease.
Ec h i um v ulg a rE
History & Folklore As its name suggests, Eclipta prostrata syn. E. alba Embelia ribes (Myrsinaceae)
viper’s bugloss was once considered a preventative (Asteraceae)
Embelia
other medicinal pl ants
Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae) tied to the tails of livestock to help them ward off Cautions Horsetail breaks down vitamin B1
flies. It was long considered a wound-healing herb. (thiamine) and should generally be taken long
Matchbox Bean
and local folk medicine traditionally considered the Research A French study confirmed the
plant a treatment for toothache. Coca leaf extract traditional usage of California poppy by showing
Eucommia ulmoides
California poppy contains a
latex that has sedative, pain-
(Eucommiaceae)
killing, and antispasmodic
properties. It is a gentle
Eucommia Bark,
remedy, suitable for children.
Du Zhong (Chinese)
History & Folklore Native American Description Deciduous tree growing to 65 ft
peoples were known to use the sap of California (20 m). Has elliptical leaves, with male flowers in
poppy for its pain-killing properties, particularly loose clusters and solitary female flowers in the
Coca is cultivated in the Andes and chewed as a tonic to help for toothache. The leaves were also eaten as a leaf axils.
counter the effects of cold.
vegetable. Early settlers used California poppy Habitat & Cultivation Eucommia bark grows
for sleep problems, especially in children, and for in temperate zones in China. It is cultivated, but
whooping cough. It is California’s state flower. only in small amounts.
Eschscholzia californica Medicinal Actions & Uses Though the Part Used Bark.
(Papaveraceae) California poppy is a close relation of the opium Constituents Eucommia bark contains gutta-
California Poppy poppy (Papaver somniferum, p. 244), it has a
significantly different effect on the central
percha, alkaloids, flavonoids, iridoids and other
glycosides, and phenolic compounds.
Description Annual or perennial growing to nervous system. California poppy is not a History & Folklore The herb is mentioned
2 ft (60 cm). California poppy has finely cut leaves narcotic. In fact, rather than disorienting the user, in the Chinese herbal, the Divine Husbandman’s
and bright orange, yellow, pink, or red flowers. it actually tends to normalize psychological Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing), which was written
Habitat & Cultivation California poppy function. California poppy’s gently antispasmodic, in the 1st century ce.
is native to western North America. Widely sedative, and analgesic effects make it a valuable Medicinal Actions & Uses Eucommia bark
cultivated as a garden plant, it prefers sandy soils. herbal medicine for treating physical and is considered an excellent tonic for the liver and
Parts Used Aerial parts. psychological problems in children. The herb kidneys. Eucommia bark is said to “tonify the yang,”
Constituents California poppy contains iso- may prove beneficial in attempts to overcome to improve the circulation, and also to prevent
quinoline alkaloids (including protopine, crypto- nervous tension and anxiety, bedwetting, and miscarriage in women who are weak or suffering
pine, and chelidonine) and flavone glycosides. difficulty in sleeping. from back pain. 207
Eu o n ym us at rop urp urEus
Research Much interest has been aroused Eupatorium cannabinum Medicinal Actions & Uses Hemp agrimony
by eucommia bark’s ability to reduce high blood
(Asteraceae) has been employed chiefly as a detoxifying herb
other medicinal pl ants
pressure, which it is thought to do by increasing for fever, colds, flu, and other acute viral conditions.
nitrous oxide levels within the arteries. In a clinical
trial in China involving 119 people, 46% of those
Hemp Agrimony The root is laxative and diuretic, and the whole
herb is considered to be tonic. Recently, hemp
treated with the herb showed a significant blood Description Perennial growing to a height of agrimony has found use as an immunostimulant,
pressure reduction. However, eucommia bark 5 ft (1.5 m). Has a red stem, downy leaves, and
helping to maintain resistance to acute viral and
appears to have little effect in cases of severe dense bunches of pink to mauve florets.
other infections.
hypertension. Recent studies indicate that eucommia Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, Related Species See also boneset
bark is an antioxidant and may help to prevent the hemp agrimony is now also found in western Asia
(E. perfoliatum, following entry) and gravel root
onset of type 2 diabetes. A small clinical trial in and North Africa. It grows in damp woods, ditches,
(E. purpureum, subsequent entry).
Japan published in 1996 concluded that an infusion marshes, and in open areas, and is gathered when
QCaution In view of hemp agrimony’s
of eucommia bark reduced the body’s exposure in flower in summer.
pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, take only under
to mutagen-forming compounds naturally present Parts Used Aerial parts, root. professional supervision.
within the diet. Constituents Hemp agrimony contains a volatile
oil (with alpha-terpinene, p-cymene, thymol and
an azulene), sesquiterpene lactones (especially
eupatoriopicrin), flavonoids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Eupatorium perfoliatum
Euonymus atropurpureus and polysaccharides. P-cymene is antiviral, while (Asteraceae)
(Celastraceae) eupatoriopicrin has anti-cancer properties and
Boneset
Wahoo Bark inhibits cellular growth. The polysaccharides
stimulate the immune system. In isolation, the Description Erect perennial growing to
Description Deciduous tree growing to pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxic to the liver. 5 ft (1.5 m). Has tapering lance-shaped leaves
26 ft (8 m). Has smooth branches, serrated History & Folklore Hemp agrimony was and many white or purple florets.
elliptical leaves, clusters of purple flowers, known to Avicenna (980–1037 ce) and other Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern
and 4-lobed scarlet fruit. practitioners of Arabian medicine in the early North America, boneset is found in meadows
Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern Middle Ages. and marshland. It is gathered when in flower
North America, wahoo bark thrives in damp in summer.
woods and close to water. The bark is Parts Used Aerial parts.
gathered in autumn. Constituents Boneset contains sesquiterpene
Parts Used Stem bark, root bark. lactones (including eupafolin), polysaccharides,
Constituents Wahoo bark contains flavonoids, diterpenes, sterols, and volatile oil. The
cardenolides (cardiac glycosides) similar sesquiterpene lactones and polysaccharides are
to digitoxin, asparagine, sterols, and tannins. significant immunostimulants.
History & Folklore The Sioux, Cree, and History & Folklore Native American people
other Native American peoples used wahoo used boneset to make an infusion for treating
bark in various ways, for example as an eye colds, fever, and arthritic and rheumatic pain.
lotion, as a poultice for facial sores, and European settlers learned of the plant’s benefits,
for gynecological conditions. Native and by the 18th and 19th centuries it was regarded
Americans introduced the plant to early as a virtual cure-all. Boneset’s common name
European settlers, and it became very derives from its ability to treat “break-bone fever.”
popular in North America as well as in Commonly used to treat malaria, constituents
Britain in the 19th century. within boneset are now known to have
Medicinal Actions & Uses Wahoo antiprotozoal activity.
bark is considered a gallbladder Medicinal Actions & Uses A hot infusion
remedy with laxative and diuretic of boneset will bring relief to symptoms of the
properties. It is prescribed for common cold. The plant stimulates resistance to
biliousness and liver problems, as well as for viral and bacterial infections, and reduces fever by
skin conditions such as eczema (which may encouraging sweating. Boneset also loosens phlegm
result from poor liver and gallbladder function) and promotes its removal through coughing, and it
and for constipation. In the past, it was often has a tonic and laxative effect. It has been taken for
used in combination with herbs such as rheumatic illness, skin conditions, and worms.
gentian (Gentiana lutea, p. 99) as a fever Related Species Wild horehound (E.
remedy, especially if the liver was under teucrifolium) was used as a substitute for boneset.
stress. Following the discovery that it E. occidentale was used by the Zuni of the south-
contains cardiac glycosides, wahoo bark western U.S. to treat rheumatism. See also
has been given for heart conditions. hemp agrimony (E. cannabinum, preceding entry)
QCautions Wahoo bark is toxic. Use only Hemp agrimony was and gravel root (E. purpureum, following entry).
under professional supervision. Do not take formerly taken as a Self-help Uses Allergic rhinitis with mucus,
208 during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. spring tonic in Holland. p. 300; Colds, flu & fevers, p. 311; High fever, p. 311.
Eup hr as i a s p p.
and allergic conditions affecting the eyes, middle Medicinal Actions & Uses Less a medicine during the Crusades (11th and 12th centuries),
ear, sinuses, and nasal passages. Eyebright counters than a nourishing addition to the diet, acai supports or it was brought to Spain by the Arabs several
other medicinal pl ants
liquid mucus, but it should be used guardedly for vitality and a healthy heart and circulation. Acai centuries earlier.
dry and stuffy congestion, which tends to be made juice has much in common with blueberry and Medicinal Actions & Uses Used for a wide
worse by the plant’s astringency. pomegranate (Punica granatum, p. 259) juices— range of circulatory problems, buckwheat is best
Self-help Uses Allergic rhinitis with mucus, all helping to sustain good health. The Acai palm is taken as a tea or tablet, accompanied by vitamin C
p. 300; Conjunctivitis, p. 310; Prevention of the main source of palm hearts, which are eaten or lemon juice (Citrus limon, p. 85) to aid absorption.
nosebleeds, p. 310. worldwide as a vegetable. Buckwheat is used particularly to treat fragile
capillaries (seen as small bruises with no apparent
cause), but also helps strengthen varicose veins and
heal chilblains. Often combined with linden flowers
Evodia rutaecarpa (Rutaceae) (Tilia spp., p. 276), buckwheat is a specific treatment
Evodia, for hemorrhage into the retina. Buckwheat is also
commonly taken in combination with other herbs
Wu Zhu Yu (Chinese) for high blood pressure.
Related Species Recent research has shown
Description Deciduous tree growing to 33 ft
that the Chinese F. dibotrys and F. cymosum are
(10 m). Has compound leaves, clusters of white
immunostimulant. They are prescribed for
flowers, and greenish-red fruit.
chronic bronchitis, inflamed gallbladder, and
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China,
pulmonary abscesses.
Tibet, and the eastern Himalayas, evodia is
Cautions Interacts with blood-thinning
cultivated in China. The partially ripe fruit
medication. Do not take as a medicine if taking
is gathered in late summer.
prescribed anticoagulants.
Part Used Fruit.
Self-help Uses High blood pressure &
Constituents Evodia contains the alkaloids
arteriosclerosis, p. 301; Poor circulation & high
evodine, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine.
blood pressure, p. 319.
History & Folklore Evodia is listed in the
Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing)
of the 1st century ce.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Evodia has a Feronia limonia (Rutaceae)
Eyebright, as its
marked warming effect on the body, helping to
relieve headaches and a wide range of digestive
Wood Apple
name suggests, problems. In Chinese herbal medicine, evodia is Description A spiny tree growing to 30 ft
helps eye problems. used mainly for abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhea, (9 m), it has feathery leaves, red flowers, and
headaches, and a weak pulse. round whitish fruit the size of oranges.
Research Chinese studies indicate that Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern
Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) evodia is analgesic and reduces blood pressure. India, wood apple is cultivated in tropical Asia.
Parts Used Fruit, leaves.
Acai QCaution Use evodia only under
professional supervision. Constituents The fruit contains fruit acids,
Description A rainforest palm reaching 80 ft vitamins, and minerals. The leaves contain tannins
(25 m), with 4–8 slender trunks and pinnate leaves and a volatile oil.
up to 10 ft (3 m) long. The berries (about the size Medicinal Actions & Uses Wood apple
of a grape) hang down in large bunches.
Fagopyrum esculentum fruit is used mainly to stimulate the digestive
Habitat & Cultivation Found throughout (Polygonaceae) system. In India, the fruit forms part of a paste
Buckwheat
much of Central America and northern South applied to tone the breasts. The astringent leaves
America, the acai palm is widely grown for its are used to treat indigestion, flatulence, diarrhea,
berries and palm hearts. Description Annual growing to about 20 in dysentery (particularly in children), and
Parts Used Drupe (the “berries”), seed, root, (50 cm). Has arrow-shaped leaves and clusters of hemorrhoids. It is traditionally thought to act
palm heart. white or pink 5-petaled flowers. as a male contraceptive, although there is limited
Constituents The berries contain high Habitat & Cultivation Buckwheat is native research to support this.
levels of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins to central and northern Asia, and is cultivated
and proanthocyanidins (as found in other dark extensively in temperate regions, especially the
purple berries, such as blueberry). They are U.S. It is harvested in summer. Ferula assa-foetida (Apiaceae)
strong antioxidants and anti-inflammatories.
History & Folklore Acai berries and their juice
Parts Used Leaves, flowers.
Constituents Buckwheat contains bioflavonoids, Asafoetida,
are a nutritious part of many Brazilians’ diet. In Brazil especially rutin, which is strongly antioxidant. Rutin
and Peru, the crushed seeds (which make up 80% of strengthens the inner lining of blood vessels.
Devil’s Dung
the berry) are used to treat fever. Traditionally, the History & Folklore Buckwheat’s French name, Description Perennial plant growing to about
essence of the root is extracted to treat conditions blé Sarrasin, alludes to its ancient Middle Eastern 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has a fleshy taproot, hollow stem,
210 such as hepatitis and enlarged prostate. origins. The grain was either introduced to Europe compound leaves, and many white flowers in umbels.
F i c us c a ri c a
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Iran, Constituents Galbanum exudate contains hemorrhoids, warts, and aching joints. The fruit is
Afghanistan, and Pakistan, asafoetida produces a a volatile oil, resins, gums, as well as a laxative and the roots are chewed to prevent gum
emollient pulp helps relieve pain and inflammation, Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) eyewash for sore eyes and conjunctivitis. The
and it has been used to treat tumors, swellings, and seeds have a longstanding reputation as an
Fennel
other medicinal pl ants
gum abscesses—the fruit often being roasted aid to weight loss and to longevity. Essential oil
before application. Figs are also mildly expectorant from the sweet variety is used for its digestive
Description Aromatic perennial growing to
and, when used with herbs such as elecampane and relaxing properties. It also has estrogenic
about 5 ft (1.5 m). Has dark green, feathery leaves,
(Inula helenium, p. 107), are helpful in treating dry activity and may prove helpful in relieving
umbels of yellow flowers, and small, ridged, oval-
and irritable coughs and bronchitis. The milky latex menopausal symptoms.
shaped seeds.
from leaves and stems is reputed to be analgesic, Cautions Fennel seeds are potentially toxic; do
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
and has long been used to treat warts, insect bites, not exceed the recommended dose. Do not take
Mediterranean region, fennel is now cultivated in
and stings. the essential oil internally.
temperate regions around the world. The seeds
Related Species Research published in 1999 Self-help Uses Acidity & indigestion, p. 307;
are gathered in autumn.
showed that an extract of leaves of F. racemosa, Morning sickness & nausea, p. 317; Stomach
Parts Used Seeds, essential oil.
a native of northern India, had a marked spasm, p. 305; Gas & bloating, p. 306.
Constituents “Sweet” fennel seeds contain
protective activity on the liver in rats. The juice
about 8% volatile oil (about 80% anethole, plus
and powdered bark of the Central American
fenchone and methylchavicol), flavonoids,
F. cotinifolia are applied to wounds and bruises.
coumarins (including bergapten), and sterols. Forsythia suspensa (Oleaceae)
F. indica is used in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic,
diuretic, and treatment for gonorrhea. F. lacor
is used in Chinese herbal medicine to induce
The volatile oil relieves gas and is antispasmodic.
“Bitter” fennel seeds contain significantly higher Weeping Forsythia,
levels of fenchone.
sweating, while F. retusa, which is native to China,
History & Folklore Dioscorides, in the 1st
Lian Qiao (Chinese)
Indonesia, and Australia, is used in the Chinese
century ce, states that “the juice, when put into the Description Deciduous shrub growing to
tradition to treat toothache and tooth decay. See
eye, aids vision, and into the ear, kills the worms 16 ft (5 m). Has toothed leaves, bright yellow
also banyan tree (F. benghalensis, preceding entry)
(i.e. bacteria) that develop there.” flowers, and woody fruit.
and peepal (F. religiosa, following entry).
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China
Cautions The latex is toxic and should not be
and Japan, weeping forsythia is grown for its bright
used internally. Applied to the skin, it may cause
yellow blossoms in temperate gardens all over the
an allergic reaction to sunlight.
world. The fruit is harvested in autumn, just before
it is fully ripe.
Part Used Fruit.
Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Constituents The fruit contains flavonoids,
Habitat & Cultivation Common in Europe, Research In one clinical trial (Italy 1976), patients
ash thrives in lowland and moorland. The leaves taking bladderwrack lost much more weight than
Goat’s rue was once taken to treat the plague. Cleavers, America, lady’s bedstraw thrives in dry meadows,
along roadsides, and in wayside places. It is
gathered when in flower in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts. Goose Grass Parts Used Aerial parts.
Constituents Goat’s rue contains alkaloids
(including galegine), lectins, flavonoids, and tannins. Description Straggling, square-stemmed Constituents Lady’s bedstraw contains iridoids
annual growing to a height of 4 ft (1.2 m) with (including asperuloside), flavonoids,
Galegine strongly reduces blood-sugar levels.
whorls of lance-shaped leaves, clusters of small anthraquinones, alkanes, and rennin.
History & Folklore Formerly used as a
treatment for the plague, goat’s rue has been
white flowers, and small, round, green fruit with History & Folklore The name of this
hooked prickles. pleasant-scented herb derives from its traditional
widely cultivated as a cattle feed.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Today, goat’s rue Habitat & Cultivation Common throughout use as a stuffing for mattresses. In medieval times,
Europe and North America, cleavers is found it was used as a “strewing” herb on floors. Lady’s
is chiefly used as an anti-diabetic herb, having the
in many other temperate regions, including in bedstraw curdles milk and gives a yellow color to
ability to reduce blood-sugar levels. It is not a
Australia. It grows prolifically in gardens and along cheese produced from the curd. In his Irish Herbal
substitute for conventional drugs, but can be
roadsides, and is gathered when just about to (1735), K’Eogh states, “when applied to burns, the
valuable in the early stages of type 2 diabetes and
flower in late spring. crushed flowers alleviate inflammation, and when
is best used as an infusion. The herb has the effect
of increasing breast-milk production. It is also a Parts Used Aerial parts. applied to wounds, they can heal them.”
useful diuretic. Constituents Cleavers contains iridoids
(including asperuloside), polyphenolic acids,
Caution Use as part of the treatment of
anthraquinones (only in the root), alkanes,
diabetes only under professional supervision.
flavonoids, and tannins. Asperuloside is a
mild laxative.
History & Folklore The name cleavers
Galipea officinalis refers to the plant’s ability to cling (or cleave)
syn. G. cusparia (Rutaceae) to fur or clothing. Dioscorides,
Medicinal Actions & Uses A slightly bitter- cold” herb used mostly to relieve symptoms nor applied (even well diluted) to the skin of
tasting remedy, lady’s bedstraw is used mainly as a associated with heat. These include fever, irritability, children under the age of 12 unless with
Gelsemium sempervirens Parts Used Root, aerial parts. Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe and
(Loganiaceae) Constituents Wild geranium contains up to central Asia, avens is a common wayside plant. The
other medicinal pl ants
30% tannins. root is dug up in spring, and the aerial parts are
Yellow Jasmine, History & Folklore Native American peoples
used wild geranium for sore throats, mouth ulcers,
picked in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts, root.
Gelsemium infected gums, and oral thrush. The herb was later Constituents Avens contains phenolic
Description Evergreen woody climber growing used by European settlers for diarrhea, internal glycosides (including eugenol), tannins, a volatile
to 20 ft (6 m). Has shiny, dark green leaves and bleeding, cholera, and venereal diseases. oil, and possibly a sesquiterpene lactone (cnicin).
clusters of fragrant, trumpet-shaped yellow flowers. Medicinal Actions & Uses An astringent and History & Folklore Once known as herba
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the clotting agent, wild geranium is used today much as benedicta (blessed herb), avens was credited with
southern U.S. and Central America, in earlier times. The herb is often prescribed for significant magical powers in the Middle Ages. A
yellow jasmine prefers irritable bowel syndrome and hemorrhoids, and it German text of 1493 states that if avens root is in the
damp sites. The rootstock is used to staunch wounds. It may also be used to house, the devil is powerless. According to tradition,
is unearthed in autumn. treat heavy menstrual bleeding and excessive the root should be unearthed on March 25th.
Part Used Rootstock. vaginal discharge. Medicinal Actions & Uses Avens is an
Constituents Yellow Related Species See herb robert astringent herb, used principally for problems
jasmine contains indole (G. robertianum, following entry). affecting the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal
alkaloids (including gelsemine Caution Wild geranium should only be taken for tract. The herb tightens up soft gums, heals mouth
Dried rootstock a few weeks at a time. ulcers, makes a good gargle for infections of the
and gelsedine), iridoids,
coumarins, and tannins. The alkaloids are toxic and pharynx and larynx, and reduces irritation of the
act as a depressant to the central nervous system. stomach and gut. It may be taken for peptic ulcers,
irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and dysentery.
History & Folklore It is unclear whether Geranium robertianum
Avens has been used in a lotion or ointment as a
yellow jasmine was used in Native American (Geraniaceae) soothing remedy for hemorrhoids. The herb may
medicine. The plant came into regular use only
in the middle of the 19th century. It was first Herb Robert also be used as a douche for treating excessive
vaginal discharge. Avens reputedly has a mild
employed by followers of the Eclectic herbal
Description Strong-smelling annual or biennial quinine-type action in lowering fever.
movement, and then later became an official
herb growing to 20 in (50 cm). Has deeply cleft
medicine, listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the
red-green leaves, bright pink flowers, and pointed
United States from 1863 to 1926.
seed capsules.
Medicinal Actions & Uses A potent medicinal
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe and Glechoma hederacea
herb, yellow jasmine is prescribed in small doses syn. nepeta glechoma (Lamiaceae)
Asia, herb robert is naturalized in North America.
as a sedative and antispasmodic, most commonly
for neuralgia (pain caused by nerve irritation or
damage). Yellow jasmine is often given for nerve
It is gathered in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts, root. Ground Ivy,
pain affecting the face. The herb is also applied
Constituents Herb robert contains tannins, a
bitter principle (geraniin), traces of volatile oil, and
Alehoof
externally to treat intercostal neuralgia (nerve pain
citric acid. Description Creeping perennial herb growing
between the ribs) and sciatica (pain resulting from
History & Folklore Herb robert’s unpleasant to 15 cm (6 in). Has long rooting runners, notched
pressure on a nerve in the lower spine). Yellow
odor has earned it the name “stinking Bob” in kidney-shaped leaves, and purple-blue flowers
jasmine’s antispasmodic property is used in treating
parts of England. in whorls.
whooping cough and asthma. The herb is
Medicinal Actions & Uses Herb robert Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe and
occasionally taken for migraine, insomnia, and bowel
is little used in contemporary European herbal western Asia, ground ivy is now naturalized in other
problems, and also to reduce blood pressure. Yellow
medicine. It is occasionally employed in much the temperate regions, including North America. It
jasmine is also used in homeopathic medicine.
same way as Wild geranium (G. maculatum, thrives on the outskirts of woods and alongside
RQCautions Yellow jasmine is an extremely
preceding entry), as an astringent and wound paths and hedges. It is gathered in summer.
toxic plant that should be used only under
healer. The herb bears closer investigation as a Parts Used Aerial parts.
professional supervision. The plant is subject to
remedy. According to one authority it is effective Constituents Ground ivy contains
legal restrictions in some countries.
against stomach ulcers and inflammation of the sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, a volatile oil, a bitter
uterus, and it holds some potential as a treatment principle (glechomine), caffeic acids, and tannins.
for cancer. History & Folklore Known in parts of
Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae) England as “alehoof,” ground ivy was used to flavor
membranes of the ear, nose, throat, and digestive History & Folklore A staple food in much of Related Species A North American relative,
system. A well-tolerated herb, it can be given Asia, soy has been used in China for at least 5,000 G. polycephalum, was used to treat respiratory and
Marsh Cudweed
for many disorders of
and flavonoids. Gossypol causes infertility in men.
the digestive system.
History & Folklore In India and the Middle
Description Annual plant growing to 8 in East, cotton has been cultivated since the earliest
(20 cm). Has narrow silver-grey leaves and tiny times for its fiber and medicinal properties. The
Glycine max (Fabaceae) yellow flower heads. plant was particularly valued for its ability to induce
Research Cotton seeds and seed oil cause Guaiacum officinale friction rub on rheumatic areas. Absorbent cotton
infertility in men, and have been tested as a male (Zygophyllaceae) moistened with the resin may be applied to aching
other medicinal pl ants
contraceptive in China. However, in addition to teeth. A decoction of the woodchips acts as a local
lowering sperm count, cotton seed oil causes the
degeneration of sperm-producing cells.
Lignum Vitae, anesthetic, and is used to treat rheumatic joints
and herpes blisters.
Related Species The American species Guayacan (Spanish) Related Species G. sanctum, which grows
G. hirsutum was used extensively as a medicinal herb Description Evergreen tree growing to 10 m in Central America and parts of Florida, and
by the Maya and Aztecs, and was also cultivated for (33 ft). Has compound oval leaves, small, deep blue G. coulteri, native to Mexico, are used in the
its fiber. Columbus carried samples of this species star-shaped flowers, and heart-shaped seed capsules. same manner as lignum vitae.
back to Europe from his first voyage. Native Habitat & Cultivation Lignum vitae is native Caution Lignum vitae is subject to legal
American people used the bark to ease the pain to South America and the Caribbean islands. It restrictions in some countries and is endangered.
of childbirth, and by the 19th century it was used grows in tropical rainforests. The tree is felled for its
as an inducer of menstruation and abortion. timber, and resin is extracted from the heartwood.
RQCautions Cotton root bark and seed Parts Used Wood, resin. Guarea rusbyi syn. G. guidonia
oil are potentially toxic and should only be used
under professional supervision. Do not use
Constituents Lignum vitae contains lignans (Meliaceae)
(furoguaiacidin, guaiacin, and others), triterpene
during pregnancy. saponins, 18–25% resin, and volatile oil. Cocillana,
Guapi Bark
Grindelia camporum syn. Description Evergreen tree growing to 150 ft
G. robusta var. rigida (Asteraceae) (45 m) with pale grey bark, compound lance-
Habitat & Cultivation Gymnema is native Medicinal Actions & Uses Thought to an expectorant, stimulating the coughing up
to forests of central and southern India, Southeast stimulate bile secretion, haronga is used in European and clearance of phlegm. It has a beneficial effect
conditions. The calyces are gently tonic and will Parts Used The peeled stem.
ease colds, coughs, and chest problems. They also Constituents Hoodia contains a steroidal
other medicinal pl ants
aid digestion and gently stimulate appetite. Both glycoside, which is thought to act as an appetite
the calyces and flowers act to reduce cholesterol suppressant.
levels. All parts of hibiscus are demulcent, mildly History & Folklore The San people of the
soothing sore or inflamed mucous membranes Kalahari traditionally used this plant to suppress
within the digestive and respiratory tracts. sensations of thirst and hunger, when on journeys
Research Various clinical studies have shown through the desert. Such use was first recorded
that hibiscus helps to lower high blood pressure. in 1937.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Hoodia
provides a cautionary tale for herbal medicines
Hieracium pilosella syn. pilosella and supplements in the 21st century. There is
little evidence that taking it leads to weight loss
officinarum (Asteraceae) other than the plant’s traditional use as an appetite
Mouse-ear suppressant, while its safety profile is unknown.
Despite this, after media coverage by the BBC
Hawkweed Sea buckthorn is distinguished by its thorny stems
and narrow silvery leaves. The berries help improve
in 2003, sales of hoodia supplements rocketed,
with prices in the LA Times reaching $40 per
the body’s resistance to infection.
Description Perennial herb growing to a height ounce (30 g) in 2006. At such a price, it is not
of 8 in (20 cm) from a rosette of basal leaves. Stems
Parts Used Berries. hard to see why hoodia’s survival in the wild is
bear single bright yellow flower heads.
Constituents The fruit contains flavonoids, severely threatened. It would seem sensible to
Habitat & Cultivation Mouse-ear hawkweed flavones, carotenoids, vitamins A, C (present in opt instead for herbs that are endorsed for their
is common throughout much of Europe and
very high quantities), and E, and high levels of use for weight loss by scientific studies and
temperate regions of Asia and North America.
minerals including sulphur, selenium, zinc, and where there is no risk of the herb disappearing
Found growing in dry pastures and on sandy soil,
copper. The seeds contain appreciable levels of from the wild, such as Gymnema (Gymnema
it is collected when in flower in summer.
alpha-linolenic acid. sylvestre, p. 218).
Parts Used Aerial parts. History & Folklore The sour-tasting berries QCautions Seek professional advice before
Constituents Mouse-ear hawkweed contains have traditionally been eaten with milk and cheese taking hoodia products, especially if taking
a coumarin (umbelliferone), flavonoids, and caffeic
by Siberians and Tartars, who also used them to prescribed blood-thinning medication for
acid. It is thought to be mildly antifungal.
make a pleasant-tasting jelly. conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure.
History & Folklore In his Irish Herbal (1735), Medicinal Actions & Uses Sea buckthorn
K’Eogh summarizes mouse-ear hawkweed’s
berries are very high in vitamin C. They
medicinal benefits: “good against the spitting of
have principally been used to help
blood, all kinds of flow, coughs, ulcers of the lungs, Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae)
improve resistance to infection. The
mouth and eyes, and shingles.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Mouse-ear
berries are mildly astringent, and a
decoction of them has been used as a
Barley
hawkweed relaxes the muscles of the bronchial Description Annual grass growing to about
wash to treat skin irritation and eruptions,
tubes, stimulates the cough reflex, and reduces 3 ft (1 m). Has an erect hollow stem, lance-
and to promote healing.
the production of mucus. This combination of shaped leaves, and ears bearing twin rows
Research Research into sea buckthorn fruit,
actions makes the herb effective in respiratory of seeds and long bristles.
seed, and seed oil indicates that they have
problems, including asthma and wheeziness, Habitat & Cultivation Barley is
definite therapeutic value. The fruit especially
whooping cough, bronchitis, and other chronic cultivated in temperate regions
supports heart and circulatory health and is useful
and congested coughs. The herb is used to worldwide. It is harvested when the
in treating conditions such as capillary fragility,
control heavy menstrual bleeding, and to ease seeds are mature.
arteriosclerosis, and a weak heart. The seed oil
the coughing up of blood. It may be applied as Parts Used Seeds.
nourishes the skin, promotes tissue healing, and will
a poultice to heal wounds. Constituents Barley contains
often prove useful in treating eczema.
polysaccharides, proteins,
sugars, fats, and vitamins B and
E. The young seedlings also
Hippophae rhamnoides Hoodia gordonii (Apocynaceae) contain the amines tyramine
(Elaeagnaceae)
Hoodia and gramine.
History & Folklore Barley has been History & Folklore The Cherokee used therapeutic use in parts of Europe, including
consumed for many thousands of years. hydrangea as a remedy for kidney and bladder England, and in North America. The leaves and
Medicinal Actions & Uses Henbane is It prefers sunny, dry sites and is a common garden wood fire, ground, and then stored in sacks for
used extensively in herbal medicine as a sedative herb. The flowering tops are harvested when a year before being sold.
other medicinal pl ants
and painkiller. Its specific use is for pain affecting the plant is in flower in summer. Parts Used Leaves.
the urinary tract, especially pain due to kidney Parts Used Flowering tops, essential oil. Constituents Maté contains xanthine
stones, though it is also given for abdominal Constituents Contains terpenes (including derivatives, including about 1.5% caffeine, about
cramping. Its sedative and antispasmodic effect marubiin, a diterpene), a volatile oil (consisting 0.2% theobromine, theophylline, and up to 16%
makes it a valuable treatment for the symptoms mainly of camphor, pinocamphone, and beta- tannins. The high tannin content means that maté
of Parkinson’s disease, relieving tremor and rigidity pinene), flavonoids, tannins, and resin. Marubiin is a should not be consumed with meals, as tannins
during the early stages of the illness. Henbane strong expectorant. Pinocamphone is toxic, and impair the absorption of nutrients.
has also been used to treat asthma and bronchitis, the volatile oil can cause epileptic seizures. Medicinal Actions & Uses Maté is a
usually as a “burning powder” or in the form History & Folklore In the past, hyssop
of a cigarette. Applied externally as an oil, it can was so highly esteemed it was regarded as a
relieve painful conditions such as neuralgia, sciatica, virtual cure-all. An old saying went, “Whoever
and rheumatism. Henbane reduces mucus rivals hyssop’s virtues, knows too much.” In the
secretions, as well as saliva and other digestive 1st century ce, Dioscorides recommended
juices. Like its cousin deadly nightshade, it dilates a recipe containing a mixture of hyssop, figs
the pupils. Hyoscine is commonly employed as (Ficus carica, p. 211), rue (Ruta graveolens,
a pre-operative anesthetic and in motion p. 265), honey, and water for treating a
sickness formulations. number of conditions, including pleurisy,
Related Species Other Hyoscyamus species asthma, tight-chestedness, respiratory congestion,
are used in a similar way. The North African and chronic coughs.
H. muticus is traditionally smoked by Bedouins Medicinal Actions & Uses Currently
to relieve toothache. See also deadly nightshade an undervalued medicinal herb, hyssop is
(Atropa belladonna, p. 69). potentially useful as it is both calming and tonic.
RQCautions Use only under professional It has a positive effect when used to treat
supervision. Potentially toxic in overdose, bronchitis and respiratory infections, especially
where there is excessive mucus production. Maté makes a pleasant-tasting tea that has a stimulant,
henbane is subject to legal restrictions in
mildly analgesic, and diuretic effect.
some countries. Hyssop appears to encourage the production
of a more liquid mucus, and at the same time traditional South American tea that increases
gently stimulates expectoration. This combined short-term physical and mental energy levels. It
action clears thick and congested phlegm. Hyssop
Hyssopus officinalis (Lamiaceae) is taken as a fortifying beverage in much the same
can irritate the mucous membranes, so it is best way as tea (Camellia sinensis, p. 181) is consumed
Hyssop given after an infection has peaked, when the
herb’s tonic action encourages a general recovery.
throughout Asia and Europe. Maté has properties
similar to those of tea and coffee (Coffea arabica,
Description Semi-evergreen shrub growing As a sedative, hyssop is a useful remedy against p. 192). It stimulates the nervous system and is
to 2 ft (60 cm). Has narrow leaves and clusters asthma in both children and adults, especially mildly analgesic and diuretic. As a medicinal herb,
of blue double-lipped flowers. where the condition is exacerbated by mucus maté is used to treat headaches, migraine,
Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern congestion. Like many herbs with a strong neuralgic and rheumatic pain, fatigue, and mild
Europe, hyssop grows freely in Mediterranean volatile oil, it soothes the digestive tract and can depression. It has also been used in the treatment
countries, especially in the Balkans and Turkey. be an effective remedy against indigestion, gas, of diabetes.
bloating, and colic. Related Species I. guayusa, from Ecuador, is
Cautions Hyssop essential oil can induce used in much the same way as maté but is also
epileptic seizures. It should only be used under employed medicinally to treat malaria, liver pain,
professional supervision. Hyssop essential oil is and syphilis. It is thought to aid digestion and
subject to legal restrictions in some countries. cleanse the digestive tract.
Jasminum grandiflorum (Oleaceae) leaves, small greenish-white flowers, with male was used to treat a variety of conditions, including
and female flowers on separate plants, and rheumatic and arthritic joints, headaches, dysentery,
Jasmine
Other medicinal pl ants
Constituents Kigelia fruit contains norviburtinal, QCautions Take kigelia internally only under
coumarins, iridoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, sterols, professional guidance. Do not take during
Kigelia,
African Sausage Tree Lactuca virosa (Lamiaceae)
Description Semi-deciduous tree growing to
80 ft (25 m) with smooth, gray-brown bark and Wild Lettuce
brown-purple flowers. The tree gets its name Description Hollow-stemmed biennial growing
from the spectacular sausage-shaped fruit, up to about 4 ft (1.2 m). Has broad spiny leaves and
to 3 ft (1 m) in length, which hangs from a rope- clusters of pale yellow composite flowers. All parts
like stalk and weighs up to 22 lb (10 kg). of the plant exude a white milky latex.
Habitat & Cultivation Kigelia grows Habitat & Cultivation Common throughout
throughout sub-Saharan Africa but is native to Europe, wild lettuce grows in open areas, along
the eastern half of the continent from Tanzania roadsides, and in hedges. It is gathered when
to South Africa. The tree is cultivated from seed in flower in late summer.
or cuttings and flowers after 6 years. The fruit is Parts Used Leaves, latex, seeds.
harvested when ripe. Constituents The latex contains sesquiterpene
Parts Used Fruit pulp, leaves, bark, roots. Kigelia is a key remedy for treating skin problems. lactones (including lactucopicrin and lactucerin); 225
L am i um a L b um
the leaves also contain flavonoids and coumarins. History & Folklore Deadnettle is so called acid. The latter is reportedly harmful to the lymph
The sesquiterpene lactones have a sedative effect. because it resembles true nettle (Urtica dioica, glands and kidneys, though recent research shows
other medicinal pl ants
History & Folklore In Assyrian herbal p. 146), without the stinging hairs. It was also known that it has beneficial antidiabetic properties. U.S.
medicine, lettuce seeds were reportedly used with as archangel, a plant “to make the heart merry, research published in 1996 demonstrated that
cumin (Cuminum cyminum, p. 197) as a poultice to make a good colour in the face, and to refresh other lignans have antiviral activity against HIV.
for the eyes. Dioscorides (1st century ce) wrote the vital spirits” (John Gerard, The Herball, 1597). History & Folklore Widely used by Native
that the plant’s effect resembled that of the opium Medicinal Actions & Uses White deadnettle Americans, chaparral was taken in the form of a
poppy (Papaver somniferum, p. 244). is astringent and demulcent. It is chiefly used as decoction to treat stomach troubles and diarrhea.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Wild lettuce is a a uterine tonic, to arrest intermenstrual bleeding, Young twigs were used for toothache. The leaves
safe sedative that can be given to adults and children and to reduce excessive menstrual flow. It is also were applied as a poultice for respiratory problems
to encourage a sound night’s sleep or to calm a traditional treatment for abnormal vaginal and as a wash for skin problems.
overactivity or overstimulation. Most commonly, discharge. The herb is sometimes taken to relieve Medicinal Actions & Uses Until the 1960s,
it is recommended for excitability in children. It is painful periods. Its astringency helps treat diarrhea, chaparral remained in wide use in the U.S., with an
also taken to treat coughs, often in combination and, used externally, it can relieve hemorrhoids and average of 10 tons (9.07 tonnes) consumed each
with herbs such as licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, varicose veins. year. It was thought to be a beneficial remedy for
p. 101). Wild lettuce is thought to lower the libido. rheumatic disease, venereal infections, urinary
It may also be used to relieve pain. infections, and certain types of cancer, especially
Research A 2011 Egyptian clinical trial found leukemia. Chaparral was also taken internally for
that lettuce seed oil improved sleep in people
Larix decidua
skin afflictions such as acne and eczema, and applied
suffering from insomnia. Lettuce seed oil has syn. L. europaea (Pinaceae) as a lotion to sores, wounds, and rashes. In the
traditionally been used in Egypt for sleep problems.
Related Species Garden lettuce (L. sativa) may
Larch early 1990s, sales of chaparral were banned in the
U.S. and Britain due to concern over its potential
be used like wild lettuce, but has a much weaker Description Deciduous conifer growing to 165 ft toxic effect on the liver. It now seems likely that this
therapeutic action. (50 m). Has clusters of needle-like leaves, male and is another herb that can, in rare cases, cause liver
female flowers, and small, light brown cones. damage, as with some conventional medicines. In
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Alps view of the uncertainty about its safety, any
and the Carpathian mountains of eastern Europe, potential benefit from taking the herb must be
Lamium album (Lamiaceae) larch grows to altitudes of 6,600 ft (2,000 m). It is weighed against the risks.
White Deadnettle widely cultivated for its timber. The resin is tapped in
autumn; the bark is collected when the tree is felled.
Related Species The North American
L. divaricata, a close relative of chaparral, contains
Description Perennial growing to 2 ft (60 cm). Parts Used Inner bark, resin. lignans, which have been shown to inhibit lymphoid
Has a square stem, toothed oval leaves, and Constituents Larch contains lignans, resins, tumor growth with no apparent harmful effect on
clusters of white double-lipped flowers. and volatile oil (consisting mainly of alpha- and normal lymphatic tissue.
beta-pinene and limonene). QCautions Only take chaparral on
Medicinal Actions & Uses Larch has professional advice. People with a history of liver
astringent, diuretic, and antiseptic properties. disease should never take chaparral.
The bark may be used to treat bladder and urinary
tubule infections such as cystitis and urethritis,
and respiratory problems, including bronchitis.
The resin is applied to wounds, where it protects
Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae)
and counters infection. A decoction of the bark
is used to soothe eczema and psoriasis.
Bay Laurel
Caution Do not take larch if suffering from Description Aromatic evergreen shrub or tree
kidney disease. growing to 65 ft (20 m). Has leathery, dark green
leaves, small yellow male and female flowers, and
shiny black berries.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to
Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae) Mediterranean countries, bay laurel prefers damp
and shady sites. It is also a popular garden herb,
White deadnettle is used to treat gynecological
Chaparral, cultivated largely for culinary use. The leaves are
picked year round.
conditions. Creosote Bush Parts Used Leaves, essential oil.
Habitat & Cultivation White deadnettle Description Thorny shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft Constituents Bay laurel contains up to 3%
is native to and widespread in Europe and (2 m), with small finely divided leaves. volatile oil (including 30–50% cineole, linalool,
central and northern Asia. It thrives in fields Habitat & Cultivation Chaparral is found alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol acetate, mucilage,
and in open areas. It is gathered when in in large numbers in the deserts of the tannin, and resin).
flower in summer. southwestern U.S. and Mexico. History & Folklore In ancient Greece, bay
Parts Used Flowering tops. Parts Used Aerial parts. laurel was used in divination by the Delphic Oracle.
Constituents White deadnettle contains Constituents Chaparral contains about 12% From ancient Rome comes the tradition that the
226 a saponin, flavones, mucilage, and tannins. resin and lignans, including nordihydroguaiauretic sudden withering of a bay laurel tree bodes disaster
Lep i di um v i rgi n i c um
for the household. In ancient Rome, bay laurel Lawsonia inermis Culpeper stated that “there is no better herb to
leaves were used as a medicine, a spice, and a syn. L. alba (Lythraceae) drive away melancholy vapours from the heart, to
and is naturalized in Australia. The leaves are Levisticum officinale Parts Used Leaves.
gathered in spring and are consumed as food. The syn. Ligusticum levisticum Constituents Lippia leaves contain about
other medicinal pl ants
seedpods can serve as a subsitute for black pepper. 0.15% volatile oil with different plant strains, or
Parts Used Leaves, root.
(Apiaceae) chemotypes, producing several essential oils with
Constituents Virginia peppergrass contains high
levels of vitamin C.
Lovage quite a distinct range of compounds, notably citral
and carvone. The citral chemotype oil is thought
History & Folklore The Menominee of Description Perennial growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). to have strong anti-Candida activity.
eastern North America applied a lotion of Virginia Has glossy, toothed compound leaves, greenish- History & Folklore In many parts of
peppergrass (or a bruised fresh plant) to poison yellow flowers, and tiny oval seeds. Central and South America, Lippia is valued for
ivy eruptions. Habitat & Cultivation Lovage is found in its ability to resolve common illnesses, such as
Medicinal Actions & Uses Virginia southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It thrives stomach upset, nausea, gas and bloating, coughs,
peppergrass is nutritious and generally detoxifying. on sunny mountain slopes. The leaves are gathered colds, sore throat, and headache. Its Colombian
It has been used to treat vitamin C deficiency and in spring or early summer, the seeds in late summer, name, Prontoalivio (meaning “quick relief”) points
diabetes, and to expel intestinal worms. The herb the root in autumn. to its place in popular Latin American medicine.
is also diuretic and of benefit in easing rheumatic Parts Used Root, seeds, leaves. Medicinal Actions & Uses Lippia has
pain. The root is taken to treat excess phlegm Constituents Lovage root contains a volatile pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, relaxant, and
within the respiratory tract. oil (about 70% phthalides), coumarins (including antispasmodic properties, making it useful in many
Related Species Maca (L. meyenii) is a bergapten, psoralen, and umbelliferone), alkynes, non-severe health problems. In Brazil, where it is
low-growing Andean perennial. The root is valued plant acids, sterols, resins, and gums. The phthalides regulated as a medicinal herb, the herb is typically
as a staple food and medicine by Andean peoples, are sedative and anticonvulsant. used for upper digestive problems, coughs, colds,
notably to support immune function and for History & Folklore The Trotula texts, written and bronchitis, as well as for high blood pressure
hormonal disorders including sterility. Maca is in Salerno during the 12th century, recommend and as a sedative. The herb has been little
now commonly available in supplement stores and lovage for skin lightening. The Irish herbalist K’Eogh researched, though a small clinical trial
has acquired a reputation as a tonic, hormone follows this recommendation: “lovage clears the in Brazil found it effective in treating migraine
balancer, and aphrodisiac. sight and removes spots, freckles and redness headache. The essential oil is increasingly used
from the face.” in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Lovage is a for example, within Europe, and has significant
Leptandra virginica warming and tonic herb for the digestive and antifungal and antibacterial activity on the skin.
respiratory systems. It treats indigestion, poor
syn. Veronicastrum virginicum appetite, gas and colic, and bronchitis. Lovage
Related Species The sweet tasting L. dulcis has
broadly similar medicinal use and is found across
(Scrophulariaceae) is significantly diuretic and antimicrobial and is Central America and the Caribbean. See also
Black Root commonly taken for urinary tract problems. It also
promotes menstruation and relieves period pain.
Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora, following entry).
Description Perennial herb growing to 3 ft Its warming nature improves poor circulation.
(1 m). Has an erect stem, lance-shaped leaves, Related Species The Chinese chuan xiong
and white flowers. (Ligusticum chuanxiong) is used principally as a
Lippia citriodora syn. aloysia
Habitat & Cultivation Black root grows across means to bring on absent menstrual periods triphylla (Verbenaceae)
North America in meadows and woodlands. The
root is unearthed in autumn.
and to treat period pain. The Chinese gao ben
(Ligusticum sinense) is also used for pain.
Lemon Verbena
Part Used Dried root. Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. Do Description Deciduous shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft
Constituents Black root contains a volatile oil, not take if you suffer from kidney disease. Can (2 m). Has strongly scented lance-shaped leaves and
saponins, sugars, and tannins. increase sensitivity to sunlight. clusters of tubular, pale green to mauve flowers.
History & Folklore Known to the Native Self-help Use Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315. Habitat & Cultivation Lemon verbena
Americans of Missouri and Delaware as a is native to South America. It is cultivated in
violent purgative, black root was used temperate climates as an aromatic, ornamental
in moderate doses as a laxative, a Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) plant and for its leaves, which are used to make
detoxifier, and a remedy for liver herbal tea. The leaves are gathered in late summer.
disorders. In the 19th century Lippia, Parts Used Leaves.
Physiomedicalist tradition, black Constituents Lemon verbena contains a volatile
root was taken to stimulate
Bushy Lippia, Prontoalivio oil (mainly consisting of citral, cineole, limonene, and
bile production. Description Multi-branched, square-stemmed, geraniole), mucilage, tannins, and flavonoids.
Root Medicinal Actions & Uses aromatic shrub growing to 5 ft (1.5 m), with History & Folklore Lemon verbena was
Black root is used in small doses opposite leaves and small white or pink flowers introduced to Europe in 1784. In Spain, France, and
today as a laxative and a remedy close to the leaf axils. elsewhere in Europe, the infusion is a popular drink.
for liver and gallbladder disorders. Habitat & Cultivation Lippia grows Medicinal Actions & Uses An undervalued
The herb also treats flatulence and bloating, and throughout South and Central America from medicinal herb, lemon verbena shares qualities with
eases the discomfort of hemorrhoids, chronic northern Argentina to the southern U.S. It lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113). Both herbs
constipation, and rectal prolapse. is a common garden herb, and may be grown contain a strong lemon-scented volatile oil that has
Cautions Do not use the fresh root. Do not from seed or cuttings, the latter being used for calming and digestive properties. Lemon verbena
228 take during pregnancy. commercial cultivation. has a gentle sedative action and a reputation for
Lon i c e r a s p p.
soothing abdominal discomfort. Its tonic effect on Mixed with witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, Parts Used Root.
the nervous system is less pronounced than that p. 102) and rosewater (Rosa species), levant storax Constituents Lomatium contains flavonoids,
contain approximately the same quantity of Constituents Peyote contains alkaloids, principally It is best known in the West as a bathroom
volatile oil. Nonetheless, Romanian research mescaline, which is a powerful hallucinogen. accessory—the fibrous skeleton makes a good
Other medicinal pl ants
indicates that the Asian species contains a History & Folklore Peyote has been used skin scrubber.
much wider range of therapeutically active in Native American religious ceremonies for Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese
antiseptic compounds. over 3,000 years. Its use as a hallucinogen was medicine, the inner skeleton of the dried fruit
History & Folklore Honeysuckle is one of popularized by Aldous Huxley in his book is used to treat pain in the muscles, joints, chest,
the Bach Flower Remedies, and in this system The Doors of Perception. and abdomen. It is prescribed for chest infections
of herbal cures it is believed to counter feelings of Medicinal Actions & Uses Peyote is a accompanied by fever and pain, and is used to
nostalgia and homesickness. Jin yin hua has long shamanistic plant, taken in Native American rituals clear congested mucus. Loofah is also given
been used in Chinese medicine to “clear heat to deepen spiritual understanding. It plays an to treat painful or swollen breasts.
and relieve toxicity.” important part in the emotional and mental state Research Chinese research indicates that the
Medicinal Actions & Uses Honeysuckle of the community. It is also used to treat fevers, as fresh vine has a stronger expectorant effect than
flowers from both species can be successfully a painkiller for rheumatism, and to treat paralysis. It the dried fruit. German research (1999) using a
used to treat fever, colds, and upper respiratory is applied as a poultice for fractures, wounds, and homeopathic preparation of the plant showed it
tract infections. The leaves are traditionally used snake bite. Peyote is also used to induce vomiting. to be as effective as a standard nasal spray for
as a gargle for sore throats and as a mouthwash. Caution The use of peyote and mescaline is relief of hay fever.
In Chinese herbal medicine, honeysuckle finds illegal in most countries.
frequent use in inflammatory conditions, such
as conjunctivitis, mastitis (inflammation of the
Lycopodium clavatum
breasts), and rheumatism.
Luffa cylindrica syn. L. aegyptica (Lycopodiaceae)
Research Chinese research indicates that the
(Cucurbitaceae)
Asian species has significant antimicrobial activity,
Club Moss
including against the tuberculosis bacillus. Clinical
studies suggest that this species can also help to
Loofah, Description Creeping evergreen moss growing
lower high blood pressure. Si Gua Luo (Chinese) to 43⁄4 in (12 cm). Has numerous straggling
Caution Do not eat the berries, which are branchlets covered with bright green linear leaves,
Description Annual vine climbing to 49 ft
thought to be toxic. and scaly spikes bearing yellow spores.
(15 m). Has large lobed leaves, tendrils, and
Habitat & Cultivation Club moss is found
yellow female flowers producing long cylindrical
throughout temperate regions of the northern
marrow-like fruit.
hemisphere. It is common on mountains and in
Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) moorland. The plant is gathered in summer.
Peyote Parts Used Moss, spores.
Constituents Club moss contains about
Description Cactus growing to 2 in (5 cm). 0.1–0.2% alkaloids (including lycopodine),
Has a squat gray-green body with tufted hairs, polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenes.
and pink or white flowers. History & Folklore Club moss
Habitat & Cultivation Peyote is native has been used medicinally since at
to northern Mexico and the southwestern region least the Middle Ages. The whole
of the U.S. plant was employed as a diuretic
Part Used Whole plant. to aid in the flushing out of
kidney stones. In Wales, club
moss was used for certain
back problems and for colds
and sore throats. Being strongly
water-resistant, the spores are still
Club moss
used to coat tablets. The spores ignite
explosively and have been used in
making fireworks.
Loofah fruit is dried and used in Chinese medicine to treat Medicinal Actions & Uses Club moss is
muscle and joint pain. diuretic, sedative, and antispasmodic, and is
particularly useful for treating chronic urinary
Habitat & Cultivation Loofah is native to issues. The herb may also be taken for indigestion
the tropics of Asia and Africa. It is now grown and gastritis. The spores can be applied to the skin
as a fruit in tropical regions around the world. to relieve itchiness. Club moss is frequently used in
It is harvested when ripe in summer. homeopathic medicine, being prescribed for
Part Used Fruit. headache, liver problems, and digestive symptoms
Constituents Loofah contains polysaccharides, such as gas and burping.
xylan, xylose, and galactan. QCaution Club moss is potentially toxic in
Peyote is a powerful hallucinogen. It is used in History & Folklore Loofah was brought from overdose. This plant should only be used with the
230 Native American ceremonies. India to China in the Tang Dynasty (618–907 ce). supervision of a professional practitioner.
M adhuc a s p p.
Lycopus virginicus (Lamiaceae) Dioscorides (40–90 ce) recommended loosestrife and along rivers and streams, to altitudes of
to staunch wounds and for nosebleeds, and noted 3,300 ft (1,000 m). It is gathered when in flower
Bugleweed
Magnolia officinalis (Magnoliaceae) Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae) influential was the root’s shape, which often vaguely
resembles the human form. The roots have been
Magnolia, Common Mallow
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properties treat colds, sore throats, coughs, and, Habitat & Cultivation Melilot is native to
especially, chest infections. The diluted oil may Europe, North Africa, and temperate regions
Other medicinal pl ants
either be steam-inhaled or applied to the chest of Asia, and is naturalized in North America. It
or throat to treat laryngitis, tracheitis, and grows in dry and open areas. It is harvested in
bronchitis. As cajuput stimulates the circulation late spring.
and is antispasmodic, it is used as a friction rub Parts Used Aerial parts.
for rheumatic joints and neuralgia. Constituents Melilot contains flavonoids,
Related Species Niaouli (M. viridiflora), of New coumarins, resin, tannins, and volatile oil. If allowed
Caledonia, has properties similar to those of cajuput. to spoil, the plant produces dicoumarol, a powerful
See also tea tree (M. alternifolia, p. 112). anticoagulant.
Cautions Take internally only under History & Folklore The Irish herbalist
professional supervision. Do not use during K’Eogh reported in 1735, “a gentlewoman of my
pregnancy. Cajuput essential oil is subject to legal acquaintance … had a swelling for a year or more
restrictions in some countries. on her right side, which was cured by three or four
Self-help Use Chest coughs & bronchitis, times rubbing the grieved part with an oil made of
p. 310. this herb.”
Alfalfa has been cultivated for centuries for its nutritional Medicinal Actions & Uses As with horse
and medicinal properties. chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum, p. 58), long-term
use of melilot—internally or externally—can help
History & Folklore Though mostly used as
Melilotus officinalis
varicose veins and hemorrhoids. Melilot also helps
an animal feed, alfala seeds have been consumed syn. M. arvensis (Fabaceae) reduce the risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. The
as food for thousands of years. Pliny (23–79 ce)
records that alfalfa was brought to Greece by
Melilot plant is mildly sedative and antispasmodic, and is
given for insomnia (especially in children) and anxiety.
Darius, King of Persia (550–486 bce), during his Description Biennial herb growing to about 3 ft It has been used to treat flatulence, indigestion,
attempt to conquer Athens. (1 m). Has 3-lobed leaves, spikes of yellow flowers, bronchitis, problems associated with menopause,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Alfalfa is perhaps and brown seedpods. and rheumatic pains.
more therapeutically useful as a food than a Cautions Do not take melilot if using
medicine as the seeds are taken to help lower anticoagulants. If harvested from the wild,
cholesterol levels. In view of alfalfa’s estrogenic melilot should be dried or used immediately,
activity, it can prove useful in treating problems as the spoiled plant is toxic.
relating to menstruation and menopause.
Cautions Do not take alfalfa alongside the
anticoagulant medication warfarin. Avoid sprouted
seeds in compromised immune states. Using large Mentha haplocalyx (Lamiaceae)
Bo He (Chinese),
amounts is not advisable in pregnancy or in
autoimmune diseases.
Corn Mint
Description Perennial herb growing to 2 ft
Melaleuca leucadendron (60 cm). Has a square stem, oval toothed leaves,
(Myrtaceae) and whorls of pale lilac flowers growing from
toothache to measles. Like peppermint (M. x piperita, only distantly related, has constituents similar if there is abdominal discomfort. This herb is also
p. 114), it helps to lower the temperature, has to those of pennyroyal. American pennyroyal is used as an aid to weight gain. Bogbean is thought
Habitat & Cultivation purgative, and is prescribed for colic. A decoction Winnebagos and Dakotas as a stimulant and as a
Squaw vine is native to the of the leaves is taken for liver problems and colitis, treatment for cholera. Other Native Americans
Other medicinal pl ants
eastern and central U.S. It grows in and it may be applied to skin conditions. The seed used the herb for a wide variety of problems,
dry sites in woodlands, and is oil is used to help heal wounds. including nausea, backache, fluid retention, chills,
harvested in late summer. Research Seeds are androgenic and and headache.
Parts Used Aerial parts, berries. inhibit sperm production, and were tested Medicinal Actions & Uses Having a
Constituents Squaw vine is as a contraceptive in China in the 1980s. strong volatile oil, horsemint is primarily used for
believed to contain tannins, In diabetic laboratory animals, the fruit juice digestive and upper respiratory problems. It is
glycosides, and saponins. stimulated regeneration of the pancreatic cells, taken as an infusion to relieve nausea, indigestion,
History & Folklore which secrete insulin. A major body of evidence flatulence, and colic. It is also employed to reduce
Aerial parts
An infusion of squaw vine was now supports the traditional use of the fruit juice fevers and upper respiratory mucus. The herb
commonly taken by Native American women to to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes. has an antiseptic action within the chest. Taken
hasten childbirth. It was also occasionally used for Related Species The seeds of the Asian internally or applied externally, horsemint reduces
a variety of other complaints, including insomnia, M. cochinchinensis are applied as a poultice to fever by encouraging sweating. It also strongly
rheumatic pain, and fluid retention. relieve abscesses, hemorrhoids, and scrofula. stimulates menstruation.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Squaw vine is Recent research indicates that a paste of the Related Species In 19th-century America,
still extensively used to aid labor and childbirth, seeds may help psoriasis and ringworm. Oswego tea (M. didyma) was considered a tonic
and is considered to have a tonic action on the Cautions While bitter melon is relatively safe at for young mothers, and was traditionally given
uterus and the ovaries. It is taken to normalize low dosage, do not use for more than 4 weeks. Do to brides. It is thought to be a mild menstrual
menstruation and to relieve heavy periods and not take if prone to low blood-sugar levels. regulator and an appetite stimulant.
period pain. This herb has also been recommended Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
for stimulating breast-milk production, but other
herbs with a similar action, such as fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212), are preferred. The
Monarda punctata (Lamiaceae)
Monsonia ovata (Geraniaceae)
berries, crushed and mixed with tincture of myrrh
(Commiphora molmol, p. 85), are helpful for sore
Horsemint Monsonia
nipples. An astringent herb, squaw vine has also Description Strongly aromatic perennial
been prescribed for diarrhea and colitis. growing to 3 ft (90 cm). Has downy lance-shaped Description Small herbaceous plant with multi-
Caution Do not take during the first 6 months leaves, and double-lipped, red-spotted yellow branched stems, very small oblong leaves and
of pregnancy. flowers growing in whorls from the leaf axils. white solitary or paired geranium-like flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the eastern Habitat & Cultivation Native to South
and central U.S., horsemint is found in dry and Africa and Namibia, monsonia is found growing
sandy areas. It is gathered when in flower in in arid conditions. It is gathered when in flower.
Momordica charantia summer and autumn. Parts Used Aerial parts.
(Cucurbitaceae) Parts Used Aerial parts. History & Folklore In Zulu medicine,
Constituents Horsemint’s volatile oil has monsonia is used to treat snake bite.
Bitter Melon, thymol as the main constituent. Medicinal Actions & Uses Monsonia is
used throughout southwestern Africa as a
Kerala treatment for diarrhea, acute and chronic
Description Annual climber growing to about dysentery, and ulcerative colitis. The plant’s
61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has deeply lobed leaves, yellow astringent properties act to tighten and protect
flowers, and orange-yellow fruit. the inner linings of the intestinal tract. Given
Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern monsonia’s long traditional use for intestinal
Asia, bitter melon is common throughout tropical disorders and infections, it is possible—but as
regions of the world. It is harvested year round. yet unsubstantiated by research—that the plant
Parts Used Leaves, fruit, seeds, seed oil. has a direct antimicrobial effect.
Constituents Bitter melon contains a fixed oil,
an insulin-like peptide, cucurbitacins, glycosides
(mormordin and charantin), and an alkaloid
(mormordicine). The peptide is known to lower Montia perfoliata (Portulacaceae)
sugar levels in the blood and urine.
History & Folklore Bitter melon is
Miner’s Lettuce
traditionally taken in Asia, Africa, and the Horsemint strongly encourages sweating and the onset Description Annual growing to 4 in (10 cm)
Caribbean to treat the symptoms of diabetes. of menstruation. with pointed oval leaves (one pair enveloping
Medicinal Actions & Uses The unripe fruit the stem), and white 5-petaled flowers.
is mainly used to treat type 2 diabetes. The ripe History & Folklore Horsemint’s genus name, Habitat & Cultivation Miner’s lettuce
fruit is a stomach tonic, and induces menstruation. Monarda, was bestowed in honor of Nicolas is native to western North America, and has
In Turkey, it is used to treat ulcers. The fruit is Monardes, a Spanish physician, whose herbal become naturalized in temperate regions around
much used in the West Indies for worms, urinary of 1569 detailed the medicinal uses of a number of the world, especially in Australia. The plant thrives
236 stones, and fever. The fruit juice is taken as a New World plants. Horsemint was used by the in acid sandy soils. It is generally gathered from
M or us al b a
the wild before and during the flowering period. chronic disease. For example, noni leaves are used and premature ejaculation in men, and is
It has also been cultivated as a vegetable. to treat boils and stomach ulcers and, chewed, taken by both sexes to aid fertility. Morinda is
The fruit juice is cleansing and tonic, and has often History & Folklore Settlers in North America
been used as a gargle and mouthwash. The root extolled the medicinal benefits of bayberry. A 1737
Other medicinal pl ants
bark may be used for toothache, and it is account stated that the plants “expel wind and ease
considered laxative. An extract of the leaves has all manner of pains proceeding from cold, therefore
been given by injection for elephantiasis. The twigs are good in colic, palsies, convulsions, epilepsies, and
are used to combat excess fluid retention and many other disorders.” The root bark was listed in
joint pain. The fruit is taken to prevent premature the U.S. National Formulary from 1916 to 1936.
graying of the hair, and to treat dizziness, ringing in Medicinal Actions & Uses Bayberry is used
the ears, blurred vision, and insomnia. to increase circulation, stimulate perspiration, and
Related Species The black mulberry (M. nigra), keep bacterial infections in check. Colds, flu,
native to Iran, is cultivated for its sweet, deep coughs, and sore throats benefit from treatment
red fruit. with this herb. It helps to strengthen resistance to
infection and to tighten and dry mucous
membranes. An infusion is helpful for spongy
gums, and a gargle is used for sore throats.
Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae)
Bayberry’s astringency is beneficial for irritable
Curry Tree Bananas are picked before they fully ripen. They are
bowel syndrome and mucous colitis. An infusion
can help treat excess vaginal discharge. A paste of
Description Aromatic deciduous shrub or tree a useful remedy for diarrhea.
the powdered root bark may be used externally on
growing to 20 ft (6 m). Has strongly scented leaves, immature and then allowed to ripen. The leaves ulcers and sores.
clusters of small, fragrant white flowers, and pink are gathered as required. Caution Do not take in pregnancy.
to black berries. Parts Used Fruit, leaves, root.
Habitat & Cultivation Curry tree Constituents The fruit contains flavonoids and
is native to subtropical forests in much of is rich in vitamins B, C, and E, potassium, serotonin, Myrica gale (Myricaceae)
southern Asia. It is widely cultivated in India
for its leaves.
and noradrenaline.
History & Folklore The delicious and highly Sweet Gale,
Parts Used Leaves, berries.
Constituents Curry tree contains over
nutritious banana fruit is the yield of careful Bog Myrtle
horticulture, which had its origins with wild
20 alkaloids, a glycoside (koenigin), volatile oil, plants in prehistoric times. Description Low-growing, fragrant shrub,
and tannins. Medicinal Actions & Uses Ripe banana growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with lance-shaped leaves.
History & Folklore Curry tree, also known as fruit is gently laxative, while the unripe fruit is Male plants produce resinous catkins in spring.
curry patta, is a common flavoring in Indian food. astringent and used to treat diarrhea. The fruit Habitat & Cultivation Sweet gale thrives
Medicinal Actions & Uses Curry tree leaves stimulates hemoglobin production and can in wet and damp heaths and moorlands across
increase digestive secretions and relieve nausea, therefore prove useful in preventing or treating northerly regions of the northern hemisphere. The
indigestion, and vomiting. They are also used to anemia. Banana makes a simple addition to diets leaves are collected in summer, the catkins in spring.
treat diarrhea and dysentery. Curry tree aids aimed at lowering high blood pressure. Given the Parts Used Leaves, branches, catkins.
healing, for example in gastric ulcers, and the fruit’s serotonin content, some practitioners Constituents Sweet gale contains an essential
leaves are applied as a poultice on wounds and recommend taking three bananas a day to help oil (chiefly alpha-pinene and delta-cadinene),
burns. It helps to stabilize blood-sugar levels and is treat migraines and depression. A syrup made flavonoids, and resin.
useful for type 2 diabetes. from plantain is taken for coughs and chest History & Folklore In Scotland, where the
Related Species The very bitter leaves conditions such as bronchitis. plant grows freely, Highlanders slept on fleaproof
of cosmetic bark (M. paniculata) are taken beds of sweet gale and placed it among linen to
to treat stomach ache, dysentery, toothache, repel moths. Enterprising anglers are also reported
and bruises. to have worn sprigs of sweet gale to keep away
Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae) midges. In Scotland and Sweden, a strong decoction
Cautions Do not take the essential oil internally. of the digestive and urinary systems. The essential oil In European folk medicine, watercress has primarily
Do not use sweet gale internally in pregnancy or is strongly antiseptic and anti-mucus, and in Spain is been considered a “blood-cleanser,” and was used
expectoration. ’Tis used outwardly in baths for of Asia and the Mediterranean region for its seeds Nymphaea alba (Nymphaceae)
the womb, and the itch.” Catnip has an excitatory and as a garden plant. The seeds are gathered once
White Water Lily
Other medicinal pl ants
Black Cumin root is taken mainly for colds and chills, fevers,
headache, general aches and pains, and malaise.
and similar disorders of this nature.
Research Studies suggest that white water lily
Description Annual herb growing to 1 ft The herb is warming and pungent, counters cold may, as has been claimed, act as an anaphrodisiac,
(30 cm). Has an upright branching stem, fine and damp conditions, and promotes sweating, diminishing sexual drive. The plant has been found
deeply cut leaves, gray-blue flowers, and especially in fevers. It is also prescribed for neck to lower blood pressure in animals.
toothed seedpods. and back pain. Related Species The white pond lily (N. odorata)
Habitat & Cultivation Native to western Caution At high dosage notopterygium root is a close American relative used for much the same
240 Asia, black cumin is grown throughout much may cause vomiting. purposes. The rhizome of the white lotus (N. lotus),
Ol e a eurO pa e a
native to tropical Africa and Asia, has been used has a mildly sedative action, proving useful in may prove helpful in conditions as diverse as dry
medicinally since the earliest times, and is taken treating nervous irritability, depression, anxiety, eyes and multiple sclerosis.
Research Clinical trials have shown that olive Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Mainly used
leaves lower blood pressure. as a culinary herb, sweet marjoram is also
Prickly Pear
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Self-help Uses Cradle cap, p. 318; Stretch medicinally valuable due to its stimulant and
marks, p. 317. antispasmodic properties. Like oregano
Description Perennial cactus growing to 10 ft
(O. vulgare, following entry), it treats flatulence,
(3 m). Has large spatula-shaped stems covered
colic, and respiratory problems, but it appears
in clusters of spines, brilliant yellow flowers, and
to have a stronger effect on the nervous system
Ononis spinosa (Fabaceae) roundish purple fruit.
than its wild cousin. Sweet marjoram is a good
Spiny Restharrow Habitat & Cultivation Prickly pear is native
to Mexico and naturalized in semitropical regions
general tonic, helping to relieve anxiety,headaches,
and insomnia. The herb is also thought to lower
Description Spiny perennial with 3 small leaflets around the world. The fruit is harvested when ripe,
sexual drive.
per leaf, bright pink, pea-like flowers, and small the stems when required.
Cautions Do not take as a medicine during
seed pods. Parts Used Flowers, fruit, stems.
pregnancy. Do not take sweet marjoram essential
Habitat & Cultivation A relatively common Constituents The fruit contains mucilage, sugars,
oil internally.
European plant, spiny restharrow thrives in dry vitamin C, and other fruit acids.
grassland and along roadsides. History & Folklore Prickly
Part Used Root. pear fruit is used to make
Constituents Spiny restharrow root contains conserves and an alcoholic Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae)
phenols, lectins, triterpenoids, and a volatile oil
(comprising mainly trans-anethole). The volatile
drink in Mexico. The split
stems have been bound Oregano,
oil in the root is diuretic; the non-volatile oil around injured limbs as a Wild Marjoram
content is antidiuretic. A decoction of the root first-aid measure.
Medicinal Actions Description Upright perennial herb
has an antidiuretic effect, as the volatile oil is lost in Prickly pear fruit
& Uses Prickly pear flowers growing to about 32 in (80 cm). Has square
the steam. If a diuretic is desired, the root is made
are astringent and reduce bleeding, and are used red stems, elliptical leaves, and clusters of deep
into an infusion.
for problems of the gastrointestinal tract— pink flowers.
Medicinal Actions & Uses The root is used as
particularly diarrhea, colitis, and irritable bowel Habitat & Cultivation Oregano is native
a diuretic and to prevent kidney and bladder stones.
syndrome. The flowers are also taken to treat an to Europe and naturalized in the Middle East.
It is of value in a range of urinary system problems,
enlarged prostate gland. The fruit is nutritious. The plant thrives in chalky soils close to the sea.
including stones, gout, and cystitis. For excess fluid
It is gathered when in flower in summer.
retention, spiny restharrow is best taken as a short-
term treatment, in the form of an infusion.
Origanum majorana
syn. Majorana hortensis
Operculina turpethum (Lamiaceae)
(Convolvulaceae)
Sweet Marjoram
Turpeth Description Woody perennial herb growing
Description Twining climber with white tuberous to 20 in (50 cm). Has aromatic oval leaves and
roots, hairy, oval leaves, white funnel-shaped pinkish-white flowers emerging from the
flowers, and round fruit. upper leaf axils.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical India, Habitat & Cultivation Sweet marjoram is
turpeth is now found in tropical regions around the native to countries bordering the Mediterranean.
world. The root is unearthed throughout the year. It is much cultivated as a culinary herb, and for its
Part Used Root. essential oil.
Constituents Turpeth root contains turpethin Parts Used Aerial parts, essential oil.
resin (approximately 4%) and a volatile oil. Constituents Sweet marjoram
History & Folklore Turpeth has been used contains about 3% volatile oil
for several thousand years as a purgative in (comprising sabinene hydrate,
Ayurvedic medicine. sabinene, linalool, carvacrol, and
Medicinal Actions & Uses Turpeth root is other terpenes), flavonoids, caffeic
chiefly used in small doses to clear the bowels. It and rosmarinic acid, and triterpenoids.
is sometimes known as “Indian jalap,” and is used History & Folklore In 1597, the
in much the same way as this plant (Ipomoea purga, herbalist John Gerard made this assessment:
p. 223), though its action is slower and less drastic. “Sweet marjoram is a remedy against cold diseases
In Ayurvedic medicine, turpeth is prescribed of the braine and head, being taken anyway
with picrorrhiza (Picrorrhiza kurroa, p. 248) to to your best liking; put up into the nostrils it
treat jaundice. provokes sneesing, and draweth forth much Oregano’s essential oil, well
Cautions Take only under professional supervision. baggage flegme; it easeth the toothache being diluted, is a traditional
242 Do not take during pregnancy. chewed in the mouth.” remedy for toothache.
Pa n ax qui n que f ol i um
Parts Used Aerial parts, essential oil. Paeonia officinalis (Paeoniaceae) Panax notoginseng (Araliaceae)
Constituents Oregano contains a volatile oil
Peony Notoginseng,
Constituents American ginseng contains Chiefly employed as a mild pain reliever and as a Medicinal Actions & Uses Opium (the
steroidal saponins, including panaquilon. treatment for irritable coughs, red poppy also helps dried latex) is a potent narcotic, analgesic, and
Other medicinal pl ants
History & Folklore Native American peoples reduce nervous overactivity. The herb may be used antispasmodic, and has been taken to relieve pain
may have considered this herb a means to increase in the treatment of insomnia, general irritability, of various kinds. In all the main herbal traditions it is
female fertility. From the mid-18th century, the coughs—especially paroxysmal coughs—and regarded as a powerfully “cold” remedy, reducing
collection of the herb for export to China became asthma, and is generally given as a syrup. physical function and sedating or suppressing
a virtual goldrush, with so many Native Americans Related Species See also opium poppy nervous activity, pain, and coughs. In view of its
out harvesting American ginseng that settlers (P. somniferum, following entry), Mexican poppy addictive nature, opium is mainly used after other
reported finding villages almost deserted. The (Argemone mexicana, p. 171), and California poppy less powerful analgesics have failed to bring relief. It
Ojibwa people always planted a seed to replace (Eschscholzia californica, p. 207). is also an effective remedy for acute diarrhea and
the herb, but this was not universal practice. QCautions Use only under professional severe coughs. Pharmaceutical drugs produced
American ginseng became rare toward the end supervision. All parts of red poppy except the from opium poppy include morphine and codeine.
of the 19th century. seeds are potentially toxic if eaten. Research Much research has been done,
Medicinal Actions & Uses The action of confirming most of the uses of opium poppy
American ginseng is presumed to be similar to, listed above.
but milder than, that of its Chinese cousin, ginseng
Papaver somniferum Related Species See also red poppy
(P. ginseng, p. 118). American ginseng increases the (P. rhoeas, preceding entry), Mexican poppy
ability to tolerate stress of all kinds. In traditional
(Papaveraceae) (Argemone mexicana, p. 171), and California
Chinese medicine, American ginseng is employed
as a yin tonic, treating weakness, fever, wheezing,
Opium Poppy poppy (Eschscholzia californica, p. 207).
QCautions Use opium poppy only under
and coughs. Description Thick-stemmed annual growing professional supervision. It is subject to legal
Related Species See ginseng, nototginseng to about 3 ft (1 m). Has many dull green leaves, restrictions in most countries.
(P. notoginseng, preceding entry), and Siberian solitary pink, purple or white flowers, and globe-
ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, p. 94). shaped seed capsules.
Caution Do not take American ginseng Habitat & Cultivation Native to western
during pregnancy. Asia, opium poppy is now cultivated commercially
around the world as the source of morphine and
codeine, and as an illegal crop for the production
of opium and heroin. During the summer, the seed
Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) capsules are cut and the white latex that exudes is
Red Poppy gathered the next day and dried.
Part Used Latex.
Description Delicate hairy-stemmed annual Constituents Opium poppy contains more
growing to 3 ft (90 cm). Has basal rosette of than 40 opium alkaloids, including morphine
lance-shaped leaves and deeply incised stem (up to 20%), narcotine (about 5%), codeine
leaves, 4-petaled red flowers with black anthers, (about 1%), and papaverine (about 1%). It also Flowerhead
and small rounded seed capsules. contains meconic acid, albumin, mucilage, sugars,
Habitat & Cultivation Red poppy is native resin, and wax. Many of the opium poppy’s
to Europe, North Africa, and temperate regions alkaloids have a well-established therapeutic
of Asia, and is naturalized in North and South action. Morphine is one of the most powerful
America. It thrives on cultivated land and on analgesics of all, used extensively in conventional
road verges. The flowers are picked in summer. medicine to relieve pain, especially in terminal
Parts Used Flowers. illness. Codeine is a milder analgesic used for
Constituents Red poppy contains alkaloids headaches and other pain, and in the symptomatic
(including papaverine, rhoeadine, isorhoeadine, and treatment of diarrhea. Opium’s strongly addictive
many others), meconic acid, mekocyanin, mucilage, nature is well established.
and tannin. The alkaloids are similar to those in the History & Folklore Cultivated for its
opium poppy (P. somniferum, see following entry), medicinal properties for at least 4,000 years,
but are much milder. the opium poppy was introduced to Greece
History & Folklore According to Agnus about 3,000 years ago, and from there spread
Castus, writing in the 14th century, “If a man hawe throughout Europe. It was unknown in China
ony peyne aboutyn his eyne or if a man hawe a until the 7th century ce, and in Japan until the
mygreyn tak this herb and stamp it and nedle it 15th century. It is mentioned in the Assyrian
with oyle de olywe and anoynt ther-with the herbals (c. 1700 bce), and the Greek physician
forhed and it schal amende the syth and slake Dioscorides (40–90 ce) wrote that “a decoction of
the peyne and distroye the mygreyn.” the leaves and flowerheads if drunk and bathed on
Medicinal Actions & Uses Red poppy the head is unrivaled in inducing sleep. The mashed
Opium poppy’s seed
flowers are mildly analgesic and sedative, and heads, mixed with flour, make a useful plaster in capsules contain a
have long been used in European herbal medicine, inflammations and St. Anthony’s fire [erysipelas, a latex that is the source
244 particularly for ailments in children and the elderly. bacterial infection of the skin].” of morphine.
P eg an um h ar m al a
Parietaria officinalis syn. P. diffusa Medicinal Actions & Uses Guarana’s Peganum harmala
(Urticaceae) medicinal uses are similar to those of coffee (Zygophyllaceae)
Pergularia extensa treatment of gout, rheumatism, and arthritis. Both Habitat & Cultivation Suma is native to
(Asclepiadaceae) plants act by encouraging the flushing out of waste rainforests of South America, from Venezuela
other medicinal pl ants
products from the inflamed joints, and the waste’s to southern Brazil.
Pergularia subsequent elimination via the kidneys. Parsley root
is taken as a treatment for flatulence, cystitis, and
Parts Used Root.
Constituents Suma contains triterpene
Description Perennial climber with broad oval rheumatic conditions. Parsley is also valued as a saponins (pfaffosides), sterols (including beta-
leaves and small greenish-white flowers. promoter of menstruation, being helpful both ecdysone), and minerals (including significant
Habitat & Cultivation Pergularia is native in stimulating a delayed period and in relieving levels of germanium).
to India. Its aerial parts are gathered throughout menstrual pain. History & Folklore Suma has been used by
the year. Cautions Parsley is a safe herb at normal dosage the people of the Amazon rainforest from the
Parts Used Aerial parts. and consumption levels, but excessive quantities of earliest times for conditions as varied as wound
Constituents Pergularia contains a resin, bitter the seeds are toxic. Do not take the seeds during healing, diabetes, and cancer. Also taken for its
principles, and plant sterols. pregnancy or if suffering from kidney disease. aphrodisiac qualities, suma has become a popular
Medicinal Actions & Uses Pergularia is herbal medicine in Brazil, where it is known as
thought to have bitter, expectorant, diuretic, and para todo (“for all”), or Brazilian ginseng.
laxative properties, and is employed in several Peumus boldus (Apiaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Suma has many
ways in Indian herbal medicine. It is prescribed as
a treatment for bronchitis and asthma. Pergularia Boldo medicinal applications, most centred around three
areas of activity: as a hormonal and glandular tonic,
is also used as a means to curtail heavy menstrual as an immune stimulant and detoxifying agent,
Description Strongly aromatic multibranched
or non-menstrual uterine bleeding. Juice from the and in cancer prevention and treatment. Suma
evergreen shrub or tree growing to 20 ft (6 m).
leaves may be applied to relieve the pain and is perhaps best known as a male sexual tonic, but
Has egg-shaped leathery leaves with a lemony
swelling of cysts and rheumatic joints. it is equally effective for women and has value in
scent, clusters of white or yellow bell-shaped
flowers, and small yellow berries. treating menstrual and menopausal problems. Suma
Habitat & Cultivation root enhances nonspecific immunity and has a role
Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae)
Boldo is native to Chile to play in treating chronic infection and lowered
Parsley and Peru, and has immune resistance.
Research Research into suma suggests that it can
become naturalized in the
Description Annual herb growing to 1 ft Mediterranean region and be useful in cancer prevention and treatment;
(30 cm). Has an erect stem, bright green several of the pfaffosides have been shown to
the West Coast of North
compound smooth or crinkled leaves, small white Dried leaves prevent tumor growth in laboratory conditions. The
America. It grows on dry
flowers growing in clusters, and small ribbed seeds. pfaffosides are chemically similar to the ginsenosides
sunny slopes and in mountain pastures in the
Habitat & Cultivation Parsley is native to Andes, where it is widely cultivated. The leaves found in ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118), and, like
Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. Today ginseng, suma’s acclaimed value as an aphrodisiac
are gathered throughout the year.
it is rarely found in the wild, but is cultivated appears to have a scientific basis. Male rats with
Parts Used Leaves.
throughout the world as a nutritious salad herb. depressed sexual function were observed to become
Constituents Boldo contains 0.7% isoquinoline
The leaves may be picked from spring to autumn, more sexually active on being given a suma extract.
alkaloids (including boldine), as well as a volatile oil
and the seeds are gathered when just ripe. Cautions Avoid taking suma during pregnancy
and flavonoids.
Parts Used Leaves, root, seeds. History & Folklore Boldo is a valued remedy and while breastfeeding.
Constituents Parsley contains a volatile oil in Latin American herbal medicine and is used by
(including about 20% myristicin, about 18% apiole,
the Araucanian people in Chile as a tonic.
and many other terpenes), flavonoids, phthalides,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Boldo stimulates
Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae)
coumarins (including bergapten), vitamins A, C,
and E, and high levels of iron. The flavonoids are
liver activity and bile flow and is chiefly valued as a
remedy for gallstones and liver or gallbladder pain.
French Bean,
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Myristicin and
apiole have diuretic properties. The volatile oil
It is normally taken for a few weeks at a time, either Haricot Bean
as a tincture or infusion. Boldo is also a mild urinary
relieves cramping pain and flatulence, and is a
antiseptic and demulcent and may be taken for
Description Slender-stemmed, annual climber
strong uterine stimulant. growing to 13 ft (4 m). Has pointed oval leaflets,
infections such as cystitis.
History & Folklore Parsley was known in Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. This herb curly tendrils, clusters of white or lilac flowers,
ancient Greece and Rome—but more as a diuretic, and a beanpod containing kidney-shaped seeds.
is subject to legal restrictions in some countries.
digestive tonic, and menstrual stimulant than as a Habitat & Cultivation French beans are
salad herb. In Rome, parsley was associated with thought to have originated from South America.
the goddess Persephone, queen of the Today, varieties are cultivated all over the world.
underworld, and was used in funeral ceremonies. Pfaffia paniculata (Amaranthaceae) The ripe beans are gathered in summer.
Parsley was introduced to Britain in 1548.
Medicinal Actions & Uses The fresh Suma, Parts Used Beanpods, beans.
Constituents French beans contain lectins,
leaves are highly nutritious and can be considered saponins, flavonoids, allantoin, amino acids,
a natural vitamin and mineral supplement in their
Brazilian Ginseng and sugars.
own right. The seeds have a much stronger diuretic Description Climbing perennial with a thick History & Folklore French beans have been
action than the leaves, and may be substituted for rootstock, growing up through rainforest trees into used since antiquity to treat diabetes. In A Modern
246 celery seeds (Apium graveolens, p. 64) in the the forest canopy. Herbal (1931), Mrs. Grieve records that “because
P hy tol acc a am e r i c an a
of the seed’s close resemblance to a male such as acute diarrhea, jaundice, vaginal infection cultivated in warm temperate and
testicle… [ancient Egyptians] made it an object (including trichomonas), and certain skin conditions. subtropical regions, including North and South
as a poultice for skin diseases, sores, ulcers, and Picrorrhiza kurroa Constituents Allspice contains volatile oil
tumors. It was also given internally to relieve (Scrophulariaceae) (about 4%, mostly eugenol—up to 80%),
other medicinal pl ants
Anise seeds’ antispasmodic properties make Pinguicula vulgaris may be taken for asthma, bronchitis, and other
them helpful in countering period pain, asthma, (Lentibulariaceae) respiratory infections, and for digestive disorders
It is commonly used in South American herbal the incidence of cancer of the mouth and tongue. Habitat & Cultivation Native to
medicine for internal bleeding, particularly within Ironically, the habit of chewing betel leaves is now southwestern India, pepper is now cultivated in
other medicinal pl ants
the digestive tract—for example, rectal bleeding giving way in many regions to cigarette smoking. tropical areas around the world. The fruit is
and hemorrhoids. It is also taken for bleeding in the Medicinal Actions & Uses Betel leaves harvested from plants that are at least 3 years old.
urinary tract. Applied externally, a decoction are chiefly used as a gentle stimulant, since they Green peppercorns are picked unripe and pickled,
of matico makes a valuable remedy for minor apparently induce a mild sensation of well-being. black peppercorns are picked unripe and dried,
wounds, sore and inflamed skin, and insect bites They also affect the digestive system, stimulating red peppercorns are picked ripe and dried, and
and stings. The decoction may also be used as salivary secretions, relieving flatulence, and white peppercorns are picked ripe and soaked
either a mouthwash or a douche. preventing worm infestation. In many Asian in water for 8 days before drying.
traditions, including Ayurvedic medicine, betel
leaves are thought to have aphrodisiac and nerve
tonic properties. In Chinese herbal medicine,
Piper betle (Piperaceae)
betel root, leaves, and fruit are sometimes used
Betel as a mild tonic and stomach-settling herb. The
root has been used with black pepper (P. nigrum,
Description Slender climbing vine growing to below) or jequirity (Abrus precatorius, p. 158)
16 ft (5 m). Has heart-shaped leaves, tiny yellow- to produce sterility in women.
green flowers, and small spherical fruit. Caution The observed increase in the occurrence
Habitat & Cultivation Betel is native to of oral cancers in regular users makes it unwise to
Malaysia and southern India. It is widely cultivated in chew betel.
much of southern Asia, East Africa and Madagascar,
and the Caribbean. The leaves are gathered
Pepper, here drying after the harvest, is still highly valued
throughout the year and dried for extracts or Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) both medicinally and in cooking.
to use whole.
Cubeb Parts Used Fruit, essential oil.
Constituents Pepper contains a volatile
Description Climbing evergreen perennial
oil (including beta-bisabolene, camphene, beta-
growing to 20 ft (6 m). Has oval to oblong
caryophyllene, and many other terpenes and
leaves, small flowers forming spikes, and round
sesquiterpenes), up to 9% alkaloids (especially
brown fruit.
piperine, which is largely responsible for the
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Indonesia,
herb’s acrid taste), about 11% proteins, and
cubeb is cultivated in much of tropical Asia, especially
small quantities of minerals.
in the shade of coffee bushes (Coffea arabica,
History & Folklore Cultivated as a spice and
p. 192). The fruit is gathered when immature.
a medicine since ancient times, pepper was a vital
Part Used Fruit.
commodity in world trade for thousands of years.
Constituents Cubeb contains a volatile oil
Attila the Hun is reputed to have demanded
(up to 20%), a bitter principle (cubebin), an
3,000 lb (1,360 kg) of pepper as ransom during
alkaloid (piperidine), resin, and fixed oil.
his siege of the city of Rome (408 ce).
Medicinal Actions & Uses Like other
Medicinal Actions & Uses The familiar sharp
members of the pepper family, cubeb has a
taste of pepper reflects the stimulant and antiseptic
significant antiflatulent and antiseptic action. The
effect it has on the digestive tract and the circulatory
fruit is used medicinally as a means to counter
Betel leaves, traditionally chewed with areca nut and lime,
system. Pepper is commonly taken to warm the
infections of the urinary tract, and has been taken
give a mild sensation of well-being. body, or to improve digestive function in cases
in the past as a treatment for gonorrhea. In
of nausea, stomachache, flatulence, bloating,
addition, the fruit is helpful in relieving digestive
Parts Used Leaves, root, fruit. constipation, or lack of appetite. The essential oil
problems such as flatulence and bloating. Cubeb
Constituents Betel leaves contain up to eases rheumatic pain and toothache. It is antiseptic
is occasionally employed as an expectorant in the
1% volatile oil (including cadinene, chavicol, and antibacterial, and reduces fever.
treatment of chronic bronchitis.
chavibetol and cineole). As with many volatile oils, Research Piperine, the main active constituent
Cautions Cubeb should not be taken by people
the percentages are variable. Malaysian samples within black pepper, has significant therapeutic
suffering from kidney disease or inflammatory
have been shown to contain up to 69% chavibetol. benefits, with a 2012 research paper listing
conditions of the digestive tract.
History & Folklore Betel leaves, wrapped "immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiasthmatic,
around areca nut (Areca catechu) and lime anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and
(Citrus aurantiifolia), are known to have been antiamebic properties." Piperine appears to aid the
chewed in India and Southeast Asia for several Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) absorption of herbal and chemical medicines, e.g.
thousand years. Betel leaves are described in the
Mahavasama, the most ancient Sri Lankan text.
Pepper curcumin (from turmeric, Curcuma longa, see
p. 90), and in some cases, to slow their clearance
Chewing quickly produces a red-stained saliva and Description Perennial woody climber growing by the liver.
does not, despite what is commonly thought, lead to about 16 ft (5 m). Has large oval leaves, spikes Caution Do not take the essential oil internally
to blackened teeth. However, long-term use of of small white flowers, and clusters of small round without professional supervision.
250 betel leaves and areca nut is considered to increase fruits, which ripen from green to red. Self-help Use Back pain, p. 313.
P lum b ago z e y l a n i c a
Piscidia erythrina (Fabaceae) the gum resin being useful in treating and preventing world—some Native Americans called it
atheroma (fatty deposits in the arteries), to have Englishman’s foot,” because it seemed to spring
Jamaica Dogwood
Podophyllum peltatum Constituents Patchouli contains a volatile oil Seneka is the most powerful and efficacious
(Berberidaceae) comprising mainly the sesquiterpenes patchoulol antiphlogistic [fever- and inflammation-reducing
other medicinal pl ants
Polygonum bistorta
(Polygonaceae)
Knotgrass,
phlobaphenes, flavonoids, and a trace of the
anthraquinone emodin.
History & Folklore Bistort rhizomes have
Bian Xu (Chinese) long been employed for their astringency. As the
Description Annual creeper growing to 20 in rhizomes also contain large amounts of starch, they
Habitat & Cultivation (50 cm). Has lance-shaped leaves and clusters of have been steeped in water, roasted, and eaten as
Native to Europe and to small pink or white flowers. a vegetable in Russia and North
temperate regions of Asia and Habitat & Cultivation Knotgrass is found in America. In addition, the young,
North America, Solomon’s seal is temperate regions throughout the world. It thrives tender leaves of bistort may
quite rare in the wild. However, it is a on wasteground and along shorelines. The plant is be used in salads or,
common ornamental garden plant. The gathered throughout the summer. alternatively, cooked
rhizome is unearthed in autumn. Parts Used Aerial parts. in the same way as
Part Used Rhizome. Constituents Knotgrass contains tannins, spinach (Spinacia oleracea).
Constituents Solomon’s seal contains steroidal flavonoids, polyphenols, silicic acid (about 1%), Medicinal Actions
saponins (similar to diosgenin), flavonoids, and and mucilage. & Uses One of the most
vitamin A. History & Folklore Knotgrass has been strongly astringent of all
History & Folklore Solomon’s seal has been used as a diuretic in Chinese herbal medicine herbs, bistort is used to
used in Western herbal medicine since classical for over 2,000 years. In the Western tradition, contract tissues and staunch
times. In China, the herb’s first recorded use the 1st-century ce physician Dioscorides blood flow. It makes a valuable
stretches back to the Divine Husbandman’s Classic likewise considered knotgrass to be a diuretic, mouthwash and gargle for
(Shen’nong Bencaojing) of the 1st century ce. as well as a remedy for heavy menstrual bleeding treating spongy gums, mouth
In North America, the species P. biflorum was and snake bite. ulcers, and sore throats, and is also
known to various native tribes. The Penobscot Medicinal Actions & Uses An herb with useful as a wash for small burns and
used Solomon’s seal as part of a formula for astringent and diuretic properties, knotgrass is wounds, a douche for excessive
treating gonorrhea. used in European herbal medicine to treat many
Medicinal Actions & Uses Like arnica conditions—diarrhea and hemorroids, to expel
(Arnica montana, p. 172), Solomon’s seal is believed worms, to staunch bleeding wounds, to reduce
to prevent excessive bruising and to stimulate heavy menstrual flow, and to stop nosebleeds.
tissue repair. The rhizome, which is mainly used Knotgrass is also taken for pulmonary complaints,
in the form of a poultice, has astringent and since its silicic acid content strengthens connective
demulcent actions that undoubtedly contribute tissue within the lungs. In Chinese medicine, it is
to its ability to accelerate healing. Solomon’s seal given to expel tapeworm and hookworm, to treat
has also been recommended for tuberculosis, as diarrhea and dysentery, and as a diuretic,
a remedy for menstrual problems, and as a tonic. particularly when urination is painful.
In Chinese herbal medicine, it is considered a yin Research Chinese research indicates that the
tonic, and is thought to be particularly applicable plant is a useful medicine for bacillary dysentery.
to respiratory system problems—sore throats, Of 108 people with this disease treated with a
dry and irritable coughs, bronchial congestion, and paste of knotgrass (taken internally), 104
Rhizome
chest pain. recovered within 5 days. Results from Iranian
Related Species Angular or scented Solomon’s laboratory studies indicate that knotgrass
seal (P. odoratum) is used in much the same way as stimulates apoptosis (programmed cell death) and
P. multiflorum. might be of use in treating breast cancer.
QCaution Do not take internally except under Related Species See also bistort (P. bistorta,
professional advice. The aerial parts, especially following entry), and he shou wu Bistort is one of the most
the berries, are harmful if eaten. (P. multiflorum, p. 124). astringent of all medicinal plants. 253
P olym n i a uv e dal i a
vaginal discharge, and an ointment for hemorroids History & Folklore Polypody has been Kumarhou is considered to be a detoxifier and
and anal fissures. Internally, bistort may be taken to used medicinally in Europe since ancient times. “blood cleansing” plant, and is used to treat skin
other medicinal pl ants
treat peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and conditions Like mistletoe (Viscum album, p. 283), polypody rashes and sores, including lesions produced by
such as dysentery and irritable bowel that give rise often grows on host trees, for example oak skin cancer.
to diarrhea. (Quercus robur, p. 260). This was thought to impart
Related Species P. hydropiper, which is great medicinal value to the plant. The Greek
native to Europe, may be used to relieve heavy physician Dioscorides, writing in the 1st century ce,
Populus x candicans syn.
menstrual bleeding. See also knotgrass (P. aviculare, noted that polypody was used to purge phlegm
preceding entry). and was an ingredient of a plaster applied to
P. x gileadensis (Salicaceae)
Caution Use bistort internally for no more than
3–4 weeks at a time.
dislocated fingers and to sores that occur between
the fingers.
Balm of Gilead
Self-help Use Diarrhea, p. 307. Medicinal Actions & Uses Polypody Description Deciduous tree growing to 80 ft
stimulates bile secretion and has been used to (25 m). Has heart-shaped leaves, buds producing
treat such conditions as hepatitis, jaundice, and a sticky resin, and female catkins.
indigestion. A gentle laxative, polypody makes a Habitat & Cultivation Naturalized in northern
Polymnia uvedalia (Asteraceae) safe treatment for constipation in children. The temperate regions, balm of Gilead is also cultivated
Cautions Best avoided while breastfeeding. properties. It is often taken to treat arthritic
Do not take if allergic to aspirin. and rheumatic aches and pains. It is also used
Part Used Bark. Description Succulent annual plant growing Purslane is a good
Constituents The bark contains phenolic to 6 in (15 cm). Has small, thick rounded leaves source of vitamins and
glycosides (including salicin and populin) and and small yellow flowers growing in clusters. calcium. It also has
antibiotic properties.
tannins. Salicin and populin are salicylates, substances Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe
that have fever-reducing, pain-relieving, and and Asia, purslane is now one of the most Research Purslane is being intensively researched.
anti-inflammatory properties that are widely distributed plants, growing Extracts of the herb show antioxidant, anti-
similar to those of aspirin. from Australia and China to the inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic activity,
Americas. Often found growing underlining that fact that purslane is valuable as
near water, it is gathered food and as medicine. The alkaloids have
throughout the summer. Wild neuroprotective activity and inhibit
purslane is the variety chiefly used acetylcholinesterase, making the herb
as a medicine; the golden variety, theoretically of use in Alzheimer’s disease.
P. oleracea var. sativa, is cultivated Caution Do not take purslane as a medicine
mostly as a kitchen potherb. during pregnancy.
Parts Used Aerial parts.
Constituents Purslane contains flavonoids,
alkaloids, fatty acids (significant omega-3 oil
content), terpenoids, polysaccharides, vitamins A, Potentilla anserina (Rosaceae)
B1, and C, proteins and minerals (especially calcium).
History & Folklore Purslane’s use as a
Silverweed
medicinal herb in Europe, Iran, and India dates Description Perennial plant growing to
back at least 2,000 years, and it was probably 16 in (40 cm). Has toothed compound leaves
eaten as a vegetable well before then. In ancient that are silvery on the underside, and 5-petaled
Rome, purslane was used to treat headaches, yellow flowers.
stomach ache and dysentery, intestinal worms, Habitat & Cultivation Silverweed is found
and lizard bite. in Europe, Asia, and North America, where it
Medicinal Actions & Uses Purslane has flourishes in dry grassy places. The aerial parts are
long been considered valuable in the treatment collected in late summer, the root at the same time
of urinary and digestive problems. The diuretic or in autumn.
effect of the juice makes it useful in the alleviation Parts Used Aerial parts, root.
Quaking aspen bark contains salicin, a substance
of bladder ailments, for example difficulty in Constituents Silverweed contains 2–10%
with aspirin-like effects. passing urine. The plant’s mucilaginous properties ellagitannins, flavonoids, choline, and bitters.
also make it a soothing remedy for gastrointestinal History & Folklore William Withering, the
History & Folklore The Ojibwa people used problems such as dysentery and diarrhea. In 18th-century doctor who discovered the
an oily compound made from quaking aspen and Chinese herbal medicine, purslane is employed for cardiotonic effects of foxglove (Digitalis purpurea,
bear fat to treat earache. Other Native Americans similar problems and, additionally, for appendicitis. p. 202), recommended a teaspoon of dried leaves
used the bark for a variety of purposes, including The Chinese also use the plant as an antidote for to be taken at 3-hour intervals to assuage bouts
as an eyewash for sore eyes. wasp stings and snake bite. Used as an external of malarial fever.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Like willow bark wash, the juice or a decoction relieves skin ailments Medicinal Actions & Uses Silverweed’s
(Salix alba, p. 129), quaking aspen bark has widely such as boils and carbuncles, and also helps to main medicinal value lies in its astringent and anti-
recognized anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving reduce fever. inflammatory activity. It makes an effective gargle 255
P ot e n t i l l a e r ec ta
for sore throats, and is a helpful remedy for Habitat & Cultivation Cowslip grows in and so easing the clearance of phlegm. It is given
diarrhea. Less astringent than its close relative Europe and western Asia, preferring fields and for chronic coughs, especially those associated
other medicinal pl ants
tormentil (P. erecta, see following entry), it also has pastures with chalky soils. The flowers and leaves with chronic bronchitis and mucus congestion.
a gentler action within the gastrointestinal tract. are gathered in spring and summer, the root in The root is also thought to be mildly diuretic
It is used externally as a lotion or ointment for autumn. This increasingly rare plant should not and antirheumatic and to slow blood clotting.
bleeding hemorroids. be picked from the wild. The leaves have similar properties to the root,
Caution Use internally for more no more than Parts Used Flowers, leaves, root. but are weaker in action. The flowers are
3–4 weeks at a time. Constituents Cowslip contains triterpenoid believed to be sedative and are recommended
saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and a trace for overactivity and sleeplessness, particularly in
of volatile oil. The flavonoids, mainly in the flowers, children. Cowslip flowers’ antispasmodic and anti-
are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. inflammatory properties make them potentially
Potentilla erecta syn. P. tormentilla
The triterpenoid saponins, which are concentrated useful in the treatment of asthma and other
(Rosaceae) in the root (5–10%), are strongly expectorant. allergic conditions.
Tormentil Cautions Do not take cowslip during pregnancy,
if allergic to aspirin, or if taking anticoagulant
Description Downy creeping perennial growing medication. Excessive doses can cause vomiting
to 4 in (10 cm). Has leaves bearing 5 leaflets, and and diarrhea.
many 4-petaled yellow flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to temperate
regions of Asia and Europe, tormentil thrives in
grassy sites and on heaths and moorland. The aerial
Prunella vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
parts of tormentil are harvested in summer and
the root is gathered in autumn.
Self-Heal
Parts Used Aerial parts, root. Description Creeping perennial, growing to
Constituents Tormentil contains 15–20% 20 in (50 cm) tall, with pointed oval leaves and
tannins, catechins, ellagitannins, and a phlobaphene. violet-blue or pink flowers.
History & Folklore According to the Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe
17th-century herbalist Nicholas Culpeper, the and Asia, self-heal can be found in temperate
herb “is most excellent to stay all kinds of fluxes regions worldwide. It is a wayside plant, growing
of blood or humours in man or woman, whether in meadows and by roadsides, and thrives in sunny
it be at nose, mouth, belly, or any wound in the areas. Rarely cultivated, self-heal can easily be grown
veins or elsewhere.” from seed or by root division. The aerial parts are
Medicinal Actions & Uses Containing even picked in summer when in flower.
more tannins than oak bark (Quercus robur, p. 260), Parts Used Aerial parts.
all parts of tormentil are strongly astringent, finding Constituents Self-heal contains
use wherever this action is required. The plant entacyclic triterpenes, tannins, caffeic
makes a beneficial gargle for throat infections, and and rosmarinic acids, and vitamins B1,
an effective mouthwash for treating mouth ulcers C, and K.
and infected gums. Tormentil may be taken for History & Folklore As its name indicates,
conditions that give rise to diarrhea, such as self-heal has been used for centuries to staunch
irritable bowel syndrome, colitis, ulcerative colitis, bleeding and heal wounds. The 17th-century
and dysentery, and for rectal bleeding. Applied herbalist John Gerard wrote: “there is not a
externally as a lotion or ointment, tormentil helps better wounde herbe in the world than that of
relieve hemorroids (especially those that are selfe-heale.”
bleeding). In the form of a lotion, tormentil is used Cowslip has Medicinal Actions & Uses Self-heal is
to help staunch wounds and protect areas of calming properties. an undervalued astringent and wound-healer with
damaged or burned skin. tonic activity. In common with other members
Caution Use internally for more no more than History & Folklore This plant is so closely of the mint family, such as rosemary (Rosmarinus
3–4 weeks at a time. associated with springtime that it is known as officinalis, p. 128) and sage (Salvia spp., p. 131), it
primavera (spring) in Spanish and Italian. Cowslip has powerful antioxidant and tissue-protective
has long been reputed to preserve beauty. The activity—making it potentially of value in many
Primula veris (Primulaceae) 16th-century herbalist William Turner wrote: chronic illnesses. Its antioxidant and astringent
Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae) Prunus avium & P. cerasus concluded that the anti-inflammatory activities of
(Rosaceae) anthocyanins within cherry fruit are comparable
Apricot
effective remedy for chronic dry and irritable alopecia (loss of hair), and vitiligo (loss of skin It is also used to treat or prevent baldness.
coughs. It combines well with coltsfoot (Tussilago pigmentation). In Vietnam, a tincture of the seeds The bark is strongly astringent and is employed
other medicinal pl ants
farfara, p. 278) as a treatment for asthma and is used in the treatment of rheumatism. as a gargle for sore throats and taken in the
whooping cough. The astringent bark also helps Research Studies in China indicate that this form of an infusion in order to treat diarrhea
treat indigestion and the symptoms of irritable herb is of value in the treatment of skin disorders, and dysentery.
bowel syndrome, especially when these conditions including vitiligo. Related Species Lirisoma ovata, another
are of nervous origin. Caution Applied externally, this herb may sensitize Brazilian tree, is also known as muira puama,
Caution Wild cherry bark is highly toxic in the skin, resulting in an allergic reaction to sunlight. but has quite distinct chemical constituents.
excessive doses.
flavonoids, a flavone, and furanocoumarins. Description Tree growing to 49 ft (15 m) with Parts Used Root, flower.
History & Folklore In the Chinese tradition, a gray trunk, dark brown leaves, white flowers, Constituents Kudzu contains triterpenoid
bu gu zhi has long been considered a tonic remedy. and orange-yellow fruits. saponins, isoflavones, and phytosterols. The
It was first documented in Grandfather Lei’s Habitat & Cultivation Muira puama is isoflavones are estrogenic.
Discussion of Herb Preparations, which was written native to Brazilian rainforests, especially the History & Folklore From the 6th century bce
in about 490 ce. Rio Negro and Amazonas regions. onward, Chinese herbalists have considered kudzu
Medicinal Actions & Uses Valued as a yang Part Used Root, bark, wood. to be a remedy for muscular pain and
tonic, bu gu zhi is taken in China to treat impotence Constituents Muira puama contains esters a treatment for measles. Zhang Zhongjing
and premature ejaculation and to improve vitality. and plant sterols. (150–c. 219 ce) recommended kudzu if the
The seeds are also used to counter debility and Medicinal Actions & Uses Muira puama patient “has a stiff back and muscles, does not
other problems reflecting “kidney yang deficiency,” has long been used in Amazonian medicine as breathe easily, and is susceptible to wind.”
such as lower back pain, frequent urination, a tonic and aphrodisiac. Considered useful as an Medicinal Actions & Uses In China, kudzu
incontinence, and bed-wetting. Bu gu zhi is used aid for impotence, it is thought to help with both is frequently used as a remedy for measles, often
258 externally to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, physical and psychological aspects of the problem. in combination with sheng ma (Cimicifuga foetida).
P un i c a gra n at um
Kudzu is also given for muscle aches and pains, History & Folklore According to the Punica granatum (Lythraceae)
especially when they are linked with fever or are medieval Doctrine of Signatures, which held
Pomegranate
Pulsatilla chinensis
Pulmonaria officinalis (Ranunculaceae)
(Boraginaceae) Chinese Anemone,
Lungwort Bai Tou Weng (Chinese)
Description Perennial growing to 1 ft (30 cm). Description Perennial herb growing to
Has broad oval basal leaves, smaller upper leaves 10 in (25 cm). Has erect downy stems,
mottled with white spots, and clusters of compound leaves, bell-shaped flowers,
pink-purple flowers. and feathery seedheads.
Habitat & Cultivation Lungwort is native to Habitat & Cultivation Chinese anemone
Europe and the Caucasus. It flourishes in mountain is native to eastern Asia, and is found in Mongolia,
pastures and in damp sites. The leaves are gathered China, and Japan. The root is unearthed either
before the plant comes into flower in spring, Pomegranate
in late spring.
fruit
Parts Used Leaves. or in autumn.
Constituents Lungwort contains allantoin, Part Used Root.
flavonoids, tannins, mucilage, and saponins. Constituents Chinese anemone contains
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids occur in the roots, but in lactones (including protoanemonin and anemonin),
Pomegranate’s leathery
negligible quantities in the leaves. pulsatoside, and anemonol. fruit and jewel-toned
History & Folklore Chinese anemone root seeds feature in ancient
was first documented in Chinese medicine in the Greek mythology.
Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing),
a herbal written in the 1st century ce.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Chinese
anemone is thought to clear toxicity and to lower History & Folklore In 1500 bce, the pharaoh
fever. It is most commonly taken as a decoction Tuthmosis reputedly brought back pomegranate to
to counter infection within the gastrointestinal Egypt from Asia. Prized as a fruit, it was also sought
tract. The root is also used to treat malarial fever after as a remedy for worms. The Greek physician
and vaginal infections. Dioscorides, in the 1st century ce, knew of the
Research Chinese studies have shown the root herb’s ability to expel worms, but this attribute was
to be potentially valuable as a treatment for subsequently forgotten in Europe for nearly 1,800
amoebic dysentery. years. In the early 19th century, after an Indian
Related Species See pasque flower (Anemone herbalist used pomegranate to cure an Englishman
pulsatilla, p. 168). of tapeworms, English doctors in India became
Lungwort’s speckled leaves were once considered a sign of Caution Take Chinese anemone only under interested in pomegranate and its medicinal
its ability to cure lung problems. professional supervision. properties were investigated. 259
Pygeum a f r i c an um
Medicinal Actions & Uses Until recently, sterility when this is due to insufficient prostate Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae)
the chief medicinal value of pomegranate was secretions. In combination with other plants,
Soap Bark
other medicinal pl ants
as a deworming agent, with the rind and bark being pygeum may be valuable in the treatment of
considered specific remedies for tapeworm prostate cancer.
Description Evergreen tree growing to 65 ft
infestation. Now, pomegranate juice is widely Research Trials carried out since the 1960s,
(20 m). Has glossy oval leaves, white flowers, and
available and known for its positive effects on the many of them in France, have established that
star-shaped fruit.
heart and circulation. Like other medicinal plants pygeum extract has positive effects on the
Habitat & Cultivation Soap bark is native to
with a high anthocyanidin content, pomegranate prostate gland. Specifically, the extract increases
Chile and Peru, and is cultivated in California and
fruit and juice have potent protective activity on glandular secretions and reduces levels of
India. The bark is gathered throughout the year.
all aspects of the circulation, supporting healthy cholesterol within the organ. In some Western
Part Used Inner bark.
circulation and countering local inflammatory countries, surgery is the main option for enlarged
Constituents Soap bark contains up to 10%
activity, which damages the inner lining of the prostates, but in France pygeum is prescribed in
triterpenoid saponins, calcium oxalate, and tannins.
blood vessels. The juice is commonly taken to 81% of cases.
The saponins are strongly expectorant and can
help with cardiovascular problems, including Related Species The fruit kernels of the
cause inflammation of the digestive tract.
high blood pressure, capillary fragility, angina, Asian P. gardneri are used to poison fish.
History & Folklore In Peru and Chile, soap
and congestive heart failure. It also appears QCaution Only take pygeum under
bark has traditionally been used by Andean peoples
to help prevent dental plaque. professional supervision.
as an alternative to soap. The bark has been used
Research In recent years, there has been
medicinally as an expectorant remedy.
significant interest in the medicinal properties
Medicinal Actions & Uses Soap bark has
of pomegranate fruit and juice. As above,
Quercus robur (Fagaceae) a long tradition of use as a treatment for chest
pomegranate has a strongly beneficial activity
on the cardiovascular system, but it also appears
to have an unusually wide range of potential
English Oak problems. Its strong expectorant effect is beneficial
in the treatment of bronchitis, especially in the
Description Slow-growing, long-lived early stages of the illness. Like other medicinal
therapeutic properties, including antibacterial,
deciduous tree reaching 150 ft (45 m). Has plants that contain saponins, soap bark stimulates
antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic
deeply lobed leaves, long catkins, and green to the production of a more fluid mucus in the
activity. James A. Duke, a former USDA
brown fruit (acorns). airways, facilitating the clearing of phlegm through
botanist, has described it as an “antimenopausal
Habitat & Cultivation English oak coughing. Soap bark is useful for treating any
fruit.” Pomegranate shows signs of having
grows throughout the northern hemisphere, in condition featuring congested mucus within the
anticancer activity and has been recommended
woods and forests, and along roadsides. The bark chest, but it should not be used for dry irritable
as a preventative and treatment for prostate
is collected in spring and the fruit is harvested coughs. Soap bark is also used externally, appearing
cancer. New potential uses are likely to emerge
in autumn. in the formulations of dandruff shampoos.
over time.
Parts Used Bark, galls (growths produced by QCautions Use only under professional
Cautions Do not use the rind or bark unless
insects or fungi). supervision. As soap bark is irritant to the digestive
under professional supervision. This plant, and
Constituents English oak bark contains tract, internal use must be carefully monitored.
especially its bark extracts, is subject to legal
restrictions in some countries. 15–20% tannins (including phlobatannin,
ellagitannins, and gallic acid). Oak galls contain
about 50% tannins. ranunculus ficaria
Pygeum africanum (Boraginaceae)
History & Folklore Sacred to the Druids, the (Ranunculaceae)
oak tree has been esteemed in European herbal
Pygeum medicine for its astringent bark, leaves, and acorns. Lesser Celandine,
Medicinal Actions & Uses English oak bark,
Description Evergreen tree growing to prepared as a decoction, is
Pilewort
115 ft (35 m). Has oblong leaves, white flowers, often used as a gargle Description Mat-forming perennial growing to
and red berries. to treat sore throats 6 in (15 cm). Has small tubers, fleshy heart-shaped
Habitat & Cultivation Pygeum is native and tonsillitis. It may leaves, and shiny-petaled, brilliant yellow flowers.
to Africa. It is still harvested from the wild, but also be applied as a Habitat & Cultivation Lesser celandine is
severe shortages have led to the establishment wash, lotion, or native to western Asia, North Africa, and Europe.
of plantations. ointment to treat Commonly found in woods, roadsides, and bare
Part Used Bark. conditions such as Oak bark open spaces, it is collected when in flower in spring.
Constituents Pygeum contains phytosterols hemorroids, anal fissures, small Parts Used Aerial parts.
(beta-sitosterol), triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic burns, or other skin problems. Less commonly, Constituents Lesser celandine contains
acids), long-chain alcohols (n-tetracosanol), as well a decoction of the bark is taken in saponins, protoanemonin and anemonin, tannins,
as tannins. small doses to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and and vitamin C.
Medicinal Actions & Uses In conventional rectal bleeding. Powdered oak bark may be sniffed History & Folklore Lesser celandine has
medicine in France, the fat-soluble extract of to treat nasal polyps, or sprinkled on eczema to been used from the earliest times as a medicine
pygeum bark has become the primary treatment dry the affected area. for the relief of hemorroids and ulcers. In
for an enlarged prostate gland. A decoction of the Caution Do not take oak bark internally for medieval times it was believed that simply carrying
bark may reduce the severity of chronic prostate more than 4 weeks at a time. lesser celandine on one’s person was sufficient to
260 inflammation, and it may also help reverse male Self-help Use Hemorroids, p. 302. cure hemorroids.
Rh am n us f Ra n gul a
Habitat & Cultivation Radish is believed to until 1946 that conventional Western medicine
be native to southern Asia. Cultivated varieties are recognized the herb’s efficacy. After that date, the
Once dried and stored, it is significantly milder than boyl [the plant] in beer, and drink it for colds; acid. (However, most blackcurrant oil available on
senna (Cassia senna, p. 75) or common buckthorn and so do the Indians, from whom the English the market has been refined and will not contain
other medicinal pl ants
(R. catharticus) and may be safely used over the had the medicine.” these oils.) The proanthocyanidins, especially in
long term to treat constipation and to encourage Medicinal Actions & Uses The astringent the fruit, are strongly antioxidant and anti-
the return of regular bowel movements. Alder root bark of smooth sumac is often used as a inflammatory, and like bilberry (Vaccinium myrtilis,
buckthorn is a particularly beneficial remedy if decoction. It is taken to alleviate diarrhea and p. 147) exert a protective activity on the capillaries.
the muscles of the colon are weak, and if there is dysentery, applied externally to treat excessive The prodelphinidins are anti-inflammatory.
poor bile flow. The plant should not be used for vaginal discharge and skin eruptions, and used Medicinal Actions & Uses In Europe,
constipation caused by excessive tension in the as a gargle for sore throats. The berries are blackcurrant leaves are used for their diuretic
colon wall. diuretic, help reduce fever, and may be of use in effect. By encouraging the elimination of fluid, the
type 2 diabetes. The berries are also astringent leaves help to reduce blood volume and thereby to
and can be used as a gargle for both mouth and lower blood pressure. The leaves are also used as a
throat complaints. gargle for sore throats and mouth ulcers. According
Related Species Sweet sumac (R. aromatica) to French investigators, blackcurrant leaves increase
has a similar range of uses. Poison ivy the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands, and
(R. toxicodendron) was formerly used in herbal thus stimulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous
medicine as a treatment for rheumatism, paralysis, system. This action may prove useful in the
and certain skin disorders. It is itself highly irritant treatment of stress-related conditions. Blackcurrant
to the skin, and causes severe dermatitis. berries and their juice are high in vitamin C. They
help improve resistance to infection and make a
valuable remedy for treating colds and flu. According
to the herbal authority R. F. Weiss, the juice is “as
Ribes nigrum (Grossulariaceae)
good as, if not better than, lemon juice (Citrus
Blackcurrant limon) for patients with pneumonia, influenza, etc.”
The juice also helps to stem diarrhea and calms
Alder buckthorn bark is toxic when fresh but is safe to use Description Erect deciduous shrub growing indigestion. Juice that is fresh or vacuum-sealed is
once dried and stored for a year. to 5 ft (1.5 m). Has serrated, palm-shaped lobed more effective than concentrate.
leaves, small greenish-white flowers, and clusters
Related Species Cascara sagrada (R. purshiana), of black berries.
native to woodlands along the Pacific coast of
North America, is used medicinally in much the
Ricinus communis
same way as alder buckthorn. Common buckthorn (Euphorbiaceae)
(R. cartharticus), a European native, is today used
mainly in veterinary medicine.
Castor Oil Plant
Cautions Use only dried bark that has been Description Evergreen shrub growing to
stored for at least a year, as the fresh bark is violently about 33 ft (10 m) in its natural state, but a
purgative. The berries may also be harmful if eaten. much smaller annual when cultivated. Has large,
palm-shaped leaves, green female flowers, and
prickly red seed capsules.
Rhus glabra (Anacardiaceae)
Smooth Sumac
Description Deciduous shrub growing to a
height of about 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has straggling branches, Blackcurrant fruit is harvested in summer. The juice
compound leaves in pairs, large clusters of is extremely rich in vitamin C.
greenish-red flowers, and downy deep red berries.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to North Habitat & Cultivation Blackcurrant is native
America, smooth sumac is found on the to the temperate regions of Europe, western and
borders of woods, along fences and roadsides, and central Asia, and the Himalayas. It is grown mainly
in neglected sites. The root bark is collected in eastern Europe for its sour-sweet fruit. The
in autumn, the berries when ripe in late summer. leaves are gathered in early summer, the berries
Parts Used Root bark, berries. when ripe in mid to late summer.
Constituents Smooth sumac contains tannins. Parts Used Leaves, berries.
Its other constituents are unknown. Constituents Blackcurrant leaves contain
History & Folklore Indigenous peoples across flavonoids, tannins, proanthocyanidins,
North America used smooth sumac and closely prodelphinidins, and a volatile oil. The berries
related species to treat hemorroids, rectal contain flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and Castor oil plant is widely
cultivated for its seed
bleeding, dysentery, venereal disease, and bleeding sugars (10–15%). The seeds contain the essential oil, which is used
after childbirth. John Josselyn, a 17th-century New fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, and up medicinally, in cosmetics,
262 England naturalist, observed: “the English use to to 18% gamma-linolenic acid and 9% stearidonic and as a lubricant.
Rub i a t i n c to R um
Habitat & Cultivation Castor oil plant is The plants were not esteemed to the same degree as a garden escape. It has been cultivated for at least
probably native to eastern Africa. It is cultivated in as were cultivated roses (R. gallica, following entry), 3,000 years. The flowers are gathered in summer.
Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae) History & Folklore In 1735, the Irish herbalist the 20th century, after a Canadian nurse
K’Eogh described uses for raspberry: “an application observed the recovery from breast cancer of
Blackberry
other medicinal pl ants
of the flowers bruised with honey is beneficial for a patient who had taken the formula. Essiac has
inflammations of the eyes, burning fever and boils since had a checkered history. Despite attempts
Description Sprawling prickly
… The fruit is good for the heart and diseases of to initiate proper clinical trials, none has yet
shrub growing to 13 ft (4 m).
the mouth.” been undertaken.
Has palm-shaped leaves with
Medicinal Actions & Uses Raspberry Medicinal Actions & Uses Sheep’s sorrel
3–5 lobes, white to pale pink
leaves are mainly used to encourage easy labor. is a detoxifying herb, the fresh juice having a
flowers and clusters of black berries. Fruit
While the specific mode of action is unknown, pronounced diuretic effect. Like other members
Habitat & Cultivation Native to
the leaves are thought to strengthen the longitudinal of the dock family, sheep’s sorrel is mildly laxative,
temperate areas of Europe, blackberry is
muscles of the uterus, increasing the force of and holds potential as a long-term treatment for
naturalized in the Americas and in Australia. It
contractions and thereby hastening childbirth. chronic disease, in particular that of the
is commonly found along roads, in open areas, and
A decoction of raspberry leaves may be used to gastrointestinal tract.
in woodlands. The leaves are gathered in summer,
relieve diarrhea. The leaves also find use as an Related Species Sorrel (R. acetosa) is a
the berries in summer and autumn.
astringent external remedy—as an eyewash for European relative that is also taken for its detoxifying
Parts Used Leaves, berries.
conjunctivitis, a mouthwash for mouth problems, effect. See also yellow dock (R. crispus, following entry)
Constituents Blackberry leaves contain tannins,
or a lotion for ulcers, wounds, or excessive and Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum, p. 126).
flavonoids, and gallic acid. The fruit contains
vaginal discharge. Caution Sheep’s sorrel should not be taken by
anthocyanins, pectin, fruit acids, and vitamin C.
anyone with a tendency to develop kidney stones.
History & Folklore As early as the 1st century
ce, the physician Dioscorides recommended ripe
blackberries in a gargle for sore throats. In European
folk medicine, blackberry leaves have long been
Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae)
used for washing and staunching wounds. Arching
blackberry runners that had rooted at both ends
Yellow Dock,
were credited with magical properties. In England,
Raspberry leaves
Curled Dock
for example, children with hernias were pushed and fruit have been Description Perennial, growing to 3 ft (1 m),
under arched runners for a magical cure. used since classical with lance-shaped leaves and many small green
Medicinal Actions & Uses Blackberry times as an
flowers arranged in whorls on the upper part
leaves are strongly astringent and may be used astringent remedy.
of the stem.
as a mouthwash to strengthen spongy gums and Habitat & Cultivation A common wayside
Research A laboratory study in 2012 found that
ease mouth ulcers, as a gargle for sore throats, plant in many regions of the world, yellow dock
a raspberry fruit extract reduced joint inflammation,
and as a decoction to relieve diarrhea and thrives in ditches, on verges and in open areas,
cartilage damage, and bone resorption.
hemorroids. Like many red or purple fruits, and barely needs cultivation. The roots are dug
Caution Do not take medicinally during the early
such as bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, p. 147), up in autumn, chopped, and dried.
stages of pregnancy.
blackberry fruit and juice has significant antioxidant Parts Used Root.
Self-help Use Preparing for childbirth, p. 317.
and anti-inflammatory activity, helping to maintain Constituents Yellow dock contains
a healthy circulation. anthraquinones (about 2.5%), tannins (3–6%),
Related Species See raspberry (R. idaeus, flavonoids, and oxalates.
following entry). Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Though a
Sheep’s Sorrel valuable herb, yellow dock is not often used on
its own, being combined with other alterative
Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae) Description Slender low-growing perennial. herbs such as burdock root (Arctium lappa, p. 65)
the irritant effect of the anthraquinones within ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Rue is chiefly
the gut. The presence of oxalates suggests that used to encourage the onset of menstruation. It
Rue
Sanguinaria canadensis greater burnet flourishes in damp pastures, speedily, or any ulcer, imposthumes, or bleedings
(Papaveraceae) especially in mountainous regions. It is cultivated inwardly,” and compared its benefits to those of
other medicinal pl ants
as a fodder crop and as a salad vegetable, and is comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138) and self-heal
Bloodroot gathered in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts, root.
(Prunella vulgaris, p. 256).
Medicinal Actions & Uses With its
Description Perennial plant growing to Constituents Greater burnet contains tannins, longstanding reputation for healing wounds and
6 in (15 cm). Has palm-shaped leaves and solitary treating internal bleeding, sanicle is a potentially
including sanguisorbic acid, dilactone (a phenolic
flower stems bearing attractive white flowers with valuable plant, but it is little used in contemporary
acid), and gum.
8–12 petals.
History & Folklore In Europe, greater burnet herbal medicine. Sanicle may be used to treat
Habitat & Cultivation Native to has long been used as a fodder for animals and bleeding within the stomach or intestines, the
northeastern North America, bloodroot grows in coughing up of blood, and nosebleeds. It may also
as an ingredient in beer-making. As its Latin name
shady woods. It is cultivated as a garden plant. be of use in treating diarrhea and dysentery,
implies, it has also been employed as a wound
The rhizome is unearthed in summer or autumn. bronchial and congestive problems, and sore
healer: sanguis means “blood”; sorbeo means
Part Used Rhizome. “I staunch.” throats. This herb is traditionally thought to be
Constituents Bloodroot contains isoquinoline Medicinal Actions & Uses Greater burnet detoxifying and has also been taken internally for
alkaloids, notably sanguinarine (1%), and many skin problems. Externally, sanicle may be applied in
is still used to slow or arrest blood flow. In both
others, including berberine. Sanguinarine is a the form of a poultice or ointment for the
the Chinese and European traditions, it is taken
strongly expectorant substance that also has treatment of wounds, burns, chilblains,
internally to treat heavy periods and uterine
antiseptic and local anaesthetic properties. hemorrhoids, and inflamed skin.
hemorrhage. Externally, a lotion or ointment
History & Folklore Bloodroot was a may be used for hemorrhoids, burns, wounds,
traditional remedy of Native Americans, who
and eczema. Greater burnet is also a valuable
used it to treat fevers and rheumatism, to induce
astringent and is employed for a variety of Santalum album (Santalaceae)
Sandalwood,
vomiting, and as an element in divination. The
gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhea,
rhizome’s bright red juice has been used as a
dysentery, and ulcerative colitis, particularly if
rouge. From 1820 to 1926, bloodroot was listed
as an expectorant in the Pharmacopoeia of the
accompanied by bleeding. Chandan
Research Chinese research indicates that
United States. Description Semiparasitic evergreen tree
the whole herb heals burns more effectively
Medicinal Actions & Uses than the extracted tannins. Patients suffering growing to 33 ft (10 m). Has lance-shaped leaves,
In contemporary herbal medicine, clusters of pale yellow to purple flowers, and small,
from eczema showed marked improvement
bloodroot is chiefly employed nearly black fruit.
when treated with an ointment made from
as an expectorant, promoting Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern
greater burnet root and petroleum jelly.
coughing and the clearing of India, sandalwood is cultivated in Southeast Asia for
mucus from the respiratory its wood and essential oil. The trees are felled
tract. The plant is prescribed throughout the year.
for chronic bronchitis and— Sanicula europaea (Apiaceae) Parts Used Wood, essential oil.
as it also has an antispasmodic
effect—for asthma and Sanicle Constituents Sandalwood
contains 3–6% volatile
whooping cough. Bloodroot Description Perennial growing to 16 in (40 cm). oil (which consists
may also be used as a gargle Blood root Has long-stalked, palm-shaped, shiny leaves, with predominantly of
for sore throats, and as clusters of pale pink to greenish-white flowers. the sesquiterpenols
a wash or ointment for fungal and viral skin Habitat & Cultivation Found throughout alpha- and beta-
conditions such as athlete’s foot and warts. most of Europe and western and central Asia, santalol), resin,
QCautions Take only under professional sanicle is common in woodland areas, particularly and tannins.
supervision and do not exceed the dose. in damp shady sites. It is collected in summer. History & Folklore
Bloodroot induces vomiting in all but very small Parts Used Aerial parts. Sandalwood’s aroma has
Sandalwood
doses, and at excessive doses it is toxic. Do not Constituents Sanicle contains up to 13% been highly esteemed in
take during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, or if saponins, allantoin, a volatile oil, tannins, chlorogenic China and India for thousands of years. The
suffering from glaucoma. and rosmarinic acid, mucilage, and vitamin C. wood is often burned as incense and plays a part
Allantoin increases the healing rate of damaged in Hindu ritual. The heartwood is most often
tissue. Rosmarinic acid is anti-inflammatory. used in perfumery, but it has also been taken
History & Folklore Sanicle derives from sanus, as a remedy in China since around 500 ce.
Sanguisorba officinalis meaning “whole” or “sound” in Latin. St. Hildegard Medicinal Actions & Uses Sandalwood
syn. Poterium officinalis (Rosaceae) of Bingen (1098–1179), who wrote the earliest and its essential oil are used for their antiseptic
History & Folklore Soapwort has mostly Description Upright perennial herb growing
been used as a substitute for soap, especially in to 10 ft (3 m). Has heart-shaped leaves and
washing clothes. Boerhaave (1668–1738), a Dutch Satureja montana (Lamiaceae) blue-black flowerheads.
physician, recommended soapwort as a treatment
for jaundice.
Winter Savory Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Indian
subcontinent, kuth is most commonly found in
Medicinal Actions & Uses Soapwort’s Description Semi-evergreen aromatic herb mountainous areas of Kashmir. The root is
main internal use is as an expectorant. Its strongly growing to 16 in (40 cm). Has lance-shaped leaves gathered in autumn.
irritant action within the gut is thought to stimulate and white-pink flowers appearing in clusters. Parts Used Root, essential oil.
the cough reflex and increase the production of a Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern Constituents Kuth contains a volatile oil
more fluid mucus within the respiratory passages. Europe, winter savory thrives in sunny, well-drained (consisting of terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and
Consequently, the plant is prescribed for bronchitis, sites. It is commonly cultivated as a garden herb. aplotaxene), an alkaloid (saussarine), and a resin.
coughs, and some cases of asthma. Soapwort may The flowering tops are collected in summer. Saussarine depresses the parasympathetic
be taken for other problems, including rheumatic Parts Used Flowering tops, essential oil. nervous system. 267
Sc h i zon e p eta t e n ui f ol i a
History & Folklore Kuth root has been used nodes of the neck, infected with tuberculosis, swell
in Indian medicine for at least 2,500 years. It has to form hard protruding lumps beneath the skin.
other medicinal pl ants
also been exported to China and the Middle East. Figwort root resembles these swollen glands and
The fragrant root is often used in perfumery. In therefore, according to the Doctrine of Signatures
India, it is valued as an aphrodisiac and for its (which holds that a plant’s appearance indicates
reputed ability to prevent gray hair. the ailments it treats), the herb was considered
Medicinal Actions & Uses Kuth is used in to be an appropriate remedy for treating scrofula.
the Ayurvedic and Unani Tibb traditions in India Indeed, in the 16th and 17th centuries, figwort was
for its tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic properties. esteemed as the best medicinal plant to help
The root is commonly taken, in combination with relieve all manner of swellings and tumors.
other herbs, for respiratory system problems such Medicinal Actions & Uses Figwort is an
as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. It is also used to herb that supports detoxification of the body
treat cholera. and may be used as a treatment for various types
Related species S. amara is used in Mongolian of skin conditions. Taken internally as an infusion
herbal medicine to treat bacterial infections and or applied externally, figwort is of value in treating
gallbladder disease. chronic skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.
Caution Do not take kuth essential oil internally. Hartstongue is found growing in shady woodland sites across Applied externally, it will also help speed the healing
the northern hemisphere. of burns, wounds, hemorrhoids, and ulcers. The
traditional use of figwort as a treatment for swellings
Constituents Hartstongue contains tannins, and tumors continues in Europe to this day. The
Schizonepeta tenuifolia mucilage, and flavonoids (including leucodelphidin). herb is also mildly diuretic, and it is reputed to be
(Lamiaceae) History & Folklore Hartstongue has been effective when used to expel worms.
Jing Jie prescribed as a treatment for diarrhea and
dysentery for at least 2,000 years. In Wales and
Related Species Water figwort (S. aquatica),
another plant that is native to Europe, has similar
Description Perennial plant growing to 26 ft the Scottish Highlands, it was traditionally used as properties, as does the American S. marylandica.
(8 m) with upright square stems, lance-shaped a poultice for wounds, scalds, and burns, and as an In China, S. ningopoensis is used to treat infections
leaves, and whorls of small flowers. ointment for hemorrhoids. In Japan, the fronds and to clear toxicity.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Far East, were smoked by the Ainu people. Caution Do not take figwort if suffering from
jing jie is widely cultivated in eastern China. The Medicinal Actions & Uses Hartstongue was a heart condition.
aerial parts of the plant are gathered in autumn. valued in the past for its ability to heal wounds, but
Parts Used Aerial parts. today it is employed chiefly as a mild astringent. It
Constituents Jing jie contains a volatile oil, is sometimes used in the treatment of diarrhea
the main constituents of which are menthone and IBS, and it may be of benefit to the liver and
Selenicereus grandiflorus
and limonene. spleen. Hartstongue appears to have expectorant (Cactaceae)
Medicinal Actions & Uses In the Chinese
tradition, jing jie is valued as an aromatic and
properties, and it is also mildly diuretic.
Night-blooming
warming herb. It is taken to alleviate skin conditions
such as boils and itchiness. Jing jie also induces
Cereus
Scrophularia nodosa Description Climbing multibranched perennial
sweating and is used to treat fever and chills, and
as a remedy for measles. It is often combined with
(Scrophulariaceae) cactus with upright cylindrical stems and aerial
bo he (Mentha haplocalyx, p. 234).
Research Chinese studies have confirmed jing jie’s
Figwort roots. Produces large flowerbuds opening into
night-blooming white flowers that grow to 8 in
ability to increase blood flow in the vessels just Description Upright perennial herb growing (20 cm) across, and red oval fruit.
beneath the skin. to 3 ft (1 m). Has a square stem, oval leaves, small Habitat & Cultivation Native to Mexico
round brown flowers in clusters, and green and Central America, night-blooming cereus is now
seed capsules. rarely found in the wild. It is cultivated both as an
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, ornamental and a medicinal plant. The flowers and
Scolopendrium vulgare Central Asia, and North America, figwort thrives young stems are gathered in summer.
(Polypodiaceae) in wet or damp places, in open woodland, on Parts Used Flowers, young stems.
Hartstongue riverbanks, and alongside ditches. The herb is
gathered in the summer while in flower.
Constituents Night-blooming cereus contains
alkaloids (including cactine), flavonoids (isorhamnetin),
Description Evergreen fern growing to 2 ft Parts Used Aerial parts. and a pigment. Cactine’s cardiotonic effect is
(60 cm). Has long, tongue-shaped fronds with twin Constituents Figwort contains iridoids considered similar to that of cardiac glycosides (see
rows of spores on the underside. (including aucubin, harpagoside, and acetyl foxglove, Digitalis species, p. 202).
Habitat & Cultivation Hartstongue is found harpagide), flavonoids, cardioactive glycosides, Medicinal Actions & Uses As it is in short
throughout much of Europe, North Africa, East and phenolic acids. Harpagoside and harpagide supply, night-blooming cereus is little used at
Asia, and North America. It prefers shaded sites are thought to account for its antiarthritic activity. present, but it is a valuable remedy for the heart.
in woodlands and on banks and walls. The fronds History & Folklore Figwort’s genus name, It stimulates the action of the heart, increasing the
are gathered throughout the summer. Scrophularia, alludes to the plant’s age-old use as a strength of contractions while slowing heart rate. It
268 Parts Used Fronds. treatment for scrofula. In this condition, the lymph is prescribed as a treatment for various conditions,
S e S am um i n di c um
including angina and low blood pressure, and is Habitat & Cultivation The herb is native Related Species Ragwort (S. jacobaea)
often given as a tonic during recovery from a heart to central and southern Europe and now grows has traditionally been used as a poultice or
(1370–1352 bce). In ancient Egypt, the nutritionally Medicinal Actions & Uses Sarsaparilla is Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
valuable seeds were eaten and also pressed to yield anti-inflammatory and cleansing, and the herb North Africa, and northern Asia, this herb has
other medicinal pl ants
oil, which was burned in lamps and used to make can bring relief to skin problems such as eczema, been naturalized in North America. A common
ointments. Sesame has long been considered to have psoriasis, and general itchiness, and help treat wayside plant, it flourishes in open areas. The twigs
magical powers, and the phrase “Open sesame!”, from rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. Its are collected in spring or autumn, and the root
the Arabian Nights, remains a well-known magical estrogenic action makes it beneficial in bark in autumn.
command. The Middle Eastern confection halvah is premenstrual problems, and menopausal Parts Used Twigs, root bark.
made from crushed and sweetened sesame seeds. conditions such as debility and depression. Native Constituents Common nightshade contains
Medicinal Actions & Uses Sesame is Amazonian peoples take sarsaparilla to improve steroidal alkaloids (including solasodine and
principally used as a food and flavoring agent in virility and to treat menopausal problems. In soldulcamaridine), steroidal saponins, and about
China, but it is also taken to redress “states of Mexico, the root is still frequently consumed for its 10% tannins.
deficiency,” especially those affecting the liver and reputed tonic and aphrodisiac properties. History & Folklore The Swedish botanist
kidneys. The seeds are prescribed for problems Research Some of the steroidal saponins have Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) considered the
such as dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and been shown to bind to toxins within the gut, herb to be a valuable remedy for fever and
blurred vision (when due to anemia). Owing to reducing their absorption into the bloodstream. inflammatory disorders. The herb is also called
their lubricating effect within the digestive tract, This may account for sarsaparilla’s usefulness in bittersweet, perhaps referring to the initial bitter
the seeds are also considered a remedy for “dry” autoimmune conditions such as psoriasis, taste of the berries, followed by a sweet aftertaste.
constipation. The seeds have a marked ability to rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis, which Medicinal Actions & Uses This plant has
stimulate the production of breast milk. Sesame can be associated with this sort of toxicity. Clinical stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, detoxifying, and
seed oil benefits the skin and is used as a base for research in China suggests that sarsaparilla might antirheumatic properties. It appears to be most
cosmetics. It can be used to treat fungal skin hold potential in the treatment of leptospirosis, effective taken internally to treat skin problems
problems such as athlete’s foot. a rare disease transmitted to humans by rats, and such as eczema, itchiness, psoriasis, and warts.
Research Research suggests that sesame the acute stage of syphilis. A decoction of the twigs, applied as a wash,
seeds have antibacterial and antifungal activity. may also help to lessen the severity of these
They also lower cholesterol and support levels conditions. The herb may also be taken to relieve
of “good cholesterol” (HDL). asthma, chronic bronchitis, and rheumatic
Solanum dulcamara (Solanaceae)
conditions, including gout.
Common Nightshade QCaution Common nightshade is toxic in
excess. Take only under professional supervision.
Smilax spp. (Liliaceae) Description Slender-stemmed, woody climber
Sarsaparilla growing to 13 ft (4 m). Has deeply lobed oval
leaves, dark purple flowers with yellow anthers, Solanum melongena (Solanaceae)
Description Perennial woody climber growing and scarlet oval berries.
to 16 ft (5 m). Has broadly ovate leaves, tendrils, Eggplant,
and small greenish flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Sarsaparilla species
Aubergine
are found in tropical rainforests and in temperate Description An erect, herbaceous perennial
regions in Asia and Australia. The root is gathered growing to 28 in (70 cm). Has slightly woolly leaves,
throughout the year. violet flowers, and large purple fruit.
Part Used Root. Habitat & Cultivation Native to India and
Constituents Sarsaparilla Southeast Asia, the eggplant is now cultivated in
contains 1–3% steroidal many tropical areas and also grown under glass
saponins, phytosterols (including in cooler climates. The fruit is gathered when ripe
beta- and e-sitosterol), about 50% in summer or autumn.
starch, resin, sarsapic acid, and minerals. Parts Used Fruit, fruit juice, leaves.
Despite the herb’s reputation for being Constituents Eggplant contains proteins,
testosterogenic, the steroidal saponins and carbohydrates, and vitamins A, B1, B2,
sterols are estrogenic and anti-inflammatory. and C.
The saponins also have antibiotic activity. History & Folklore Eggplant has been
History & Folklore Brought from cultivated as a food in southern and eastern Asia
the New World to Spain in 1563, since ancient times.
sarsaparilla was heralded as a cure Medicinal Actions & Uses Eggplant fruit
for syphilis, reportedly having been helps to lower blood cholesterol levels and is
used in the Caribbean with some suitable as part of a diet to help regulate high
success. The claims, however, were blood pressure. The fruit can be applied fresh
grossly inflated and the herb’s popularity as a poultice for hemorrhoids, but it is more
soon waned. In Mexico, sarsaparilla has traditionally commonly used in the form of an oil or ointment.
been used to treat a variety of skin problems. Common nightshade The fruit and its juice are effective diuretics. A
Before it was replaced by artificial agents, sarsaparilla treats skin problems soothing, emollient poultice for the treatment of
270 root was the original flavoring for root beer. and bronchitis. burns, abscesses, cold sores, and similar conditions
Sor b uS auc upar i a
can be made from eggplant leaves. The mashed pain and acidity. The juice or the mashed pulp Constituents Goldenrod contains saponins,
fruit can also be applied to sunburn. may be used externally to soothe painful joints, diterpenes, phenolic glucosides, acetylenes,
contact with water, produce Stachys officinalis alone or with yarrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56)
the extremely poisonous syn. S. betonica (Lamiaceae) to help staunch nosebleeds. Betony is also mildly
other medicinal pl ants
be introduced into the ear in earache.” Apart from Strychnos nux-vomica Research In a Chinese clinical trial, a paste
its medicinal uses, chickweed is a tasty and
(Loganiaceae) made from nux vomica seeds was applied to
Medicinal Actions & Uses A strongly bitter and bronchitis. The root was also employed as tamarindus indica (Fabaceae)
herb, chiretta is powerful medicine for a weak a poultice to draw splinters and thorns, to heal
Tamarind
other medicinal pl ants
stomach, especially when linked to nausea, wounds, and to relieve headaches. It was much
indigestion, and bloating. It is taken in small, used in America in the 19th century.
Description Evergreen tree growing to 80 ft
frequent doses to improve appetite and digestive Medicinal Actions & Uses Skunk cabbage
(25 m). Has fine compound leaves, clusters of
function. For hiccups, small, frequent doses are continues to be used primarily as an expectorant,
orange-yellow flowers, and brittle gray-brown
taken with honey. Like most bitters it reduces fever, treating cases of asthma, bronchitis, and whooping
seed pods (fruit) containing up to 12 round seeds.
cooling the body and increasing blood flow to the cough. It is also taken for upper respiratory
Habitat & Cultivation While native to
liver. In Ayurvedic medicine the herb is used for problems such as nasal congestion and hayfever.
Madagascar, the tamarind is now cultivated in
pitta (fire) conditions, and is best known as the Less commonly, skunk cabbage is used as a
many of the world’s tropical regions, including
major herb in mahasudarshana churna—a standard treatment for epilepsy, headaches, vertigo, and
the Caribbean, India, Southeast Asia, and China.
mixture of more than 50 herbs prescribed for rheumatic problems, and to stop bleeding.
Parts Used Fruit, leaves, seeds.
fevers such as malaria, liver problems, gallstones, Cautions Handling fresh skunk cabbage may
Constituents Tamarind contains
and indigestion. Recently it has been used with cause the skin to blister. Excessive doses can bring
16–18% plant acids (including
other herbs to treat allergies. on nausea and vomiting, headaches, and dizziness.
nicotinic acid—vitamin B3), a volatile
Research The xanthones are thought to be
oil (with geranial, geraniol, and
antituberculous and antimalarial. Amarogentin
limonene), sugars, pectin, 0.8%
has a protective action on the liver.
Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) potassium, and fats. Vitamin C
Caution Avoid in digestive hyperacidity.
Jambul was formerly believed to be among
the constituents of tamarind, but
Description Evergreen tree growing to 33 ft this is now being disputed.
Symplocarpus foetidus (Araceae) (10 m). Has lance-shaped leaves and green-yellow History & Folklore Sailors
tansy grows in open areas, alongside roads, and Taxus baccata (Taxaceae) T. baccata also contain the substance. Studies
close to water. The flowering tops are collected as have been conducted since the 1980s in search
Yew
Medicinal Actions & Uses Laxative and Parts Used Seeds. Constituents Arborvitae contains a volatile
astringent, the fruit gently improves bowel regularity Constituents The unprocessed seed pulp oil (up to 60% thujone), coumarins, flavonoids
other medicinal pl ants
without excessively irritating the colon. It forms part contains high levels of polyphenols (mostly (including procyanidin), tannins, and polysaccharides.
of the classic Ayurvedic Triphala formula, used proantocyanidins and catechins), xanthines History & Folklore Many Native American
chiefly as a bowel tonic. Like Chinese rhubarb (including caffeine), a fixed oil, and many peoples prized arbor-vitae as a medicine for fever,
(Rheum palmatum, p. 126), chebulic myrobalan may constituents responsible for chocolate’s flavor. Due headaches, coughs, swollen hands, and rheumatic
be used as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery. to fermentation and the processing involved, problems. The herb was burned as a smudge
The fruit’s tannins protect the gut wall from chocolate has significantly reduced levels of (smoky fire) for its scent and to ward off evil
irritation and infection, and tend to reduce intestinal polyphenols. Minute quantities of endorphins spirits. The 19th-century Eclectic herbalists
secretions. Likewise, the fruit helps to counter acidic (powerful painkillers that occur naturally within used arbor-vitae as a remedy for bronchitis,
indigestion and heartburn. A decoction of chebulic the body) are also present in cacao. rheumatism, and uterine cancer. Arborvitae has
myrobalan may be used as a gargle and mouthwash, History & Folklore The word “chocolate” also been used to treat the side-effects of the
as a lotion for sore and inflamed eyes, and as a derives from chócolatl, the name given to this smallpox vaccination.
douche for vaginitis and excessive vaginal discharge. tree by the Aztecs. In 1720, Cotton Mather, an Medicinal Actions & Uses Arborvitae has
The fruit has been also shown to have liver- American preacher and natural historian, praised an established antiviral activity. It is most often used
protective and antidiabetic properties. cacao, writing that the plant “supplies the Indian to treat warts and polyps, being prescribed both
Caution Do not take chebulic myrobalan with bread, water, wine, vinegar, brandy, milk, oil, internally and externally for these conditions. It is
during pregnancy. honey, sugar, needles, thread, linen, clothes, caps, also used as part of a regime for treating cancer—
spoons, besoms, baskets, paper, and nails; timber, especially cancer of the uterus. Arborvitae makes
coverings for their houses; masts, sails, cordage for an effective expectorant and anti-congestion
their vessels; and medicine for their diseases; and remedy, and may be used to treat acute bronchitis
Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae)
what can be desired more?” and other respiratory infections. It induces
Cacao, Medicinal Actions & Uses Though cacao is
most often used as a food, it also has therapeutic
menstruation and can be taken to
bring on delayed periods, though
Cocoa value as a nervous system stimulant. In Central this use is inadvisable if menstrual
Description Evergreen tree growing to 26 ft America and the Caribbean, the seeds are taken pain is severe. Arborvitae is
(8 m). Has pale brown bark, glossy oval leaves, as a heart and kidney tonic. The plant may be used diuretic and is used to treat
clusters of small yellow flowers, and large, pear- to treat angina, and as a diuretic. Cacao butter (the acute cystitis and bed-wetting
shaped, red-yellow seed pods. fixed oil) makes a good lip salve and is often used in children. Extracts of the
as a base for suppositories and pessaries. herb may be painted on
Research The potent mix of polyphenols in the painful joints or muscles as a
unprocessed seed pulp has been the main focus of counterirritant, improving
research into cacao. These have a protective local blood supply and easing
activity on the heart and blood vessels, particularly pain and stiffness. Arborvitae twig
supporting the capillaries or microcirculation. QCautions Take only under professional
Cacao consumption is linked with lower blood supervision. Do not take arborvitae during
pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as a pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
reduced risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Self-help Use Warts, p. 304.
It also appears to have an antidiabetic activity,
stimulating the pancreas to regulate blood sugar
levels more effectively. Other potential uses of
Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae)
cacao that have been investigated include the
prevention of tooth decay, as an aid to weight loss,
as a cancer-preventative food within the diet, and
Wild Thyme
as a treatment for chronic fatigue. Description Tuft-forming evergreen herb
growing to a height of 3 in (7 cm). Has square
stems, small aromatic oval leaves, and spikes of
bright mauve flowers.
Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
Cacao is cultivated in tropical regions around the world.
The seed pulp is the source of cocoa.
Arborvitae thyme prefers heaths, moorland, and barren places.
The herb is collected when in flower in summer.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Mexico Description Evergreen tree growing to 33 ft Parts Used Flowering tops.
and Central America, cacao is now a major crop (10 m). Has scale-like leaves, male and female Constituents Wild thyme contains a volatile oil
throughout the tropics. The seed pods are harvested flowers, and small, egg-shaped cones. (with thymol, carvacrol and linalool), flavonoids,
several times a year and are cut directly from the Habitat & Cultivation Native to the caffeic acid, tannins, and resin. The volatile oil’s
trunk of the tree (where they grow). One pod northeastern U.S. and also known as white cedar, properties are similar to, but less potent than,
contains up to 50 beans, with roughly 900 weighing arborvitae flourishes in wet, marshy ground and along those of thyme oil (from Thymus vulgaris, p. 143).
21⁄4 lb (1 kg). According to the World Cocoa riverbanks. It has become a popular ornamental tree History & Folklore The 17th-century
Foundation, world production of cacao in 2012 in Europe. The leaves are gathered in summer. herbalist Nicholas Culpeper advised taking wild
276 was more than 3.8 million tons. Parts Used Leaves. thyme to treat internal bleeding, coughing, and
T r ig on e l l a f oe n um -gr aec um
vomiting. He noted that “it comforts and begged the gods not to leave her amongst mortals. falling estrogen levels, but also to exert a protective
strengthens the head, stomach, reins [ureters] and The gods granted her wish by transforming her effect on the heart and circulation in menopausal
remedy for all manner of gynecological problems, intermenstrual bleeding, helping to reduce blood Medicinal Actions & Uses All parts of
including infection of the uterus and inflammation flow. It is also used to treat bleeding associated the nasturtium appear to have antibiotic activity.
other medicinal pl ants
of the vagina and vulva. with uterine fibroids. Bethroot may also be taken An infusion of the leaves may be used to
Medicinal Actions & Uses Fenugreek is much for bleeding within the urinary tubules and, less increase resistance to bacterial infections and to
used in herbal medicine in North Africa, the Middle commonly, for the coughing up of blood. It remains clear nasal and bronchial congestion—apparently
East, and India, being esteemed as a remedy for a valuable herb in facilitating childbirth. A douche the remedy both reduces congestion formation
a wide variety of conditions. The nourishing of bethroot is useful for excessive vaginal discharge and stimulates the clearing and coughing up of
seeds are given during and yeast infections. phlegm. It can also prove useful in bacterial cystitis
convalescence and to Caution Do not take during pregnancy except and it makes an effective antiseptic wash for
encourage weight gain, under professional supervision. external application.The juice of the plant has
especially in anorexia. been taken internally for the treatment of
They are also helpful in scrofula (tubercular infection of the lymph nodes).
lowering fever, with some The piquant-tasting leaves and flowers (and juice)
Tropaeolum majus
authorities comparing Fenugreek seeds of nasturtium are high in vitamin C, and make a
their ability to that of quinine.
(Tropaeolaceae) good salad vegetable, while the ground seeds have
The seeds’ soothing effect makes them of value
in treating gastritis and gastric ulcers. They are used
Nasturtium purgative properties.
North America, coltsfoot is a common plant Tylophora asmatica (Asclepidaceae) Part Used Pollen.
often found along roadsides and on verges and Constituents Cattail contains isorhamnetin,
Asmatica,
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Rubiaceae) History & Folklore Known by the Ashaninka Squill contains substances
that have a strongly tonic
and other indigenous peoples of central Peru for
Gou Teng
other medicinal pl ants
thrives in acidic soils and in wet, boggy ground. the falling sickness… which thing is vaine and given to counter nervous exhaustion due to
It is widely cultivated in the northeastern U.S. superstitious.” However, he did affirm mullein’s excessive mental activity or concentration.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, diabetes. In the Caribbean, the flowers are used for hot swellings and tumors, mumps, and abscesses.
lesser periwinkle grows in along roadsides and as a soothing eyewash. See also heartsease (V. tricolor, following entry).
other medicinal pl ants
woodland borders. It is also cultivated as a garden Research Madagascar periwinkle’s traditional use
plant. The leaves are gathered in spring. as a treatment for diabetes has led to extensive
Parts Used Leaves. investigation into its properties. Vincristine and
Viola tricolor (Violaceae)
Constituents Lesser periwinkle contains about vinblastine are powerful anticancer agents, and are
7% indole alkaloids (including vincamine, vincine,
and vincaminine), a bisindol alkaloid (vincarubine),
two of the most important medicinal compounds
found in plants in the last 40 years. Vincristine is a
Heartsease
and tannins. Vincamine increases blood flow and standard treatment for Hodgkin’s disease, and Description Annual, biennial, or perennial
oxygen supply to the brain. vinblastine for childhood leukemia. While extracts plant growing to 15 in (38 cm). Has lobed, oval
History & Folklore In his Herbarium, the from Madagascar periwinkle have been shown to leaves and handsome violet, yellow, and white
2nd-century ce Roman writer Apuleius describes lower blood-sugar levels, simple preparations of pansy-type flowers.
lesser periwinkle’s virtues “against the devil sickness the whole plant may not be effective. Habitat & Cultivation Heartsease is native
and demoniacal possessions and against snakes and RQCaution Take Madagascar periwinkle only to Europe, North Africa, and temperate regions of
wild beasts.” He also specifies the rituals used in under professional supervision. Asia, and has become naturalized in the Americas. It
harvesting the herb: “This wort thou shalt pluck thrives in many habitats, from grasssy mountainous
thus, saying, ‘I pray thee, vinca pervinca, thee that areas to coastal sites, and is also cultivated as a garden
Viola odorata (Violaceae) plant. The aerial parts are gathered in summer.
art to be had for thy many useful qualities… outfit
me so that I be shielded and ever prosperous and
undamaged by poisons and by water.’ When thou
Sweet Violet Parts Used Aerial parts.
Constituents Heartsease contains saponins,
shalt pluck this wort, thou shalt be clean of every Description Creeping perennial growing to 6 in flavonoids, salicylates, mucilage, gums, and a resin.
uncleanness, and thou shalt pick it when the moon (15 cm). Has toothed oval leaves, and attractive, History & Folklore K’Eogh wrote in his 1735
is nine nights old.” violet-blue or white flowers with a 5-petaled corolla. Irish Herbal that heartsease flowers “cure convulsions
Medicinal Actions & Uses Lesser periwinkle Habitat & Cultivation Native to much of in children, cleanse the lungs and breast and are very
is employed as an astringent and blood-staunching Europe and Asia, sweet violet is a common wayside good for fevers, internal inflammations and wounds.”
herb. Its astringency makes it a useful mouthwash plant also found along roadsides and in woodlands. Medicinal Actions & Uses In Western
for sore throats, gingivitis, and mouth ulcers. Its The flowers and leaves are collected in spring, the herbal medicine, heartsease is used as an anti-
staunching ability is effective against internal root in autumn. inflammatory and purifying herb and is taken
bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and Parts Used Flowers, leaves, root. for skin conditions such as eczema. An infusion
nosebleeds. Since vincamine was discovered in the Constituents Sweet violet contains phenolic also makes a useful wash for itchiness. Being
leaves, lesser periwinkle has been used to treat glycosides (including gaultherin), saponins (myrosin expectorant, heartsease is used to treat bronchitis
arteriosclerosis and for dementia due to and violin), flavonoids, an alkaloid (odoratine), and whooping cough. The plant’s established
insufficient blood flow to the brain. and mucilage. diuretic action makes it useful for treating
Related Species Greater periwinkle (V. major) History & Folklore In classical myth, sweet rheumatism, cystitis, and difficulty in passing urine.
also has similar astringent activity. See also violet was associated with death, but classical Research Recent research has found that
Madagascar periwinkle (V. rosea, following entry). physicians also knew it as an effective emetic and heartsease has potential anticancer properties. It
Caution Do not take during pregnancy. cough remedy. The 17th-century herbalist Nicholas promoted programmed cell death (apoptosis) and
Culpeper stated that: “All the violets are cold and inhibited blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), both
moist while they are fresh and green, and are used important anticancer effects. A clinical trial in
to cool any heat or distemperature of the body children with asthma found that heartsease syrup
Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae) either inwardly or outwardly.” helped to control dry irritable cough alongside
Viscum album (Loranthaceae) Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) The dried fruit (raisins or currants) is mildly
Aloe vera spring/autumn offsets ■ sunny site indoors; pot up as ■fresh plant gel for minor burns and
(Aloe vera, p. 60) needed; do not overwater wounds
Comfrey spring/autumn seed/division ■ warm sunny site; moist soil ■ ointment or poultice for sprains and bruises
(Symphytum officinale, p. 138) (use the leaf only)
Feverfew autumn/spring seed/cutting/division ■ well-drained or dry, stony soil ■fresh leaf or tincture for headaches and
(Tanacetum parthenium, p. 140) in sun migraines
Lemon balm spring/autumn seed/cutting/division ■ moist soil in sun; cut back after ■ infusion for anxiety, poor sleep, and nervous
(Melissa officinalis, p. 113) flowering indigestion; lotion for cold sores
Calendula spring/autumn seed ■ well-drained soil; full sun; remove ■ cream for cuts, scrapes, inflamed skin; infusion
(Calendula officinalis, p. 73) dead flower heads for fungal infections
Peppermint spring/autumn cutting/division ■ sunny but moist site; do not allow ■ infusion for indigestion and headaches; lotion
(Mentha x piperita, p. 114) to dry out for itchy skin
Rosemary spring/autumn seed/cutting ■ sunny sheltered site; protect with ■infusion as a stimulating nerve tonic and to aid
(Rosmarinus officinalis, p. 128) burlap in winter weak digestion
Sage autumn/spring seed/cutting/layering ■ well-drained or dry, sunny, ■ infusion for sore throats, mouth ulcers, and
(Salvia officinalis, p. 131) sheltered site diarrhea
St. John’s wort spring/autumn seed/division ■ well-drained to dry soil with sun ■ tincture for depression and menopause;
(Hypericum perforatum, p. 106) or partial shade infused oil is antiseptic and heals wounds
Thyme spring/summer seed/cutting/division ■ well-drained soil, may need a layer ■ infusion for coughs, colds, and chest
(Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) of gravel; sunny site infections; lotion for fungal infections
286
herbs. Cuttings are usually taken from the stem,
although some plants may also be propagated
1 2
Fill a seed tray with seed soil mix and water well. Once the seeds have germinated, fill a number Offsets
Sprinkle on the seeds, covering large seeds with of pots with soil mix. Gently lift up a seedling, Offsets are produced from most herbs that grow
a fine layer of compost. Cover the tray with glass or insert it in a small hole in the soil mix, and pack the from a bulb or corm, such as garlic (Allium sativum,
place in a plastic bag and store in a warm place (up soil around it. Water thoroughly and do not allow to p. 59). These can be detached during dormancy
to 70°F/21°C). dry out. and replanted. 287
Harvesting & Processing sack may be more appropriate. Always cut with
a sharp knife or scissors to minimize damage to
herbal remedies for home use
Storing Herbs
It is vital to store dried herbs properly or they
will not last. Leaves, flowers, roots, and other
parts should be stored in sterilized, dark glass
containers with airtight lids. They may also be
stored in new brown paper bags, which must be
kept dry and away from light. Metal and plastic
containers are inadvisable because they may
contaminate the herb. If stored in a cool, dark
place, herbs can be kept for about 12 months
after harvesting. Herbs frozen in plastic bags can
be used for up to 6 months. Label the container
Ramsons can be found carpeting shady sites in damp woods in Europe. The bulb and aerial parts are harvested in early with the herb, source, date of harvesting, and
288 summer for their antibiotic, healing properties. strength of preparation if appropriate. Watch out
for insect infestation. If this occurs, discard all corrosive. The gel from aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60)
affected material and sterilize the container. is scraped out after slicing the leaf lengthwise and
the central part of the flower before storing. upside down over a paper-lined tray, or place in a
Small Flowers paper bag. Allow to dry and gently shake. Remove
Small blooms can be picked with the stalk attached larger seeds by hand when dry.
and separated later. Hang small flowers, such as Sap & Gel
lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108), upside down Only harvest sap from your own garden. Collect
in a paper bag, or suspended over a tray (see sap in the spring as it rises, or as it falls in the
drying seeds below). If the stems are fleshy, dry autumn. Trees such as silver birch (Betula pendula,
as for large flowers, above. p. 178) produce huge quantities of sap if tapped,
Fruit & Berries although this reduces the tree’s vitality. Bore a deep
Harvest fruit and berries in early autumn when hole into the trunk—no more than a quarter of
ripe but still firm. If left to become over-ripe, its diameter—and place a collecting cup under
they may not dry properly. They can be picked the hole. In spring, quarts of sap may be
individually or in bunches. produced, and it is essential to stop the hole
■ Place berries or fruit on absorbent paper on with resin or wood filler after about a quart (liter)
trays. Put in a warmed oven (turned off) with the of fluid has been removed. Collect milky juices or
door ajar for 3–4 hours. Move to a dry, warm, dark latex from plants such as dandelion (Taraxacum
site and turn occasionally. Discard any moldy officinale, p. 141) by squeezing the stems over a A drying rack for herbs can be simply made by covering a
berries or fruit. bowl. Wear gloves, because latex or sap can be wooden frame with wire mesh. 289
Making Herbal Remedies medicinal properties. Infusions should be made
fresh each day and decoctions must be consumed
herbal remedies for home use
or taken with water. Externally, they can be applied as a dusting powder to the Standard Dosage
Take 2–3 capsules twice a day.
skin or mixed with tinctures as a poultice (see p. 295).
Storage
Store in airtight, dark glass containers in a cool
place for up to 3–4 months.
Reputable herbal suppliers are the best place Making Capsules
to buy powdered herbs and, in general, the
finer the powder the better the grade and
quality. Gelatin or vegetarian capsule cases
are also available from specialist outlets.
Powdered slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
makes a useful base for poultices (see p. 295),
and astringents such as witch hazel (Hamamelis
1 2
virginiana, p. 102) may be applied to weeping Pour the powder into a saucer and slide the When the halves of the capsule are full of powder,
skin or mixed into ointments (see p. 295) for capsule halves toward one another, scooping slide them together without spilling the powder,
292 hemorrhoids and varicose veins. up the powder (or use a capsule-making tray). and store.
Tonic Wines Standard Quantity
1
tincture or myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85) Simmer the herb for 2 minutes. Squeeze out any in place using gauze or
tincture makes a useful poultice for drawing boils excess liquid, rub some oil on the affected area to cotton strips. Leave on for
and wounds. prevent sticking, and apply the herb while hot. up to 3 hours, as required. 295
Creams Standard Quantity
herbal remedies for home use
Applying a Lotion
As specified, make an infusion or decoction
(see p. 291), and strain it well. Alternatively,
dilute a tincture with water. Soak a clean cloth
in the lotion and wring it out thoroughly. Then
gently bathe the affected area with the cloth
(rather than laying it on the skin as you would
1 Wash your hands thoroughly and soak a soft cloth
or clean washcloth in the lotion. Wring out the
excess liquid. Before applying, rub some oil on the
2 Place the compress against the affected area. For
pain and swellings, secure the compress with
plastic film and safety pins and leave for up to 1–2
296 a compress). affected area to prevent sticking. hours. Reapply as required.
Other Preparations
What Can Go Wrong? herbs from the wild, you must be certain
Following a few simple rules will normally ensure what herb it is that you are collecting. For
that the worst that happens when taking an herbal example, ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), which
medicine is that there is no improvement in your is very toxic to the liver, can easily be
condition. Nevertheless, there are situations in which mistaken for St. John’s wort (Hypericum
herbal remedies can cause damage, and several perforatum, p. 106): both grow in open
medicinal herbs have been shown to interact with areas and produce clusters of bright
conventional medicines. In very rare circumstances yellow flowers in the summer. In rare
people have become seriously ill or have died from cases, the physical act of picking certain
taking herbal medicines, though in almost every highly toxic herbs could be dangerous,
case the problem has resulted from one of the because absorption takes place across the skin.
following safety factors being ignored. If at any time Hemlock (Conium maculatum, p. 194), for example,
you think that you are reacting badly to an herbal is so toxic that serious side effects can result from
medicine, stop taking it immediately, and contact a simply handling the plant. effectiveness within the body, and in extreme
qualified herbalist or naturopath, or your doctor. situations could threaten life. It is also inadvisable
The wrong part of an herb is used. It is important to take St. John’s wort at the same time as other
How Problems Can Occur to use the correct part of the herb. Sometimes antidepressants. A number of herbs, notably
The wrong herb is used due to mistaken one part of a plant is safe, while all other parts dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), interact with
identification. Usually, when herbs are bought over are poisonous. For example, while the potato anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin and
the counter you have no need to worry, as the tuber (Solanum tuberosum, p. 271) makes good, clopidogrel. These drugs are prescribed to prevent
necessary checks have been made to ensure it nutritious food, all other parts of the plant are blood clotting. Herbal products containing these
has been correctly identified. If you are harvesting highly toxic. herbs will interact with anticoagulants and increase
the risk of internal or external bleeding. Always tell
Poor-quality material is used or the herb has health-care professionals what medicines you are
been poorly prepared. If you are making up your using—both herbal and conventional. If you are
own remedy, follow the recommended methods taking medicines prescribed by your doctor, it is
for storage and preparation (see Harvesting & always sensible to seek advice before starting to
Processing, pp. 288–289). If buying over the counter, take herbal remedies.
check the section on Quality Control (see p. 17) for
advice on purchasing good-quality products. The herbal remedy causes an allergic reaction.
By and large, allergic reactions to herbs result from
The wrong herbal remedy is being used. You can touching the herb (contact dermatitis) and from
avoid this problem if you stick to using well-known breathing in pollen or powdered herb (airborne
herbs and take them to treat the conditions for allergies). Some plants are well known for causing
which they are usually recommended. Ginger contact dermatitis—rue (Ruta graveolens, p. 265)
(Zingiber officinale, p. 155) and sweet flag (Acorus for example—and should not be handled by those
calamus, p. 57) both help to relieve nausea and prone to allergies. Some powdered herbs can
indigestion, but ginger is an altogether safer stimulate sneezing attacks in the sensitive—for
medicine—it is better known, is a common example linden (Tilia spp., p. 277). In some cases,
treatment for motion and morning sickness, and, herbal medicines may trigger allergic reactions
unlike sweet flag, has no known side effects. within the body. This kind of response is more
worrying, and if you are prone to allergies it is
The herbal remedy interacts with other advisable to see a qualified herbalist before taking
medicines. Herbal remedies are medicines, so all but the most common herbs.
it should come as no surprise that conventional
medicines can interact with them. Several herbs Other treatment is needed. Sometimes herbal
are known to interact with conventional medicines. medicine is not the appropriate form of treatment.
St. John’s wort, for example, speeds up the rate If you have an acute illness or injury, are seriously ill,
Ragwort is a toxic plant and,
at which the liver breaks down a range of drugs, or do not recover as expected after taking an
with its yellow flowers, easily including certain antibiotics, antiepileptics, and herbal remedy, do not delay—seek professional
298 mistaken for St. John’s wort. immune-suppressants. This reduces their advice or emergency treatment.
Remedies for Common Ailments Herbal Preparations
All quantities are for dried herbs unless specified.
professional practitioner before taking an herb, external use, dilute essential oils with a carrier oil,
internal herbal (or other) medicine without
such as sunflower or almond, in a ratio of 1 part
professional advice. and do not discontinue any medicine without
essential oil to 20 parts carrier oil; e.g., 5 drops
■ Infants & Children, p. 318, gives children’s dosages. their approval.
essential oil to 1 tsp (5 ml) carrier oil. For a bath,
add 5–10 drops of neat essential oil to the
running water. To use essential oils in massage,
see p. 297.
Other Information
For other preparations, weighing & measuring,
and equipment, see pp. 291–297.
Self-help
Lifestyle, diet and exercise advice is given in this
section. In general, these suggestions do not
provide a “quick-fix” solution and need to be
followed long term if they are to be effective.
They should be used in addition to the
recommended herbal remedy. By ensuring that
your body has the right nutrition and level of
fitness, you protect yourself against many ailments
such as infections and circulatory problems, as
Infusions make effective remedies; some well as increase your chances of a speedy and
are also relaxing or refreshing drinks. effective recovery. 299
Allergies
herbal remedies for home use
Nettle
reducing contact with allergens (if known) and working to reduce ■ Any allergy that shows signs of deterioration
(Urtica dioica) the body’s oversensitivity. Herbal remedies can bring relief to some after taking an herbal remedy
allergic states and are helpful in gradually reducing allergic reactions. See also
Skin Rashes, p. 303.
Eczema
Characterized by red, inflamed skin, eczema General Remedies (150 ml) of water. Leave for 15 minutes, strain,
causes irritation, flaking, scaling, and tiny blisters. Herbs Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114), and cool. Use as a wash up to 5 times a day.
Although it is often the result of an allergic chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272) Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla
reaction to certain substances, eczema can also Remedy 1 Make peppermint lotion by infusing recutita, p. 77)
be inherited, result from prolonged contact 1 tsp of herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Leave
Remedy Make an infusion using 50 g of herb
with an irritant, or it may simply appear for for 10 minutes, then strain and cool. Use to wash
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Apply directly to
an unknown reason. It is best to consult a gently over the affected skin 2–3 times a day.
the itchy area when cool, or add the hot
professional practitioner as eczema is difficult Remedy 2 Apply chickweed ointment, cream,
infusion to a warm bath and soak in it for at
to self-treat. However, the following remedies, or freshly squeezed juice up to 5 times a day.
taken for at least a week, can bring relief. Two least 20 minutes.
Option Add 2 drops of peppermint oil to
remedies may be used at once. Chickweed 1 tsp of any of the chickweed preparations. Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
reduces soreness or itchiness, and oats can be Remedy Fill a muslin (or similar) bag with
Herb Gotu kola (Centella asiatica, p. 76)
used to impart a soothing, emollient effect to milled oats and place under a hot tap while
Remedy Dust the affected area with powder
bathwater. See also Skin Rashes, p. 303. running a bath. Relax in the bath for
2–3 times a day. Alternatively, mix the powder
with enough water to make a thick paste and 5–10 minutes.
Self-help
spread over the affected area 1–2 times a day.
To avoid scratching, cover the affected area
with an absorbent, non-irritating material such
Eczema with Weeping Skin
as cotton.
Herb Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)
QGeneral caution If there is no improvement,
or if the condition deteriorates, consult a Remedy Apply lotion or cream up to 5 times
professional practitioner. a day (the lotion is preferable). Alternatively,
make a decoction with 2 tsp of leaves to 3/4 cup
300
Mild Asthma, Wheezing, & Shortness of Breath
Anemia
There are several types of anemia. Iron General Remedies Anemia due to Heavy
deficiency anemia, caused by blood loss Herbs Gentian (Gentiana lutea, p. 99), wormwood Menstrual Bleeding
from a wound or menstrual bleeding, can be (Artemisia absinthium, p. 66) Herb Nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146)
countered with herbs. Bitter herbs, such as Remedy Take 2–5 drops of either tincture with Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of herb to
gentian, improve the absorption of nutrients, water, half an hour before meals. 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip the whole dose at
and nettle contains plenty of iron. Increase Caution Do not take wormwood during pregnancy. intervals throughout the day.
your intake of other green herbs that See also Heavy Menstrual Bleeding—
contain iron. Herb Chiretta (Swertia chirata, p. 273)
Four Things Soup remedy, p. 315.
QGeneral
Remedy Take 5–10 drops of tincture with water
caution Seek professional advice to
determine the type of anemia you have before 3 times a day before meals.
home treatment.
Minor wounds, bruises, and grazes are part Cleansing Wounds Healing Wounds
of everyday life, and the remedies listed make Herb Yarrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56) Herbs Comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138),
effective home treatments. Witch hazel is a very Remedy Make a yarrow lotion, allow to cool, and aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60)
good astringent for minor scrapes, bruises, and use as a wash. Remedy Apply comfrey ointment at the edges
swellings, protecting and soothing the damaged of the wound or, once a scab has formed, use a
Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
area. Arnica can be used to relieve bruising, pain, comfrey poultice. Use aloe vera gel to cleanse
Remedy Make a calendula lotion with 2 heaping
and swelling, and it combines well with witch the wound (see left).
tsp of herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water, or use the
hazel. Wounds can be cleansed with aloe vera Caution Do not use comfrey on an open wound.
tincture neat or diluted in water. Apply either
gel which, like comfrey, is an excellent wound
preparation to the wound.
healer. Comfrey ointment is helpful in clearing Bruises
Note Calendula tincture will sting strongly, but it has a
old scars. See also Sprains & Fractures, p. 312. Herbs Arnica (Arnica montana, p. 172), witch
greater antiseptic action.
QGeneral caution Seek immediate medical attention hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)
for serious or deep wounds, bruising, or scrapes, Herb Aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60) Remedy Apply arnica ointment to bruises and
especially if the pain has not considerably lessened Remedy Cleanse the wound with the gel swellings 2–3 times a day, or use distilled witch
after 24 hours. and cover with a dressing soaked in gel. hazel, as above.
Change frequently. Caution Do not use arnica on broken skin.
Herb Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)
Remedy Apply distilled witch hazel (available over
the counter) to the affected area 2–3 times a day.
Stomachache
Cramping pain is a sign that the stomach and Stomach Spasm Digestive Infections
intestines are sore and irritated. This is normally Relaxing herbs German chamomile Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
due to poor digestion, excessive nervous tension, (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), lemon balm (Melissa Remedy Eat 1–2 fresh cloves a day.
food poisoning, or infection. Stomachache may officinalis, p. 113), cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
occur on its own or lead to vomiting and p. 150) Remedy Infuse 2 tsp of herb in 3 cups
diarrhea (in which case, use the remedies on Carminative herbs Anise (Pimpinella anisum, (750 ml) of water and drink up to 3 cups a day.
p. 306). Garlic and calendula are antiviral and will p. 248), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212), mint
help clear digestive infections. Relaxing herbs, (Mentha spp., pp. 234–235), angelica (Angelica Herbs Yarrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56),
such as German chamomile and cramp bark, archangelica, p. 168) peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114),
relieve stomach spasm. For maximum benefit, Remedy Mix 3 parts of a relaxing herb to 1 part catnip (Nepeta cataria, p. 239)
they are mixed with carminative herbs to help of a carminative herb and make an infusion. (For Remedy Mix equal parts of each herb. Make
relieve gas. the carminative herbs, use fennel seeds, aniseed, an infusion of 2 tsp of mixture to 3/4 cup (150
QGeneral cautions Seek professional advice if mint leaves, or angelica root.) Drink up to 3 cups ml) of water. Drink 11/4 cups (300 ml) a day.
stomach pain is severe or recurrent. All species of mint (750 ml) a day. Caution Do not take yarrow in pregnancy.
(Mentha spp.) are unsuitable for children under 5.
305
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Nausea & Vomiting, Including Motion Sickness
herbal remedies for home use
Nausea and vomiting can occur for various Nausea & Motion Sickness Vomiting with Dizziness & Vertigo
reasons, including food poisoning, infections, Herbs Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155), galangal Herb Black horehound (Ballota nigra, p. 176)
fever, migraine, stress, or emotional problems, as (Alpinia officinarum, p. 61), turmeric (Curcuma longa, Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3
well as travel sickness. For short-term conditions, p. 90) cups (750 ml) a day.
there are many herbs that reduce or relieve the Remedy Make an infusion with one of the herbs QCaution Seek professional advice if symptoms do
unpleasant, empty, gnawing symptoms of nausea listed using about 1–2 slices (0.5 g) of fresh root not immediately improve.
and vomiting. Most of the herbs listed are also or 1⁄4–1⁄2 tsp of dried, powdered, or grated root to
very useful for travel sickness. 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Use the fresh root if Nausea with Headache
Ginger, in particular, and other close relatives possible. Infuse for at least 5 minutes and sip while Herbs Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114),
such as galangal and turmeric, are widely used hot. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Add 1–2 pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium, p. 235), bo he
for nausea and vomiting. They help to “warm” cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97) if desired. (Mentha haplocalyx, p. 234)
and settle the digestion. Option Use the remedy under Nausea with Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp of
Chiretta strengthens weak digestion and Headache. one herb per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up
relieves nausea. Tip For travel sickness, take the infusion in a flask or to 21/3–3 cups (600–750 ml) a day.
Lemon is an excellent cleansing remedy for chew crystallized ginger. Other uses This remedy combats abdominal fullness
weak and sluggish digestion. and helps improve the appetite and digestion.
If you are pregnant, or suspect you may be Weak Digestion Caution Do not give these herbs to children under 5.
Herbs Chiretta (Swertia chirata, p. 273), centaury Do not take pennyroyal during pregnancy.
pregnant, see Morning Sickness, p. 317, before
taking any of these remedies. (Erythraea centaurium, p. 206)
Remedy Take 2–4 drops of one of the tinctures on
Loss of Appetite & Vomiting
QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if nausea
Herb Codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula, p. 83)
is severe or is recurrent. All types or species of mint the tongue each hour.
(Mentha spp.) are unsuitable for children under 5. Remedy Make a decoction and sip 21/2 tbsp
Herb Lemon (Citrus limon, p. 82) (50 ml) every 2–3 hours until the vomiting stops
Remedy Drink the freshly squeezed juice of a or the dose has been taken over 2 days.
lemon, neat or diluted, each morning. Other uses For anorexia, add 5 g of licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101).
Nausea due to Emotional Problems Caution Do not take licorice during pregnancy.
Herb Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113)
Remedy Make an infusion with the dried herb or
use 2 tsp of fresh herb per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of
water. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day.
306
Constipation & Diarrhea
advice for:
Most of us have little opportunity to escape from daily ■ Severe nerve, chest, or head pain
pressures, and consequently the nervous system is unable to ■ Headache or pain that does not improve
recover its natural vitality. Long-term stress can lead to anxiety, within 48 hours despite self-medication
nervousness, depression, insomnia, palpitations, and irritability. ■ Loss of sensation or loss of movement
Herbal medicines can be wonderfully effective for nourishing ■ Double vision
Valerian
the nervous system, calming and relaxing the mind, and gently ■ Severe depression
(Valeriana officinalis) stimulating or sedating the body. Headaches and migraine
respond well to treatment with herbs, as can conditions directly affecting the
nerves, such as neuralgia.
Insomnia
Difficulty in sleeping affects everyone at one time General Remedies Overactive Mind
or another. Herbs can provide a safe and gentle Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, Herb Hops (Humulus lupulus, p. 104)
solution to this problem. p. 77), linden (Tilia spp., p. 277), lavender Remedy Take the tincture with water at night.
Sedative herbs such as German chamomile, (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108), passionflower Start with 10 drops up to a maximum of 40
linden, lavender, hops, and passionflower are (Passiflora incarnata, p. 119) drops each night.
relaxing and, unlike some herbs, are most likely Remedy The above herbs are listed in Caution Do not take hops internally if feeling low
to be effective against insomnia when taken at ascending order of strength. Start with the or depressed.
night. Hops are excellent when the mind refuses weakest, German chamomile, and if it does not
to “switch off.” help, try the next strongest. Make an infusion in Poor sleep & nervous exhaustion
Stimulant herbs are effective when the a covered container using 1–2 heaping tsp per 3/4 Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
body suffers from nervous exhaustion and cup (150 ml) of water. Take prior to sleeping. Remedy Eat oats daily, for example as a hot
feels, paradoxically, too tired for sleep. Oats Alternatively, take 1 tsp of tincture with water cereal, and take 1 tsp of oat straw tincture with
and ginseng encourage a good night’s sleep, up to 3 times a night. water 3 times a day.
especially for people suffering from nervous
Herbs Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148), hops Herbs Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera,
tension and fatigue.
(Humulus lupulus, p. 104), passionflower (Passiflora p. 152), Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus
Herbal sleeping pills, containing
incarnata, p. 119) senticosus, p. 94)
combinations of valerian, hops, passionflower,
Remedy 1 Take tablets containing one or more Remedy Take 1–2 g of ashwagandha or
and similar herbs, are often helpful in
of the herbs. Siberian ginseng up to 3 times a day. Either
overcoming mild sleep problems and in
Remedy 2 Make a sachet with dried hops chew the root, or cook it in a soup. Alternatively,
reducing feelings of anxiety and stress.
(see p. 104) and place inside your pillow. take tablets.
Caution Do not take hops internally if feeling low Cautions Avoid taking caffeine while taking
or depressed. ashwagandha and Siberian ginseng. Do not take
Siberian ginseng for more than 6 weeks at a time.
Do not take during pregnancy. Do not give to children
under 12.
309
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Respiratory Tract Problems QSeek immediate professional
Herbal remedies for Home use
advice for:
The respiratory system stretches from the lining of the eyes ■ Difficulty in breathing or chest pain
and sinuses to the base of the lungs, and is constantly exposed ■ Cough that lasts for more than 2 weeks
to dust, dirt, and organisms in the air. It is no surprise that in our ■ Severe pain in the respiratory tract
ever more polluted world we often face problems such as ■ Coughing up blood
sinus congestion and asthma. Herbal remedies aim to protect ■ Fever of 102°F (39°C) or more
Thyme the linings of the eyes, ears, sinuses, nose, and throat, as well ■ Heavy nosebleed lasting longer than
(Thymus vulgaris) as the respiratory “tree” of the lungs by countering infection, 1 hour
clearing congestion, soothing the mucous membranes, and relieving
inflammation or allergy.
Nosebleeds
Many herbs are reputed to stop nosebleeds, Prevention of Nosebleeds Nosebleeds
and most are effective. Using an herb as snuff is Herbs Eyebright (Euphrasia spp., p. 209), nettle Herbs Wild geranium (Geranium maculatum,
a traditional way of staunching a nosebleed. (Urtica dioica, p. 146) p. 216)
QCaution If the nosebleed continues for some hours Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of either Remedy First, pinch the nostrils and tilt back the
or is very heavy, seek immediate professional advice. herb to 3 cups of water. Take up to 21/2 cups a day. head. Then sniff 1⁄2 tsp of the powdered herb.
Eye Problems
Rather than treating the eyes themselves, these Sore & Tired Eyes Conjunctivitis
remedies benefit the mucous tissue lining the Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, Herbs Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis, p. 209),
eyes, which is contiguous with the nose and p. 77), ju hua (Chrysanthemum x morifolium, p. 78) cornflower (Centaurea cyanus, p. 185)
throat. Problems affecting the linings of the eyes Remedy Make a compress by infusing a German Remedy Make an infusion with either herb and
often respond well to local treatment with herbal chamomile teabag, or make a poultice with 15 g strain. When warm (not hot), put in an eyebath
remedies, but care must be taken not to irritate of either herb to 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Cool, and bathe eyes well. Use no more than twice a day.
the eyes with particles of herbs left in the lotion. squeeze out the excess, and place the teabag or QCaution Seek professional advice if there is no
poultice over the eye. improvement in 3–4 days.
310
Colds, Flu, & Fevers
Excessive nasal congestion is not always easy to General Remedy Remedy Break open a garlic oil capsule, place
treat and suggests poor air quality, inappropriate Herb Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, p. 96) 2 drops on a cotton ball, and plug into the
diet, or an allergy. The shape of the nose and Remedy Make a steam inhalation by infusing affected ear. Alternatively, crush a large clove of
sinuses (the air-filled cavities in the bones around 15 g of herb, or put 5–10 drops of essential oil in garlic and soak in 1 tbsp of sunflower or olive oil
the nose) can also play a role in this condition. 3 cups (750 ml) water. Inhale for 10 minutes. for at least 24 hours. Strain the oil and warm it
Sinuses can become blocked with fluid, causing to body temperature. Then place 2 drops on a
painful pressure. Earache may be caused by local Allergic States with Excessive Nasal cotton ball and plug into the ear.
infection—in which case garlic is particularly Mucus, such as Hay Fever
Earache due to Chronic Congestion
effective—or congestion. Lavender is helpful in Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,
Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), thyme
soothing the pain of all types of earache. p. 77)
(Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), marshmallow (Althaea
Remedy Make a steam inhalation by infusing officinalis, p. 165), elderflower (Sambucus nigra,
Diet 15 g of herb, or put 5–10 drops of essential oil in p. 132)
As a first step, reduce foods thought to 3 cups (750 ml) water. Inhale for 10 minutes. Remedy Mix equal parts of each tincture and
increase mucus production, such as dairy, take 1 tsp 3 times a day with water.
eggs, fried and fatty food, sugar, and refined Earache
carbohydrates, such as white flour, as well Herb Lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108) Copious Liquid Mucus &
as alcohol. Remedy Place 2 drops of essential oil on a cotton Sinus Congestion
QGeneral caution Seek professional advice for ball and plug into the ear. See Allergic Rhinitis, p. 300.
earache, especially in children.
Earache Caused by Infection Sinus Headaches
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) See Tension & Sinus Headaches, p. 309.
Back Pain
Above all, back problems require specialist General Remedies Other uses Use for sciatica and other back problems
attention and plenty of rest. Herbal remedies Herbs Cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150), that cause neuralgia, as well as for stiff joints and
chronic muscle ache.
contribute to overall improvement by alleviating prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum, p. 153)
pain and muscle tension, and helping to make life Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of cramp bark Back Pain due to Joint Inflammation
more comfortable. and 5 g of prickly ash bark to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Herbs White willow (Salix alba, p. 129),
Cramp bark and prickly ash are warming, Strain and rub into the affected area, or use 1 tbsp of cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150), devil’s claw
relaxing herbs, which, when rubbed into the tincture and apply in the same way. (Harpagophytum procumbens, p. 103)
affected area, help to “unknot” taut muscles. Note Use especially for tense neck and Remedy Mix equal parts of each root and
Lavender and St. John’s wort are useful lumbar regions.
make a decoction. Divide into 6 doses and take
herbs when nervous tension is contributing Herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) over 2 days. If there is no improvement after
to the problem. Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of herb to 3 7 days, divide the decoction into 3 doses and
Devil’s claw and cramp bark have effective cups (750 ml) of water and strain into a bath. Soak take daily for up to a week.
anti-inflammatory properties and help reduce for 20 minutes. Caution Do not take devil’s claw during pregnancy.
swollen joints.
Passionflower encourages sleep, particularly Herbs St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,
p. 106), lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108),
Sleeplessness due to Backache
when back pain is accompanied by nervous Herbs Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata,
tension. pepper (Piper nigrum, p. 250), crampbark
p. 119), valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148),
Sciatica (a painful condition caused by a (Viburnum opulus, p. 150)
cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150)
trapped spinal nerve) and neuralgia can both Remedy Take 2 tbsp of sunflower oil or St. John’s
Remedy Make a decoction using 8 g each of
be relieved by using an external rub containing wort infused oil, add 20 drops of lavender
passionflower, valerian, and cramp bark to 3
St. John’s wort infused oil. essential oil, 10 drops each of rosemary and
cups (750 ml) of water and drink 3/4–11/4 cup
QGeneral cautions Back problems need specialist
pepper essential oil, and 1 tsp of cramp bark
(150–300 ml) at night (the decoction is sufficient
care. For chronic or severe back pain, seek the advice tincture. Shake and rub into tense areas, either
for 2 days).
of a professional practitioner to gain the most benefit after a bath or having first warmed the area with
from herbal medicine. a hot towel.
313
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Urinary & Fungal Infections QSeek immediate professional
herbal remedies for home use
advice for:
Infections signal that the body’s resistance to disease has become ■ Infections that show no signs of
weakened, particularly if they are long-lasting or recurrent. Minor improvement, or deteriorate after taking
infections affecting the kidneys and urinary system are common an herbal remedy
and, despite being hard to shake off, can be treated by boosting ■ Temperatures above 102°F (39°C)
the body’s natural defenses. Fungal infections can also be difficult to ■ Pain in the kidneys
clear and may require professional treatment, although herbs such ■ Blood in the urine
Echinacea as garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia,
(Echinacea spp.) p. 112) are strongly antifungal. If the infection is chronic, it is
Urinary Infections
Cystitis (an infection of the bladder and urinary General Remedies Herb Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, p. 147)
tubules) can be a serious problem if it spreads to Herbs Buchu (Barosma betulina, p. 71), cornsilk Remedy Make a decoction of the berries and
the kidneys. Mild cystitis and other urinary (Zea mays, p. 154), marshmallow (Althaea drink 12/3–21/3 cups (450–600 ml) a day.
infections can be cured with a mixture of officinalis, p. 165) Tip Cranberry juice may be substituted for bilberry
antiseptic herbs such as buchu and soothing Remedy Make an infusion with 5 g of each herb decoction.
herbs such as marshmallow. Taking echinacea to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 4 doses Herbs Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59), echinacea
or garlic at the same time improves the body’s and drink throughout the day. (Echinacea spp., p. 92)
resistance to infection. Bilberry or cranberry, Option Substitute juniper (Juniperus communis, Remedy Take either or both herbs in capsule
which are from the same genus, are excellent p. 224) or goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea, p. 271) or tablet form.
for urinary infections. for buchu. Note Take in addition to other remedies.
QGeneral cautions Seek immediate professional help if Caution Do not take juniper or buchu during pregnancy.
cystitis is severe or recurrent, or if there is blood in the
urine or pain around the kidneys or small of the back.
Fungal Infections
Fungal infections are common and can be hard General Remedies Oral Thrush
to treat. Vaginal yeast infection is increasingly Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), thyme Herbs Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101),
found as a side effect of conventional antibiotic (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85), echinacea
treatment. Calendula is helpful for treating this Remedy Mix 2 parts echinacea tincture to (Echinacea spp., p. 92)
troublesome condition. Candidiasis (accelerated 1 part thyme tincture and take 1 tsp twice a day Remedy Mix equal parts of the tincture of
growth of Candida albicans, a yeastlike organism with water. each herb. Take 1 tsp as a mouthwash with
within the gut) can cause considerable problems, water every 3–4 hours, as required.
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
but mild cases may be helped with antiseptic
Remedy Take 1–2 garlic cloves a day, crushed
and antifungal herbs, such as garlic. All types of Candidiasis
and swallowed with water or mixed with food.
fungal infections can be helped with herbs that Herbs Elderflower (Sambucus nigra, p. 132),
boost the immune system, such as echinacea, calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), thyme
Vaginal Yeast Infection
as well as by applying an external remedy to (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)
Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
the affected area. Remedy Make an infusion with 8 g of each
Remedy Make an infusion and allow to cool.
Strain and use as a douche or wash. herb to 3 cups (750 ml) water and drink
Diet 11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) each day.
Option Add the infusion to a bath and soak for
Diet is an important factor when treating
fungal problems. Cut out or reduce intake
20 minutes. Herb Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia spp., p. 139)
of bread, alcohol, and other foods containing Herb Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112) Remedy Make a decoction with 12 g bark to 3
yeast or sugar. Remedy Use pessaries or place 1–2 drops of cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3–4 doses
essential oil diluted with 3 drops of olive oil on a and drink throughout the day. Alternatively,
Self-help tampon and insert into the vagina (this may sting). take capsules or 1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water
Candidiasis sufferers can take probiotic capsules Remove after 2–3 hours and only use once a day. up to 3 times a day.
or live yogurt to help the growth of beneficial QCaution During pregnancy, use these pessaries and
bacteria in the intestines. For yeast infection, live tampons only with professional advice. Fungal Skin Infections, Including
yogurt can be inserted into the vagina. Athlete’s Foot
See p. 304.
QGeneral caution Seek professional advice for
candidiasis, as it is often a difficult condition to treat.
314
Reproductive & Menstrual Problems QSeek immediate professional
Menstrual Problems
The menstrual cycle can be disturbed for many Irregular Cycle Fluid Retention
reasons, most of them relating to hormonal Herb Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151) Herb Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, p. 141)
imbalances. Other causes include stress, too Remedy Take tablets, or take 30–40 drops Remedy Make an infusion with the leaves and
much or too little exercise, weight problems, food (1.5–2 ml) of tincture with water each morning drink up to 12/3 cups (450 ml) a day.
sensitivity or allergy, steroids, the contraceptive on waking for at least 2 months.
pill, chronic illness, vitamin and mineral deficiency, Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Herb Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca, p. 227)
and even excess caffeine, alcohol, or smoking. To Herb Chuang xiong (Ligusticum wallachii),
Remedy Make an infusion and take 3/4–11/4 cups
determine the underlying cause, it is important white peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117), dong quai
(150–300 ml) a day for up to 3 monthly cycles.
to consult a professional practitioner. (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), rehmannia (Rehmannia
Caution Do not take if menstrual bleeding is heavy.
Taking remedies for menstrual glutinosa, p. 125)
problems. The remedies listed should all be Remedy Mix equal parts of each root and
Premenstrual Syndrome
taken at the appropriate point in the cycle for make a decoction using 15 g of the mixture
Herbs Vervain (Verbena officinalis, p. 149), linden
2–3 cycles. to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Drink in 3 equal
(Tilia spp., p. 277)
The normal menstrual cycle lasts about doses throughout the day.
Remedy (Internal) Make an infusion using
28 days. If this cycle varies greatly from one Note Any of these herbs will help, but they are
either herb (or an equal mix of both) and drink up
period to another without reason, it could be best together, in which form they are known as
to 3 cups (750 ml) throughout the day.
termed irregular. Four Things Soup.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and Herb Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148)
Herb Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris,
period pain have many causes and are Remedy (Internal) Take tablets containing
p. 183), nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146)
experienced at some stage by most women. valerian, or take 20–40 drops of tincture with
Remedy Make an infusion using 7.5 g of each
Breast tenderness, sore nipples, and fluid water up to 5 times a day.
herb (or 15 g of shepherd’s purse only) to 3
retention are common symptoms. Herb Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, p. 128) cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3–4 doses
Heavy periods can result in anemia. If your Remedy (External) Make an infusion with and drink throughout the day.
period lasts longer than 5 days or if you have 1 tbsp of dried or 2 tbsp of fresh leaves to
to change your protection every 2 hours, your 1 quart (liter) of water and strain into a warm bath Period Pain
periods may be too heavy. Nettle (Urtica dioica, each morning. Alternatively, add 5–10 drops Flavor the decoctions with 1 heaping tsp
p. 146) is an excellent tonic, especially for heavy of essential oil to a bath. of caraway seeds (Carum carvi, p. 184). Mix
bleeding, as it contains more iron than spinach Note Also try the chaste tree remedy under Irregular before decocting.
and can be eaten as a nourishing vegetable. Cycle above. Herbs Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa, p. 91),
cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150), black haw
Self-help Breast Tenderness & Sore Nipples (Viburnum prunifolium, p. 281)
Combine herbal remedies with a diet high Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of herb
in fresh vegetables and fruit, and low in fatty p. 77) to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip small amounts
foods, sugar, and alcohol. Try not to smoke. Remedy Make a compress with an infusion of during the day; or take 2 tsp of tincture with
Regular exercise, particularly of the waist and 50 g of herb and 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Place water 3–4 times a day for up to 3 days, then
pelvis, is helpful, as is a relaxed attitude to life. gently over the breasts. Repeat as often as reduce the dose to 1 tsp a day for 5 days, or
All reproductive problems will benefit from this required to achieve relief. take tablets.
simple approach. Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
QGeneral
Herb White peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117)
caution For any chronic menstrual Remedy Apply ointment to the nipples.
problem, it is wise to seek professional attention, Remedy Make a decoction using 20 g of root
especially if your periods are very heavy or painful. If breastfeeding, wipe off the ointment to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip this throughout
before feeding. the day.
315
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Fertility Problems in Women
Herbal remedies for Home use
Although much more research is needed, herbal Aiding Conception Low Sex Drive
medicine does appear to increase fertility in Herb Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151) Herb Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis, p. 133)
women who are trying to conceive, especially Remedy Take tablets or take 20–40 drops of Remedy Soak 5 g (a small handful) of berries
if the problem is related to hormonal imbalances, tincture with water each morning for a maximum in water overnight. Strain the berries and make
age, or the amount of mucus produced by the of 3 months at a time. a decoction with 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Brew
cervix. Where there appears to be no physical for 15 minutes and take the dose each day.
Herb Dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63)
problem preventing conception, for example a Remedy Take tablets or make a decoction using Herb Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus, p. 174)
blocked fallopian tube, ovarian cysts, or internal 12 g of root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and drink Remedy Take 1 tsp of tincture twice a day
scarring, herbal medicines are well worth trying. each day for up to 3 months. with water.
Diet, exercise, and lifestyle may also play a
Caution Discontinue if you become pregnant.
significant role in improving fertility.
Menopausal Problems
Menopause is defined as the cessation of Decreased Estrogen Hot Flashes & Night Sweats
menstruation. It usually takes place between & Progesterone Levels Herb Sage (Salvia officinalis, p. 131)
the ages of 45 and 55. After two years without Herb Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151) Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3 cups
having a period, you can be sure that the Remedy Take tablets, or 20–40 drops of tincture (450 ml), either during the day, or mainly at
“change of life” has occurred. with water each morning. night, if this is when the problem chiefly occurs.
Both estrogen and progesterone levels
Herb Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus, p. 174) Herbs White willow (Salix alba, p. 129), black
decline during menopause despite opinion
Remedy Take ½ tsp of tincture 2–3 times daily cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
to the contrary. Herbs such as chaste tree,
with water. Remedy Take one of the above herbs in
which have a progesterogenic effect, are as
Herb Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79) tablet form, or take 1 tsp of tincture with
important
Remedy Take tablets, or take 25 drops of water at night.
as those that support estrogen levels, since both
hormones appear to help maintain bone density, tincture with water 3 times a day. Herb White peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117)
reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Option Black cohosh combines well with sage. Remedy Make a decoction with 20 g root to 3
Maintaining vitality is important during Mix equal parts of each tincture and take 30–40 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip throughout the day.
menopause, since many problems result drops (1.5–2 ml) with water 3 times a day.
as much from being run-down and tired, as
from hormonal changes. If you feel low and Depression & Decreased Vitality
exhausted, some of these remedies may help Herb St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,
to raise vitality and spirits. St. John’s wort is an p. 106)
excellent medicine for depression. Remedy Take 1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water
Hot flashes and night sweats are principally 3 times a day.
caused by hormonal changes. However, nervous Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
exhaustion increases the occurrence of these Remedy Eat 25–50 g of oats as a breakfast cereal,
conditions. or with other food.
QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if there Option In addition, make an infusion with oat
is prolonged or irregular menstrual bleeding. straw. Divide into 3 doses and drink throughout
the day.
316
Pregnancy QSeek immediate professional
3 days
to continue using herbs in cooking throughout pregnancy.
Maintaining Vitality
Pregnancy is a time of great change for the Morning Sickness & Nausea Preparing for Childbirth
body. Many minor ailments can be relieved by The following remedies are an exception and can Herb Raspberry (Rubus idaeus, p. 264)
homemade herbal remedies. be taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy. Remedy Make an infusion using 1 tsp of
Morning sickness (sensations of nausea) the chopped fresh or dried leaf per 3/4 cup
need not be restricted to the morning. Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,
(150 ml) of water. Brew for 5–6 minutes and
Generally starting in the 4th–6th week and p. 77)
drink 3/4–1 cup (150–300 ml) a day during the
lasting until the 14th–16th week, morning Remedy Make an infusion in a covered
last 10 weeks of pregnancy.
sickness has many causes, including hormone container. Sip small quantities during the day.
Cautions Do not leave the infusion to brew for
fluctuations, low blood pressure, low sugar Do not drink more than 3 cups (750 ml) a day. more than 5–6 minutes. Do not take until the last
levels, food allergies, poor diet, and stress. Herb Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155) 10 weeks of pregnancy.
Edema (fluid retention and bloating) is Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2–1 tsp of
extremely common during pregnancy. Water grated fresh ginger per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Stretch Marks
seeps from the blood vessels into the surrounding Sip small amounts frequently throughout the day, Herbs Aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60), olive
tissue, causing puffiness. The ankles and calves rather than drinking 3/4 cup (150 ml) at a time. (Olea europaea, p. 241)
are mostly affected. Take a maximum of 12/3 cups (450 ml) a day. Remedy Rub aloe vera gel over the affected
Constipation often occurs as pregnancy areas or massage olive oil firmly into the skin
Herb Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212) 1–2 times a day.
develops. Pressure increases on the lower Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2 tsp of seeds
bowel, impeding circulation. per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and then drink up to Poor Sleep
Heartburn (pain in the center of the chest) 12/3 cups (450 ml) a day. See Insomnia (the German chamomile, linden,
may also be caused by increased pressure within
lavender, and passionflower remedy under
the body. Edema General Remedies), p. 309.
Stretch marks sometimes appear as the body Herb Cornsilk (Zea mays, p. 154)
swells. They can be minimized by rubbing aloe Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups Anemia & High Blood Pressure
vera gel or olive oil into the skin to maintain (750 ml) a day. See Circulatory Problems, p. 301.
its elasticity.
Childbirth can be helped by drinking raspberry Constipation Hemorrhoids
leaf tea, a traditional remedy that prepares the Herbs Psyllium (Plantago spp., p. 123), flaxseed See Varicose Veins & Hemorrhoids, p. 302
uterine muscles for labor and giving birth. (Linum usitatissimum, p. 109) and Constipation & Diarrhea, p. 307.
Remedy Take 1–2 tsp of either of the seeds
Herbs During Pregnancy with a large glass of water each day or soak them Backache
■ For the first 3 months avoid all herbal remedies, in cold water overnight before taking. See Back Pain, p. 313.
including essential oils, unless professionally Note Eat more dried fruit, especially figs.
prescribed. Varicose Veins
■ The following herbs are particularly dangerous Heartburn See Varicose Veins & Hemorrhoids, p. 302.
and should on no account be taken during Herb Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, p. 98)
pregnancy: blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides, Remedy Make an infusion and drink 3/4–11/4 cup Vaginal Yeast Infections
p. 185), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105), (150–300 ml) a day. See Fungal Infections, p. 314.
juniper (Juniperus communis, p. 224), pennyroyal
(Mentha pulegium, p. 235), yarrow (Achillea Headache & Nervous Tension Bladder & Kidney Infections
millefolium, p. 56), and therapeutic doses of sage Herb Linden (Tilia spp., p. 277) See Edema, left.
(Salvia officinalis, p. 131). Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3–21/3 cups
(450–600 ml) a day. Healing After Childbirth
See Cleansing Wounds & Healing Wounds,
p. 304.
317
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Infants & Children QSeek immediate professional
herbal remedies for home use
advice for:
The following herbs are considered particularly suitable for ■ Severe diarrhea or vomiting; a temperature
children, easing symptoms and speeding recovery. Most of the of 102°F (39°C); fever with convulsions;
remedies are best given as infusions, and can be given in a bottle. breathing difficulties; unusual drowsiness;
Infusions can be flavored with honey (see Cautions right) or high-pitched crying
maple syrup if necessary, but they are better given unsweetened. QCautions Do not give babies under 6 months any
medicine without professional advice. Do not give
Slippery Elm The dosages given are for 1–6-year-olds, but they can be adjusted honey to children under 1 year as in rare cases it can
(Ulmus rubra) to suit other age groups (see below). Many of the remedies listed cause food poisoning.
in other sections are also suitable for babies and children; herbs that are not
appropriate are clearly identified (see p. 299 for dosage requirements before
administering any adult remedies).
General Ailments
Infants and children are susceptible to a wide Digestive Upsets, Gas, & Colic skin at each diaper change.
array of ailments. The following infusions are suitable for infants over Note For diaper rash, the ointment is best.
Digestive upsets that result in diarrhea 6 months. For those under 6 months, the infusions Herbs Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73),
and constipation can be the result of food can be taken by breastfeeding mothers. nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146)
intolerance or allergy in infants, especially Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp
when foods such as dairy are being introduced Herb Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155)
Remedy Give 1⁄4 level tsp of powder with 1/4 cup of each herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give
into the diet. Other minor digestive upsets due 3/4–11/4 cup (150–300 ml) a day.
to infection or inflammation can cause loss (75 ml) of hot water 1–2 times a day.
of appetite. Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, Cradle Cap
Colic is a spasm of the gut causing cramping p. 77) Herb Olive (Olea europaea, p. 241)
pain in the abdomen. It usually occurs during the Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp to Remedy Apply olive oil to the affected area
first 3 months of life, particularly after feeding 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give up to 12⁄3 cups 1–2 times a day.
in the evening, when the digestion may not be (450 ml) a day.
working so well. Colds, Congestion, & Chest Coughs
Herbs Anise (Pimpinella anisum, p. 248), fennel
Diaper rash occurs when urine, moisture, and Herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)
(Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212)
irritants in the diaper cause the baby’s skin to Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp herb
Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp of either
become red, sore, and damp. It’s essential to clean to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give 2/3–1 cup a day.
of the seeds to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give up to 1
the baby thoroughly at each diaper change. Ensure Herbs Elderberry (Sambucus nigra, p. 132),
cup (300 ml) a day.
that cloth diapers are thoroughly rinsed, avoid pelargonium (Pelargonium sidoides, p. 120),
leaving a wet, chafing diaper on the baby, and Herb Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)
remove the diaper completely whenever possible. Remedy Mix 1 tsp of powder with hot water to
Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp thyme
Cradle cap is a thick yellow-brown make a paste, then blend with cold or warm water
leaves to 2/3 cup of water. Give 2/3–1 cup a day.
encrustation on the baby’s scalp, caused by as required and flavor with honey, cinnamon, or
Remedy Give elderberry or pelargonium
overactivity of the sebum oil glands. maple syrup. Give up to 50 g powder in doses
extract, as recommended by practitioner
Headaches, colds, congestion, and chest during the day.
or supplier.
coughs are common problems in childhood
and often respond well to herbal treatment. Constipation Earache
Insomnia is a common childhood problem Herbs Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum, p. 109),
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
even though children require more sleep slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
Remedy Break open a garlic oil capsule, put
than adults and should sleep with ease. Over- Remedy Give 1 tsp of flaxseed or slippery elm
1 drop on a cotton ball, and plug into the ear.
excitement, teething, a wet diaper, or being too with a large glass of water each day.
hot or cold may interfere with sleep patterns. Teething
Herbs such as linden will encourage a relaxed Diarrhea Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,
night’s sleep. Herbs Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria, p. 162), p. 77), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
common plantain (Plantago major, p. 251) Remedy Give German chamomile infusion
Dosage Remedy Make an infusion using 15 g of either (see Digestive Upsets) or make a paste from
The dosages on this page are for 1–6-year-olds. herb to 1⁄2 liter of water and give up to 11/4 cup slippery elm powder and the infusion, and rub
For other ages, adapt the doses as follows: (300 ml) each day. on the gums.
6–12 months old—1⁄3 dose
7–12 years old—11⁄2 dose Diaper Rash & Inflamed Skin Rashes Difficulty in Sleeping
To adapt remedies from elsewhere in the book Herb Chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272) Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,
for children, see p. 299. Remedy Apply ointment 1–2 times a day. p. 77), linden (Tilia spp., p. 277)
Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73) Remedy Make an infusion using either herb and
Remedy Apply ointment or cream to clean, dry give 3/4–11/4 cups (150–300 ml) before bedtime.
318
Older Adults Important Note
Maintaining Vitality
Many herbs help to maintain vitality. General Remedy Option If ginseng is too stimulating, take 3 g of
Thyme is a much underrated herb. Recent Herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula, p. 83) a day in
research has discovered that it has antiaging Remedy Make a standard infusion. the same way as ginseng. This has a milder, but
and tonic properties that maintain vitality and Take 11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) a day. nonetheless tonic and strengthening, effect.
reduce the chance of catching colds, flu, and
other respiratory infections. Stress or Convalescence Nervous Exhaustion & Stress
Ashwagandha is a tonic, calming herb that Herb Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, p. 152) Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
may slow the aging process. It is particularly Remedy Take 1 g of the root 2–3 times a day, Remedy Eat 25 g of oats each day (for example,
suited to aid recovery from long-term illness. either by chewing it or chopping it and mixing with as a hot cereal). Alternatively, take 1⁄2 tsp of the
Ginseng is well known as a remedy that a little water. tincture twice a day.
supports vitality and resistance to stress and Herb Ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118) Herb Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea, p. 127)
infection in older people. Remedy Take 1 g 1–2 times a day for up to Remedy Take ½ tsp (2.5 ml) of tincture 2–3
Rhodiola has similar tonic, restorative 3 months. Chew the fresh or dried root, cook times a day or as recommended by supplier.
properties to ashwagandha and ginseng, but it in a soup, or take in tablet form.
enhances mental performance and has a mild
Caution Do not take caffeine while taking ginseng.
antidepressant activity.
General Conditions
Conditions that arise through aging need patient, Failing Memory & Concentration Weakened Liver & Metabolism
long-term treatment. Herb Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, p. 100) Herb Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa,
Ginkgo is the oldest tree on the planet. Its Remedy Take ginkgo tablets. These need to be p. 125)
leaves maintain good circulation to the head and taken regularly for at least 3 months. Remedy Chew 5 g of root 1–3 times a day, or
brain, improving memory, concentration, and make a decoction with 5 g of root to 1 cup
energy levels. Evidence suggests it may reduce Herb Gotu kola (Centella asiatica, p. 76)
Remedy Take tablets or ½ tsp tincture twice (250 ml) of water and take 1–3 times a day.
the risk of a stroke.
Gotu kola has significant anti-inflammatory a day.
Weakened Digestion
activity, for example in arthritis, but is also a tonic
Poor Circulation & High Blood Pressure Herb Gentian (Gentiana lutea, p. 99)
that helps to protect the nervous system and to
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) Remedy Take 5–10 drops of tincture with
maintain memory and cognition.
Garlic has great value as a long-term dietary Remedy Take 1–2 raw cloves a day with food, water about 30 minutes before eating,
supplement, helping to maintain healthy or take garlic tablets or capsules on a regular basis. 3 times a day.
circulation, balance blood-sugar levels, reduce Caution Do not take gentian if you suffer from
Herb Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, acid indigestion or a peptic ulcer.
high blood pressure and fat levels in the blood,
p. 210)
and improve resistance to infection, especially
bronchitis. Remedy Make a standard infusion and drink up Arthritic Pain & Rheumatism
Rehmannia, a Chinese tonic herb with to 11/4 cup (300 ml) a day. See Joint Pain & Stiffness, Including Arthritis
strengthening and mildly stimulant properties, & Gout, p. 313.
appears to lower blood pressure and blood fat Chronic Infections Note Take one of the remedies for a maximum of
levels. It is suitable for people who have a weak Herbs Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59), echinacea 2–3 weeks. If there is no improvement, consult an
(Echinacea spp., p. 92) herbal practitioner.
liver and metabolism.
Gentian, a bitter herb, helps the absorption Remedy Take 1–2 raw cloves of garlic each day
of food by maintaining digestive secretions, with food, or take either herb in tablet or capsule
which diminish with age. form on a regular basis.
319
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
Consulting an Herbal Practitioner
C o n s u lt i n g a n h e r b a l P r a C t i t i o n e r
Many common health problems, such as colds and indigestion, do not require
a professional consultation and can be successfully treated using herbs at home.
However, persistent or more serious ailments, such as stomach ulcers and
shingles, can be difficult or dangerous to treat on one’s own and need the
advice and treatment of a qualified herbal practitioner or naturopath.
What Does Herbal Medicine or measuring hemoglobin levels from a drop The regulation of medical herbalism varies
Treat Best? of blood. The herbalist will then recommend considerably around the world. In the Far East,
It is difficult to state exactly which ailments appropriate treatment, usually involving an herbal practitioners and hospitals routinely offer herbal
best respond to herbal medicine, since almost prescription, dietary advice, and a suggested medicine, acupuncture, and other traditional
no research has been undertaken with this exercise regimen. If you are already undergoing healing practices alongside Western conventional
conventional treatment, the herbalist will advise medicine. In the U.S., the leading practitioner
question in mind. Nevertheless, the experience
you on its compatibility with herbal medicine and, organization is the American Herbalists Guild.
of herbal practitioners and their patients suggests
if necessary, devise a program to discontinue Herbal practitioners in continental Europe
that many chronic and some acute illnesses readily
pharmaceutical medicines gradually. are known as phytotherapists, and are usually
improve with herbal medicine. Conditions that conventional medical practitioners who have
are commonly treated by herbalists include Subsequent consultations generally last about
studied plant medicine at the postgraduate level.
allergies, arthritis, chronic or frequent infections, 30 minutes and are likely to take place every 4 to
In Australia, the National Herbalists’ Association
6 weeks for a period of 3 months. This, of course,
circulatory problems, liver disease, menstrual and of Australia (NHAA) is the leading professional
may vary, depending on the nature of the treatment.
gynecological problems, skin disorders, and stress- body of herbal practitioners.
related complaints such as headaches, insomnia, In many parts of the world, herbal medicine is
Safety of Herbs unregulated. In this situation, it is wise to be
and palpitations.
Although herbal medicine is extremely safe, the cautious and, as far as possible, to find a practitioner
fact that it is natural does not necessarily mean it based on personal recommendation.
Choosing a Practitioner
is harmless. The best guarantee against poor
Herbal practitioners tend to treat ill health more
treatment is to consult a well-trained practitioner
effectively as they gain greater experience. Anyone
who belongs to a recognized professional association Herbal Practitioner Organizations
with a serious illness, such as rheumatoid arthritis This list is made up of recommended herbal
and prescribes high-quality herbal medicines.
or cancer, should seek an experienced practitioner. practitioner organizations active in the U.S.
Nevertheless, herbalists newly launched into and Canada.
Professional Training
practice often bring a more flexible approach to Traditionally, herbalists learned their craft by
treatment, having the time and enthusiasm for UNITED STATES
apprenticeship. Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654), American Herbalists Guild
patients that may be lacking in their more senior for example, was apprenticed to an apothecary for www.americanherbalistsguild.com
counterparts. That said, a trusting relationship is as 10 years. Today, herbal practitioners are generally American Association of
important as the treatment itself—always find a trained at a college or university, acquiring their Naturopathic Physicians
practitioner in whom you feel confident. The best clinical skills in herbal and, in some cases, hospital www.naturopathic.org
way to find an herbalist is by recommendation, or clinics. The curriculum typically includes an in-depth National Certification Commission for
by looking on the websites of the herbal study of medical sciences, such as physiology, Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
organizations listed on this page. pathology, pharmacology, and botany, as well as what (NCCAOM)
can be called the herbal sciences, materia medica, https://mx.nccaom.org/FindAPractitioner
The Consultation nutrition, and therapeutics. Modern training National Ayurvedic Medical Association
On visiting an herbalist you should be made to feel attempts to honor and retain the best of traditional www.ayurvedanama.org
welcome, receiving an attentive and sympathetic herbal medicine, while incorporating the insights of California College of Ayurveda
ear. The first consultation takes about an hour, so contemporary medical science and research. www.ayurvedacollege.com/resources/
there is ample time for the practitioner to gain a Ayurveda-practitioner-CAS
rounded view of your health problems and life as Herbalism Worldwide
a whole. Western medical herbalism is the traditional form CANADA
You will probably be asked about family traits, of herbal medicine practiced in Britain. However, The Canadian Herbalist’s Association
of British Columbia
diet, lifestyle, levels of stress, and any particular the Chinese and Ayurvedic traditions, among others,
www.chaofbc.ca
anxieties that you may have. If appropriate, a are becoming more popular and are raising their
physical examination will take place, and the standards of training. If you wish to consult a Ontario Herbalists Association
www.herbalists.on.ca
practitioner will explain as far as possible what Chinese or Ayurvedic herbalist, it is strongly
is wrong and how much improvement can be recommended that you select a member of the
320 expected. Clinical tests may include urine analysis associations listed on this page.
Glossary Doctrine of Signatures Theory that the appearance of Steroids Active chemicals, of animal and plant origin, with
a plant reveals its medicinal properties powerful hormonal actions
Glossary
Eclectic Popular system of herbal medicine in 19th- and Stimulant Increases rate of activity and nervous excitement
Many plant constituents and their actions early 20th-century North America Stomachic Eases stomach pain or increases stomach activity
Elixir A liquid herbal preparation with a pleasant taste, due Styptic Stops bleeding when applied topically
are explained in How Medicinal Plants Work, to the addition of honey or sugar
pp. 10–16. Sympathetic nervous system Part of the nervous system
Emetic Causes vomiting involved in maintaining arousal, alertness, and muscle tone
Emmenagogue Stimulates menstrual flow Systemic Affecting the body as a whole rather than
Medical Emollient Softens or soothes the skin individual organs
Abortifacient Causes abortion Essential oil Distillation of volatile oils derived from Terpenes Molecules that form the base of most constituents
Adaptogenic Helps the body adapt to stress and supports aromatic plants of volatile oils
normal function Expectorant Stimulates coughing and helps clear phlegm Tincture Plant medicine prepared by macerating herb in
Anabolic Promotes tissue growth from the throat and chest water and alcohol
Anesthetic Numbs perception of external sensations Febrifuge Reduces fever Tonic Exerts a restorative or nourishing action on the body
Analgesic Reduces pain Fixed oil A nonvolatile oil (plant constituent). An oil Tonify Strengthens and restores body systems
produced by hot or cold infusion (preparation) Topical Application of herbal remedy to body surface
Anaphrodisiac Inhibits libido and sexual activity
Galenical A medicine, in a standard formula, prepared Vasoconstrictor Contracts and narrows blood vessels
Anorexia Lack of appetite from plants
Anthelmintic Expels or destroys parasitic worms Vasodilator Relaxes and widens blood vessels
Hemostatic Stops or reduces bleeding
Anthraquinones Irritate the intestinal wall causing a Vermifuge Expels intestinal worms
Hallucinogenic Causes visions or hallucinations
bowel movement Volatile oil Plant constituent distilled to produce essential oil
Hepatic Affects the liver
Antibiotic Destroys or inhibits microorganisms Vulnerary Heals wounds
Hepatoprotective Protects the liver
Anticoagulant Prevents blood clotting Yin and yang Complementary opposites in Chinese
Humor An important body fluid in traditional European or philosophy (see pp. 40–42)
Antifungal Combats fungal infections Indian medicine (see p. 32)
Anti-inflammatory Reduces inflammation Hypertension High blood pressure
Antimicrobial Destroys or inhibits microorganisms Hypnotic Induces sleep
Botanical
Antioxidant Prevents oxidation and breakdown of tissues Aerial parts Parts of plant growing above ground
Hypoglycemic Lowers blood glucose levels
Antiseptic Destroys or inhibits microorganisms that Annual Plant that completes its life cycle in a year
Hypotension Low blood pressure
cause infection Aril Secondary covering over the seed in certain plants
Immune stimulant Stimulates the body’s immune
Antispasmodic Relieves muscle spasm, or reduces defenses to counter infection Aromatic Plant with high levels of volatile oil
muscle tone
Infusion Water-based preparation in which flowers, leaves, Axil Upper angle formed by leaf stem and supporting stem
Antitussive Soothes and relieves coughing or stems are brewed in a similar way to tea or branch
Aperient Mild laxative Inhalation Breathing of medicinally infused steam or liquid Basal leaves Leaves growing from the base of the stem
Aphrodisiac Excites libido and sexual activity through the nasal passages Biennial Plant that completes its life cycle in 2 years,
Aseptic Free from contamination by harmful bacteria, Intermittent fever A fever that recurs regularly; e.g., generally flowering in the second year
viruses, or other microorganisms malaria Capsule Dry fruit that splits open when ripe to scatter seeds
Astringent Tightens mucous membranes and skin, reducing Laxative Promotes evacuation of the bowels Composite flowers Flowers made up of usually 2 types of
secretions and bleeding from abrasions Liniment External medication applied by rubbing tiny florets, disc and ray; some have disc florets only
Autonomic nervous system Part of the nervous system Mydriatic Dilates the pupil of the eye Compound Leaves or flowers made up of many individual
responsible for the control of bodily functions that are not small flowers or leaflets
consciously directed; e.g., sweating, beating of the heart Narcotic Causes drowsiness or stupor and relieves pain
Cordate Having heart-shaped leaves
Ayurveda Traditional Indian system of medicine Nervine Restores the nerves; relaxes the nervous system
Corm Bulblike, underground storage organ formed by a
(see pp. 36–39) Neuralgia Pain resulting from irritation or inflammation of swollen stem base
Bitter Stimulates secretions of saliva and digestive juices, a nerve
Corolla Collective term for the petals of a flower
increasing appetite Edema Fluid retention
Deciduous Plant that sheds leaves each year
Carcinogenic Causes cancer Estrogenic With a similar action to estrogen in the
body, supporting and maintaining the female reproductive Dioecious Species with male and female parts on
Cardiotonic Improves heart function separate plants
organs
Carminative Relieves digestive gas and indigestion Herbaceous Plant that dies down at the end of the
Ointment A blend of fats or oils that form a protective
Carrier oil Oil such as wheatgerm, to which essential oils layer over the skin growing season
are added in order to dilute them for use Insectivorous Plant that traps and digests insects and other
Oxytocic Induces contractions of the uterus
Cathartic A drastic purgative small animals
Parasiticide Kills parasites
Circulatory stimulant Increases blood flow, usually to a Lanceolate Lance-shaped
given area; e.g., hands and feet Parasympathetic nervous system Part of the nervous
system involved in vegetative functions, especially digestion Latex Milky fluid found in various plants and trees
Colic Abdominal pain produced by strong contractions of Panicle A branched cluster of flowers on stalks in a
intestines or bladder Pectoral Acts on the lungs
pyramid-shaped arrangement
Compress A cloth pad soaked in a hot or cold herbal Photosensitive Heightened sensitivity to sunlight
Perennial Plant that lives for at least 3 seasons
extract and applied to the skin Physiomedicalism 19th- and 20th-century American and
British system of herbal medicine Pinnate A compound leaf with leaflets growing in 2 rows
Counterirritant Superficial irritant used to relieve more on each side of its mid-rib
deep-seated pain or discomfort Poultice Herbal preparation usually applied hot to affected
area to alleviate pain and reduce swelling Rhizome Underground storage stem
Cream A mixture of water and fat or oil that blends with
the skin Prostaglandins Chemicals in plants and the human Stamen Male fertilizing organ of a flowering plant
Decoction Water-based preparation of bark, roots, berries, body that have a hormonal action affecting a wide range Stigma Female organ of a flower
or seeds simmered in boiling water of conditions including pain and inflammation Succulent Plant with thick, fleshy leaves and/or stems
Demulcent Coats, soothes, and protects body surfaces Purgative A very strong laxative Trifoliate Plant with 3 leaves or leaflets
such as the gastric mucous membranes Qi Vital energy force in Chinese philosophy (see pp. 24–25) Tuber Thickened part of underground stem
Depurative Detoxifying agent Rubefacient Stimulates blood flow to skin, causing Umbel Umbrella-like arrangement of flowers with all flower
Detoxification The process of aiding removal of toxins and reddening and warming stems arising from the same point
waste products from the body Sedative Reduces activity and nervous excitement Whorl Ring of leaves or flowers radiating out horizontally
Diaphoretic Induces sweating Simple An herb used on its own from a central point
Diuretic Stimulates urine flow Spasmolytic Relaxes muscles Wildcrafting Harvesting herbs from the wild 321
Bibliography Schultes, R. & Raffauf, R.
The Healing Forest
Lloyd, G. (ed.)
Hippocratic Writings
bibliography
gener al index
68, 117, 124 aseptic dressing 28
Bold page numbers refer to main plant entries in Key Medicinal Plants angostura 214 ash 213
angular Solomon’s seal 253 ashwagandha 38, 152
and Other Medicinal Plants. Ailments for which there is a self-help anise 53, 223, 248–49 Asian plum 257
treatment are in bold. annatto 179 asiaticocide 76
Annona squamosa 169 asmatica 279
annual nettle 146 Aspalanthus linearis 174
A allergic rhinitis 300
allergies 300–301, 312 Anthemis, A. cotula 169 asparagus 174
Allium, A. cepa 11, 59, 164 A. nobilis see Chamaemelum nobile Asparagus, A. officinalis 174
abdominal pain 307
A. fistulosum 164 anthraquinones 15, 126 A. racemosus 174
Abies balsamea 158
A. sativum 13, 19, 28, 36, 49, 51, 59, Anthriscus cerefolium 169–70 Asperula odorata syn. Galium odoratum
Aboriginal medicine 46
164, 287 anti-inflammatory herbs 13, 51 174–75
Abrus precatorius 38, 158
A. sibiricum 164 antibiotic herbs 13, 28, 85 Aspidium filix-mas see Dryopteros
absinthe 66
A. ursinum 59, 164 antiseptic herbs 12, 13, 97, 112, 122 filix-mas
Abutilon, A. indicum 158
allspice 248 see also aseptic dressing Aspidosperma, A. excelsum 175
A. trisulcatum 158
Alnus glutinosa syn. A. rotundifolia 164–65 antispasmodic herbs 13, 97, 114, 135, 150 A. quebracho-blanco 175
Acacia spp., A. catechu syn. Senegalia
catechu 14, 158–59 Aloe, A. ferox 60 anxiety, chronic 308 aspirin 26, 98, 129
A. decurrens 46, 159 A. vera syn. A. barbadensis 45, 60, Aphanes arvensis 170 asthma, mild 301
A. nilotica syn. A arabica 159 286, 289 aphrodisiacs 57, 97, 115, 118, 122, 144 asthma plant 209
acai 210 aloe vera 45, 60, 161, 286, 289 Apium graveolens 15, 64 astragalus 68
Acanthopanacis gracilistylus 94 Aloysia triphylla see Lippia citriodora A. graveolens var. rapaceum 64 Astragalus membranaceus 68
acanthus 159 Alpinia, A. officinarum 61 appetite, loss of 306 astringent herbs, action of 13
Acanthus mollis 159 A. katsumadai 61 apricot 15, 257 athlete’s foot 304
Achillea millefolium 33, 56, 291 A. officinarum 22, 41, 61 Apuleius 194 Atlas cedar 185
Achyranthes, A. aspera 159 A. oxyphylla 61 Arab medicine see Islamic medicine Atractylodes macrocephala 175
A. bidentata 159 Alstonia spp. 46, 165 Arabian jasmine 224 Atropa belladonna 16, 35, 69
acidity, stomach 307 A. constricta 165 Aralia, A. chinensis 170 aubergine 69, 270–71
acne 305 A. scholaris 165 A. cordata 170 Australian medicine 46–47
aconite 22, 160 Althaea, A. officinalis 13, 34, 35, 158, 165 A. nudicaulis 170 Australian quinine 165
Aconitum, A. carmichaelii 160 A. rosea 165, 221 A. racemosa 170 Australian wattle 46, 159
A. napellus 22, 160 Amanita muscaria 18, 187 arborvitae 276 Avena sativa 11–12, 13, 175
Acorus, A. calamus 13, 39, 57, 298 amaranth 165 Arbutus unedo 170 avens 216
A. calamus var. americanus 57 Amaranthus, A. caudatus 165 Arctium, A. lappa 12, 13, 20, 65, 177, 264 Avicenna 21, 33, 89
A. gramineus 57 A. grandiflorus 165 A. minus 65 avocado 50, 121
adaptogenic herbs 12, 13, 118, 127 A. hypochondriacus 165 A. tomentosum 65 ayahuasca 18, 53, 176
Adhatoda vasica 160 amarogentin 99 Arctostaphylus uva-ursi 71, 144, 147, 170, Ayurvedic medicine 21, 22, 24, 29, 36–39
Adiantum, A. capillus-veneris 160 American angelica 63 212, 281 chakras 37, 38
A. caudatum 160 American Botanical Council 51 Areca catechu 250 doshas 37–38
Adonis vernalis 160 American boxwood 196 areca nut 250 five elements 37
adulteration of herbal products 17 American chestnut 184 Arenaria, A. peploides 171 life force 24
Aegle marmelos 18, 19, 161 American cranesbill 120, 216 A. rubra 170–71 practitioners 38, 39
Aesculus hippocastanum 15, 58 American ginseng 118, 243–44 Argemone, A. glauca 171 prana 38
Aframomum melegueta 45 American hellebore 281 A. mexicana 171 preparations and treatments 38–39
African cedar 185 American mandrake 252 Arisaema spp. 171 Western influence 27
African medicine 44–45 American pennyroyal 235 A. triphyllum 171 Azadirachta indica 70, 161
African rue 245 American spikenard 170 Aristolochia clematitis 171 Aztec and Mayan cultures 21, 26, 48
agar 215 American storax 229 Aristotle 18, 32
Agastache rugosa 42, 161
agave 161
American valerian 199–200
American white ash 213
arjun 142
Armoracia rusticana syn. Colchlearia
B
Agave, A. americana 161 Ammi, A. majus 62, 166 armoracia 171–72 ba ji tian 237
A. sisalana 161 A. visnaga syn. Daucus visnaga 13, 15, 19, arnica 35, 172 ba jiao hui xian (star anise) 222–23
agnus castus 151 44, 47, 62 Arnica, A. fulgens 172 babul 159
Agrimonia, A. eupatoria 162 ammoniacum 203 A. montana 35, 172 bacc (sweet flag) 57
A. pilosa 162 Anacardium occidentale 166 arquitecta 53 Bach Flower Remedies 230
agrimony 162 Anacyclus pyrethrum 45, 166 arrow poisons 22, 160, 189 back pain/backache 313, 317
Agropyron repens syn. Elymus repens 162 anemia 301 arrowroot 52, 233 Bacopa monnieri 175
Ailanthus, A. altissima syn. A. glandulosa 162 anesthetic herbs 11 Artemisia, A. abrotanum 66, 67, 172 Badianus Manuscript (Martin de la Cruz)
A. malabrica 163 Anagallis arvensis 166–67 A. absinthium 13, 16, 66, 67, 172 48, 161
Ajuga, A. chamaepitys 163 analgesic herbs 11, 13, 21, 86, 96, 97, 103, A. annua 10, 43, 66, 67 bael 18, 19, 161
A. decumbens 163 114, 122, 155 A. anomala 66 bai guo (ginkgo) 100
A. reptans 163 Anamirta cocculus 167 A. apiacea 67 bai shao yao (white peony) 117
albizzia 163 Ananas comosus 53, 167 A. capillaris 66, 67, 172 bai tou weng (Chinese anemone) 259
Albizzia lebbeck 163 andrographis 167 A. cina 66, 67, 172–73 bai zhi 169
Alchemilla vulgaris 163–64, 286 Andrographis paniculata 167 A. dracunculus 66, 67, 173 bai zhu 175
alchemy 24 Anemarrhena asphodeloides 168 A. vulgaris 66, 67, 173 Baical skullcap 40, 42, 134, 135, 175
alder 164–65 Anemone, A. nemorosa 168 artemisinin 67 balloon vine 37, 183
alder buckthorn 261–62 A. pratensis 168 arteriosclerosis 301 Ballota nigra 176
alehoof 216 A. pulsatilla syn. Pulsatilla vulgaris 35, 168 arthritis, with acid indigestion/peptic ulcer 313 balm of Gilead 254–55
Aletris farinosa 164 Anethum graveolens syn. Peucedanum inflamed joints 313 balmony 188
Alexandrian senna 75 graveolens 168 old age 319 balsam fir 158
alfalfa 233–34 angelica 33, 63, 168–69 artichoke 13, 137, 199 Bambusa, B. arundiaceae 176
alkaloids 16, 26 Angelica, A. archangelica 33, 63, 168–69 asafoetida 38, 203, 210–11 B. breviflora 176
“all-heal” (valerian) 148 A. atropurpurea 63 Asclepias, A. incarnata 174 ban bian lian (Chinese lobelia) 110 323
banana 238 bloodletting 24 camphor 190 19, 47, 78
Banisteriopsis caapi 18, 53, 176 bloodroot 266 Canada balsam see balsam fir Central American medicine 21, 48
gener al index
banyan tree 211 blue cohosh 50, 185 Canadian fleabane 47, 194–95 century plant 161
Baptisia tinctoria 176–77 blue flag 223 Canadian goldenrod 271 Cephaelis ipecacuanha 52, 186
barberry 177–78 blue gum 96 Cananga odorata syn. Canangium Ceratonia siliqua 186
“barefoot doctors” 29 blue toadflax 227 odoratum 182 Cetraria islandica 186
barley 220–21 blue vervain 149 candidiasis 314 Ceylon leadwort 251
Barosma, B. betulina syn. Agathosma blueberry 147 canella 182 chaff flower 159
betulina 13, 26, 44, 71, 281 bo he 234–35 Canella winterana syn. C. alba 182 chai hu (bupleurum) 72
B. crenulata 71 bog myrtle 238–39 Cannabis sativa 21, 104, 182 chakras (Ayurvedic medicine) 37, 38
B. serratifolia 71 bogbean 235 cao dou cou (galangal) 61 Chamaelirium lutea 51, 186–87
barun (varuna) 88 boils 305 Cape aloes 60 Chamaemelum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis
basil 241 boldo 52, 246 Cape gooseberry 247 77, 187
baths & skin washes 297 boneset 208 caper 182–83 Chamaenerion angustifolia syn. Epilobium
bay laurel 226–27, 286 borage 179, 204 Capparis, C. cynophallophora 183 angustifolium 187
bayberry 238 Borago officinalis 179, 204 C. spinosa 182–83, 267 Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita
bearberry 147, 170, 281 boswellia 179 capsaicin 74 14, 35, 77, 187, 286, 291
bear’s breeches 159 Boswellia, B. sacra 179 Capsella bursa-pastoris syn. Thlaspi chandan 266
bearsfoot 254 B. serrata 179 bursa-pastoris 183 chaparral 226
Beech, Dr. Wooster 50, 158, 165 bottlebrush 205 Capsicum, C. annuum 74 Charaka Samhita (Indian treatise) 19, 36,
beleric myrobalan 142, 275 brahmi (water hyssop) 175 C. frutescens 13, 27, 38, 49, 51, 74, 110 161, 211, 261
belladonna 69 Brassica oleracea 16, 180 capsules 292, 299 chaste tree 13, 33, 151
Bengal kino 180 Brazilian ginseng 246 caraway 184 che qian cao 251
Bengal quince 161 breast tenderness, menstrual 315 Carbenia benedicta see Cnicus benedictus che qian zi (psyllium) 123
Benincasa hispida syn. B. cerifa 177 breathing difficulty & tight chest 301 cardamom 13, 22, 38, 93 chebulic myrobalan 142, 275–76
benzoin gum 273 Brickell, John 184 cardiac glycosides 15, 26, 201 Cheiranthus cheiri 187
Berberis, B. aquifolium syn. Mahonia broad-leaved paperbark tree 112 cardiac tonic 142 Chelidonium majus 187–88
aquifolium 177 bronchial asthma 301 cardinal lobelia 49 Chelone glabra 188
B. vulgaris 177–78 bronchitis see coughs & bronchitis Cardiospermum spp. 37, 183 chemical constituents of plants 10–11, 12,
bergamot 191 broom 200 Carduus, C. benedictus see Cnicus 14–16, 17, 31
Beta vulgaris 178 bruises 304 benedictus Chenopodium, C. ambrosioides 188
betel 122, 250 Bryonia, B. alba 180 C. marianus see Silybum marianum C. bonus-henricus 188
bethroot 278 B. dioica syn. B. cretica subsp. dioica 180 Caribbean medicine 48–49 C. rhadinostachyum 188
betony 272 bu gu zhi 258 Carica papaya 11, 183 chervil 169–70
Betula, B. pendula syn. B. verrucosa 178 buchu 13, 26, 44, 71, 281 carminative herbs, action of 13 chest coughs & bronchitis 310
B. utilis 178 buckwheat 14, 210 carob 186 chicalote 171
bian xu (knotgrass) 253 bugle 163 carragheen 189 chicken pox 304
Bidens tripartita 178 bugleweed 231 carrot 16, 64, 201 chickweed 272–73, 289
Bignonia catalpa syn. Catalpa bignonioides 179 bupleurum 13, 20, 72 Carthamus tinctorius 42, 184 chicory 189–90
bilberry 147 Bupleurum chinense syn. B. Carum carvi 184 chilblains 302
biomedicine 11, 26, 27, 28 scorzoneraefolium 20, 72 cascara sagrada 262 childbirth 317
birthwort 171 bur marigold 178 cashew 166 children see infants & children
bishop’s weed 62, 166 burdock 12, 13, 20, 65, 177, 264 cassava 232–33 Chimaphila umbellata 188
bistort 13, 124, 253–54 burning bush 202 cassia 81 Chinese aconite 160
bites, minor 303 burns, minor 303 Cassia, C. angustifolia 75 Chinese anemone 259
bitter aloes 60 bush basil 241 C. obtusifolia 75 Chinese figwort 125
bitter herbs, action of 13 bushy lippia 228 C. senna syn. Senna alexandrina 13, 15, “Chinese foxglove” (rehmannia) 125
bitter melon 236 butcher’s broom 265 22, 30, 45, 75 Chinese goldthread 195
bitter orange 190–91 Butea monosperma 180 Castanea, C. dentata 184 Chinese lobelia 110
bitters 16 butter tree 231 C. sativa 184 Chinese medicine 21, 36–37, 40–43, 47
bittersweet 270 butternut 50, 224 castor oil plant 19, 36, 262–63 choice of herbs 42
Bixa orellana 179 butterwort 249 catalpa 179 cold-induced illness and febrile illness 27
black bamboo 176 buying herbs 17, 286 Catalpa bignonioides see Bignonia catalpa decoctions 291
black bryony 180 catha 185 development of medical systems 20
black catechu 14, 158–59
black cohosh 13, 17, 51, 79, 106, 186
C Catha edulis 185
catnip 239–40
diagnosis and treatment 41–42
early texts 19–20
black cumin 240 cabbage 16, 180 cat’s claw 280 five elements 40–41
black haw 150, 281 cacao 276 cattail 279 formulas 42
black horehound 176 Caesalpina, C. bahamensis 181 Catton, Christopher 89 holistic approach to treatment 29
black mulberry 238 C. bonduc 180–81 Caulophyllum thalictroides 50, 185 key theories 40–41
black pepper 116, 180 C. pulcherrima 181 cautions about using herbs and herbal life force 24
black root 228 cajuput 112, 234 preparations 55, 290, 298 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 29,
black walnut 224 calamint 181, 267 cayenne 13, 27, 38, 49, 50, 51, 74, 110 40
black willow 129 Calamintha ascendens syn. C. sylvatica, cedar 185 Western influences 27
blackberry 15, 34, 264 C. officinalis 181, 267 Cedar of Lebanon 185 yin and yang 40–42, 43
blackcurrant 262 calamus 57 Cedrus spp. 185 Chinese peony 117, 243
bladder infections see urinary infections calendula 13, 17, 32, 73, 123, 286, 290 C. atlantica 185 Chinese rhubarb 11, 15, 42, 126,
bladderwort 161 Calendula, C. arvense 73 C. libani 185 177, 264
bladderwrack 213 C. officinalis 13, 17, 32, 73, 123, 286 celeriac 64 Chinese sage 130
bloating 306, 307 California poppy 50, 207 celery 15, 64 Chinese wolfberry 111
blood clotting 12, 100 Calluna vulgaris 181 Celtis australis 185 Chionanthus virginicus 13, 188–89
blood pressure, high 301 calomel (metallic purgative) 24 Centaurea, C. cyanus 185–86 chirayata 273–74
during pregnancy 317 calumba 44, 224 C. scabiosa 186 chiretta 16, 39, 273–74
in old age 319 Camellia sinensis syn. Thea sinensis 11, 39, centaury 206 chiropractic 27, 51
324 blood tonics 63, 111 81, 181, 215, 224 Centella asiatica syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica cholagogue herbs, action of 13
Chondrodendron tomentosum 11, 52, 189 Coleus, C. amboinicus 84 C. oxyacantha 15, 31, 35, 47, 87 “decoction of the 4 rulers” 175
Chondrus crispus 189 C. forskohlii syn. Plectranthus barbatus 84 Crataeva nurvula 88 Native American 49
gener al index
chou wu tong 40, 191 colic 318 creams 296 demulcent herbs, action of 13
chronic infections in old age 319 colic root 91, 164 creosote bush 226 depression 308
Chrysanthemum, C. indicum 78 Collinsonia canadensis 193 Crithmum maritimum 196 menopausal 316
C. x morifolium 13, 43, 78, 235, 256 colocynth 190 Crocus sativa 89, 184 depurative herbs, action of 13
chuan jiao 153 coltsfoot 13, 20, 278–79 Croton spp. 196 Descartes, René 25
chuan xiong 42, 117, 228 comfrey 10, 12, 13, 35, 138, 286, 290 C. flavens 196 desert tea 95
chufa 199 Commiphora, C. molmol syn. C. myrrha 19, C. lecheri 196 desmodium 201
chun pi (tree of heaven) 162 44, 85 cubeb 122, 250 Desmodium adscendens 201
Chyawan, Muni 204 C. mukul 85, 193 Cucurbita pepo 197 detoxifying herbs, action of 12, 13
Cichorium, C. endiva 190 common buckthorn 262 Culcitium reflexum 53 South American 53
C. intybus 189–90 common dogwood 196 Culpeper, Nicholas 24, 34, 65, 140, 163, development of herbal medicine 18–53
cilantro 195–96 common fleabane 107 166, 175, 178, 184, 198, 204, 213, 223, African medicine 44–45
Cimicufuga, C. dahurica 79 common foxglove 26, 35, 194, 201, 227, 231, 254, 256, 266, 276–77, 282, and the ascendancy of biomedicine 11,
C. foetida 79 202, 290 283, 336 26, 27, 28
C. racemosa syn. Actaea racemosa 13, 17, common mallow 165, 232 cumin 197, 226 Australian and New Zealand medicine
51, 79, 106, 186 common nasturtium 278 Cuminum cyminum 197, 226 46–47
cinchona 13, 23, 52, 80 common oak 260 Cupressus sempervirens 197 Central & South American medicine 21,
Cinchona spp. 11, 13, 23, 52, 80 common plantain 123, 251 curare 11, 52, 189 23, 48, 52–53
C. calisaya 80 compresses 296 Curcuma, C. longa syn. C. domestica 22, 35, Chinese medicine 21, 36–37, 40–43
C. ledgeriana 80 concentration, failing 319 37, 38, 51, 90, 155, 198 city-based herbalism 34
C. officinalis 80 conception, aiding 316 C. zedoaria 198 development of medicinal lore 19
Cinnamomum, C. camphora syn. Laurus condurango 233 “cure-all” herb (kerala) 48–49 earliest written accounts 19
camphora 190 congestion, with allergic rhinitis 300 curled dock 264–65 establishment of medical schools 21, 22
C. cassia 41, 81 earache and 312 curry tree 238 in Europe 20–21, 22–24, 27, 32–35
C. verum 81 infants & children 318 Cuscuta, C. epilinum 198 first professional body 27
C. zeylanicum 22, 27, 38, 81 sinus congestion and 312 C. epithymum 198 foundation of major herbal traditions 20
cinnamon 22, 27, 38, 81 Conium maculatum 194, 215 C. europaea 198 herbal synergy 31
circulation, effect of herbs 12, 13 conjunctivitis 310 C. reflexa 198 herbalism outlawed 27, 28, 34, 51
circulatory problems 301, 302, 319 constipation 307, 317, 318 custard apple 169 holism 29, 30, 34, 37
Citrullus, C. colocynthoides 190 contraceptive pill, first 91 cutch 158–59 Islamic & Indian medicine 21, 36–39
C. colocynthus 190 contrayerva 203 cuts and grazes 304 Japanese and Korean medicine 22,
C. lanata 190 convalescence 308, 309, 319 cyanogenic glycosides 15 42–43
C. vulgaris 190 Convallaria majalis 31, 194 Cyanopsis tetragonoloba 198 medieval folk healing 20–21
Citrus, C. aurantiifolia 177, 191, 250 Convolvulus jalapa see Ipomoea purga Cydonia oblonga 198 modern attitudes to 28–30, 34–35
C. aurantium 190–91 Conyza, C. canadensis syn. Erigeron Cymbopogon, C. citratus 48, 199, 286 mystical origins 18
C. bergamia syn. C. aurantium var. canadensis 47, 194–95 C. densiflorus 199 Native American medicine 25–27,
bergamia 191 copaiba 195 C. martinii 199 49–50
C. limon 11, 14, 38, 82, 191 Copaifera spp. 195 C. nardus 199 North American medicine 48–51
C. reticulata 124 Coptis, C. chinensis 43, 195 Cynara scolymus syn. C. cardunculus 13, pharmaceutical industry and 31
clary sage 131, 265 C. trifolia 195 137, 199 scientific rationalism, impact of 25, 34
Claviceps purpurea 217 coriander 195–96 Cyperus, C. esculentus 199 shamanistic medicine 18–19
cleansing herbs see detoxifying herbs Coriandrum sativum 195–96 C. papyrus 199 trade and trade routes, effects of 20, 21,
cleavers 214 corn 23, 154, 161 C. rotundus 199 22–23, 36, 37, 44
Clerodendrum, C. serratum 191 corn mint 234–35 C. stolonifera 199 university courses 31
C. trichotomum 40, 191 cornelian cherry 196 cypress 197 women physicians 22
clove 20, 36, 97 cornflower 185–86 Cypripedium pubescens 199–200 working alongside conventional
club moss 230 cornsilk 13, 23, 48, 71, 154, 162 cystitis 314 medicine 29, 30
Cnicus benedictus syn. Carbenia benedicta, cornsmut 154 Cytisus scoparius syn. Sarothamnus devil’s claw 44, 103
Carduus benedictus 137, 191 Cornus, C. florida 196 scoparius 200 devil’s dung 210–11
coca 18, 52–53, 206–207 C. mas 196 devil’s guts 198
cocaine 11, 28, 52, 206–207
Cochlearia, C. armoracia see Armoracia
C. officinalis 196
C. sanguinea 196
D di huang (rehmannia) 125
diagnosis, modern methods 34–35
rusticana corydalis 43, 86, 213 da huang (Chinese rhubarb) 126 Dianthus, D. caryophyllus 201
C. officinalis 191–92 Corydalis, C. cava 86 da ji 209 D. superbus 201
cocillana 218 C. gariana 86 da zao (jujube) 283 diaper rash 318
cocoa 276 C. yanhusuo 43, 86, 213 dadap (Indian coral tree) 206 diaphoretic herbs, action of 13
coconut 192 Corylus avellana 102 dalcini (cinnamon) 81 diarrhea 307
coconut palm 192 Corynanthe yohimbe see Pausintstalia damiana 48, 51, 144 infants & children 318
Cocos nucifera 192 yohimbe dan shen 13, 42, 130, 131 Dictamnus albus 202
codeine, source of 10, 244 cosmetic bark 238 dandelion 16, 47, 65, 141, 289 digestion/digestive organs, effect of herbs
codonopsis 40, 61, 83 cotton 217–18 dang gui (Chinese angelica) 63 12, 13
Codonopsis pilosula 40, 61, 83 couch grass 162, 221 dang shen (codonopsis) 83 digestive disorders 305–307
Coffea arabica 44, 192 coughs & bronchitis 310, 318 Daphne mezereum 200 caused by stress 308
coffee 44, 192 coumarins 15 Datura, D. innoxia 201 headaches and biliousness with 309
Cola, C. acuminata 13, 45, 192–93 cowberry 147 D. metel 201 infants & children 318
C. nitida 193 cowslip 15, 35, 256 D. stramonium 200–201 infections 305
cola nut 192–93 crack willow 129 Daucus, D. carota 16, 201 weak digestion 306
Colchicum autumnale 89, 193 cradle cap 318 D. visnaga see Ammi visnaga weakened in old age 319
cold extremities 302 cramp bark 13, 33, 49, 150 De Materia Medica (Dioscorides) see see also colic
cold sores 304 cramps 312 Dioscorides Digitalis spp. 11
colds 311, 318 cranberry 147, 280–81 deadly nightshade 16, 35, 69 D. lanata 202
see also flu; hay fever Crataegus spp. 87 decoctions 291, 299 D. lutea 202
coleus 84 C. monogyna 87 Aboriginal 46 D. purpurea 15, 26, 35, 194, 202, 290 325
digoxin 11 Emblica officinalis 31, 204 oil 30, 179 fruit & berries, harvesting & processing 289
dill 168 emetic herbs, Native American 51 evodia 210 fu ling 40, 61
gener al index
Dioscorea, D. opposita 43, 91 emmenagogue herbs, action of 13 Evodia rutaecarpa 210 Fucus vesiculosis 16, 213
D. villosa 15, 49, 91, 186 emollient herbs, effects of 13 expectorant herbs, action of 13 Fumaria, F. officinalis 86, 213
Dioscorides 20, 24, 32, 34, 129, 138, 145, endive 190 eye problems 310 F. parviflora 213
146, 148, 149, 159, 173, 174, 176, 178, endocrine system, effect of herbs 12, 13 eye tonic 21, 48, 147 fumitory 86, 213
180, 181, 198, 199, 201, 214, 222, 226, English ivy 219 eyebright 179, 209–10 fungal infections 314
231, 235, 241, 247, 254, 264, 265, 272– English Physitian, The (Culpeper) see skin 304
73, 277–78, 279 Culpeper, Nicholas
F
diosgenin 91
Dipsacus fullonum 203
Entada phaseoloides 205
ephedra 10, 11, 18, 31, 42, 95 Fagopyrum, F. cymosum 210
G
dittany 202 Ephedra sinica 10, 11, 18, 42, 95 F. dibotrys 210 galangal 22, 41, 61
diuretic herbs, action of 13 ephedrine 11, 95 F. esculentum 14, 210 galbanum 203, 211
South American 53 Epilobium angustifolium see Chamaenerion “false fire” tonic 83 Galega officinalis 214
divination herbs, Native American 49 angustifolia false hellebore 160 Galen 20, 21, 32, 33, 181
Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Chinese Equisetum arvense 13, 16, 136, 205 false unicorn root 186–87 Galipea officinalis syn. G. cusparia 214
text) 20, 42, 111, 126, 130, 161, 168, ergot 217 fennel 177, 197, 212, 223 Galium, G. aparine 214
169, 196, 201, 212, 237, 247, 253, 259 Erigeron, E. affinis 195 fenugreek 277–78 G. elatum 215
dizziness 306 E. canadensis see Conyza canadensis syn. Feronia limonia 210 G. odoratum see Asperula odorata
Doctrine of Signatures 18, 24, 259 Erigeron canadensis fertility problems 316 G. orizabense 214
dodder 198 E. philadelphicus 195 Ferula, F. assa-foetida 38, 203, 210–11 G. umbrosum 214
Dodderige, Joseph 50 Eriodictyon californicum 205 F. gummosa syn. F. galbaniflua 203, 211 G. verum 214–15
dog rose 263 Ervatamia coronaria 205 F. jaeshkeana 211 gan cao 20, 101
dog violet 282 Eryngium maritimum 206 F. persica 211 gao ben 228
dong quai 41, 42, 63, 68, 117, 124 eryngo 206 F. silphion 211 gao liang (galangal) 61
Dorema ammoniacum 203 Erythraea centaurium 206 F. sumbul 211 garden lettuce 226
Dorstenia, D. contrayerva 203 Erythrina variegata 206 fever bark 46, 165 garden thyme 143
D. convexa 203 Erythronium americanum 206 feverfew 33, 35, 78, 140, 286, 291 gardenia 215
D. klainei 203 Erythroxylum coca 11, 18, 28, 52–53, 206–207 fevers 311 Gardenia, G. campanulata 215
dosage 24, 31, 290 Eschscholzia californica 50, 207 Ficus, F. benghalensis 211 G. gummifera 215
essential information 299 essential oils 297, 299 F. carica 211–12, 222 G. jasminoides syn. G. augusta, G. florida
doshas (Ayurvedic medicine) 37–38 essiac (anticancer remedy) 264 F. cotinifolia 212 215
Dracaena cinnabari 196 estrogen levels, menopausal 316 F. indica 212 G. taitensis 215
dragon’s blood 196 eucalyptus 46, 47, 96, 207 F. lacor 212 G. thunbergia 215
dried herbs, buying 17 Eucalyptus, E. camaldulensis 47 F. racemosa 212 gargles 297
drying at home 289 E. globulus 46, 47, 96 F. religiosa 212 garlic 13, 19, 23, 28, 36, 49, 51, 59,
Drimia maritima see Urginea maritima E. smithii 96, 207 F. retusa 212 164, 287
Drosera rotundifolia 203 eucommia bark 207–208 fig 211–12, 222 gas 306
Druidic herbs 18, 149, 283 Eucommia ulmoides 207–208 figwort 268 infants & children 318
dry coughs 310 Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium Filipendula ulmaria 35, 98 Gaultheria procumbens 14, 215
Dryopteris filix-mas syn. Aspidium filix-mas aromaticum 20, 36, 97 first aid see bites, minor; cuts and grazes; ge gen 258–59
202–203 Euonymus atropurpureus 208 nosebleeds; sprains Gelidium, G. amansii 215
du zhong 208 Eupatorium, E. cannabinum 208 first aid kit 290 G. cartilagineum 215
E. maculatum 209 “5-flavored herb” (schisandra) 133 gelsemium 216
E E. occidentale 208
E. perfoliatum 208
flame of the forest 180
flavonoids 14
Gelsemium sempervirens 13, 216
gentian 99, 288
earache 312, 318 E. purpureum 48, 209 flax dodder 198 Gentiana, G. lutea 99, 288
East Indian rosebay 205 E. teucrifolium 208 flaxseed 16, 109 G. macrophylla 99
eastern red cedar 185 Euphorbia, E. atoto 209 flea seed 123 G. scabra 99
Ebers papyrus 19, 44, 62, 168, 196 E. hirta, syn. E. pilulifera 209 Fleming, Alexander 28 Geranium, G. maculatum 120, 216
echinacea 13, 27, 51, 92, 107, 151, 177 E. kansui 209 florists’ chrysanthemum 78 G. robertianum 120, 216
Echinacea spp. 13, 27, 51, 92, 107, E. lancifolia 209 flu 311 Gerard, John 34, 98, 137, 162, 164, 175,
151, 177 E. maculata 209 fluid retention, during pregnancy see 187, 196, 205, 226, 257, 271
E. angustifolia 92 E. pekinensis 209 edema germ theory of disease 30
E. pallida 92 Euphrasia spp. 179, 209–10 menstrual 315 German chamomile 14, 35, 77, 187,
E. purpurea 92 European angelica 63 fly agaric 18, 187 286, 291
Echium vulgare 203–204 European hazel 102 fo ti 41, 43, 124 Geum urbanum 216
Ecklonia maxima 44 European herbal medicine 32–35 Foeniculum vulgare 177, 197, 212, 223 gillyflower 201
Eclecticism 27, 50–51 bans on 27, 28, 34 food plants 11–12, 23, 35 ginger 13, 22, 38, 39, 61, 81, 116, 155,
Eclipta prostata syn. E. alba 204 Dark Ages 21 forskolin 84 287, 298
eczema 300 four humors theory 32, 33 Forsythia suspensa 212 ginkgo 11, 31, 35, 41, 87, 100
edema during pregnancy 317 influence in South America 53 four humors, theory of 20, 32, 33 Ginkgo biloba 11, 31, 35, 41, 87, 100
edible rhubarb 126 medical schools 22 “Four Things Soup” 42, 117 ginseng 21, 27, 40, 42, 43, 68, 83, 118,
eggplant 69, 270–71 medieval folk healing 20–21 foxglove 15, 26, 35, 194, 202, 290 124, 127, 243
elaci (cardamom) 93 modern practitioners 34–35 fractures 312 adaptogenic properties 12, 13
elder 15, 18, 34, 132 popular herbs 35 Fragaria vesca 212–13 gipsywort 231
elderberry 51, 132 scientific medicine’s break away from 23, Frangula alnus see Rhamnus frangula glasswort 196
elecampane 13, 26, 107 25, 34 frankincense 179 Glechoma hederacea syn. Nepeta glechoma
Eletteria cardamomum 13, 22, 38, 93 use of native medicines 26–27 Fraxinus, F. americana 213 216–17
eleuthero 94 European leadwort 251 F. excelsior 213 glucosilinates 16
Eleutherococcus senticosus 94 European nettle tree 185 F. ornus 213 Glycine max 38, 217
elm 20, 145 European skullcap 135 French bean 246–47 Glycyrrhiza, G. glabra 15, 36, 72, 101, 117,
Elymus repens see Agropyron repens Euterpe oleracea 210 fringe tree 13, 188–89 136, 226
embelia 204 Evelyn, John 113 fringed pink 201 G. uralensis 20, 101
326 Embilia ribes 204 evening primrose 51, 241 Fritillaria thunbergii 43 Gnaphalium, G. keriense 217
G. polycephalum 217 hare’s ear root 72 Herball, The (Gerard) see Gerard, John Indian asparagus 174
G. uliginosum 217 haricot bean 246–47 herbals 20, 22, 24, 33–34 Indian berry 167
gener al index
goat’s rue 214 harmala 245 herbe au dragon (tarragon) 173 Indian borage 84
goji berry 42, 111 “harmony” herbs 71 Herniaria glabra 171, 219 Indian coral tree 206
gokulakanta 221 haronga 219 hibiscus 219–20 Indian corn 154
golden root 127 Haronga madagascariensis 218 Hibiscus sabdariffa 219–20 “Indian ginseng” (withania) 152
goldenrod 32, 271 Harpagophytum procumbens 44, 103 hiccups 307 Indian gooseberry 31, 204
goldenseal 27, 49, 51, 105, 178 hartstongue 268 Hieracium pilosella syn. Pilosella officinarum Indian lobelia 279
goldthread 195 harvesting herbs 288 220 Indian mallow 158
Gonolobus condurango see Marsdenia Harvey, William 25 hijiki 267 Indian medicine 19, 20, 21, 36–39
condurango hawthorn 15, 31, 35, 47, 87 Hildegard of Bingen 22, 61, 185, 266, 275 see also Ayurvedic medicine
good King Henry 188 hay fever 300 Himalayan silver birch 178 Indian mulberry 237
goose grass 213–14 he shou wu 124 Hindu sacred plants 18 Indian olibanum 179
gorse 198 headaches 309 Hippocrates 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 32, 277 Indian pennywort 76
Gossypium, G. herbaceum 217–18 biliousness and 309 Hippophae rhamnoides 16, 220 Indian snakeroot 261
G. hirsutum 218 during pregnancy 317 holism 29, 30, 34, 37 Indian tobacco 110
gotu kola 19, 47, 76 infants & children 318 see also Ayurvedic medicine Indian turnip 171
gou teng 280 nausea with 306 hollyhock 165, 221 indigestion 307
gout 313 sinus 312 holy basil 37, 116, 286 infants & children 299, 318
grains of paradise 45 stress-related 308 holy thistle 137, 191 influenza see flu
grape jasmine 205 see also migraine holy weed (yerba santa) 205 infused oils 294
grape vine 15, 81, 283 heart, effect of herbs 13 homeopathy 80 infusions 291, 299
gravel root 48, 209 see also circulation; circulatory problems homeostasis 12 inhalations see steam inhalations
great lobelia 110 heartburn 317 honeysuckle 229–30 insecticides/insect repellents 66, 70,
greater burnet 266 heartsease 35, 281–82 hong hua (safflower) 42, 183 97, 108
greater celandine 187–88 heather 181 hoodia 220 insomnia 309, 313, 317, 318
greater dodder 198 Hedeoma pulegoides 235 Hoodia, H. currori 44 intoxicant herbs, African 45
greater galangal 61 Hedera helix 219 H. gordonii 220 Inula, I. helenium 13, 26, 107
greater knapweed 186 hei zhi ma (sesame) 269–70 hops 16, 33, 104 I. japonica 107
greater periwinkle 282 Helen of Troy 107 Hordeum vulgare 220–21 inulin 26
green chiretta 167 Helianthus annuus 49, 107 hormonally active herbs, action of 13 ipecac 52, 186
green tangerine 124 Helleborus niger 218 horse chestnut 15, 58 Ipomeoea, I. batatas 223
Grieve, Mrs. (herbalist) 163, 167, 172, hellweed 198 horsemint 236 I. pandurata 49
243, 246–47 helonias 51, 186–87 horseradish 171–72 I. purga syn. Convolvulus jalapa 223
Grindelia, G. camporum syn. G. robusta hemlock 194, 215 horsetail 13, 16, 136, 205 I. turpethum 223
var. rigida 209, 218 hemlock spruce 278 hot flashes 316 I. violacea 223
G. squarrosa 218 hemp agrimony 208 hou po 40, 232 Iris versicolor 223
ground ivy 216–17 henbane 69, 221–22 houseleek 269 Irish moss 189
ground pine 163 henna 227 huai niu xi (chaff flower) 159 irritable bowel syndrome 307
growing medicinal plants 286–87 hepatic herbs, action of 13 huang bai 247 Islamic medicine (Unani Tibb) 21, 33,
propagation 287 herb gardens 286–87 huang lian 43, 195 36–37, 39
Guaiacum, G. coulteri 218 herb robert 120, 216 huang qi (astragalus) 68 ispaghula (psyllium) 123
G. officinale 23, 218 herba benedicta (avens) 216 huang quin (Baical skullcap) 134 ivy 219
G. sanctum 218 herba militaris (yarrow) 56 Humulus lupulus 16, 33, 104
guapi bark 218
guar gum 198
herbal medicine, benefits of 10
development of 18–53
Hungarian pepper 74
huo ma ren (marijuana) 182
J
guarana 53, 245 outlawed 27, 28, 34, 51 huo xiang 42, 161 Jack-in-the-pulpit 171
Guarea, G. guara 218 herbal practitioners 336 Hydrangea aborescens 221 jalap 223
G. rusbyi syn. G. guidonia 218 professional training 336 Hydrastis canadensis 27, 47, 49, 51, Jamaica dogwood 251
guayacan 218 herbal remedies/treatments, making 105, 178 jambul 274
guelder rose 150 290–97 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 76 Japanese gentian 99
guggul 85, 193 baths & skin washes 297 Hygrophila, H. guayensis 221 Japanese medicine 22, 42–43
gui zhi 41 capsules & powders 292 H. spinosa 221 jasmine 224
gully gum 207 compresses & lotions 296 Hyoscyamus, H. muticus 222 Jasminum, J. grandiflorum 224
gum problems 306 creams 296 H. niger 69, 221–22 J. officinale 41
gumplant 209, 218 decoctions 291 hyperactivity 308 J. sambac 224
gurmar 218–19 equipment 290 Hypericum perforatum 30, 31, 32, 51, 79, Jateorhiza palmata 44, 224
gymnema 218–19 essential oils 297 106, 286, 298 java tea 243
Gymnema sylvestre 218–19 gargles & mouthwashes 297 hyssop 33, 222 jequirity 38, 158
gynecological problems see fertility infused oils 294 Hyssopus officinalis 33, 222 ji xue teng 235
problems; menopausal problems; infusions 291 jiang huang (turmeric) 90
reproductive & menstrual problems juices 297
macerations 297
I jin qian cao 231
jin yin hua 78, 229–30
H ointments 295
pessaries & suppositories 297
Ibn Cordoba 21
Ibn El Beitar 44
jing jie 40, 268
Joe Pye weed 209
hemorrhoids 302, 317 poultices 295 iboga 44–45 joint pain & stiffness 313
Hahnemann, Samuel 80 safety 55, 290, 298 Iceland moss 186 ju hua 13, 43, 78, 229, 256
hai zao 267 side effects 10, 298 Ilex, I. guayusa 222 jue ming zi 75
haldi (turmeric) 90 steam inhalations 297 I. paraguariensis syn. I. paraguensis 222 Juglans, J. cinerea 50, 224
hallucinogenic herbs 115, 130 storage 290 Illicium verum 222–23 J. nigra 224
Native American 49 syrups 293 immune system, effect of herbs 12, 13 J. regia 224
shamanistic 18–19 tinctures 292, 293 Imperatoria ostruthium syn. Peucedanum juices 297
South American 18, 53 tonic wines 293 ostruthium 223 jujube 283
Hamamelis virginiana 13, 50, 102 weights & measures 290 impotence & premature ejaculation 316 juniper 20, 71, 224–25
hangover 309 herbal wines 293 Inca wheat 165 Juniperus, J. communis 20, 71, 224–25 327
J. oxycedrus 225 lian qiao 212 maidenhair fern 160 Mexican poppy 171
J. rigida 225 life root 269 maidenhair tree 100 mezereon 200
gener al index
J. sabina 225 lignum vitae 23, 218 maize see corn migraine 309
J. virginicus 185 Ligusticum, L. chuanxiong 228 Majorana hortensis see Origanum majorana milfoil 56
L. levisticum see Levisticum officinale malabar nut 160 milk thistle 34, 72, 137
K L. sinense 228
L. wallachii 42, 117
male fern 202
Malva sylvestris 165, 232
milk vetch 68
milkwort 252
kampoh see Japanese medicine lily of the valley 31, 194 Mandragora officinarum 33, 180, 232 Milletta reticulata 235
kanghi 158 lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) 177, 191, 250 mandrake 33, 180, 232 mind-altering remedies, South American 52–53
kanna 44–45 lime (Tilia spp.) 277 Manihot esculenta 232–33 minerals 16
kava 46, 122 Lind, James 25 manioc 232–33 miner’s lettuce 236–37
kava kava 122 linden 277 manna ash 213 mistletoe 13, 18, 283
kelp 16, 213 ling 180 Maori remedies 254 Mitchella repens 235–36
K’Eogh 169, 174, 187, 203, 206, 214, 220, Linnaeus, Carolus 200, 270, 277 Maranta arundinacea 52, 233 Momordica, M. charantia 48–49, 236
252, 264 linseed 16, 18, 109 margoas tree (neem) 70 M. cochinchinensis 236
kerala 48–49, 236 Linum, L. catharticum 109 marijuana 21, 104, 182 Monarda, M. didyma 236
khat 185 L. usitatissimum 16, 18, 109 Marrubium vulgare 233 M. punctata 236
khellin 62 lippia 227 Marsdenia condurango syn. Gonolobus monkshood 160
kigelia 45, 225 Lippia, L. adoensis 229 condurango 233 monsonia 236
Kigelia pinnata syn. K. africana 45, 225 L. alba 228 marsh cudweed 217 Monsonia ovata 236
kino 46, 258 L. citriodora syn. Aloysia triphylla 52, 151, marsh pennywort 76 Montia perfoliata 236–37
kiratatiktah 167 228–29 marshmallow 13, 34, 35, 158, 165 Moreton Bay chestnut tree 31
knitbone 137 L. dulcis 228, 229 Mary thistle 137 morinda 237
knotgrass 124, 253 Liquidambar, L. orientalis 36, 229 masterwort 223 Morinda, M. citrifolia 237
kola nut 13, 45, 192–93 L. styraciflua 229 mastic tree 251 M. officinalis 237
Korean medicine 42–43 licorice 15, 36, 72, 101, 117, 136, 226 matchbox bean 205 morning glory 49, 223
Korean mint 161 Liriosma ovata 258 maté 52, 222 morning sickness 317
Krameria, K. cystisoides 225 liver tonics 72, 111, 124, 125, 133, 137 matico 122, 249–50 morphine 10, 11, 26, 28, 86, 244
K. parvifolia 225 liver, weakened 319 Matricaria recutita see Chamomilla recutita Morus, M. alba 40, 237–38
K. triandra 225 Lobaria pulmonaria 229 Mattiolo, Pierandrea 185, 223, 227, 229 M. nigra 238
kudzu 258–59 lobelia 27, 49, 50, 110, 150, 209 maypop 119 motherwort 227
kumarhou 254 Lobelia, L. cardinalis 49 mayweed 169 motion sickness 306
kuth 267–68 L. chinensis 110 meadow anemone 168 mouse-ear hawkweed 220
L. inflata 27, 49, 110, 150, 209 meadow saffron 89, 193 mouth problems see mouth ulcers;
L L. siphilitica 110
lomatium 229
meadowsweet 35, 98
Medicago sativa 233–34
oral thrush; toothache
mouth ulcers 306
Lactuca, L. sativa 226 Lomatium dissectum 229 medical schools, establishment of 21, 22 mouthwashes 97, 112, 122, 297
L. virosa 225–26 “longevity” herb 125 medicinal plants, active constituents mucilaginous herbs 16
lady’s bedstraw 214–15 Lonicera spp. 78, 229–30 14–16, 17 mugwort 173
lady’s mantle 163–64, 286 L. caprifolium 229 cultivation of 35 muira puama 258
lady’s slipper 199–200 L. japonica 229–30 as food & medicines 11–12 mullein 47, 281
Lamium album 226 loofah 230 growing 286–87 Murraya, M. koenigii 238
lapacho 13, 139 Lophophora williamsii 49, 230 harvesting & processing 288–89 M. paniculata 238
larch 226 lotions 296, 299 plant chemicals 10–11, 26, 28, 31 Musa spp. 238
Larix decidua syn. L. europaea 226 lovage 228 plant names 55 muscle aches 311, 312
Larrea, L. divaricata 226 love-in-a-mist 240 value of whole plants 11, 31 muscle tension 308
L. tridentata 226 lucerne 233–34 see also individual plants musculoskeletal problems 312–13
Laurus, L. camphora see Cinnamomum Luffa cylindrica syn. L. aegyptica 230 medicine man see shamanistic medicine musculoskeletal system, effect of herbs 13
camphora Luma chequen 274 medieval folk healing 20–21 Myddfai, Physicians of 21, 141, 170,
L. nobilis 226–27, 286 lungwort 18, 259 Melaleuca, M. alternifolia 13, 14, 26, 46, 47, 173, 200
Lavandula, L. angustifolia syn. L. officinalis Lycium chinense syn. L. barbarum 42, 111 112 Myrica, M. cerifera 238
35, 108, 286 Lycopodium clavatum 230 M. leucadendron 112, 234 M. gale 14, 238–39
L. spica 108 Lycopus, L. europaeus 231 M. linariifolia 112 Myristica fragrans 22, 37, 115
L. stoechas 108 L. virginicus 231 M. viridiflora 112, 234 Myroxylon pereirae syn. M. balsamum var.
lavender 35, 108, 286 Lysimachia, L. christinae 231 Melia azedarach 70 pereirae 239
Lawsonia inermis syn. L. alba 227 L. nemorum 231 melilot 15, 234 myrrh 19, 44, 85
laxative herbs, action of 11, 13 L. vulgaris 231 Melilotus officinalis syn. M. arvensis 15, 234 myrtle 36, 239
lemon 11, 14, 16, 38, 82, 191 Lythrum salicaria 231 melissa 113 Myrtus communis 36, 239
lemon balm 13, 113, 286 Melissa officinalis 13, 113, 286
lemon grass 48, 198–99, 286
lemon verbena 52, 151, 228–29
M Membryanthemum spp. 44–45
memory failing 319
N
Leonurus, L. cardiaca 227 ma bian cao (vervain) 149 menopausal problems 316 nan wu wei zi (schisandra) 133
L. heterophyllus 227 ma huang (ephedra) 95 menstrual problems 301, 315 nasturtium 52
L. sibiricus 227 maca 228 Mentha, M. aquatica 114 Nasturtium officinale 239
Lepidium, L. meyenii 228 mace 37, 115 M. arvensis 235 National Institute of Medical Herbalists
L. virginicum 227–28 macerations 297 M. haplocalyx 234–35 16, 27, 336
Leptandra virginica syn. Veronicastrum mad dog 135 M. x piperita 30, 114, 286 Native American medicine 25, 26–27,
virginicum 228 Madagascar periwinkle 16, 282 M. pulegium 48, 71, 235 49–50
lesser celandine 260–61 madder 263 M. spicata 114, 235 see also Central American medicine;
lesser periwinkle 282 Madhuca spp. 231 Menyanthes trifoliata 235 shamanistic medicine; South American
lesser skullcap 135 “magical” herbs, African 44 mercury poisoning 24 medicine
Levant storax 229 Native American 49 mescaline 230 Natural History (Pliny the Elder) see Pliny
Levant wormwood 172–73 magnolia 232 mesquite 48 the Elder
Levisticum officinale syn. Ligusticum Magnolia, M. grandiflora 232 metabolism, weakened in old age 319 naturopathy 27
328 levisticum 228 M. officinalis 40, 232 metallic poisons 24 nausea & vomiting 306, 317
neem 70 nervous exhaustion and 309 Physalis alkekengi syn. P. franchetti 247 254–55
neem oil 70, 161 Physiomedicalism 27, 50–51, 221, 231 P. tremuloides 255
P
gener al index
Nepeta, N. cataria 239–40 Phytolacca americana syn. P. decandra 49, Poria cocos syn. Sclerotium cocos 40, 61
N. glechoma see Glechoma hederacea 51, 247–48 Portulaca oleracea 255
Nerium oleander 19 Pacific yew 31, 275 phytotherapy 31 P. oleracea var. sativa 255
neroli oil (bitter orange oil) 190–91 Paeonia, P. lactiflora syn. P. albiflora 42, 117, 243 Picrasma excelsa syn. Picraenia excelsa 248 pot infusion 291
nerve & stress-related problems 308– P. officinalis 20, 117, 243 picrorrhiza 248 pot marigold 73
309, 319 P. suffructicosa 117 Picrorrhiza kurroa 248 potato 23, 52, 271, 298
nervine herbs, action of 13 pain relief 11, 21, 86, 96, 97, 103, 114, pilewort 260–61 Potentilla, P. anserina 255–56
nervine tonics 57, 106, 131, 135 122, 155 “Pill of Eight Ingredients” 125, 196 P. erecta syn. P. tormentilla 256
nervous exhaustion 308–309, 319 palas 180 pill-bearing spurge 209 Poterium officinalis see Sanguisorba officinalsi
nervous system, effect of herbs 12, 13 pale catechu 280 Pilosella offoconarum see Hieracium pilosella poultices 52, 145, 295
nettle 33, 63, 146 palpitations 302 Pimenta officinalis 248 powders 292
nettle rash 303 Panax, P. ginseng 12, 13, 21, 40, 42, 43, 68, Pimpinella anisum 53, 248–49 prana 24
neuralgia 308 79, 83, 118, 124, 127, 243 pineapple 53, 167 premenstrual syndrome 315
New Zealand medicine 47 P. notoginseng 118, 243 Pinguicula, P. grandiflora 249 pregnancy 299, 317
niaouli 234 P. quinquefolium 118, 243–44 P. vulgaris 249 prickly ash 48, 153
Nicotiana tabacum 49, 69, 110, 182, 240 panic attacks 302, 308 pinkroot 272 prickly pear 47, 242
Nigella, N. damascena 240 Papaver, P. rhoeas 244 Pinus sylvestris 14, 249 primula 256
N. sativa 240 P. somniferum 10, 11, 21, 26, 28, 46, 244 Piper, P. angustifolia 122, 249–50 Primula veris 15, 35, 256
night sweats 316 papaya 11, 183 P. betle 122, 250 printing, invention of 24, 33–34
night-blooming cereus 268–69 paprika 74 P. cubeba 122, 250 proanthocyanins 15
nikkar nut 180–81 papyrus 199 P. methysticum 46, 122 progesterone levels 316
niu bang zi (burdock) 65 Paracelsus 23–24, 30 P. nigrum 116, 180, 250 prontoalivio 228
noni 237 pareira 52, 189 P. sanctum 122 Prosopis juliflora 48
North American medicine 48–51 Parietaria officinalis syn. P. diffusa 245 Pipinella anisum 223 Prunella vulgaris 256
see also Native American medicine Parkinson, John 108 pipsissewa 188 Prunus, P. armeniaca 15, 257
northern prickly ash 153 parsley 246 Piscidia erythrina 251 P. avium 257
“nosebleed” (yarrow) 56 parsley piert 170 pistachio nut 251 P. cerasus 257
nosebleeds 310 partridge berry 235–36 Pistacia, P. lentiscus 251 P. mume 257
notoginseng 243 passiflora 119 P. vera 251 P. serotina 15, 257–58
Notopterygium incisium 41, 240 Passiflora, P. incarnata 119 pit shirish 163 Psoralea corylifolia 258
notopterygium root 240 P. quadrangularis 119 plague, spread of 23 psyllium 13, 123
nutmeg 22, 37, 115 passionflower 119 plant names 55 Pterocarpus marsupium 46, 180, 258
“nutmeg butter” 115 Pasteur, Louis 28 plant spirits, belief in 18 Ptychopetalum olacoides syn. P. uncinatum 258
nux vomica 273 patchouli 161, 252 Plantago spp. 13, 123 pu gong ying 141
Nymphaea, N. alba 240–41 pau d’arco 53, 139 P. asiatica 123, 251 pu huang 279
N. lotus 240–41 Paullinia, P. cupana syn. P. sorbilis 53, 245 P. indica 123 Pueraria, P. lobata syn. P. thunbergiana 258–59
N. odorata 240 P. yoco 245 P. lanceolata 251 P. mirifica 259
Pausinystalia yohimbe syn. Corynanthe P. major 123, 251 P. tuberosa 259
O yohimbe 245
peepal 212
P. ovata 123
P. psyllium 123
Pulicaria dysenterica 107
Pulmonaria officinalis 18, 259
oats 11–12, 13, 175 Peganum harmala 245 plantain 238 pulsatilla 35, 168
Ocimum, O. basilicum 116, 241 pelargonium 120 Plasmodium parasite 28, 67 Pulsatilla, P. chinensis 259
O. basilicum var. minimum 241 Pelargonium, P. reniforme 120 Plectranthus barbatus see Coleus forskohlii P. vulgaris see Anemone pulsatilla
O. tenuiflorum syn. O. sanctum 37, P. sidoides 120 pleurisy root 49, 173–74 pumpkin 197
116, 286 pellitory 45, 166 Pliny the Elder 32–34, 160, 190, 196, 234, Punica granatum 39, 259–60
Oenothera biennis 30, 51, 179, 241 pellitory-of-the-wall 245 235 purging 24, 109
oil of Cade 225 penicillin 28 Plumbago, P. europaea 251 purging flax 109
oils, essential 297, 299 pennyroyal 48, 71, 235 P. zeylanica 251 purple coneflower 92
infused 294 peony 20, 117, 243 Podophyllum, P. hexandrum 252 purple foxglove 15, 26, 35, 194, 202
ointments 295 pepper 122, 250 P. peltatum 252 purple loosestrife 231
older adults 319 peppermint 30, 114, 286 Pogostemon cablin 161, 252 purslane 255
Olea europaea 241–42 peptic ulcers 35, 313 poison ivy 262 pygeum 45, 260
oleander 19 pergularia 246 pokeweed 49, 51, 247–48 Pygeum, P. africanum 45, 260
olive 241–42 Pergularia extensa 246 Polo, Marco 22, 190 P. gardneri 260
omega-3 oils 109 period pain 315 Polygala, P. senega 252
onion 11, 59, 164
Ononis spinosa 242
Persea americana 50, 121
Peruvian balsam 239
P. tenuifolia 252
P. vulgaris 252
Q
Operculina turpethum 242 Peruvian bark 80 Polygonatum, P. biflorum 253 qi (primal energy) 24, 43
Ophelia chirata see Suvertia chirata pessaries 297 P. multiflorum 253 qiang huo 240
opium poppy 10, 21, 26, 28, 46, 47, petha 177 P. odoratum 253 qin jiao 99
244 Petroselinum crispum 246 Polygonum, P. aviculare 124, 253 qing hao 67
Opuntia ficus-indica 47, 242 Peucedanum graveolens see Anethum P. bistorta 13, 124, 253–54 qu mai 201
oral thrush 314 graveolens P. cuspidatum 124 quaking aspen 255
oregano 242–43 Peumus boldo 52, 246 P. hydropiper 254 quality control 17
oregon grape 177 peyote 49, 230 P. multiflorum 41, 43, 124 quassia 248
Origanum, O. majorana syn. Majorana Pfaffia paniculata 246 Polymnia uvedalia 254 quebracho 175
hortensis 242 Phaseolus vulgaris 246–47 Polypodium vulgare 254 queen of the meadow 98
O. vulgare 242–43 Phellodendron amurense 247 polypody 254 queen’s delight 273
Orthosiphon aristata 243 phenols 14 polysaccharides 16 Quercus robur 14, 260
osteopathy 27, 51 Philadelphia fleabane 195 Pomaderris elliptica 254 Quillaja saponaria 53, 260
Oswego tea 236 phu (valerian) 148 pomegranate 39, 259–60 quince 198
over-the-counter medicines 17, 35 phyllanthus 247 populeon see balm of Gilead quinine 11, 52, 80, 165
overactivity, insomnia and 309 Phyllanthus amarus 247 Populus, P. x candicans syn. P. x gileadensis quinoa 165 329
R S seaweed 44
see also bladderwrack; help
southernwood 172
soya 38, 217
gener al index
radish 16, 261 Sabal serrulata see Serenoa repens sedative herbs, action of 13 Spanish sage 131
ragwort 19, 298 safflower 184 seeds, collecting 289 spasmolytic herbs, action of 13
ramsoms 59, 164 saffron 89, 184 Selenicereus grandiflorus 268–69 spastic constipation 307
Ranunculus, R. delphinifolius 261 sage 22, 23, 34, 130, 131, 286, 287 self-heal 256 spearmint 114, 235
R. ficaria 260–61 saikosides 72 Sempervivum tectorum 269 speedwell 281
Raphanus sativus 16, 261 St. John’s wort 30, 31, 32, 51, 79, 106, Seneca snakeroot 252 sphagnum moss 28
raspberry 264 286, 298 Senecio, S. aureus syn. Packera aureus 269 Spigelia, S. anthelmia 272
Rauvolfia, R. serpentina 261 Salicornia europeae 196 S. jacobaea 19, 269, 298 S. flemmingania 272
R. vomitoria 261 salicylic acid 14, 26, 129 senna 13, 15, 22, 30, 45, 75 S. marilandica 272
red beet 178 Salix, S. acmophylla 129 Senna alexandrina see Cassia senna spike lavender 108
red bush 174 S. alba 13, 14, 26, 129, 140 Serenoa, S. adamsonii 136 spiny bamboo 176
red clover 14, 277 S. fragilis 129 S. japa 136 spiny restharrow 242
red poppy 244 S. nigra 129 S. repens syn. Sabal serrulata 48, 51, 136, spirits, plant spirits 18
red river gum 47 sallaki 179 197 see also “vital spirits”
rehmannia 42, 95, 117, 125 Salvia, S. divinorum 130 sesame 269–70 sprains 312
Rehmannia, R. glutinosa 42, 95, 117, S. lavandulifolia 131 Sesamum indicum 269–70 “spring” tonics 137
125 S. miltiorrhiza 13, 42, 130, 131 sex drive, low 316 squaw root 79
R. lutea 125 S. officinalis 22, 23, 34, 130, 131, sex hormones 12, 13 squaw vine 235–36
“rejuvenator” tonics 76, 124 286, 287 shamanistic medicine 18–19, 25 squaw weed 269
relaxant herbs, action of 13 S. sclarea 131, 265 North American 49 squill 280
ren shen (ginseng) 118 Sambucus nigra 15, 18, 34, 51, 132 South American 53 Stachys officinalis syn. S. betonica 272
reproductive and menstrual problems samphire 196 shan yao 43, 91 star anise 222–23
315–16 san qi 118, 243 shan zhu yu 196 star grass 164
respiration/respiratory system, effect of sand spurrey 170–71 shatavari 174 steam inhalations 297, 299
herbs 12, 13 sandalwood 266 sheep’s sorrel 264 Stellaria media 272–73, 289
respiratory tract problems 310–12 sandwort 170–71 sheng di huang 125 steroid anti-inflammatories 28
Rhamnus, R. carthaticus 262 sang yebl (white mulberry) 40, 237–38 sheng jian 155 Stillingia sylvatica 273
R. frangula syn. Frangula alnus 261–62 sangre de drago 196 sheng ma 79 stimulant herbs, action of 13
R. purshiana 262 Sanguinaria canadensis 266 shepherd’s purse 183 stings 303
rhatany 225 Sanguisorba officinalis syn. Poterium shi chang pu 57 stinking mayweed 169
Rheum, R. officinale 126 officinalis 266 shingles 304 stomachache 305
R. palmatum 11, 15, 42, 126, 177, sanicle 266 shu di huang 125 stomachic herbs, action of 13
264 Sanicula europaea 266 si gua luo 230 stone root 193
R. rhaponticum 126 Santalum album 266 Siamese ginger 61 storax 36, 229
R. tanguticum 126 sap & gel, harvesting & processing 289 Siberian ginseng 94 storing herbs 288–89
rheumatism 319 Saponaria officinalis 267 Siddha medicine 36 strawberry tree 170
rhodiola 127 saponins 15 side effects from herbal treatments 10, stress 118, 148, 152, 308
Rhodiola, R. crenulata 127 Sargassum, S. fusiforme 267 298 in old age 319
R. quadrifida 127 S. pallidum 267 silver birch 178 stretch marks 317
R. rosea 127 sarpagandha (Indian snakeroot) 261 silverweed 255–56 strewing herb 98
Rhus, R. aromatica 262 sarsaparilla 21, 270 Silybum marianum syn. Carduus marianus Strychnos nux-vomica 273
R. glabra 262 Satureja, S. hortensis 267 34, 72, 137 Styrax benzoin 273
R. toxicodendron 262 S. montana 267 silymarin 137 su xian hua 41
Ribes nirgum 262 Saussurea, S. amara 268 singabera 155 suan zhoa ren 43
ribwort plantain 251 S. lappa syn. S. costus 267–68 sinus problems 309, 312 suma 246
Ricinus communis 19, 36, 262–63 savin 225 siris tree 163 summer savory 267
Rig Veda (Ayurvedic text) 36 saw palmetto 48, 51, 136, 197 sisal agave 161 sunburn 303
Roman chamomile 77, 187 scallion 164 skin health, effects of herbs 12, 13 sundew 203
Roman nettle 146 scarlet pimpernel 166–67 skin problems 303–305 sunflower 49, 107
rooibos 174 scented Solomon’s seal 253 skin rashes 303, 318 suppositories 297
roots, rhizomes, tubers, & bulbs, schisandra 40, 133 skullcap 49, 134, 135 sutherlandia 45
harvesting & processing 289 Schisandra, S. chinensis 40, 133 skunk cabbage 274 Sutherlandia frutescens 45
Rosa, R. canina 16, 263 S. sphenanthera 133 sleep problems see insomnia sweet basil 116, 241
R. gallica 263 Schizonepeta tenuifolia 40, 268 slippery elm 16, 48, 50, 145, 264 sweet cherry 257
rose 263 Sclerotium cocos see Poria cocos Smilax spp. 21, 270 sweet chestnut 184
rosebay willowherb 187 Scolopendrium vulgare 268 smooth sumac 262 sweet flag 13, 39, 57, 298
rosemary 13, 33, 128, 286 Scots pine 14, 249 soap bark 53, 260 sweet gale 14, 238–39
Rosmarinus officinalis 13, 33, 128, 286 Scrophularia, S. aquatica 268 soapwort 267 sweet marjoram 242
rou dou kou (nutmeg & mace) 115 S. marylandica 268 Socotra dragon tree 196 sweet potato 223
rou gui (cinnamon) 81 S. ningopoensis 268 Solanum, S. dulcamara 270 sweet sedge 57
rowan 271–72 S. nodosa 268 S. insidiosum 271 sweet sumac 262
Rubia tinctorum 263 scurvy 25 S. melongena 69, 270–71 sweet violet 282
Rubus, R. fruticosus 15, 34, 264 scurvy grass 191–92 S. tuberosum 23, 52, 271, 298 sweet woodruff 174–75
R. idaeus 264 Scutellaria, S. baicalensis syn. S. macrantha Solidago, S. canadensis 271 sweet wormwood 10, 43, 67
rue 179, 222, 265 40, 42, 134, 135, 175 S. odora 271 sweet-scented goldenrod 271
Rumex, R. acetosa 264 S. galericulata 135 S. virgaurea 32, 271 swellings 303
R. acetosella 264 S. lateriflora 49, 134, 135 Solomon’s seal 252–53 Swertia chirata 16, 39, 273–74
R. crispus 65, 264–65 S. minor 135 Sorbus aucuparia 271–72 Symphytum officinale 10, 12, 13, 35, 138,
rupturewort 171, 219 sea beet 178 sore nipples 315 286, 290
Ruscus aculeatus 265 sea buckthorn 16, 220 sore throats 311 Symplocarpus foetidus 274
Rush, Dr. Benjamin 24 sea fennel 198 sorrel 264 synergy, herbal 31
Ruta, R. chalepensis 265 sea holly 206 South American medicine 21, 52–53 syphilis 23, 24
330 R. graveolens 179, 222, 265 seabeach sandwort 171 southern prickly ash 153 syrups 293
Syzygium, S. cumini 274 Trillium erectum 278 V. odorata 282 wound-healing herbs 12, 13
S. gerrardii 274 Tropaeolum majus 52, 278 V. tricolor 35, 282 wounds, minor 304
gener al index
tropane alkaloids 69 V. yedoens 282 see also cuts & grazes
T Trotula (woman physician) 22
trout lily 206
viper’s bugloss 204
Virginia peppergrass 227–28
wu jia pi 94
wu mei 257
Tabebuia spp. 139 true unicorn root 164 Virginian skullcap 135 wu wei zi 133
T. avellanedae 139 Tsuga canadensis 278 Viscum album 13, 283 wu zhu yu 209
T. impetiginosa 53, 139 tulsi (holy basil) 116 visnaga 13, 15, 19, 44, 47, 62
Tabernanthe iboga 45
tai chi symbol 43
turmeric 22, 35, 37, 38, 51, 90, 155, 198
Turnera, T. diffusa syn. T. diffusa var.
“vital force” 24–25
“vital spirit” 32, 35
X
tamarind 274 aphrodisiaca 48, 51, 144 vitality, general 316, 317, 319 xian he cao 162
Tamarindus indica 274 T. opifera 144 vitamins 16 xuan fu hua 107
Tamus communis 180 T. ulmifolia 144 Vitex agnus-castus 13, 33, 151
Tanacetum, T. parthenium 33, 78, 140, 286,
291
turpeth 242
Tussilago farfara 13, 20, 278–79
Vitis vinifera 15, 81, 283
volatile oils 14
Y
T. vulgare 78, 140, 274–75 Tylophora asmatica 279 vomiting see nausea & vomiting yan hu suo (corydalis) 86
Tang Materia Medica 177, 204, 261 Typha angustifolia 279 vulnerary herbs, action of 12, 13 yang (Chinese concept) 40–42, 43
tannins 11, 14 tonics 81
tansy 78, 140, 274–75
Taraxacum, T. mongolicum 141
U W yarrow 33, 56, 291
ye hu hua 78
T. officinale 16, 47, 65, 141, 289 ulcers see mouth ulcers; peptic ulcers wahoo bark 208 yellow balsam 196
tarragon 173 Ulex europaeus 198 wallflower 187 yellow dock 65, 264–65
tart cherry 257 Ulmus, U. americana 145 walnut 224 Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine
taxol 31 U. carpinifolia 20 Wang Lu 27 (Chinese text) 19–20, 40
Taxus, T. baccata 275 U. rubra 16, 48, 50, 145, 264 “warming” herbs 27, 38 yellow foxglove 202
T. brevifolia 31, 275 umckaloabo 120 warts 304 yellow jasmine 13, 216
tea 39, 81, 181, 215, 222, 224 una de gato 280 washes 297 yellow loosestrife 231
tea tree 13, 16, 26, 46, 47, 112 Unani Tibb see Islamic medicine water figwort 268 yellow pheasant’s eye 160
teasel 203 Uncaria, U. gambier 280 water hyssop 175 yellow pimpernel 231
teething 318 U. rhynchophylla 280 watercress 16, 239 yellow water crowsfoot 261
tension 308 U. tomentosa 280 watermelon 190 yerba dulce 229
during pregnancy 317 Urginea maritima syn. Drimia maritima 280 watermint 114 yerba santa 205
premenstrual 315 urinary infections 314 wax gourd 177 yew 275
sinus headaches and 309 during pregnancy 317 weeping forsythia 212 yi zhi ren 61
Terminalia, T. arjuna 142 urinary system, effect of herbs 13 weeping skin 300, 303 yin (Chinese concept) 40–42, 43
T. belerica 142, 275 Urtica, U. dioica 33, 63, 146 wheezing & shortness of breath 301 tonics 83, 95, 125
T. chebula 142, 275–76 U. pilulifera 146 white beet 178 yin chen hao 172
thalidomide tragedy 28–29 U. urens 146 white bryony 180 ylang-ylang 182
Thea sinensis see Camellia sinensis urticaria 303 white deadnettle 226 yohimbe 245
Theobroma cacao 276 Ustilago zeae 154 white elm 145 yu mi shu 154
Theophrastus 165, 171 Utricularia spp. 161 white horehound 233 yuan zhi 252
Thlaspi bursta-pastoris see Capsella uva-ursi 71, 144, 170, 212 white lotus 240–41
bursa-pastoris white mulberry 237–38 Z
Thomson, Samuel 27, 50, 110, 215
thornapple 200–201
V white peony 42, 117
white pond lily 240 Zanthoxylum, Z. americanum 48, 153
three-leaved caper 88 Vaccinium, V. macrocarpon 147, 280–81 white water lily 240–41 Z. bungeanum 153
thrush 314 V. myrtillus 147 white willow 13, 14, 26, 129, 140 Z. capense 153
Thuja occidentalis 276 V. vitis-idaea 147 wild cherry 15, 257–58 Z. clava-herculis 153
thyme 31, 35, 48, 143, 198, 276–77, 286 vaginal yeast infection 314, 317 wild chrysanthemum 78 Z. zanthoxyloides 153
thymol 14, 143, 276 valerian 10, 32, 148 wild cinnamon 182 Zea mays 13, 23, 48, 71, 154, 161, 162
Thymus, T. serpyllum 143, 276–77 Valeriana, V. capensis 148 wild herbs, harvesting 288 zedoary 198
T. vulgaris 31, 35, 48, 143, 198, 276, 286 V. hardwickii 148 wild horehound 208 zhe bei mu 43
tian nan xing 171 V. officinalis 10, 32, 148 wild hydrangea 221 zhi mu 168
tiger nut 199 V. ulginosa 148 wild indigo 176–77 zhi zi 215
Tilia spp. 277 V. wallichi 148 wild iris 223 Zingiber officinale 13, 22, 38, 39, 61, 81,
tinctures 292, 293, 299 varicose veins 302, 317 wild lettuce 225–26 116, 155, 287, 298
tinnevelly senna 75 varuna 88 wild marjoram 242–43 Ziziphus, Z. jujuba 283
tobacco 49, 69, 110, 182, 240 vasaka 160 wild onion 164 Z. spinosa 43, 283
tongue ulcers 306 Verbascum thapsus 47, 281 wild sarsaparilla 170
tonic herbs, action of 13 Verbena, V. hastata 149 wild strawberry 212–13
tonic wines 293 V. officinalis 46, 47, 149, 151 wild thyme 143, 276–77
tonsillitis 311 vermouth 66 wild yam 9, 15, 49, 186
toothache 308 Veronica officinalis 281 winter cherry 247
toothache tree 153 Veronicastrum virginicum see Leptandra winter savory 267
tormentil 256 virginica wintergreen 14, 215
toxic herbs 19, 22, 55 vertigo 306 witch hazel 13, 50, 102
toxicity in the body, effect of herbs 12 vervain 46, 47, 149, 151 withania 38, 152
toza 229 Viburnum, V. opulus 13, 33, 49, 150 Withania somnifera 38, 152
trade and trade routes, effects of 20, 21, V. prunifolium 150, 281 Withering, William 26, 202
22–23, 36, 37, 44 V. rufidulum 281 wood anemone 168
trailing eclipta 204 Vietnamese herbal medicine 22 wood apple 210
tree of heaven 162–63 Vinca, V. major 282 woolly foxglove 202
tree lungwort 229 V. minor 281–82 World Health Organization 29, 45
Trifolium pratense 14, 277 V. rosea 16, 282 wormseed 188
Trigonella foenum-graecum 277–78 Viola, V. canina 282 wormwood 13, 16, 66, 67, 172 331
Index of Herbs lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 313
lobelia (Lobelia inflata) 110
C
Cancer
index of herbs by ailment
by Ailment
arborvitae (Thuja occidentale) 276
northern prickly ash (Zanthoxylum
flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) 109
americanum) 153, 313
mistletoe (Viscum album) 283
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
This index includes a wide range of ailments, listing key herbs used to pau d’arco (Tabebuia spp) 139
106, 313
suma (Pfaffia paniculata) 246
treat each one. Page numbers in bold denote a self-help use. thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 313
turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90
white willow (Salix alba) 129, 313
Candidiasis see Fungal infections; Thrush
Bedwetting, California poppy (Eschscholzia
Cellulitis, wintergreen (Gaultheria
A Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus
senticosus) 94, 308
californica) 207
Bites see Stings, bites, & swellings
procumbens) 215
Chicken pox see Cold sores, chicken pox,
Abdominal pain see Stomach spasm Bladder stones see Stones
skullcap (Scutelleria lateriflora) 135, 308 & shingles
Acidity see Indigestion Bleeding
valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 148, 308 Chilblains
Acne & boils American cranesbill (Geranium
see also Stress echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 302
burdock (Arctium lappa) 65, 305 maculatum) 216
Appetite loss ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 302
calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 304 bistort (Polygonum bistorta) 253
bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) 226–27 lemon (Citrus limon) 82, 302
clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) 97, 305 cattail (Typha angustifolia) 279
bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 235 Childbirth
comfrey (Symphytum officinale) 138, 305 common plantain (Plantago major) 251
calumba (Jateorhiza palmata) 225 bethroot (Trillium erectum) 278
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 141, 305 greater burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) 266
cinchona (Cinchona spp.) 80 broom (Cytisus scoparius) 200
echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 305 horsetail (Equisetum arvense) 205
codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula) 83, 306 cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) 217–18
garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 305 lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor) 281–82
condurango (Marsdenia condurango) 233 fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
lemon (Citrus limon) 82, 305
gentian (Gentiana lutea) 99, 301 notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) 243 227–28
myrrh (Commiphora molmol) 85, 305
licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 101, 306 self-heal (Prunella vulgaris) 256 raspberry (Rubus idaeus) 264, 317
slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) 145, 305
lovage (Levisticum officinale) 228 Bloating see Gas & bloating squaw vine (Mitchella repens) 235–36
tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 112, 305
nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 115 Blood pressure, high Cholesterol levels, high
Aging & debility
radish (Raphanus sativus) 261 asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida) 210–11 alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 233–34
ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 152,
sweet flag (Acorus calamus) 57 beetroot (Beta vulgaris) 178, 301 butternut (Juglans cinerea) 224
319
Arthritis & gout blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) 262 eggplant (Solanum melongena) 270–71
codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula) 83, 319
avocado (Persea americana) 121 buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) 210, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
fo ti (Polygonum mutiflorum) 124
bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) 226–27 319 227–28
garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 319
black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) 79, 313 garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 301, 319 guggul (Commiphora mukul) 193
ginseng (Panax ginseng) 118, 319
bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 235 ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 301 oats (Avena sativa) 175
goji berry (Lycium chinense) 111
boswellia (Boswellia serrata) 179 ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 100, 301 rose (Rosa gallica) 263
oats (Avena sativa) 175, 319
celery (Apium graveolens) 64, 313 hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) 87 turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90
thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 319
deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) Indian snakeroot (Rauvolfia serpentina) 261 Crohn’s disease
see also Blood pressure, high; Circulatory
69, 313 linden (Tilia spp.) 277 German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita)
problems; Digestive problems; Joint pain
devil’s claw (Harpagophytum olive (Olea europaea) 241–42 77
& stiffness; Liver function; Memory &
procumbens) 103, 311 pomegranate (Punica granatum) 259, 301 psyllium (Plantago spp.) 123
concentration failure
lemon (Citrus limon) 82, 313 Blood-sugar levels, high see Diabetes wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) 66
Alcoholic poisoning, milk thistle (Silybum
meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) 98, 313 Boils see Acne & boils Circulatory problems
marianum) 137
northern prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Breast tenderness & sore nipples beet (Beta vulgaris) 178, 301
Allergic rhinitis & hay fever
americanum) 153 calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 315 cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) 74, 302
Baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis)
pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) 247–48 German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) crampbark (Viburnum opulus) 150, 302
134, 300
turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90 77, 315 dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) 130
boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) 208, 300
white willow (Salix alba) 129, 313 Bronchitis echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 302
common plantain (Plantago major) 251,
see also Joint pain & stiffness; Rheumatism cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) 234, 310 garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 301
300
Asthma cowslip (Primula veris) 256 ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 301
echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 300
Baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) 134, echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 310 ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 100, 301
elder (Sambucus nigra) 132, 300
301 elecampane (Inula helenium) 107, 310 goji berry (Lycium chinense) 111
eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) 209, 300
crampbark (Viburnum opulus) 150, 301 eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) 96, 310 northern prickly ash (Zanthaxylum
goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) 271, 300
desmodium (Desmodium adscendens) 201 garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 310
marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 165, 300 americanum) 153, 302
echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 301 gumplant (Grindelia camporum) 218
nettle (Urtica dioica) 146, 300 pomegranate (Punica granatum) 259, 301
German chamomile (Chamomilla licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 101, 310
thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 300 Cold sores, chicken pox, & shingles
recutita) 77, 301 lovage (Levisticum officinale) 228
Anemia echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 304
gumplant (Grindelia camporum) 218 lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) 259
chiretta (Swertia chirata) 273, 301 garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 304
lobelia (Lobelia inflata) 110 Seneca snakeroot (Polygala senega) 252
gentian (Gentiana lutea) 99, 301 ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 304
nettle (Urtica dioca) 146, 301 soap bark (Quillaja saponaria) 260
nettle (Urtica dioca) 146, 301 lemon (Citrus limon) 82, 304
passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) 119 thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 310
wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) 66, 301 lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) 113, 304
pill-bearing spurge (Euphorbia hirta) 209 white horehound (Marrubium vulgare) 233
Angina St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Seneca snakeroot (Polygala senega) 252 Bruises
arjun (Terminalia arjuna) 142 106, 304
thornapple (Datura stramonium) 200–201 arnica (Arnica montana) 172, 304
cattail (Typha angustifolia) 279 Colds & flu
thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 301 calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 304
dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) 130 boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) 208, 311
visnaga (Ammi visnaga) 62 comfrey (Symphytum officinale) 138
hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) 87 cardamom (Eletteria cardamomum) 93, 311
wild cherry (Prunus serotina) 257–58 common plantain (Plantago major) 251
notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) 243 catnip (Nepeta catoria) 239–40
Athlete’s foot Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum multiflorum)
visnaga (Ammi visnaga) 62 cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) 74, 311
calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 304 252–53
Anorexia see Appetite loss cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum spp.) 81,
turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90, 304 witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) 102,
Anxiety & tension 311
codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula) 83, 308 304 clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) 97, 311
damiana (Turnera difusa) 144, 308 B Burns & scalds echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 311
lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) 113, 308 Back pain aloe vera (Aloe vera) 60, 303 elder (Sambucus nigra) 132, 311
passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) 119 crampbark (Viburnum opulus) 150, 313 calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 303 elderberry (Sambucus nigra) 132, 311, 318
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) devil’s claw (Harpagophytum lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 303 eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) 96
332 106, 308 procumbens) 103, 313 tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 112 garlic (Allium sativum) 59, 311
gentian (Gentiana lutea) 99, 311 coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) 278–79 psyllium (Plantago spp.) 123, 307 German chamomile (Chamomilla
ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 311 cowslip (Primula veris) 256 rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) 271–72 recutita) 77, 310
cardamom (Eletteria cardamomum) 93, 306 bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) 213 phyllanthus (Phyllanthis amarus) 247 horsemint (Monarda punctata) 236
cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) 74 cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) 280 picrorrhiza (Picrorrhiza kurroa) 248 lemon (Citrus limon) 82, 306
centaury (Erythraea centaurium) 206, 306 ju hua (Chrysanthemum x morifolium) 78 quassia (Picrasma excelsa) 248 lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) 113, 305
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) 212, 306 rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) 125, 310 nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 115
gentian (Gentiana lutea) 99, 306
ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 318
I schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) 133
turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90
pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 235, 306
peppermint (Mentha x piperita) 114, 306
Impotence & premature ejaculation
lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) 228, 306 turmeric (Curcuma longa) 90, 306
bu gu zhi (Psoralea corylifolia) 258
lovage (Levisticum officinale) 228
pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 235
ginseng (Panax ginseng) 118, 316 M see also Morning sickness; Vomiting
Nephritis see Kidney problems
morinda (Morinda officinalis) 237 Malaria
peppermint (Mentha x piperita) 114, 306 Nerve pain see Neuralgia
muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) 258 boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) 208
sweet flag (Acorus calamus) 57 Nettle rash, nettle (Urtica dioca) 146, 303
saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) 136, 316 cinchona (Cinchona spp.) 80
winter savory (Satureja montana) 267 Neuralgia
schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) 133, 316 fever bark (Alstonia spp.) 165
Gastritis see Indigestion clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) 97, 308
Indigestion fo ti (Polygonum mutiflorum) 124
Glaucoma lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 308
allspice (Pimenta officinalis) 248 neem (Azadirachta indica) 70
coleus (Coleus forskohlii) 84 peppermint (Mentha x piperita) 114, 308
anise (Pimpinella anisum) 248, 307 sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) 67
marijuana (Cannabis sativa) 182 St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) 233, 307 tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 162
Gout see Arthritis & gout 106, 308
clary sage (Salvia sclarea) 265 Measles
Gum problems see also Pain relief
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) 212, 307 kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 258–59
myrrh (Commiphora molmol) 85, 306 Nipples, sore see Breast tenderness &
galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 211, 307 safflower (Carthamus tinctoria) 184
sage (Salvia officinalis) 131, 306 sore nipples
German chamomile (Chamomilla Memory & concentration failure
see also Mouth & tongue ulcers Nosebleeds
recutita) 77, 307 ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 100, 319
American cranesbill (Geranium
Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) 186, 307 gotu kola (Centella asiatoca) 76, 319
H meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) 98, hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) 87
maculatum) 216, 310
eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) 209, 310
Hemorrhoids 307, 313 Menopausal problems
nettle (Urtica dioca) 146, 310
American cranesbill (Geranium slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) 145, 307 black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) 79,
maculatum) 216 sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) 241 316
blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) 264 Insomnia chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) 151, 316 O
calendula (Calendula officinalis) 73, 302 ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 152, oats (Avena sativa) 175, 316 Osteoarthritis see Arthritis & gout
common oak (Quercus robur) 259, 302 309 sage (Salvia officinalis) 131, 316
common plantain (Plantago major) 251
lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 260,
hops (Humulus lupulus) 104, 309
lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 309
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
106, 316
P
Pain relief
302 linden (Tilia spp.) 277, 309 shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) 174, 316
boswellia (Boswellia serrata) 179
psyllium (Plantago spp.) 123, 302 nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 115 white peony (Paeonia lactiflora) 117, 316
corydalis (Corydalis yanhusuo) 86
slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) 145, 302 oats (Avena sativa) 175, 309 white willow (Salix alba) 129, 316
crampbark (Viburnum opulus) 150, 312,
witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) 102, passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) 119, Menstrual problems see Period pain;
313, 315
302 309, 313 Periods, heavy or irregular; Premenstrual
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) 96
Halitosis red poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 244 syndrome
henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) 221–2
cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 93 Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus Migraine
Jamaica dogwood (Piscidia erythrina) 251
dill (Anethum graveolens) 168 senticosus) 94, 309 feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) 140, 309
kava (Piper methysticum) 122
ju hua (Chrysanthemum morifolium) 78 valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 148, 309, 313 skullcap (Scutelleria lateriflora) 135, 309
opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) 244
rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) 127 In children see also Headaches
passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) 119
Hangover German chamomile (Chamomilla Morning sickness
quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) 255
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 141, 309 recutita) 77, 309, 318 fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) 212, 317
In children
kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 258–59 Irritable bowel syndrome see Diarrhea German chamomile (Chamomilla
red poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 244
milk thistle (Silybum marianum) 137 recutita) 77, 317
see also Joint pain & stiffness; Muscle
Hay fever see Allergic rhinitis
Headaches
J ginger (Zingiber officinale) 155, 317
Mouth & tongue ulcers
aches & cramps; Neuralgia
Joint pain & stiffness Palpitations
betony (Stachys officinalis) 272 avens (Geum urbanum) 216
comfrey (Symphytum officinale) 138, 313 dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) 130, 302
bo he (Mentha haplocalyx) 234, 306 echinacea (Echinacea spp.) 92, 306
lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 313 lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) 113, 308
catnip (Nepeta catoria) 239–40 lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor) 281–82
ephedra (Ephedra sinica) 96 linden (Tilia spp.) 277, 302
feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) 140 licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 101, 306
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 148, 302
gou teng (Uncaria rhynchophylla) 280 myrrh (Commiphora molmol) 85, 306
106, 313 see also Panic attacks
lavender (Lavandula officinalis) 108, 309 rhatany (Krameria triandra) 225
see also Arthritis & gout; Rheumatism Panic attacks
linden (Tilia spp.) 277, 309, 317 sage (Salvia officinalis) 131, 306
linden (Tilia spp.) 277, 302
tormentil (Potentilla erecta) 256
pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 235, 306,
309 K Mumps, peepal (Ficus religiosa) 212
motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) 227, 302
skullcap (Scutelleria lateriflora) 135, 308
peppermint (Mentha x piperita) 114, Kidney problems Muscle aches & cramps
valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 148, 302
306, 309 da ji (Euphorbia pekinensis) 209 arnica (Arnica montana) 172, 312
see also Palpitations
rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 128, 309 eucommia bark (Eucommia ulmoides) 207 cinchona (Cinchona spp.) 80
Parkinson’s disease
skullcap (Scutelleria lateriflora) 135, 308 Java tea (Orthosiphon aristata) 243 crampbark (Viburnum opulus) 150, 312
deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) 69
valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 148, 309 ephedra (Ephedra sinica) 95 lobelia (Lobelia inflata) 110
harmala (Peganum harmala) 245
vervain (Verbena officinalis) 149, 309 rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) 125 passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) 119
henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) 221–22
Heart disease schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) 133 rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 128, 312
thornapple (Datura stramonium) 200–201
arjun (Terminalia arjuna) 142 Kidney stones see Stones St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) 106
Peptic ulcers
broom (Cytisus scoparius) 200 thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 143, 312
curry tree (Murraya koenigii) 238
coleus (Coleus forskohlii) 84 L deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) 69
hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) 87 Laryngitis see Sore throats N fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
night-blooming cereus (Selenicereus Liver problems Nausea & motion sickness 227–8
grandiflorus) 268–9 andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) 167 bo he (Mentha haplocalyx) 234, 306 matico (Piper angustifolia) 249–50
Heartburn chiretta (Swertia chirata) 273 centaury (Erythraea centaurium) 206, 306 potato (Solanum tuberosum) 271
meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) 98, 317 desmodium (Desmodium adscendens) 201 chiretta (Swertia chirata) 273, 306 Period pain
334 see also Gas & bloating eucommia bark (Eucommia ulmoides) 207 clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) 97, 306 black haw (Viburnum prunifolium) 218, 315
caraway (Carum carvi) 184, 315 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) 249 St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) celery (Apium graveolens) 64
corydalis (Corydalis yanhusuo) 86 star anise (Illicium verum) 222–3 106, 303 cornsilk (Zea mays) 154, 314
essences
Websites
options in the U.S. and Canada, ranging are offered by herbal teachers. For www.floracopeia.com
from introductory to postgraduate level. example:
Starwest Botanicals
The best guide to this richness can be Sage Mountain One of the largest suppliers of organic
found at the AHG listing: Rosemary Gladstar herbs in the United States
Herbalist organizations www.americanherbalistsguild.com/ www.sagemountain.com www.starwest-botanicals.com
See p. 320 for a list of herbalist school-profiles Center for Herbal Studies Verditas Botanicals
organizations. David Winston Suppliers of 100 percent organic
A characteristic of the north American www.herbalstudies.net essential oils
Finding an herbal practitioner herbal world is the wonderful range of verditasbotanicals.com
herb schools established by herbalists Foundations in Herbal Medicine
Use the American Herbalists Guild’s Find Tieraona Low Dog, MD Simplers Botanicals
an Herbalist National Locator Service to around the country. Many are listed by drlowdog.com A leading source of therapeutic-quality,
find AHG professional members in your the AHG, but an example is the following: certified organic essential oils and herbal
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area. Herbology extracts
California School of Herbal Studies https://simplers.com
www.americanherbalistsguild.com/ Michael and Leslie Tierra
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Neal’s Yard
Degree courses The School of Natural Healing A world leader of natural health and
American Herbalists Guild A number of universities now offer Dr. John R. Christopher MH beauty, supplying essential oils and herbal
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regional chapters degree courses at various levels. For https://us.nyrorganic.com/shop/corp/
AHG chapters bring herbal communities example: Northeast School of Botanical Medicine
7Song
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Mountain Rose Herbs
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