Environment Conservation Journal 25 (1):1-9, 2024

Journal homepage:https://www.environcj.in/

Environment Conservation Journal

ISSN 0972-3099 (Print) 2278-5124 (Online)

Assessment of morphological attributes of Guava tree for design of a

novel tunnel spraying system

Jagjeet Singh
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Maharani Din
AICRP on UAE, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
K. N. Agrawal
AICRP on ESA, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
Bikram Jyoti
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
A.K. Roul
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
Vikas Pagare
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received : 05 June 2023
Revised : 06 October 2023 The morphological attributes play a significant role in determining the level of
Accepted : 27 October 2023 applied insecticide by the existing spraying system. Therefore, this attempt was
made to assess the various morphological attributes of guava tree such as leaf size,
leaf area, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area density (LAD). In this study, two
Available online: 05 February 2024
leaf area estimation techniques (grid count method and Image processing
technique based on ImageJ software) were compared and also estimate LAI and
Key Words:
LAD for ten trees. An average leaf area was registered 29.56 cm2 and R2 value
Guava
(0.98) for predicting leaf area by image processing technique. The LAI and LAD
Leaf area
varied from 0.69 to 2.17 m2/m2 and 0.53 to 1.89 m2/m3, respectively. In addition,
Leaf area density
minimum and maximum LAD (mean ± SD) for zone wise ranged from 0.07 ± 0.06
Leaf area index
m2/m3 to 2.73 ± 1.43 m2/m3, respectively. The study findings provide an
Morphological characteristics
opportunity to deal with large volume of leafs for leaf area estimation and would
also help in design of various sprayers like determining the dimensions of tunnel
sprayer and allow them to test in laboratory conditions with simulated artificial
tree.

Introduction morphology of the crops as reported (Ade et al.

Guava orchards occupy a prominent place among the
orchards in India. Nowadays, the small guava
canopy to be maintained through regular seasonal
pruning is also increasing day by day. However,
guava crops require a lot of pesticide applications to
control the pest infestation and disease occurrences.
The degree of crop protection from insect pest
depends on effective insecticide application of any
spraying system, but the performance of these
spraying system in term of spray deposition,
penetration of spray droplets and pesticide
application rates is significantly affected with
2007; Singh et al., 2022). Various spraying
techniques, such as air blast, vertical boom, tunnel
spraying, etc., are being used in orchard crops.
However, the performance of these sprayers was
improved by testing them with different aspects of
air assistance and spray quality as per reported by
various researchers (Pergher & Petris, 2009;
Celen et al., 2009; Pezzi & Rondelli, 2000; Cross et
al., 2003; Molari et al., 2005; Panneton et al.,2005;
Pergher, 2005; Pergher, 2006; Pergher & Petris,
2008; Ade et al., 2007; Jamar et al., 2010).
However, in the spraying systems, appropriate
setting of various parameters like nozzle to nozzle

Corresponding author E-mail: pagare.vikas7991@gmail.com

Doi:https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.23882628
This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
© ASEA
 Singh et al.

spacing, nozzle orientation, operating pressure, air- Leaf and branch orientation effect total leaf exposed
jet orientation, air assistance, tunnel shield height, area to spray application. In addition, the deposition,
shield width as per existing morphology uniformity and spray liquid penetration at centre and
characteristics of the orchard crop effect the level of canopy periphery depend on the orientation of the
spray efficacy and efficiency of these sprayer. leaf and branch. Therefore, a sample of hundreds of
Hence, there is need to understand the both leaf and branch were randomly selected and
morphological characteristics of a particular orchard measured using a universal bevel protector as shown
crop. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate in figure 1a and figure 1b. The value of both leaf
various morphological parameters such as leaf size, orientation and branch orientation were noted down
leaf area, leaf and branch orientation, leaf area index from the magnifying glass for each leaf and branch.
and leaf area density of a guava orchard for effective
design of tunnel spraying system. Estimation of leaf area
Leaf area reflects the health of orchard canopy. For
Material and Methods the measurement for leaf area, two leaf area
estimation techniques were used first, grid count
In this study, ten trees were randomly selected, 1.5 method and second, image processing technique.
years old from Guava orchard (L-49) at Central The leaf area results from these two methods were
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, compared for selected leaf sample to determine their
Madhya Pradesh. The various morphological accuracy.
characteristics were assessed for these guava trees as
discussed below. Grid count method
In this study, a grid count standard method was used
Overall canopy dimension of tree for leaf area estimation for 60 guava leaves sample
Overall canopy dimension means the height, width, by considering as a reference of following
and length of the tree canopy, which were measured researchers (Rico-García et al., 2009; Shivling et al.,
using inch tape. The width of the trees was 2011; Chaudhary et al., 2012).
considered across the direction of travel, while
length was along the direction of travel. The canopy Image processing technique
range was calculated by subtracting the distance of ImageJ software was also used to estimate the leaf
the tree's leaf above ground from its total height. area for comparison purpose. Hence, same sample
size was analysed in image J software using proper
Determination of leaf characteristics setting scale on the magnified image as shown in
One branch was selected from ten guava trees in figure 2 and with “Hole fill” tool as followed by
each direction i.e. The North, The East, The South, Singh et al., 2022.
The West. Each branch was classified into three
parts, first: 0-150 mm, second: 150-300 mm and Leaf area index (LAI)
third: beyond 300 mm. The measurement was done This index represents the ratio of the total leaf area
from the main stem of the tree (inner to outside from of all leaves to ground area to be covered by canopy
main stem) and then one leaf randomly collected of that tree (Celen, et al., 2009, Perhger and
from each part of every branch to avoid biasness. Zucchiatti, 2018), in which total leaf area includes
The measurement of 120 leaves (total sample size) area of all leaves, while ground surface area is
was accomplished using a Vernier caliper. The width estimated by multiplication between row to row
of the leaves was measured from end-to-end spacing and plant to plant spacing. In this study, LAI
between the widest lobes of the lamina, while length was estimated for three major zones of ten trees such
was from the tip of the leaf to end of the petiole. as top, middle and bottom zone. The top, middle and
bottom zone varied from 1.5 to 2.0 m, 1.0 to 1.5 m
and 0.5 to 1.0 m of tree height, respectively.
Determination of leaf and branch orientation

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 Assessment of morphological attributes of Guava tree

(a) (b)
Figure 1: Measurement of vertical angle (α) of leaf (a) and branch (b).

Figure 2: Scale setting in ImageJ software

Leaf area density measurement (LAD)

It represents an actual canopy volume of the tree and divided into 15 zones with MS wire, and cuboids
plays a crucial in the droplet deposition, penetration across tree width using normal thread is shown in
and recycling rate of spray liquid. The higher LAD figure 3 (a), (b), and (c), respectively. However, the
restricts the penetration and recycling rate of the comprehensive methodology for calculation of LAD
spray liquid, encouraging the infestation inside the for all trees was adopted as used by Singh et al.,
canopy and wastage of the pesticide. In this study, a (2022).
laboratory test rig (2×2×2 m) size, tree height was
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 Singh et al.
(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) A laboratory set up (2×2×2 m) size; (b) Tree height divided into 15 zones with MS wire;
(c) Cuboid across tree width using normal thread
Results and Discussion
Overall dimensions of guava tree canopy
Overall canopy dimension (height, length and width
of canopy) of ten selected guava trees are given in
table 1. The height of tree varied from 0.45 to 2.05
m. while, the range of the canopy varied from 0.90
m to 1.45 m (Height between lower and upper most
leaf of each tree). The minimum height of the
branches in the trees was recorded as 0.5 m. The
width of the tree canopy varied from 1.05 m to 1.6
m, which could be used to decide tunnel opening of
tunnel spraying system.
Leaf characteristics
The obtained data of leaves at different parts of sub-
branch is given in table 2. The maximum mean ± SD
of width and length of the leaf was 49.1 ± 10.1 mm
and 100.4 ± 19.4 mm, respectively. The mean of
width and length of the leaf was found minimum at
front portion of sub-branch as compared to initial
part of same sub-branches. Since, leaf size is
affected with its age, attack of insect pest and disease
infestation, size of old leave is generally larger than
young leaves. However, in this study, disease free
leaves were chosen on the basis of physical
appearance of the leave and considered for the
evaluation. The maturity level of leaves is generally
increased from front portion of sub-branch to initial
Environment Conservation Journal
(c)
part of same sub-branches, but there are some young
leaves, which appeared later on initial portion of the
sub-branch and ignored in this study on the basis
physical appearance. Usually, appearance of the old
leaves is hard as compared to new leaves. In
addition, the ratio of width to length of the leaves
was found close to 0.5 in all cases. This ratio could
be used in constructing the artificial leaf for
development of artificial tree because simulated
artificial tree canopy is required for laboratory
experimentation and testing various types of
sprayers.
Leaf and branch orientation
The frequency analysis was carried out to classify
numbers of leaves in to a particular orientation group
as shown in table 3. It demonstrated that majority of
leaves had an orientation in between 30 to 60 degrees
with horizontal plane. However, the leaves appear on
the branch at certain angle and branch orientation
with reference to main stem of the tree determines
actual leaf surface exposure to the spraying system.
Hence, it becomes important to know both leaf and
branch orientation, which could be used for
determination of the nozzle position in actual field
conditions. It would assist in higher spray deposits
and minimum pesticide wastage.
4
 Assessment of morphological attributes of Guava tree

Table 1: Canopy dimensions of selected guava trees

Tree T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Hmin, m 0.75 0.5 0.55 0.60 0.80 0.55 0.65 0.45 0.45 0.55
Hmax, m 1.80 1.95 1.97 1.74 2.05 1.95 1.75 1.60 1.58 1.45
Range, m 1.05 1.45 1.42 1.14 1.25 1.40 1.10 1.25 1.13 0.90
Width, m 1.5 1.00 1.38 1.36 1.60 1.28 1.08 1.25 1.25 1.05
Length, m 1.7 1.50 1.00 1.54 1.75 1.05 0.85 1.15 1.02 0.88
Hmin: minimum height; Hmax: maximum height, Ti: T (tree) and i (number’s tree) i.e. 1, 2, 3…..10

Table 2: Leaf characteristics

Sub-branch Width of leaf, mm Length of leaf, mm Width/Length
0-150 39.8 ± 5.5 80.3 ± 14.4 0.50 ± 0.08
150-300 44.4 ± 7.4 91.1 ± 13.9 0.49 ± 0.05
>300 49.1 ± 10.1 100.4 ± 19.4 0.49 ± 0.06
0-150 mm: front part of sub-branch; 150-300 mm: middle part of sub-branch and >300 mm
: initial part of the sub-branch

Table 3: Leaf orientations and its frequency found 0.98 for image processing methodology. It
Leaf angle, degree Frequency of leaves indicates that good predictability of the image
0-10 2 processing technique for leaf area estimation with
10-20 3 fast and simple methodology. However, an average
20-30 9 leaf area was 29.56×104 mm2 with standard
30-40 11 deviation (6.63), but negative error revealed that
40-50 44 image-based technique gives an average higher leaf
50-60 31 area results as compared to standard grid count
method as shown in table 4. The similar negative
results are also reported by several researchers
Branch orientation
(Singh et 2021a, 2021b), but their results was based
A bar graph was plotted between branch orientation
on comparison between grid count and mobile
and number of branches as given in figure 4. It
application based leaf area techniques. However, the
indicates that 79 % of the guava branches formed
leaf area of the tree influences the performance of
angle of 55 to 85 degree with horizontal plane. In
the tunnel sprayer, higher leaf area generally allows
addition, the highest number of branches formed
more spray deposits on the peripheral canopy of the
branch angle in range of 65 to 75 degrees. Branch
tree, but extreme dense canopy reduce spray
orientation affects the leaf area exposure to spraying
penetration of spray liquid at the center of the tree to
system by changing the movement and position of
be delivered by the sprayer.
the leaves with respect to movement of the spraying
Leaf area index (LAI)
system. Hence, this information might be used for
The leaf area index for ten trees’ zones is given in
adjustment of the position and orientation of spray
table 5. In most of the trees, the higher leaf area
nozzles of the spraying system. Ideally, nozzle
index was recorded in the intermediate zone. Mean
orientation should be perpendicular to surface of the
leaf area index (LAI) of the trees ranged from 0.23
leaf, which provides better spray deposits, uniform
to 0.92, with a standard deviation ranging from 0.20
coverage and minimum wastage of costly pesticide.
to 0.66. Average LAI and standard deviation of the
Leaf area analysis
LAI in three zones of tree (upper to lower) varied
A graph was plotted between leaf area observed by
from 0.19 to 1.09 and 0.16 to 0.46. The mean and
grid count method and leaf area predicted by Image
standard deviation of the number of leaves and leaf
processing technique as shown in figure 5. In
area index for each zone of the tree is shown in table
comparison to the grid count method leaf area
6.
results, the coefficient of determination (R2) was
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 Singh et al.

40 39 middle of the tree canopy. It might help to improve

spray deposits in the tree canopy, consequently
32 provide better degree of protection from the insect
Number of branches

24 pest attack and diseases infestation.

24 Leaf area density (LAD)
16
16 12 In this study, the LAD was calculated by counting of
7 the number of leaves in each produced cuboidal zone
8 and volume of that cuboidal zone for each tree. In
2
zones Z1 and Z7, the maximum and minimum mean
0
25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85
LAD of all trees was recorded as 0.07 and 2.73
Branch angle, degree m2/m3, respectively as given in table 7. From the top
to middle zone of the trees, the variation in mean and
Figure 4: Orientation of the branch from horizontal in standard deviation surged, and then decreased from
guava tree
middle to bottom zone of the trees. The leaf area
density (LAD) was plotted against tree height for
45 one and half year-old selected guava trees as
Predicted leaf area, mm2 ×

R² = 0.98
40 presented in figure 6. It shows that LAD was highest
at middle of the canopy and lowest at the top and
35
bottom. LAD was increased from top to middle zone
102

30 and then decreased from middle to bottom zone in

25 all trees. The higher leaf area density was observed
in between 1.0 m to 1.7 m tree height in all cases,
20 except tree 5. However, all trees were exhibiting
15 more or less same LAD pattern. Leaf area density
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 (LAD) is generally used to indicate the health of
Observed leaf area, mm2 × 104 crop. These morphological parameters of plant
Figure 5: Predicted leaf area by image processing canopy directly affect the behavior of spray droplets
technique vs. observed leaf areas on plant leaf surface in terms of deposition, droplets
uniformity and spray droplets penetration. Hence,
Table 4: Comparison between standard grid count these parameters were assessed, which could be used
method (SCM) and (IPT) for designing of tunnel spraying system such as
nozzle to nozzle spacing, nozzle orientation. In this
Grid count

technique
(IPT)
Image
Standard

processing
×102 mm2

×102 mm2
Particulars

Error %

study, these parameters were calculated by

(IPT)

following manual procedure as suggested by Singh

29.56
Mean
6.63
SD
r —
SD: standard deviation
It indicates that the average leaf area index of middle
zone was found highest as compared to other major
zones, which depicts that guava tree is wider and
thicker at middle zone. It also represents the
presence of higher number of the leaves at middle of
the canopy with reference to same ground area. It
showed that there is a need to place more number of
spray nozzles in spraying system with reference to
et. al., (2022). This research revealed that LAD
found higher at middle zone as compared to bottom
29.65 -0.23
and top zones of all guava trees. It suggests that
6.97 3.41 guava tree canopy generally follow parabolic shape
0.99 — on both right and left side of the tree. Similar
findings related to canopy development have been
reported by several studies (Hosoi and Omasa, 2006;
Kamoske et al., 2019). However, the high LAD
indicates the presence of large volume of leaves in
tree canopy and vice versa. The obtained LAD data
help to understand about density of the canopy
volume for the selected trees, number of leaves and
shape of tree canopy. LAD measurements played a
significant role for yield prediction models.
Predictive models can estimate potential yields by
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 Assessment of morphological attributes of Guava tree

Table 5: Leaf area index zone as per different zone of trees

Tree height T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Mean S.D.

1.5-2.0 m 0.04 0.14 0.50 0.10 0.46 0.16 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.07 0.19 0.16
1.0-1.5 m 0.54 0.95 1.85 1.41 0.42 0.71 1.61 0.90 1.51 1.00 1.09 0.46
0.5-1.0 m 0.12 0.71 0.41 0.47 0.02 0.21 0.24 0.32 0.70 0.32 0.35 0.22
Overall 0.69 1.81 2.17 1.98 0.90 1.08 2.09 1.28 2.32 1.39
Mean 0.23 0.60 0.92 0.66 0.30 0.36 0.70 0.43 0.77 0.46
SD 0.22 0.34 0.66 0.55 0.20 0.25 0.65 0.35 0.57 0.40
Ti: T represents tree number; SD: standard deviation; 1.5-2.0m: top zone; 1.0-1.5m: middle zone; 0.5-1.0m: bottom zone

Table 6: Average numbers of leaf and LAI

Tree height Number of leaves LAI

1.5-2.0 m 109.1 ± 122.5 0.19 ± 0.16
1.0-1.5 m 542.1 ± 215.61 1.09 ± 0.46
0.5-1.0 m 172.5 ± 112.85 0.35 ± 0.22

Table 7: Average LAD zone wise of ten trees

Zones of tree Leaf area density (Mean ± SD)

Z15 0.08±1.00
Z14 0.17±0.22
Z13 0.28±0.30
Z12 0.56±0.58
Z11 0.79±0.51
Z10 1.39±0.73
Z9 1.99±0.90
Z8 2.36±1.28
Z7 2.73±1.43
Z6 2.39±1.17
Z5 1.72±0.98
Z4 1.08±0.81
Z3 0.41±0.33
Z2 0.22±0.17
Z1 0.07±0.06

Mean LAD in m2/m3; SD standard deviation

Table 8: Overall leaf area density for one and half year guava trees

Trees T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
No. leaves 596 917 1292 1402 850 491 648 624 981 436
2 1.77 2.72 3.83 4.16 2.52 1.46 1.92 1.85 2.91 1.29
Total leaf area, m
Tree volume, m3 3.32 2.18 2.03 2.60 4.20 2.24 1.15 1.73 2.10 0.88
LAD, m2/m3 0.53 1.25 1.89 1.60 0.60 0.65 1.67 1.07 1.39 1.47
LAD: leaf area density, m2/m3

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 Singh et al.
quantifying the leaf area density in a field, along
with other relevant parameters such as crop variety
and environmental conditions. It also influences the
design and optimization of types of machineries,
where design must be based on the different
characteristics of the plant’s morphologies and
LAD. Then, machinery will effectively handle the
crop with minimum plant damage. Total number of
leaves for ten selected guava trees (1.5 years old)
varied from 436 to 1402 and total leaf area range
from 1.77 to 4.16 m2. It was happened due to the role
of many factors such as variation in nutrient
availability to each tree. For total area estimation,
average leaf area was used about 29.56×102 mm2 per
leaf (average leaf area of 60 leaves sample).
However, maximum and minimum overall leaf area
density for ten trees was found 1.89 and 0.53 m2/m3
as shown in table 8. Morphological understanding of
any orchard crop is important for following purposes
such as designing and development of crop
harvesting machine and their effective operation in
orchard for better disease or insect pest management.
Hence, in this study, the morphological
characteristics such as leaf attributes, leaf and branch
orientation, leaf area, leaf index, leaf area density for
1.5 year old guava were measured. However, there
are many methods available to estimate leaf area
such grid counts standard method, leaf area meter
device, algorithm based application, regression
model, but major concern is accuracy, time and cost
for all these technologies. Therefore, ImageJ
software technique was used to test its accuracy in
comparison to grid count standard method. The
study revealed that the correlation coefficient (r)
between obtained leaf area results from image
processing technique and grid count method was
0.99, which ensure accuracy of the image processing
technique i.e. supported by following researchers
(Rico-Gracia et al., 2009; Patil and Bodhe, 2011;
Shivling et al. 2011; Chaudary et al., 2012). Fascella
et al. (2013) has used non-destructive portable
scanning planimeter for leaf area estimation and
reported quick leaf area results and high accuracy,
but also highlighted device feasibility only for small
plant.
Conclusion
From obtained results of various morphological
parameters such as leaf area, leaf size, leaf area index
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(LAI) and leaf area density (LAD), it could be
concluded that guava tree canopy follow a particular
trend, which might be useful for design purpose of
any spraying system. This study showed that guava
tree canopy is generally wider and thicker at the
middle as compared to top and bottom of the tree. It
might be useful for nozzle spacing and nozzle
orientation adjustment in spraying system in field
condition, which would facilitate better spray
deposition and ensure greater degree of crop
protection from insect.In this study, an average leaf
area per leaf and ratio of width to length of leaf was
recorded about 29.65×102 mm2 and0.5, respectively.
It might be used for development of artificial tree for
experimental purpose in laboratory conditions. The
image processing technique showed higher
predictability of leaf area estimation with 0.98 R2
value, which ensure fast and easy leaf area
estimation with higher accuracy.
Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely acknowledge the ICAR-
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering for the
laboratory facilities and anonymous reviewers for
improving the quality of research.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
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