Subjects of School View of Constitution of India

### Preamble and Objectives

**Preamble**: The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that
sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. It declares India to be a Sovereign,
Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic. The objectives stated in the Preamble are:

- **Justice**: Social, economic, and political justice.

- **Liberty**: Of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
- **Equality**: Of status and opportunity.
- **Fraternity**: Assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

The Preamble reflects the values and philosophy upon which the Constitution is based.

### Fundamental Rights and Duties

**Fundamental Rights**: These are the basic human rights enshrined in Part III of the
Constitution, which are guaranteed to all citizens. They include:

- **Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)**: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race,

caste, sex, or place of birth.
- **Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)**: Includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly,
association, movement, residence, and the right to practice any profession.
- **Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)**: Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor.
- **Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)**: Ensures religious freedom and the right to
manage religious affairs.
- **Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)**: Protects the rights of cultural, religious,
and linguistic minorities.
- **Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)**: Allows individuals to seek enforcement of
Fundamental Rights through the Supreme Court and High Courts.

**Fundamental Duties**: These are moral obligations of all citizens listed in Article 51A. They
include:

- Respecting the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem.

- Cherishing the noble ideals of the freedom struggle.
- Upholding and protecting the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
- Promoting harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood.
- Protecting and improving the natural environment.

### Directive Principles of State Policy

**Directive Principles of State Policy**: Enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution, these principles
are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. They are not justiciable (i.e., not
enforceable by any court), but they aim to create social and economic conditions under which
citizens can lead a good life. Some key Directive Principles include:

- Providing adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.

- Ensuring fair distribution of wealth and resources.
- Protecting children and youth against exploitation.
- Promoting educational and economic interests of weaker sections.
- Raising the level of nutrition and standard of living.

### Amendment Procedures

**Amendment Procedures**: The Constitution provides for its amendment to adapt to

changing needs and circumstances. Article 368 outlines the procedure for amendments, which
can be classified into three categories:

1. **Simple Majority**: Amendments that can be passed by a simple majority in Parliament.

2. **Special Majority**: Requires a two-thirds majority of members present and voting in each
house of Parliament.
3. **Special Majority with State Ratification**: Some amendments also require ratification by
at least half of the state legislatures, in addition to the special majority in Parliament.

This flexibility allows the Constitution to evolve while maintaining its core principles.

### Judiciary and Constitutional Authorities

**Judiciary**: The Judiciary is an independent body that interprets and applies the laws of the
land. It comprises:

- **Supreme Court**: The apex court of India with the power of constitutional review.
- **High Courts**: Present in states and union territories, they have jurisdiction over their
respective regions.
- **Subordinate Courts**: Include District Courts and other lower courts that deal with local
matters.

The judiciary ensures the protection of rights and maintains the rule of law.

**Constitutional Authorities**: These are bodies established by the Constitution to uphold its
principles and ensure governance is conducted according to its mandates. They include:
- **Election Commission**: Conducts free and fair elections.
- **Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)**: Audits government expenditure.
- **Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)**: Conducts exams for civil services.
- **Finance Commission**: Advises on the distribution of financial resources between the
central and state governments.

These authorities help in the effective functioning and accountability of the government.

History of India with special reference to Karnataka

### Ancient History of India

Ancient Indian history spans from the early human settlements to the end of the Gupta Empire.
Key periods include:

- **Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 – 1300 BCE)**: Known for its advanced urban planning,
architecture, and social organization, with major sites at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
- **Vedic Period (c. 1500 – 600 BCE)**: Marked by the composition of the Vedas, the rise of
Aryan culture, and the foundation of Hinduism.
- **Maurya Empire (322 – 185 BCE)**: Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, it was one of the
largest empires in Indian history, reaching its peak under Emperor Ashoka, who embraced
Buddhism.
- **Gupta Empire (c. 320 – 550 CE)**: Known as the Golden Age of India, it saw significant
advancements in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy.

### Medieval History of India

The medieval period in Indian history is characterized by the rise and fall of various dynasties
and the establishment of Islamic rule. Key phases include:

- **Early Medieval Period (c. 600 – 1200 CE)**: Dominated by regional kingdoms such as the
Chalukyas, Pallavas, and Cholas in the South, and the Rajputs in the North.
- **Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526)**: A series of five dynasties, including the Mamluks, Khiljis,
Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodis, which brought much of the subcontinent under Muslim rule.
- **Mughal Empire (1526 – 1857)**: Established by Babur, the Mughal Empire reached its
zenith under Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, known for its rich culture,
architecture, and centralized administration.

### Modern History of India

Modern Indian history begins with the advent of European colonization and includes the
struggle for independence. Key events include:

- **British East India Company (1757 – 1858)**: Following the Battle of Plassey, the Company
established control over large parts of India, leading to the decline of Mughal power.
- **British Raj (1858 – 1947)**: Direct British rule established after the Revolt of 1857,
characterized by economic exploitation, social reforms, and the rise of nationalist movements.
- **Indian Independence Movement**: Spearheaded by figures like Mahatma Gandhi,
Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose, it included mass protests, non-cooperation, and
civil disobedience, culminating in independence on August 15, 1947.

### Historical Sites in Karnataka

Karnataka is rich in historical and architectural heritage. Notable sites include:

- **Hampi**: The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for
its stunning temples and monuments.
- **Mysore Palace**: An iconic royal residence in Mysore, reflecting Indo-Saracenic
architecture.
- **Belur and Halebidu**: Temples renowned for their exquisite Hoysala architecture and
intricate carvings.
- **Badami, Aihole, and Pattadakal**: Known for their ancient rock-cut temples and
architecture, showcasing early Chalukyan art and culture.
- **Srirangapatna**: The capital of Tipu Sultan's kingdom, with historical structures such as the
Daria Daulat Bagh and the Ranganathaswamy Temple.

### Karnataka's Role in Indian Independence

Karnataka played a significant role in India's struggle for independence:

- **Freedom Fighters**: Prominent figures from Karnataka included M. Visvesvaraya, K.

Chengalaraya Reddy, and S. Nijalingappa, who were instrumental in both the freedom
movement and post-independence governance.
- **Non-Cooperation Movement**: The state saw active participation in Gandhiji's Non-
Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements, with widespread protests and boycotts of
British goods and institutions.
- **Quit India Movement**: Karnataka witnessed significant activities during the Quit India
Movement of 1942, including protests, strikes, and the formation of parallel governments in
some areas.
- **Cultural Influence**: Karnataka's intellectuals and poets, such as Kuvempu and D. R.
Bendre, inspired the masses with their writings and speeches advocating for independence.

Karnataka's contributions were crucial in the larger tapestry of India's struggle for freedom,
reflecting the state's commitment to the national cause.

Geography of India in relation to Karnataka

### Physical Geography of India

India's physical geography is diverse and vast, encompassing various landforms and climatic
zones. Key features include:

- **Northern Mountains**: The Himalayas, extending from Jammu & Kashmir in the west to
Arunachal Pradesh in the east, form the northern boundary and include the highest peaks like
Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga.
- **Northern Plains**: Formed by the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river systems, these
fertile plains are densely populated and agriculturally productive.
- **Peninsular Plateau**: The Deccan Plateau, flanked by the Western and Eastern Ghats, is a
region of old, hard rock formations and includes rich mineral deposits.
- **Coastal Plains**: The Western and Eastern coastal plains run along the Arabian Sea and the
Bay of Bengal, respectively, with important ports and diverse ecosystems.
- **Islands**: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep
Islands in the Arabian Sea add to India's geographical diversity.

### Climate and Vegetation

India experiences a variety of climatic conditions, leading to diverse vegetation:

- **Climate**:
- **Tropical Monsoon Climate**: Predominant in India, characterized by distinct wet and dry
seasons.
 - **Summer (March to June)**: Hot weather with temperatures rising above 40°C in some
regions.
- **Monsoon (June to September)**: Heavy rainfall brought by southwest monsoon winds.
- **Winter (December to February)**: Cooler temperatures, especially in the north.
- **Post-Monsoon (October to November)**: Transition period with retreating monsoons.

- **Vegetation**:
- **Tropical Rainforests**: Found in the Western Ghats, northeastern states, and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- **Deciduous Forests**: Cover central India and the foothills of the Himalayas, shedding
leaves during the dry season.
- **Thorn Forests and Scrubs**: Located in arid regions like Rajasthan.
- **Alpine and Tundra Vegetation**: Found in the higher altitudes of the Himalayas.

### Major Rivers and Mountains

- **Major Rivers**:
- **Ganges**: Originates in the Himalayas and flows through northern India into Bangladesh.
- **Indus**: Flows through Tibet, India, and Pakistan.
- **Brahmaputra**: Flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh.
- **Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri**: Major rivers in southern India.
- **Yamuna**: A significant tributary of the Ganges.

- **Major Mountains**:
- **Himalayas**: Include peaks like Everest, Kanchenjunga, and Nanda Devi.
- **Western Ghats**: Run parallel to the western coast and are a UNESCO World Heritage
site.
- **Eastern Ghats**: Discontinuous range along the eastern coast.
- **Vindhya and Satpura Ranges**: Central India, acting as a natural divide between northern
and southern India.

### Districts and Geographical Features of Karnataka

Karnataka is divided into 31 districts, each with unique geographical features:

- **Northern Karnataka**: Known for the Deccan Plateau, characterized by its dry and arid
conditions.
- **Western Ghats**: A UNESCO World Heritage site, this region is rich in biodiversity and
receives heavy rainfall.
- **Coastal Karnataka**: Includes districts like Dakshina Kannada and Udupi, with lush greenery
and important ports.
- **Southern Karnataka**: Known for the Mysore Plateau, with significant urban centers like
Bengaluru and Mysuru.

### Natural Resources of Karnataka

Karnataka is rich in natural resources, contributing significantly to its economy:

- **Minerals**:
- **Iron Ore**: Karnataka is one of the largest producers, particularly in the Bellary-Hospet
region.
- **Gold**: Kolar and Hutti are well-known for their gold mines.
- **Manganese and Bauxite**: Found in significant quantities.
- **Limestone**: Used extensively in cement production.

- **Forests**: Covering about 20% of the state, they provide timber, bamboo, sandalwood, and
medicinal plants.
- **Water Resources**: Major rivers like the Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra, and Sharavathi are
crucial for irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power.
- **Agriculture**: Karnataka is a leading producer of coffee, spices, silk, and sandalwood.

Karnataka's diverse natural resources make it a vital part of India's economic and ecological
landscape.

Matters relating to State and Territorial Administration

### Matters Relating to State and Territorial Administration

State and territorial administration in India involves managing the various states and union
territories (UTs) according to the federal structure outlined in the Constitution. Each state has
its own government, while UTs are administered by the central government, sometimes with a
legislative assembly.

### State Government Structure

The state government structure mirrors the central government and includes three branches:

- **Executive**:
- **Governor**: The constitutional head of the state, appointed by the President of India. The
Governor's role is largely ceremonial.
 - **Chief Minister**: The real head of the state government, leading the Council of Ministers.
The CM is appointed by the Governor but must have majority support in the Legislative
Assembly.
- **Council of Ministers**: Includes Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy
Ministers. They are responsible for various departments and are collectively accountable to the
Legislative Assembly.

- **Legislature**:
- **Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)**: The lower house in states with a unicameral
system or the only house in most states. Members are directly elected by the people.
- **Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)**: The upper house in states with a bicameral system
(only in a few states like Bihar, Karnataka, and Maharashtra). Members are partly elected and
partly nominated.

- **Judiciary**: The High Courts in each state function as the highest judicial authority within
the state, with jurisdiction over state laws. They ensure the constitutionality of laws and resolve
disputes.

### Local Governance (Panchayats and Municipalities)

Local governance in India is facilitated through Panchayats and Municipalities, established by

the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments:

- **Panchayats**: Function in rural areas and have a three-tier system:

- **Gram Panchayat**: At the village level.
- **Panchayat Samiti**: At the block level.
- **Zila Parishad**: At the district level.

Panchayats are responsible for local administration, including agriculture, water management,
health, education, and rural development.

- **Municipalities**: Function in urban areas and are categorized into:

- **Nagar Panchayats**: For transitional areas between rural and urban.
- **Municipal Councils**: For smaller urban areas.
- **Municipal Corporations**: For larger urban areas and cities.

Municipalities handle urban planning, infrastructure, public health, sanitation, and municipal
services.

### Administrative Divisions

India is divided into several administrative divisions for better governance:

- **States and Union Territories**: India comprises 28 states and 8 Union Territories, each with
its own government or administrative setup.
- **Districts**: States are further divided into districts, which are the primary administrative
units, managed by District Collectors or Deputy Commissioners.
- **Talukas/Tehsils**: Districts are subdivided into Talukas or Tehsils, overseen by Tehsildars.
- **Villages and Towns**: The smallest administrative units, governed by Panchayats in rural
areas and Municipalities in urban areas.

### Law and Order Situation

Maintaining law and order is a critical state function, involving:

- **Police Force**: States have their own police forces, headed by the Director General of
Police (DGP). They are responsible for maintaining public order, preventing and investigating
crimes, and enforcing laws.
- **Judicial System**: State-level courts, including district and session courts, handle criminal
and civil cases, ensuring the legal framework is upheld.
- **Special Forces**: States may have specialized units like Anti-Terrorism Squads (ATS) and
Rapid Action Forces (RAF) for handling specific threats and emergencies.

### Special Provisions for Certain Areas

Certain areas in India have special administrative provisions to address unique needs and
circumstances:

- **Fifth Schedule**: Applies to regions with significant tribal populations, ensuring protection
of their cultural and economic interests. It provides for the establishment of Tribal Advisory
Councils.
- **Sixth Schedule**: Applies to specific northeastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and
Mizoram), allowing for autonomous district and regional councils with legislative and judicial
powers.
- **Article 370 and 35A**: Previously provided special autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir,
though these provisions were abrogated in August 2019.
- **Union Territories with Legislative Assembly**: Some UTs, like Delhi and Puducherry, have
special status with their own legislative assemblies and partial statehood, granting them a
greater degree of self-governance.

These provisions ensure tailored administrative frameworks to cater to diverse regional needs
across the country.
Matters relating to the development of the economy of Karnataka

### Matters Relating to the Development of the Economy of Karnataka

Karnataka's economy is diverse and dynamic, with a strong emphasis on both industrial and
agricultural sectors. The state has implemented various strategies and initiatives to promote
economic growth, rural development, and agricultural productivity.

### Economic Development Plans

Karnataka's economic development plans focus on creating a balanced and inclusive growth
model:

- **Industrial Policy**: Karnataka has established several industrial areas and special economic
zones (SEZs) to attract investment and boost manufacturing. Key sectors include information
technology, biotechnology, aerospace, textiles, and electronics.
- **Infrastructure Development**: Significant investments in roadways, railways, airports, and
ports to improve connectivity and support economic activities. The Bengaluru-Mumbai
Industrial Corridor and other infrastructure projects are part of this plan.
- **Skill Development**: Programs aimed at enhancing the skill sets of the workforce to meet
the demands of various industries. Initiatives like the Karnataka Skill Development Corporation
(KSDC) focus on vocational training and employment generation.
- **Tourism Promotion**: Developing tourism infrastructure to attract domestic and
international tourists, leveraging the state's rich cultural heritage and natural beauty.

### Rural Development Initiatives

Rural development is a key focus area to ensure equitable growth:

- **Housing Schemes**: Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aim to provide
affordable housing to the rural population.
- **Sanitation and Water Supply**: Initiatives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the National
Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) to ensure clean water and sanitation facilities.
- **Rural Electrification**: Programs to provide electricity to all rural households, improving the
quality of life and enabling economic activities.
- **Health and Education**: Improving healthcare facilities through schemes like Ayushman
Bharat and enhancing educational infrastructure to ensure access to quality education.

### Role of Panchayat Raj Institutions

Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) play a crucial role in decentralized governance and rural
development:

- **Local Governance**: PRIs, including Gram Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats, and Zilla
Panchayats, are responsible for local administration and development activities.
- **Implementation of Schemes**: PRIs are instrumental in implementing various central and
state government schemes at the grassroots level, ensuring effective delivery of services.
- **Community Participation**: Encouraging local participation in decision-making processes,
which enhances accountability and ensures that development projects meet local needs.
- **Resource Management**: PRIs manage local resources, including water bodies, forests, and
common lands, promoting sustainable development practices.

### Rural Co-operative Societies

Rural co-operative societies are essential for promoting economic activities in rural areas:

- **Agricultural Co-operatives**: These societies provide farmers with inputs like seeds,
fertilizers, and machinery at reasonable prices, and facilitate collective marketing of produce to
ensure better returns.
- **Credit Societies**: Rural credit co-operatives provide farmers and rural entrepreneurs with
access to credit at lower interest rates, helping them invest in agriculture and small businesses.
- **Dairy Co-operatives**: Prominent examples like the Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF)
promote dairy farming by providing infrastructure for milk collection, processing, and
marketing.
- **Self-Help Groups (SHGs)**: Encouraging savings and credit among rural women, SHGs play a
vital role in women empowerment and financial inclusion.

### Initiatives for Agricultural Growth

Agriculture remains a cornerstone of Karnataka's economy, and various initiatives aim to boost
this sector:

- **Irrigation Projects**: Large-scale irrigation projects like the Upper Krishna Project and the
Kabini Reservoir provide water for agriculture, reducing dependence on monsoon rains.
- **Crop Diversification**: Encouraging farmers to diversify crops to include high-value and less
water-intensive varieties, such as horticulture, floriculture, and sericulture.
- **Organic Farming**: Promoting organic farming practices to ensure sustainable agriculture,
reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, and enhance soil health.
- **Market Access**: Establishing agricultural produce markets and e-NAM (National
Agriculture Market) platforms to provide farmers with better access to markets and fair pricing.
- **Research and Development**: Investing in agricultural research through institutions like the
University of Agricultural Sciences to develop high-yielding and resilient crop varieties.

These comprehensive measures aim to ensure the holistic development of Karnataka's

economy, with a balanced focus on industrial growth and rural prosperity.

Matters relating to environmental issues and development of Karnataka

### Matters Relating to Environmental Issues and Development of Karnataka

Karnataka, with its diverse ecosystems and rich natural resources, faces various environmental
challenges. The state has implemented several programs and initiatives to address these issues
and promote sustainable development.

### Environmental Conservation Programs

Karnataka has undertaken various programs aimed at conserving the environment and
mitigating ecological degradation:

- **Green Karnataka Initiative**: Aimed at increasing the green cover through afforestation
and reforestation projects. This includes planting saplings and maintaining urban green spaces.
- **Watershed Development Program**: Focuses on the conservation of water resources
through the construction of check dams, rejuvenation of lakes, and rainwater harvesting
techniques.
- **Eco-friendly Tourism**: Promoting eco-tourism to ensure that natural habitats and wildlife
are preserved while supporting local economies.
- **Climate Action Plan**: Addressing climate change through measures aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, and enhancing climate resilience.

### Biodiversity in Karnataka

Karnataka is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, making biodiversity conservation a
priority:

- **Western Ghats**: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this biodiversity hotspot is home to
numerous endemic species of plants, animals, and birds.
- **National Parks and Sanctuaries**: Notable areas include Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole
National Park, Bannerghatta National Park, and the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, which protect a
wide range of wildlife including tigers, elephants, and leopards.
- **Biodiversity Parks**: Establishing biodiversity parks in urban areas to preserve native
species and educate the public about local biodiversity.

### Forest and Wildlife Conservation

Efforts to conserve forests and wildlife are critical for maintaining ecological balance:

- **Forest Protection**: Initiatives include preventing illegal logging, controlling forest fires,
and promoting sustainable forest management practices.
- **Wildlife Protection**: Anti-poaching measures, wildlife corridors, and habitat restoration
projects are in place to protect endangered species.
- **Community Participation**: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts through
programs like Joint Forest Management (JFM), which involves locals in the protection and
management of forests.

### Pollution Control Measures

To combat pollution, Karnataka has implemented several control measures:

- **Industrial Pollution Control**: Enforcing regulations to reduce emissions and effluents from
industries. This includes monitoring and managing industrial waste.
- **Air Quality Management**: Implementing measures to monitor and improve air quality,
such as promoting cleaner fuels, vehicular emission norms, and developing green belts around
urban areas.
- **Water Pollution Control**: Ensuring the treatment of wastewater from industrial and
domestic sources before it is released into water bodies. This also includes cleaning and
rejuvenating polluted rivers and lakes.
- **Solid Waste Management**: Promoting waste segregation at the source, recycling,
composting, and scientific disposal of waste to reduce landfill impacts.

### Sustainable Development Initiatives

Karnataka focuses on balancing development with environmental sustainability through various

initiatives:

- **Renewable Energy**: Promoting solar, wind, and bioenergy projects to reduce dependence
on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. Karnataka is a leader in solar power generation.
- **Sustainable Agriculture**: Encouraging practices such as organic farming, conservation
agriculture, and precision farming to enhance productivity while preserving soil and water
resources.
- **Urban Sustainability**: Implementing smart city projects that focus on sustainable urban
planning, efficient public transportation, and energy-efficient buildings.
- **Green Buildings**: Promoting the construction of energy-efficient and environmentally
friendly buildings through incentives and regulatory measures.

These comprehensive efforts aim to protect Karnataka’s rich natural heritage, ensure
sustainable use of resources, and foster a balance between environmental conservation and
economic development.

General Kannada Language

### ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಭಾಷೆ

### ವ್ಯಯ ಕರಣ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಕಯ ರಚನೆ

ಕನ್ನ ಡ ವ್ಯಯ ಕರಣವು ಸುಸಂಸ್ಥಿ ತ ಮತ್ತು ಜಟಿಲವ್ಯಗಿದೆ, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವ್ಯರು ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನನ

ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ:

- **ಧ್ವ ನಿವಿಜ್ಞಾ ನ್**: ಕನ್ನ ಡದಲ್ಲಿ 34 ವ್ಯ ಂಜನ್ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು 13 ಸ್ವ ರಗಳು ಇವೆ. ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ
ಉಚ್ಚಾ ರಿತ ಮತ್ತು ಅನ್ನಚ್ಚಾ ರಿತ ವ್ಯ ಂಜನ್ಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ರೂಪಶಾಸ್ು ರ**: ಕನ್ನ ಡವು ಒಂದು ಅಗ್ರೆ ಸ್ಥವ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಾಗಿದುು , ಮಾಫಿಮ್‌ಗಳನ್ನನ ಸೇರಿಸ್ಥ
ಪದಗಳನ್ನನ ರಚಿಸುತು ದೆ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಯ ಕರಣ ಸಂಬಂಧ್ಗಳನ್ನನ ವ್ಯ ಕು ಪಡಿಸುತು ದೆ.
- **ವ್ಯಕಯ ರಚನೆ**: ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವ್ಯಕಯ ರಚನೆ ವಿಷಯ-ಕಮಮ-ಕ್ರೆ ಯಾಪದ (SOV) ಕೆ ಮವ್ನ್ನನ
ಅನ್ನಸ್ರಿಸುತು ದೆ. ಪೂರಕ ಪದಗಳು ಅವ್ರ ಮಾಪಮಡಿಸುವ್ ಪದಗಳ ಮಂಚೆ ಬರುತು ವೆ ಮತ್ತು
ಪೂವ್ಮಪೆ ತಯ ಯಗಳ ಬದಲು ಬಾಹಯ ಪೆ ತಯ ಯಗಳನ್ನನ ಬಳಸುತು ವೆ.
- **ಕ್ರೆ ಯಾಪದ ರೂಪಂತರ**: ಕ್ರೆ ಯಾಪದಗಳನ್ನನ ಕಾಲ (ಭೂತಕಾಲ, ವ್ತಮಮಾನ್ಕಾಲ,
ಭವಿಷಯ ಕಾಲ), ಮೋಡ್ (ಸೂಚನಾತಮ ಕ, ಆದೇಶಾತಮ ಕ, ಚೈತನಾಯ ತಮ ಕ) ಮತ್ತು ಅಂಶಗಳು
(ಪೂಣಮ, ಅಪೂಣಮ) ಆಧ್ರಿಸ್ಥ ರೂಪಂತರಿಸ್ಲಾಗುತು ದೆ.
- **ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ವಿಬಕ್ರು **: ನಾಮಪದಗಳನ್ನನ ಲ್ಲಂಗ (ಪುಲ್ಲಂಗ, ಸ್ಥು ರೋಲ್ಲಂಗ, ನ್ಪುಂಸ್ಕ ಲ್ಲಂಗ),
ಸಂಖ್ಯಯ (ಏಕವ್ಚನ್, ಬಹುವ್ಚನ್), ಮತ್ತು ವಿಬಕ್ರು (ಪೆ ಥಮಾ, ದ್ವವ ತೋಯಾ, ತೃತೋಯಾ, ಇತ್ಯಯ ದ್ವ)
ಆಧ್ರಿಸ್ಥ ಬದಲ್ಲಸ್ಲಾಗುತು ದೆ.

### ಶಬು ಕೋಶ ಮತ್ತು ಲೋಕುಕ್ರು ಗಳು

ಕನ್ನ ಡದ ಶಬು ಕೋಶವು ವೈವಿಧ್ಯ ಮಯವ್ಯಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಶತಮಾನ್ಗಳ ಹಂದ್ವನಿಂದ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ

ಭಾಷೆಗಳ ಪೆ ಭಾವ್ವ್ನ್ನನ ಹಂದ್ವದೆ:

- **ಮಖ್ಯ ಶಬು ಕೋಶ**: ಸ್ಿ ಳೋಯ ದ್ರೆ ವಿಡ ಮೂಲ ಮತ್ತು ಪದಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಧಾರಿತ ಪದಗಳು**: ಸಂಸ್ಕ ೃತ, ತಮಿಳು, ಮರುುಾಠಿ, ಉದುಮ, ಮತ್ತು ಇಂಗಿಿ ಷ್‌ನಿಂದ
ಉಧಾರಿತ ಪದಗಳು ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನನ ಶ್ೆ ೋಮಂತಗಳಸ್ಥದೆ.
- **ಲೋಕುಕ್ರು ಗಳು**: ಕನ್ನ ಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಸ್ಕ ೃತ ಮತ್ತು ಬುದ್ವಿ ವಂತಕೆಯನ್ನನ ಪೆ ತಬಂಬಸುವ್
ಹಳೇ ನ್ನಡಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಜ್ಞನ್ಪದ ಹಾಡುಗಳ ಸ್ಮೃದ್ವಿ ಇದೆ, ಉದ್ರಹರಣೆಗ್ರ "ಕೈ ಉಗುಳದಂತೆ"
ಮತ್ತು "ಬೆಟ್ಟ ದ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಣ್ಣು ತೆತು ".

### ಓದು ಮತ್ತು ಬರಹ ಕೌಶಲಯ ಗಳು

ಕನ್ನ ಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಓದು ಮತ್ತು ಬರವ್ಣಿಗ್ರಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಣತಯನ್ನನ ಹಂದುವುದು ಲ್ಲಪಿ ಮತ್ತು

ಸಾಹತಯ ದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನನ ಅಥಮಮಾಡಿಕಳುು ವುದನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ:

- **ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಲ್ಲಪಿ**: ಬಾೆ ಹಮ ೋ ಲ್ಲಪಿಯಂದ ಅನಾವೃತವ್ಯದ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆಯ ವ್ಯ ವ್ಸ್ಥಿ , ಇದು

ಸುತ್ತು ರೂಪಗಳಂದ ವಿಶೇಷವ್ಯಗಿದೆ. ಇದು 49 ಮೂಲ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಓದು**: ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನನ ಗುರುತಸುವುದು, ಅವ್ರ ಧ್ವ ನಿಮೂಲಯ ಗಳನ್ನನ
ಅಥಮಮಾಡಿಕಳುು ವುದು, ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಕುಲವ್ಯದ ವ್ಯಕಯ ಗಳನ್ನನ ವ್ಯಯ ಖ್ಯಯ ನಿಸುವುದನ್ನನ
ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ. ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಸಾಹತಯ ಓದುವುದರಿಂದ ಪರಿಶುದಿ ತೆಯನ್ನನ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಸ್ಹಾಯ
ಮಾಡುತು ದೆ.
- **ಬರಹ**: ಸ್ರಿಯಾದ ವ್ಯಕಯ , ಚಿಹ್ನನ ಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ಉಚ್ಚಾ ರ ಸೂಚಕ ಗುರುತ್ತಗಳನ್ನನ
ಬಳಸುವಿಕೆಗ್ರ ಪೆ ಮಖ್ಯ ತೆ ನಿೋಡುತು ದೆ. ಬರವ್ಣಿಗ್ರ ಅಭಾಯ ಸ್ವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವ್ಯಗಿ ಸ್ರಳ
ವ್ಯಕಯ ಗಳಂದ ಪೆ ರಂಭವ್ಯಗಿ ಸಂಕುಲವ್ಯದ ಬರವ್ಣಿಗ್ರಯವ್ರೆಗ್ರ ಸಾಗುತು ದೆ.

### ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಸಾಹತಯ

ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಸಾಹತಯ ವು ಭಾರತದ ಸಾಹತಯ ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಯ ಂತ ಹಳೆಯ ಮತ್ತು ಮಹತವ ಪೂಣಮ
ಪರಂಪರೆಯಾಗಿದೆ:

- **ಪೆ ಚಿೋನ್ ಯುಗ**: ಕವಿ ನೃಪತ್ತಂಗನ್ "ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾಗಮ" ಮಂತ್ಯದ ಪೆ ಚಿೋನ್ ಕನ್ನ ಡ

ಪಠ್ಯ ಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಮಧ್ಯ ಯುಗ**: ಭಕು ಸಾಹತಯ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಚನ್ ಸಾಹತಯ ಚಲನೆಯನ್ನನ ವಿಶೇಷವ್ಯಗಿ, ಬಸ್ವ್,
ಅಕಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ, ಮತ್ತು ಅಲಿ ಮ ಪೆ ಭು ಮಂತ್ಯದ ಪೆ ಮಖ್ ವ್ಯ ಕ್ರು ಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಆಧುನಿಕ ಯುಗ**: ವಿವಿಧ್

### ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಸಾಹತಯ

ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಸಾಹತಯ ವು ಭಾರತದ ಸಾಹತಯ ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಯ ಂತ ಹಳೆಯ ಮತ್ತು ಮಹತವ ಪೂಣಮ
ಪರಂಪರೆಯಾಗಿದೆ:
- **ಪೆ ಚಿೋನ್ ಯುಗ**: ಕವಿ ನೃಪತ್ತಂಗನ್ "ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾಗಮ" ಮಂತ್ಯದ ಪೆ ಚಿೋನ್ ಕನ್ನ ಡ
ಪಠ್ಯ ಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಮಧ್ಯ ಯುಗ**: ಭಕು ಸಾಹತಯ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಚನ್ ಸಾಹತಯ ಚಲನೆಯನ್ನನ ವಿಶೇಷವ್ಯಗಿ, ಬಸ್ವ್,
ಅಕಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ, ಮತ್ತು ಅಲಿ ಮ ಪೆ ಭು ಮಂತ್ಯದ ಪೆ ಮಖ್ ವ್ಯ ಕ್ರು ಗಳನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.
- **ಆಧುನಿಕ ಯುಗ**: ವಿವಿಧ್ ಸಾಹತಯ ಪೆ ಕಾರಗಳ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ವಿ , ಶ್ವ್ರಾಮ ಕಾರಂತರಂತಹ
ಪೆ ಮಖ್ ಲೇಖ್ಕರಿಂದ ಮಹತವ ಪೂಣಮ ಕೃತಗಳು.

### ಹಾಲ್ಲ ಬಳಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೆ ವೃತು ಗಳು

ಇತು ೋಚಿನ್ ದ್ವನ್ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ , ಕನ್ನ ಡದ ಬಳಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಟ್ೆ ಂಡಗ ಳು ಬದಲಾಗುತು ವೆ:

- **ಡಿಜಿಟ್ಲ್ ಪಿ ಟ್‌ಫಾಮಗ ಮಳು**: ಕನ್ನ ಡ ವಿಷಯದ ಡಿಜಿಟ್ಲ್ ವಿೋಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ

ಮಾಧ್ಯ ಮಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹ್ನಚಾ ಳ.
- **ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ತ್ಯಂತೆ ಕ ಬಳಕೆ**: ಕನ್ನ ಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ತ್ಯಂತೆ ಕ ವಿಷಯಗಳ
ಪೆ ಸಾರ.
- **ಸ್ಮಕಾಲ್ಲೋನ್ ಸಾಹತಯ **: ಕನ್ನ ಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಸ್ ಲೇಖ್ಕರಿಂದ ಸೃಜನ್ಶ್ೋಲ ಬರಹ ಮತ್ತು
ಕತೆಗಳ ಬೆಳವ್ಣಿಗ್ರ.

ಕನ್ನ ಡ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಬೆಳವ್ಣಿಗ್ರ, ಸಾಹತಯ , ಮತ್ತು ಬಳಕೆ ಹೋಗ್ರಯೇ ಮಂದುವ್ರಿಯುತ್ಯು ನೂತನ್

ಪೆ ಯೋಗಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹಳೇ ಪರಂಪರೆಯ ಸ್ಮಗಿೆ ಕೆಯನ್ನನ ಒಳಗಂಡಿದೆ.

General English Language

### General English Language

### Grammar and Usage

English grammar is the system and structure of the English language, consisting of various rules
that govern the composition of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences:

- **Parts of Speech**: English includes eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
- **Sentence Structure**: The basic sentence structure follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)
order. Sentences can be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.
- **Tenses**: English has three main tenses (past, present, future), each with four aspects
(simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous).
- **Modifiers**: Adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and verbs, respectively, providing more
detail.
- **Clauses and Phrases**: Clauses contain a subject and a predicate, while phrases do not.
Clauses can be independent or dependent.

### Vocabulary Building

Building a robust vocabulary is essential for effective communication:

- **Word Roots and Affixes**: Understanding the roots, prefixes, and suffixes helps in
deciphering the meanings of unfamiliar words.
- **Synonyms and Antonyms**: Learning words with similar and opposite meanings to enrich
vocabulary and understanding.
- **Context Clues**: Using the surrounding text to infer the meaning of unknown words.
- **Word Lists**: Regular practice with lists of common and advanced vocabulary, such as SAT
or GRE word lists.
- **Reading**: Extensive reading of various genres helps in encountering and learning new
words in context.

### Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension is the ability to read text, process it, and understand its meaning:

- **Active Reading**: Engaging with the text by asking questions, making predictions, and
summarizing information.
- **Identifying Main Ideas**: Recognizing the central theme or message of the text.
- **Contextual Understanding**: Interpreting words and phrases based on the context in which
they appear.
- **Inference**: Drawing conclusions and making logical deductions beyond the explicit
information provided.
- **Critical Analysis**: Evaluating the text’s arguments, identifying biases, and assessing the
validity of the information.

### Writing Skills

Effective writing skills are essential for clear and precise communication:

- **Planning**: Organizing thoughts and creating outlines before writing.

- **Grammar and Syntax**: Using correct grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure to
ensure clarity.
- **Style and Tone**: Adapting the writing style and tone to suit the purpose and audience.
- **Coherence and Cohesion**: Ensuring that ideas flow logically and smoothly with the help of
transition words and phrases.
- **Revision and Editing**: Reviewing the written content for errors, improving word choice,
and enhancing overall quality.

### Verbal Ability

Verbal ability encompasses various skills necessary for effective communication and language
proficiency:

- **Listening Skills**: Actively listening to understand and interpret spoken language

accurately.
- **Speaking Skills**: Clearly articulating thoughts, using appropriate vocabulary and grammar,
and maintaining the right tone.
- **Pronunciation**: Correctly pronouncing words to ensure clear communication.
- **Public Speaking**: Developing confidence and skill in speaking before an audience,
including organizing speeches and engaging listeners.
- **Conversation Skills**: Engaging in dialogues, asking relevant questions, and responding
appropriately in various social and professional contexts.

These components collectively enhance overall language proficiency and enable effective
communication in English.

Computer knowledge

### Computer Knowledge

### Basic Computer Operations

Basic computer operations involve fundamental tasks necessary for using a computer
effectively:

- **Powering On and Off**: Starting up the computer system by pressing the power button and
shutting it down properly to avoid data loss.
- **Operating System Interaction**: Interacting with the operating system (e.g., Windows,
macOS, Linux) to navigate files, folders, and applications.
- **Input and Output Devices**: Using input devices like keyboards and mice to provide
commands and output devices like monitors and printers to receive information.
- **File Management**: Creating, saving, organizing, and retrieving files and folders on the
computer system.
- **Peripheral Connections**: Connecting and configuring external devices such as USB drives,
printers, and scanners to the computer.

### Software and Hardware

Understanding software and hardware components is essential for computer users:

- **Software**: Applications and programs that enable users to perform specific tasks on the
computer, such as word processing, web browsing, and multimedia editing.
- **Hardware**: Physical components of a computer system, including the central processing
unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drives, SSDs), and input/output devices
(keyboard, mouse, monitor).

### Internet and Networking

Internet and networking knowledge are crucial for accessing online resources and connecting
with others:

- **Internet Access**: Connecting to the internet via wired or wireless connections to access
websites, emails, and online services.
- **Web Browsers**: Using web browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Microsoft
Edge to navigate the internet and interact with web pages.
- **Email Communication**: Sending, receiving, and managing emails using email clients or
web-based email services.
- **Social Media and Online Collaboration**: Participating in social media platforms and
collaborating with others using online tools and platforms.

### Computer Security

Computer security measures protect against threats and vulnerabilities:

- **Antivirus Software**: Installing and updating antivirus software to detect and remove
malware, viruses, and other malicious software.
- **Firewalls**: Configuring firewalls to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network
traffic to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
- **Data Encryption**: Encrypting sensitive data to protect it from unauthorized access and
ensure confidentiality.
- **Regular Updates and Backups**: Keeping software and operating systems up to date with
the latest security patches and regularly backing up important data to prevent loss.

### Recent Technological Advancements

Recent technological advancements have transformed the computer landscape:

- **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**: AI technologies, such as machine learning and natural language
processing, enable computers to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- **Cloud Computing**: Cloud computing services provide on-demand access to computing
resources, storage, and applications over the internet, offering scalability and flexibility.
- **Internet of Things (IoT)**: IoT devices connect everyday objects to the internet, allowing
them to collect and exchange data, automate tasks, and improve efficiency.
- **Blockchain Technology**: Blockchain technology offers secure and decentralized data
storage and transaction processing, with applications in cryptocurrency, smart contracts, and
supply chain management.
- **Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)**: AR and VR technologies create
immersive digital experiences, revolutionizing industries such as gaming, education, healthcare,
and entertainment.

Keeping abreast of these advancements empowers computer users to leverage technology

effectively for personal and professional purposes.

General knowledge topics related to current events

India Current Events (May 2023 - May 2024)

National & International

• Chandrayaan-3: Historic landing at lunar south pole (Dec 2023)
• Trade Performance: Modest export growth (April 2024)
• ONDC Platform: Promising growth in e-commerce infrastructure (April 2024)
Sports
• Wrestlers' Protest: Allegations against WFI chief (Dec 2023)
Awards & Honors (2022)
• Bharat Ratna: Pranab Mukherjee (posthumous)
• Padma Vibhushan: Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (Japan), SL Narayana Rao
(industrialist)
Government Schemes
 • Innovation Hub for Digital Agri-lending: Improved credit access for farmers (May
2024)
Political Developments
• New Parliament: Formed after general elections (Dec 2023)
Science & Technology
• ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine: Developed for future space missions (May 2024)

Subjects of Daily Comprehension

### Subjects of Daily Comprehension

Daily comprehension involves the ability to understand and interpret various types of written
materials encountered in everyday life. Here are the key components:

### Reading and Understanding Passages

Reading passages involve absorbing information from different sources, such as newspapers,
articles, advertisements, and online content:

- **Active Engagement**: Actively engage with the text by focusing attention, asking questions,
and making connections.
- **Decoding Text**: Apply reading strategies to decipher words, phrases, and sentences to
understand the overall message.
- **Identifying Main Ideas**: Determine the central theme or primary purpose of the passage.

### Extracting Key Information

Extracting key information involves identifying relevant details from the passage:

- **Skimming and Scanning**: Quickly skim through the passage to get an overview and scan
for specific details.
- **Locating Details**: Identify important facts, dates, names, and events mentioned in the
passage.
- **Understanding Sequence**: Recognize the sequence of events or ideas presented in the
passage.
### Drawing Inferences

Drawing inferences requires using context clues and prior knowledge to make logical
deductions:

- **Reading Between the Lines**: Interpret implicit information to make educated guesses or
predictions about the text.
- **Understanding Implicit Meaning**: Identify underlying themes, motives, or implications not
explicitly stated.
- **Critical Thinking**: Evaluate the author's intentions, biases, and perspectives to draw
informed conclusions.

### Vocabulary

Vocabulary plays a crucial role in comprehension as it helps understand and interpret the
meaning of words:

- **Word Meaning**: Understand the definitions and nuances of words encountered in the
passage.
- **Context Clues**: Use surrounding information to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words or
phrases.
- **Expanding Vocabulary**: Continuously learn new words and concepts to enhance
comprehension skills.

### Comprehension Skills

Comprehension skills involve various cognitive processes to understand and analyze written
materials:

- **Summarization**: Condense the main ideas and key details of the passage into concise
summaries.
- **Critical Analysis**: Evaluate the credibility, reliability, and relevance of the information
presented.
- **Synthesizing Information**: Integrate different pieces of information to form a cohesive
understanding of the text.

Mastering these comprehension skills enhances reading proficiency and fosters better
understanding and interpretation of written materials encountered in daily life.