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literary theory and practice
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Language: English
Renaissance Literary
Theory and Practice
By
CHARLES SEARS BALDWIN
Edited with Introduction by
DONALD LEMEN CLARK
GLOUCESTER, MASS.
PETER SMITH
1959
Copyright, 1939
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Reprinted, 1959
By Permission of
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
BEATO THOMAE MORO
JVDICI
CVI STILVM ANGLICVM
LATINE REGENTI
PERSTABAT IN REGIA
QVAESTIONE PAX ROMANA
INTRODUCTION
When he died in 1936 Charles Sears Baldwin, Professor of
Rhetoric and English Composition at Columbia University, left the
unpublished manuscript which here appears in print. At the request
of his family, I undertook to prepare the manuscript for publication
and see it through the press. As a devoted student, colleague, and
friend I have been happy to do so.
Baldwin’s Renaissance Literary Theory and Practice takes its
place as the continuation of his previously published studies: Ancient
Rhetoric and Poetic (1924) and Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic
(1928), both published by the Macmillan Company. It takes up the
story where Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic left off in 1400 and carries
it on to 1600.
The first sentences of his preface to the first study suggest that
Baldwin had the present study in mind before 1924. “To interpret
ancient rhetoric and poetic afresh from typical theory and practice is
the first step toward interpreting those traditions of criticism which
were most influential in the Middle Age. Medieval rhetoric and poetic,
in turn, prepare for a clearer comprehension of the Renaissance
renewal of allegiance to antiquity.”
Like the two earlier studies, it is firmly based on the Aristotelian
philosophy of composition embodied in the Rhetoric and the Poetic.
Baldwin adheres to the sound rhetoric which aims at enhancing the
subject and repudiates the sophistic rhetoric which aims at
enhancing the speaker. Rhetoric and poetic are different in aim and
different in their modes of composition. Consequently he considers
poetic deviated when it becomes confused with rhetoric and
perverted when controlled by sophistic.
Had he lived, Baldwin would have written more than here appears.
He had planned a chapter on Renaissance education which would
have demonstrated more fully the channels through which poetical
theory reached poetical practice. In the chapter “Sixteenth Century
Poetics” he had planned sections on Castelvetro and Sibillet which
were never written. Other writers on literary theory he deliberately
omitted as less typical, less significant, or less influential than the
writers he discusses. His method was to go directly to the original
sources, both for theory and for practice, to make his own
translations, and to ignore secondary sources, which he rarely cites.
Although Chapters IV, V, VI, and VIII deal with literary forms: lyric,
pastoral, romance, drama, tales, history, and essay, Baldwin was not
attempting a history of Italian, French, and English literature in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. To have written such a history
would have involved a completeness he never intended. He was
assaying samples of literature for literary values. Especially was he
tracing the influences of sound literary theory on sound literary
practice, and the disastrous results in literature of the misapplication
of rhetorical theory to poetic and the composition of story and drama.
As literary critic and teacher of composition, he saw no good reason
why modern literature, in theory or in practice, should make the
same mistakes that were made in ancient times, the Middle Age, and
the Renaissance. He believed that modern literature, modern
criticism, and modern teaching should learn from the mistakes of
others as well as from their own.
Before Baldwin’s death I had read the manuscript in two states as
I had the two earlier works. Further, the manuscript was read and
criticized by Dr. Caroline Ruutz-Rees of Rosemary Hall and
Professor William G. Crane of The College of the City of New York.
To these friends, and to the others whose aid I have been unable to
discover, the author’s and the editor’s gratitude is due. Professor
Marshall Whithed Baldwin, son of Charles Sears Baldwin, read both
the galley and the page proofs. My colleagues, Professors Harry
Morgan Ayres and Nelson Glenn McCrea, advised on the proofs and
other details. I join with the Baldwin estate in gratitude to the
generous assistance of the officers and editorial staff of the
Columbia University Press.
Donald Lemen Clark
Columbia University
September, 1939
CONTENTS
I. The Renaissance as a Literary Period 3
II. Latin, Greek, and the Vernaculars 17
1. humanistic latin 17
2. greek 19
3. the vernaculars 27
(a) Italian 27
(b) French 31
(c) English 36
III. Imitation of Prose Forms, Ciceronianism,
Rhetorics 39
1. orations, letters, dialogues 39
2. ciceronianism 44
3. rhetorics 53
IV. Imitation in Lyric and Pastoral 65
1. lyric 65
(a) Latin Lyric 65
(b) Italy and England 66
(c) France 68
2. pastoral 78
V. Romance 91
1. the romantic contrast 91
2. separate romances 95
3. the arthurian cycle in malory 98
4. the carolingian cycle on the street 100
5. pulci 100
6. boiardo 102
7. ariosto 111
8. tasso and spencer 123
(a) Tasso 124
(b) Spencer 127
VI. Drama 133
1. sacred plays 134
2. tragedy 137
3. history plays 144
4. pastoral and rustic comedy 146
VII. Sixteenth-Century Poetics 155
1. vida 155
2. trissino 158
3. giraldi cinthio 158
4. muzio 161
5. fracastoro 162
6. peletier 163
7. minturno 164
8. partenio 169
9. scaliger 171
10. ronsard and tasso 175
11. sidney 178
12. english discussion of verse 180
13. patrizzi 184
14. denores 185
15. vauquelin 186
16. summary 187
VIII. Prose Narrative 190
1. tales 190
(a) Bandello 190
(b) Marguerite de Navarre 194
(c) Giraldi Cinthio 195
(d) Belleforest, Painter, and Fenton 198
(e) Pettie, Lyly, and Greene 199
2. rabelais 202
3. history 213
(a) Latin Histories 214
(b) Vernacular Histories: More; Macchiavelli 217
IX. Essays 223
1. discussion on politics and society 223
2. montaigne 232
Index 241
RENAISSANCE
LITERARY THEORY
AND PRACTICE
Chapter I
THE RENAISSANCE AS A LITERARY PERIOD
The best part, I think, we now have in our hands, saved from the deluge of
more than a thousand years; for a deluge indeed, calamitous to life, had
so drained and absorbed literature itself and the kindred arts worthy of the
name, and kept them so dismantled and buried in barbarian mud that it
was a wonder they could still exist (De studio literarum, 1527; Basel ed.
1533).
For who of you is unaware that from the time when the Roman Empire, for
all its power and eminence, began to totter and lean, literature was asleep,
not to say overwhelmed and buried, till the time of Petrarch? From then
on, it has been so steadily regaining the light that now it has been almost
recalled from that [medieval] rude and barbarous teaching to its ancient
cult (De poeta, 1559, p. 14).
I feel the greatest satisfaction, most learned Robert, in the flourishing here
at Paris, where they used to be unknown, of poetic compositions and all
the parts of eloquence. For when in my youth I first left the Baux country to
study at Paris the learning of Aristotle, I used to be much astonished at
finding so rarely in all Paris an orator and a poet. No one was studying
Cicero night and day as many do now. No one knew how to write verse
correctly or to scan the verse of others. For the school of Paris, having lost
the habit of Latinity, had hardly emerged from ignorance in the field of
discourse. But from our days dates a better epoch; for the gods, to speak
poetically, and the goddesses are reviving among us the art of speaking
well.[1]
The Middle Age, then, could not write Latin. Not John of Salisbury,
not Dante, not even Aquinas was really eruditus! Fifty years later the
judicious Bembo reports the restoration as accomplished.
Latin has so far been purged of the rust of the untaught centuries that
today it has regained its ancient splendor and charm.[2]